Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Internet radio'

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Comparative Media Studies, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-159).
(cont.) This thesis examines the evidence of community among listeners to three radio programs, who gather online to discuss radio programming in blogs, message boards and discussion forums provided by those programs. The three programs of focus are Air America Radio's The Majority Report, ABC Radio Networks' Sean Hannity Show, and National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation. The shows are analyzed in terms of how they perform by a new standard of interactive radio, whose benchmark has been established by The Majority Report. First identified in this thesis, the concept of high-interactivity radio brings together both vertical (between audience and broadcaster) and horizontal (intra-audience) interactivities. The relative success of high-interactivity radio is judged by a comparative analysis of the evidence of community in radio-online discussion areas, and the use of these online spaces by show producers as a vehicle for listener feedback, interaction, and content generation. The observations made in these three radio-online discussion areas can be practically applied to the work of broadcasters. Toward this end, the thesis closes with a brief ethnographic description of Open Source, a new public radio program currently attempting to develop its own version of high-interactivity radio.
by Joellen Easton.
S.M.

Orientador: Gilberto dos Santos Prado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: "O rádio na Internet: rumo à quarta mídia" flagra um momento de transição no universo das comunicações, mais especificamente no que concerne à radiofonia. Após localizar os primórdios de tais mudanças, mostra como a rede Internet tomou possível e viável que qualquer emissora, por mínima a potência em que emita e independentemente de sua faixa de onda, com alcance e ambição local ou até mesmo pessoal, seja ouvida em todos os pontos do planeta, tudo isso a um custo relativamente baixo. A pesquisa aborda também as perspectivas que surgem no setor da radiodifusão: diversificação na gênese e no consumo das emissões, democratização de informações a partir da multiplicidade de fontes, facilidades na comunicação entre ouvintes e emissoras, o cultivo de idiomas ameaçados de desaparecimento e, por fim, a tendência das mídias impressa, radiofônica e televisiva a convergirem na Internet. Acompanhando o surgimento desta quarta mídia, um novo público, ao mesmo tempo leitor, ouvinte e telespectador, transformando-se aos poucos de paciente em agente, senhor de novos domínios e de ampliadas fronteiras
Abstract: The research called "Internet radio: towards fourth media" catches a moment of transition in the universe of the communications, more specificly in what concerns to radiophony. Afier locating the origins of such changes, it shows how Internet created conditions to any radiostation to be heard in every points of the planet, independently of its bandwidth, power and reaching area, and even if its interests are confined to a local (or personal) basis. All of this, at a relatively low cost. This work also approaches the perspectives that appear in the field of radiobroadcasting: diversification in the genesis and consumption of emitions, democratization of information due to the multiplicity of sources, facilities in the communication between listeners and radiostations, cultivation of endangered languages, and finally the tendency of printed, radiophonic and televising media to converge into Internet. While it happens, a new public at the same time reader, listener and telespectator, accompanies the appearance of this fourth media and slowly turns from patient to agent, owner of new domains and enlarged borders
Mestrado
Mestre em Multimeios

The net has become a widely used means of information and communication within the academic community and beyond. After the glimpse into German-speaking universities with Swahili studies, and the fascinating Kamusi project hosted by Yale University in our last number, we will plunge fully into life this time. There are several Tanzanian and Kenyan newspapers on the net now, most of them offered for free, some requiring subscription. One can find out about radio programs, the time they are being broadcast. Most of the radio stations offer to listen to the program in RealAudio. Students from East-Africa in the USA or in Canada maintain their own sites and offer information on their countries and culture, and many links to other sites related to Swahili language and culture. Johannes Fabian and Vincent de Rooij of the University of Amsterdam are in the process of setting up an internet journal on popular culture in Africa, Swahili texts being a special area of interest.

Durch seinen veränderten Distributionskanal im Vergleich zum terrestrischen Rundfunk kann Webradio als die neue Form des Radios bezeichnet werden. Exakter muss jedoch von einer unter vielen neuen Formen des Radios die Rede sein. Denn neben den Radioangeboten im WWW gibt es, besonders im Bereich des Digitalradios, mehrere neue Ausprägungen des Mediums Hörfunk, die sich größtenteils schon lange nicht mehr nur auf einen monomodal auditiven Content-Mix aus Service und Musik beschränken. Technologien werden zusammengeführt und vernetzt, woraus sich neue Rezeptionsmöglichkeiten ergeben. Am Beispiel des Webradios sollen diese nachfolgend für die Mutter aller Technologie- und Datennetze, dem Internet, aufgezeigt und auf die aktuelle Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung untersucht werden. Wer nutzt überhaupt das Webradio? Warum wählt man gerade dieses Medium und wozu wird es vorrangig genutzt? Zu diesen Fragen wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine fragebogen-basierte Studie entworfen, deren Umsetzung jedoch den Rahmen sprengen würde und die daher hier nicht Gegenstand der Betrachtung sein soll. Ziel ist es, zunächst kommunikationswissenschaftliche Grundlagen des Webradios zu klären, um auf dieser Basis einen aussagekräftigen Fragebogen über Rezeption und Rezeptionsmotive zu erhalten.

El objeto de estudio de esta investigación se centra en el uso que hacen de Internet las bitcasters del Estado español, entendiendo por bitcasters todo web site que difunde algún tipo de contenido sonoro a través de la Red, bien sea mediante sistemas de audio bajo demanda, de sistemas de transmisión streaming o de una combinación de ambos.

El término bitcaster proviene de la fusión de las palabras bit y broadcaster. Creemos que el uso del concepto "radio" no es muy exacto cuando se aplica a la distribución de contenidos sonoros a través de Internet, puesto que la radiofonía, por definición, implica ciertas características tecnológicas, como el uso de ondas hertzianas, que no se emplean en la difusión telemática. Además, con el uso de este neologismo, que hace referencia exclusiva a la distribución de información sonora vía Internet, nos aseguramos de que no sea confundido con el fenómeno de la "Radio Digital" es decir, aquélla que emplea las ondas hertzianas para distribuir señales digitales utilizando la tecnología conocida como Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB).

Para proceder al estudio, se localizaron las bitcasters españolas que operaban en la Red. En este proceso, que duró 33 meses y que concluyó el 1 de enero del año 2000, se identificaron 20 bitcasters. Para ello, se recurrió a fuentes muy diversas: buscadores de Internet, revistas especializadas, programas de radio, televisión y prensa. Los 20 Web Sites localizados fueron "capturados" en un soporte de almacenamiento local, en julio de 2000, mediante programas especializados diseñados para tal fin (WebZip y Teleport Pro). De esta forma, las páginas de cada una de las bitcasters pudieron ser sometidas a una observación detallada, sin depender de las posibles modificaciones que los administradores llevaran a cabo en el mantenimiento y actualización de los contenidos on-line. Esta primera etapa de observación permitió obtener una visión general del uso de Internet como canal de distribución de contenidos sonoros.

En una segunda fase, iniciada con una nueva captura realizada en enero de 2001, se obtuvieron nuevos datos que posibilitaron un análisis comparativo de la evolución de las diferentes bitcasters, a partir del cual se detectaron las tendencias más relevantes en este sector audiovisual.


El análisis de las bitcasters españolas (2000-2001) se realizó siguiendo el siguiente proceso:

- Captura de los web sites.
- Detección y corrección de errores en la captura.
- Observación y clasificación de los elementos que integran el site.
- Cuantificación de los resultados.
- Comparación de los resultados de ambos períodos de observación.
- Análisis de resultados.

Las conclusiones más relevantes que se extraen de la observación estadístico-descriptiva de los datos obtenidos son las siguientes:

1. Las bitcasters españolas no se limitan a realizar difusiones en directo y aprovechan ciertas posibilidades tecnológicas de la Red. Este hecho se constata al observar los siguientes aspectos:

- La llamada "radio a la carta" es una forma de consumo diferenciada de la radio convencional. A pesar de que la mayoría de las bitcasters disponen de una emisora hertziana y muchas de ellas distribuyen su programación en directo a través de Internet, el servicio de audio bajo demanda supera al de la radio en directo. Por tanto, Internet aporta un valor añadido a la difusión de contenidos sonoros.

- Ninguna bitcaster utiliza el sistema de transmisión estándar de ficheros de manera exclusiva debido, entre otras razones, a los largos tiempos de espera que exigiría al interactor. Por tanto, las que lo emplean, lo combinan con el uso de tecnologias streaming, puesto que todas ellas disponen de algún programa específico para la distribución de contenidos sonoros.

2. Las bitcasters españolas surgidas a partir de una emisora hertziana utilizan Internet para difundir los mismos contenidos radiofónicos que ofrecen a través de las ondas:

- A pesar de las posibilidades que ofrece Internet, las bitcasters que tienen presencia hertziana no utilizan las capacidades del medio para crear nuevos productos sonoros. De hecho, no producen contenidos nuevos para la Red. No existe una diferenciación en los contenidos del medio electrónico ni en su tratamiento para adaptarlo al consumo a través de la Red. El medio se utiliza, por tanto, como un mero canal de distribución.

- Las empresas radiofónicas españolas, mayoritariamente, utilizan Internet como complemento a sus transmisiones hertzianas, como un servicio de valor añadido hacia sus oyentes o como medio para contactar con la audiencia pero sin valorar las propiedades de la Red como medio de comunicación válido para difundir contenidos periodísticos.


3. La oferta de contenidos videográficos en los web sites de las bitcasters españolas es muy escaso.

- Aunque el uso de las tecnologías streaming permite la difusión de contenidos videográficos a través de Internet, el ancho de banda requerido para que este tipo de media sea percibido con un mínimo de calidad es considerable. Algunas de las bitcasters, no obstante, incluyen material videográfico en sus web sites. Las que ofrecen contenidos en forma de vídeo a sus interactores lo hacen, mayoritariamente, utilizando el sistema de transmisión streaming. Se observa que, aunque la presencia de contenidos videográficos es escasa, existe una ligera tendencia a incorporar este tipo de media.

4. Las bitcasters utilizan los recursos de Internet para fidelizar a su audiencia

- Los documentos hipermedia tienen ciertas ventajas sobre otros soportes de información. Una de ellas es la posibilidad de actualizar los contenidos sin que ello suponga un enorme esfuerzo económico. El interés de los interactores hacia un web site será mayor si la información que ofrece se renueva constantemente. Este puede ser un motivo por le que la actualización de contenidos de los web sites de las bitcasters se realiza, normalmente, de forma diaria o semanal.

- A pesar de que las bitcasters utilizan mínimamente los servicios de comunicación electrónica colectiva, tales como los chats, los foros o las listas de distribución, se observa una tendencia a ser incorporados en los diseños de estos web sites. Estos servicios ayudan a mantener al visitante durante más tiempo en las páginas del site e, incluso, a promover posteriores visitas de un mismo interactor, que se puede sentir parte de una comunidad virtual.

5. Las estructuras de navegación de los web sites analizados no hacen concesiones a la experimentación ni explotan la parte lúdica que pueden proporcionar los enlaces por sí mismos.

- Las bitcasters definen las estructuras de navegación de sus sites para facilitar a los interactores el acceso a la información, en forma de árbol de acceso multilineal, cuyos enlaces pueden definirse, siguiendo la clasificación de Aarseth, como estáticos, determinados, de acceso explícito y controlados. Al renunciar al uso de enlaces ocultos, arbitrarios o condicionales, limitan la estructura a una forma de localización de contenidos.

6. La mayor parte de los web sites de las bitcasters españolas no se utilizan como soporte publicitario.

- Se observa que el índice de uso de los web sites como soporte publicitario es significativamente mayor en las bitcasters nacidas exclusivamente para la Red que en aquéllas que disponen de emisora hertziana. De hecho, todas las bitcasters que no tienen representación hertziana muestran publicidad en sus páginas.

- Las bicasters que disponen, además de una emisora hertziana de titularidad pública, no ofrecen banners publicitarios en sus páginas. En cambio, todas las bitcasters analizadas que se corresponden con emisoras de titularidad privada utilizan su web site como soporte publicitario.

Al no existir investigaciones previas sobre el uso de Internet como medio de distribución de contenidos sonoros, este trabajo fue planteado con el fin de obtener un panorama global y desarrollar las bases necesarias para acercarse al objeto de estudio. Los datos obtenidos han mostrado interesantes vías para continuar la investigación y ahondar en aspectos aún inexplorados. Futuros trabajos podrían centrarse, por ejemplo, en los géneros de los diferentes contenidos sonoros ofrecidos por las bitcasters o en el uso de los recursos interactivos como elementos fundamentales en la concepción productos sonoros innovadores.
The objective of this research is to describe the use of Internet by bitcasters from Spanish State. A bitcaster is every web site that diffuses some type of sonorous content through the Net, by audio under demand systems, streaming transmission systems or by the combination of both.

The term bitcaster comes from the fusion of the words: bit and broadcaster. We believe that the use of the "radio" concept is not very appropriated when it is applied to the distribution of sonorous contents through Internet. As a matter of fact, the radio transmission implies certain technological characteristics, as the use of hertzian waves that are not present in telematic diffusion. Besides, through the use of this neologism (bitcaster) in Spanish language -that makes exclusive reference to the sonorous distribution of information by Internet- we make for sure that readers do not get confused with Digital Radio phenomenon -the one that uses hertzian waves to distribute digital signals through the technology named Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)-.

In order to begin our study properly, we located the Spanish bitcasters that operated in the Net using many different information ways: Internet searching engines, specialized magazines, radio and television programs, and daily press. During this process, that lasted 33 months and concluded on January 1st, 2000, we found 20 Spanish bitcasters. The located 20 web sites were "captured" in a local storage backup in July of 2000, using specialized software designed for it (WebZip and Teleport For). This procedure assured us that pages of each one of the bitcasters could be submitted to detailed observation, without depending on possible modifications that administrators server's could carry out for maintaining or updating their on-line contents. This first phase of observation allowed us to obtain a general vision of the use of Internet as sonorous contents distribution channel.

In a second phase of capturing, carried out in January, 200, we obtained new data that enabled us, not only to make a comparative analysis of the evolution of the different bitcasters, but to detect the most prominent tendencies in this audiovisual sector.

The analysis of the Spanish bitcasters (2000-2001) was carried out following the next process:

- Web site's capture.
- Observation and correction of errors derived from capture process.
- Observation and classification of the elements that form the site.
- Quantification of results.
- Results compare obtained from both capture period's.
- Analysis of results.

The most prominent conclusions extracted of the statistical-descriptive observation of data obtained were:

1. Spanish bitcasters do not limit themselves to carry out alive diffusions but take advantage of certain technological possibilities of the Net. This is explained by the detection of the following aspects:

- According to the consumption, the named "on demand radio" differs from the conventional radio. In spite of that, the majority of bitcasters have hertzian transmission, and although many of them they distribute its alive programming through Internet, the service "on demand" exceeds to the alive radio in its web pages offers. Therefore, Internet generates an added value to the sonorous diffusion of contents.

- None of the bitcaster utilizes the standard file's transmission system in an exclusive way. Among others reasons, it is caused by the long times of waiting that it requires to the interactor. Therefore, those bitcasters that use that system tends to combine it with the use of streaming technology and all of them have some specific software for the sonorous content's distribution.

2. Spanish bitcasters born from a hertizan broadcaster uses Internet to diffuse the same radio contents that offer through the waves:

- In spite of the possibilities that Internet offers, bitcasters that have hertzian presence do not utilize the Net capacities for the creation of sonorous products. In fact, they don't produce new contents for Internet. Also, there are not differences between hertzian contents either in the processing routine to adapt those contents to Internet consume. The Net is used, therefore, as a simple distribution channel.

- Most of the major Spanish radio broadcasters use Internet as complement to the hertzian transmission, and as an added value service to have some contact with the audience. Nevertheless, the properties and capabilities of the Net are not enough exploited for the diffusion of journalistic contents.

3. The Videographic offer in Spanish bitcaster's web sites is scarce:

- Although the use of streaming technologies allows diffusion of videographic contents through Internet, there is a minimum wide-band required in order to perceive the material with quality. Some of the bitcasters, nevertheless, include videographic material in their web sites. Those that offer video contents to their audience use streaming transmission's system. It is observed that, although the presence of video contents is scarce, there is a small tendency to increasing.

4. The bitcasters utilize Internet resources for obtaining audience fidelity:

- The hypermedia documents offer certain advantages upon other information backups. One of them is the possibility of bringing up to date contents without an enormous economic effort. The interest of interactors toward a web site would be greater if its information is constantly renewed. This is a reason that explains the motivation for updating web site content's, daily or weekly, of the bitcasters.

- In spite of that, there is a minimum use of collective communication electronic services by bitcasters (such as the chats, forums or distribution lists), but we have observed a tendency to incorporate these services to their web sites design. These offers contribute to keep web site's visitors during larger periods of time. Also, they promote subsequent visits of interactors who could feel as a part of a virtual community.

5. Navigation structures of analyzed web sites do not make concessions to experimentation either exploit entertainment possibilities provided by links.

- The bitcasters define the navigation structures of their sites to facilitate information's access to interactors. They do so in a multilineal way using links that, following Aarseth's classification, are defined as static, determined, controlled and of explicit access. When resigning to use hidden, arbitrary or conditional links, bitcasters limit the structure to an only way of content's locating.


6. The majority of the Spanish bitcasters web sites are not used as an advertising tool.

- We have observed that the average of use of web sites as an advertising tool is significantly greater in those bitcasters that were exclusively created for the Net, than in those who have also hertzian diffusion. In fact, all the bitcasters created specifically for Internet include advertising contents in their pages.

- Also, the bicasters related to a public hertzian broadcaster do not offer advertising banners in their pages. On the other hand, all the analyzed private bitcasters utilize their web sites as an advertising tool.


Because there is a lack of investigation about the use of Internet as sonorous contents distribution media, this research offers a global vision and develop some basis to properly approach to its study. The data and conclusions obtained during this investigation have shown interesting ways to future research that go deeper in a large amount of unexplored aspects related to the phenomena. Those jobs could be centered, for example, in the establishment of the various kinds of different sonorous contents offered by the bitcasters, or in the use of the interactive resources as fundamental aspects for the sonorous conception of innovative

L'Internet des objets (IoT) présente un nouveau style de vie en développant des maisons intelligentes, des réseaux intelligents, des villes intelligentes, des transports intelligents… etc., alors l'IoT se développe rapidement. Cependant, des recherches récentes se concentrent sur le développement des applications IoT sans tenir compte du problème de rareté du spectre IoT ont recontrant. L'intégration de la technologie de l'Internet des objets (IoT) et des réseaux radio cognitifs (CRN), formant l'Internet des objets par radio cognitive (CRIoT), est une solution économique pour battre la rareté du spectre IoT. Le but de cette thèse est de résoudre le problème du partage du spectre pour CRIoT; le travail en thèse est présenté en trois parties.Notre première contribution est de proposer deux nouveaux protocoles pour résoudre le problème de la prédiction de l'état des canaux pour les CRN entrelacés.Les deux protocoles utilisent le modèle de Markov caché (HMM). Dans la phase d'entrainement des deux protocoles, les données disponibles sont utilisées pour produire deux modèles HMM, un modèle HMM occupé et un modèle pas occupé.Les deux modèles sont utilisés ensemble pour produire le HMM à 2 modèles (2-model HMM). Dans la phase de prédiction, le premier protocole utilise le théorème de Bayes et le modèle HMM à 2 modèles, tandis que le second protocole utilise la machine à vecteur de support (SVM) qui emploie les paramètres produits à partir de l'application du modèle HMM à 2 modèles. Le HMM-SVM à 2 modèles est supérieure l’ HMM classique et le HMM à 2 modèles en termes de pourcentage réel, d'imprécision et de probabilité de collision des utilisateurs principaux(prédiction de faux négatifs). Dans notre deuxième contribution, nous avons proposé un protocole central pour ordonner les de paquets pour CRIoT à créneaux temporels. On applique l'optimisation des essaims de particules à permutation discrète (DP-PSO) pour programmer les paquets IoT parmi les créneaux libres obtenus en appliquant la technique d'estimation de canal des réseaux radio cognitifs proposée dans la première partie. Notre protocole proposé est appliqué aux établissements de santé intelligents.On a compose trois blocs de construction principaux pour la construction d'application utilisée; Blocage des appareils IoT, blocage des nœuds de brouillard de première couche et serveur de brouillard central. Chaque groupe d'appareils IoT est connecté à un nœud de brouillard, tous les nœuds de brouillard du système sont connectés au nœud de brouillard central. Le protocole proposé est nommé Planification basée sur l'optimisation des essaims de particules à permutation discrète(SDP-PSO). Une fonction de fitness objective est formulée avec trois paramètres;maximiser l'indice d'équité entre les nœuds de brouillard, minimiser le délai de mise en file d'attente des paquets et minimiser le nombre de paquets abandonnés qui ont dépassé leur temps dans le réseau sans être envoyés. Les performances du protocole SDP-PSO proposé surmontent un ancien protocole appelé vente aux enchères de spectre en termes d'équité entre les nœuds de brouillard, le délai moyen de mise enfile d'attente, le nombre de paquets abandonnés et la complexité temporelle et spatiale.Enfin, dans la troisième contribution, nous avons proposé un protocole d'ordonnancement de paquets distribués pour CRIoT. Notre proposition de protocole est appliquée à un contrôle de la circulation urbaine. Le système configuré dans cette partie se compose de trois blocs de construction principaux: le bloc d'appareils IoT,le premier bloc de couche de brouillard (unités routières (RSU)) et le deuxième bloc de couche de brouillard. Chaque groupe d'appareils IoT est connecté à une RSU, chaque groupe de RSU est connecté à un noeud de brouillard qui est en de tête du groupe. Les noeuds de brouillard sont connectés ensemble pour former un réseau maillé partiel
Internet of Things (IoT) presents a new life style by developing smart homes, smart grids, smart city, smart transportation, etc., so IoT is developing rapidly. However recent researches focus on developing the IoT applications disregarding the IoT spectrum scarcity problem facing it. Integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology and Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), forming Cognitive Radio Internet of Things (CRIoTs), is an economical solution for overcoming the IoT spectrum scarcity. The aim of this thesis is to solve the problem of spectrum sharing for CRIoT; the work in thesis is presented in three parts, each represents a contribution. Our first contribution is to propose two new protocols to solve the problem of channel status prediction for interweave CRNs. Both protocols use Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In the training stage of both protocols, the available data are trained to produce two HMM models, an idle HMM model and a busy one. Both models are used together to produce the 2-model HMM. In the prediction stage the first protocol uses Bayes theorem and the 2-model HMM, while the second protocol uses Support Vector Machine (SVM) employing the parameters produced from applying the 2-model HMM, named 2-model HMM-SVM. The 2-model HMM-SVM outperforms the classical HMM and 2-model HMM in terms of the true percentage, the inaccuracy and the probability of primary users’ collision (false negative prediction). In our second contribution, we proposed a centralized time slotted packet scheduling protocol for CRIoTs. It uses Discrete Permutation Particle Swarm Optimization (DP-PSO) for scheduling the IoT device packets among the free slots obtained from applying cognitive radio networks' channel estimation technique proposed in the first part. Our proposed protocol is applied to smart healthcare facility. Configuring three main building blocks for the used application architecture; the IoT devices block, the first layer fog nodes block and the central fog server. Each group of IoT devices is connected to a fog node, the entire fog nodes in the system are connected to the central fog node. The proposed protocol is named Scheduling based-on Discrete Permutation Particle Swarm Optimization (SDP-PSO). An objective fitness function is formulated with three parameters; maximizing the fairness index among fog nodes, minimizing the packets' queuing delay and minimizing the number of dropped packets that exceeded their allowed time in the network without being sent. The performance of the proposed SDP-PSO protocol overcomes an old protocol named spectrum auction in terms of the fairness between fog nodes, the average queuing delay, the number of dropped packets and the time and the space complexity. Finally, in the third contribution, we proposed a distributed packets' scheduling protocol for CRIoTs. Our proposed protocol can be applied to an urban traffic control. The configured system in this part consists of three main building blocks; the IoT devices block, the first fog layer block (Road Side Units (RSUs)) and the second fog layer block. Each group of IoT devices is connected to a RSU, each group of RSU are connected to a fog node which acts as their cluster head. The fog nodes are connected together forming a partial mesh network. The proposed distributed packets' scheduling protocol for CRIoTs is applying three distributed access strategies together with the SDP-PSO proposed in the second part to schedule the packets on the estimated free slots resulted from applying the protocol proposed in the first part. The used access strategies are the classical round robin, in addition to two proposed ones named; the vertex cover and the enhanced round robin. An objective fitness function near similar to that used in the centralized protocol, was applied but with some differences to make it suitable for distributed scheduling

The fall of the Eastern Block, the dissolution of former Yugoslavia and the subsequent enlargement of the European Union to include former socialist countries contributed to an increase in the movement of people from Eastern to Western Europe which began about a decade earlier. Among them, the Roma are probably the most clearly recognizable group and surely the ones that received, and keep receiving, more media attention. While their presence in the media as subjects of discussion is a topic worth analyzing, the present work is about their presence in a particular medium, the Internet, as actors and producers of content. As a population of Indian origin spread across Europe over the past five centuries, Roma have often been regarded as a diaspora. Ethnographic studies about diasporas and their usage of the Internet have often described diasporic websites as discoursive spaces in which new, hydrid identities are negotiated and stereotyping and marginalizing discourses about diasporic subjects are challenged. The role of languages in these websites, however, has often been neglected. On the other hand, sociolinguistic studies have highlighted how the Internet provides a space for vernacular language usage in which the relaxation of language norms and users’ creativity play a crucial role in overcoming the limitations in text transmission imposed by the medium. A partial bridge between these two trends of studies has been provided by the analysis of code-switching in diasporic websites, which has shown how meaningful language alternation is used to flag users’ hybrid identities. The study of the relationship between diasporic languages and identities on the Internet clearly appears to be in its infancy and only few case studies have looked at the interactions between each diaspora’s specific cultural and sociolinguistic settings and the usage of the Internet. Furthermore, many diasporas, including the Roma, speak unwritten languages which have not been or are just starting to be standardized. Processes of language standardization have always involved both identity and language policies and have often been pivotal in struggles for nationhood or minority rights recognition. While so far such processes tended to be mostly centralized and top-down, the Internet is offering a space for the spontaneous transition from orality to literacy. Thus, analyzing the interaction between diasporic, non-standardized languages and the identities of their speakers as manifested on the Internet can provide new insights into the relations between diasporic languages and identities and into language standardization processes. The present work investigates these issues by analyzing the on-line usage of Romani, the Indic language spoken by many Roma. The study draws on data collected through an online ethnography from Radio Romani Mahala, a website created and used by the recently dispersed community of the Mitrovica Roma. The data are analyzed both qualitatively, using discourse analytic methods, and quantitatively, using traditional sociolinguistic approaches. Combining such approaches allows drawing a nuanced picture of the phenomena under observation accounting both for micro level, individual patterns of usage and macro level trends shared by all users involved. Particular attention is also paid to the emerging Romani spelling and the role played by individual users in the establishment of shared writing norms. The interdisciplinarity of this approach will show how the interplay between diasporic identities and attitudes, non-standard language ideologies and the possibilities offered by the Internet is leading to effective language codification without the intervention of a central authority and outside the frame of any nation-state policy. Such findings call for a re-thinking of current notions on linguistic human rights. Based on the viability of the Romani model, I thus propose a theory of linguistic pluralism in trans-national contexts centred around the notion of cosmopolitan sociabilities, non-utilitarian, everyday interactions creating open and inclusive relations across and even despite perceived cultural divides.

La réduction de l’empreinte carbone de l’activité humaine est aujourd’hui un enjeu économique et écologique majeur. Les réseaux de communication ont un double rôle à jouer dans cette réduction. En premier lieu, les réseaux mobiles, et en particulier les stations de base, sont un gros consommateur d’électricité. Il est donc nécessaire d’optimiser leur fonctionnement pour réduire leur empreinte carbone. Ensuite, des réseaux de communication sont désormais nécessaires pour mieux gérer la production d’électricité et ainsi pouvoir augmenter la proportion d’électricité produite par des sources d’énergie renouvelables.Dans cette thèse, nous regardons ces deux aspects. Nous commençons par proposer une solution pour réduire la consommation d’énergie des réseaux mobiles. Pour cela, nous proposons des algorithmes pour optimiser l’allocation de puissance lorsque des mécanismes de mise en veille dynamique sont utilisés. Dans un second temps, nous proposons une solution pour améliorer le fonctionnement des réseaux d’objets connectés utilisés pour la gestion de l’électricité. Plus précisément, nous rendons plus fiables ces communications grâce à l’utilisation d’algorithmes de bandit multibras pour l’accès fréquentiel
The reduction of the carbon footprint of human activities is one of the current major economic and ecological challenges. Communication networks have a dual role in this reduction. On one hand, mobile networks, and in particular the base stations, are nowadays an important energy consumer. It is, thus, necessary to optimize their behavior in order to reduce their carbon footprint. On the other hand, some communication networks are necessary to better manage the electrical grid. Thanks to this better management, it is possible to improve the proportion of electricity produced by renewable energy sources.In this thesis, we look at both aspects. In a first step, we propose a solution to reduce the energy consumption of wireless mobile networks. For that purpose, we propose algorithms that optimize the power allocation when Cell Discontinuous Transmission is used by the base stations.In a second step, we propose a solution in order to improve the performance of Internet of Things networks used for the electrical grid. More precisely, we use multi-armed bandit algorithm for channel selection in IoT networks as a means of increasing the reliability of communications

When it comes to their Radio Access Network (RAN) infrastructure, no two Mobile Operators, serving remote service areas, are alike. Despite situations and technologies being diverse, a well designed optimized RAN solution must adapt itself to the existing networking technologies, both with regard to legacy core networks and modern telecommunication networks in order to produce the best network which is possible subject to many constraints. There is a misconception in technical circles that an optimized internet protocol (IP) enabled RAN architecture is more theoretical than practical. On the contrary, the aforesaid is highly dependent on the technology used. Packet optimized IP- GSM Radio Access Network (GRAN) architecture is proposed in this thesis, it uses Internet Protocol (IP) rather than proprietary protocols for communication between Base Transceiver Stations (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), and the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS). This architecture must deliver carrier-grade mobility, scalability, and reliability; while being optimized for efficient roaming, routing and backhauling from remote service areas. In a geographic arena that spans across the globe, classical circuit-switched networks are not cost efficient due to their integrated call control (signaling) and switching architecture. A solution to this may be soft-switching which separates the call control (Media Gateway Controller (MGC)) and switching (Media Gateway (MG)) into separate nodes. This methodology would fundamentally change the way circuit-switched services, such as traditional voice telephony, are handled. For a service provider this enables a much more efficient network, because it allows optimized equipment location for voice termination into other carrier networks. Co-location of media gateways with satellite ground stations enables local termination to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), thus offloading a great deal of the traffic from the backhaul transmission network of the mobile operator. This thesis adopts soft-switching as part of the call routing processes. The thesis considers the problem of transporting voice and signaling from-to the remote service areas, efficient routing and backhaul to the location of most suitable operator’s point of presence. The thesis explores an alternative which uses a packet switched backbone (e.g. IP based) to transport the media as close (geographically) to the dialed party as possible before terminating it at the PSTN network, thus achieving optimal routing of voice and signaling. Considering the aforesaid, the thesis describes a detailed network architecture and an operational system prototype for maritime GSM network deployment, as a befitting and challenging example of remote service area.
När det gäller deras Radio access nät, finns det inte två Mobiloperatörer, som betjänar avlägsna områden, som är lika. Trots olika omständigheter och teknologier, ett väl designat optimerat RAN måste anpassa sig till den existerande nätverks teknologin, både med avseende på äldre befintlig teknologi och på moderna telekomnät, för att kunna skapa bästa möjliga nätverk givet många begränsningar. Det är en missuppfattning i tekniska kretsar att en optimerad IP anpassad RAN arkitektur är mer teoretisk än praktisk. Å andra sidan så är det ovan sagda väldigt beroende på vilken teknologi som har använts. En paket optimerad IP-GSM Radio Access Nätverks (IPGRAN) arkitektur är föreslagen i denna masters uppsats, den baseras på Internet Protokollet (IP) snarare än något egenutvecklat proprietärt protokol för komunikation mellan Basstation (BTS), Basstationscontroller (BSC), och nätets switchade subsystem (NSS). Denna arkitektur måste leverera carrier-grade (operatörs klassad) mobilitet, skalbarhet och tillgänglighet och samtidigt vara optimerat för effektiv roaming, routing och anslutning från avlägsna områden. På ett geografiskt område som sträcker sig runt hela jordklotet är inte klassiska kretskopplade nätverk kostnadseffektiva beroende på deras integrerade signallerings och samtals arkitektur. En bättre arkitektur kan vara en sk “softswitch” lösning som separerar samtalet i en (Media Gateway Controller (MGC)) och signaleringen (Media Gateway (MG)) i separata noder. Denna metod skulle på ett fundamentalt vis ändra det sätt på vilket traditionella kretskopplade tjänster som traditionell telefoni hanteras. För en tjänsteleverantör möjliggör detta ett mycket effektivare nätverk då det möjliggör optimerad utplacering av utrustning för terminering av rösttrafik in i andra operatörers nät. Samlokalisering av media gateways (MG:s) med jordstationer för satellitkommunikation möjliggör lokal anslutning till det allmänna telenätet (PSTN), vilket kraftigt minskar den trafik som behöver transporteras genom operatörens stomnät. Denna mastersuppsats behandlar “softswitching” som en del av metoden att växla och transportera samtalstrafik. Uppsatsen behandlar problemet med att skicka samtalstrafik och signalering från avlägsna områden, effektiv routing och transport av trafiken till den operatör som har den närmaste(alt. mest optimala) anslutningspunkten. Uppsatsen undersöker ett alternativ som använder ett paketförmedlat (IP baserat) transportsätt för att transportera trafiken geografiskt sett så nära den uppringda parten som möjligt innan den termineras i det allmänna telenätet (PSTN) varvid man uppnår optimal växling (alt. routing) av rösttrafik och signalering. I beaktande av ovanstående beskriver uppsatsen en detaljerad nätverksarkitektur och en funktionsduglig systemprototyp för ett maritimt GSM nät som ett utmanande exempel på ett avlägset beläget nät.

à medida que a Internet ganha papel importante na vida moderna, ela provoca mudanÃas tanto no consumidor quanto nas empresas. E o mercado da radiodifusÃo tambÃm se altera quando os ouvintes e as emissoras ganham novas possibilidades com o desenvolvimento do mundo virtual. Como conseqÃÃncia, os gestores jà avaliam suas estratÃgias para o uso da Internet, principalmente sobre a maneira de fazer seu marketing. Com o tema EstratÃgias de Marketing Via Internet, esta dissertaÃÃo registra um estudo de caso mÃltiplo realizado com quatro emissoras de rÃdio de Fortaleza, que atuam no segmento de pÃblico jovem. E os resultados apontam para um cenÃrio variado quando o assunto à o uso do marketing eletrÃnico (E-Marketing). Verifica-se, por exemplo, a existÃncia de uma emissora que ainda nÃo deseja investir na Internet, por receio de perder audiÃncia e por nÃo considerar o momento apropriado; outra jà pensa em investir mais forte em aÃÃes de marketing pela rede, apesar de nÃo ter iniciado essas mudanÃas na prÃtica; uma terceira emissora à afiliada a uma rede nacional e nenhuma decisÃo estratÃgica à tomada localmente; enquanto hà um exemplo de uma rÃdio que jà nasceu estrategicamente voltada para Internet, inclusive, realizando suas aÃÃes de marketing de forma eletrÃnica. TambÃm se constata que as emissoras usam a Internet principalmente como ferramenta de promoÃÃo do composto de marketing, com Ãnfase na divulgaÃÃo da emissora atravÃs de seus sites. Apesar de reconhecerem que a Web inovou a forma de interagir com seus ouvintes, a interatividade à realizada de forma limitada pelas emissoras estudadas. Elas nÃo possuem, por exemplo, polÃticas definidas para uso da interatividade na elaboraÃÃo e manutenÃÃo de bancos de dados eficientes ou para a realizaÃÃo de pesquisas para conhecer melhor seu pÃblico. Sob o ponto de vista da Internet como ambiente para a realizaÃÃo de negÃcios eletrÃnicos (E-Business), os gestores nÃo estÃo estimulados. Eles apontam a ausÃncia de anunciantes e os custos com a Internet como principais limitadores para que seus sites dÃem retorno financeiro atualmente. Entretanto, os responsÃveis pelas emissoras mostram boas expectativas para a realizaÃÃo de negÃcios eletrÃnicos no futuro. Apesar das incertezas, a Internet, no geral, nÃo à vista pelos gestores como uma ameaÃa e sim como uma ferramenta que apÃia o rÃdio que se conhece hoje. à senso comum entre eles que o convÃvio do rÃdio com a Internet à inevitÃvel.
As the Internet plays an important role on modern living, it makes changes both customers and enterprises. And the broadcasting market also alters when listeners and companies take new possibilities on the development of virtual world. As a result of it, managers have already assessed their strategies to the Internet use, mainly on the way to make their marketing. With the theme Marketing Strategies Via Internet, this dissertation registers a multiple study of case carried out with four broadcasting companies in Fortaleza city, which performs on the segment of young people. And outcomes point out to variety setting when the theme is the use of electronic marketing (E-Marketing). It is verified, for example, the existence of an sender whom not yet it desires to invest in the Internet, for distrust to lose hearing and for not to consider the appropriate moment; another one already thinks about investing more fort in action of marketing for the net, although not to have initiated these changes in the practical one; one third sender is affiliated to the one strategical national net and no decision are not taken local; while it has an example of a radio that already was born strategically come back toward Internet, also, carrying through its action of marketing of electronic form. Also one evidences that the senders use the Internet mainly as tool of promotion of the made up of marketing, with emphasis in the spreading of sender through its sites. Although to recognize that web innovated the form to interact with its listeners, the Interactivity it is carried through of form limited for the studied senders. They not they possess, for example, politics defined for use of Interactivity in the elaboration and maintenance of data bases efficient or for the accomplishment of research to know better its public. Under the point of view of the Internet as surrounding for accomplishment business-oriented electronic (E-Business), the managers not they are stimulated. They point the advertiser absence and costs with the Internet as main limitors so that its sites give financial return currently. However, responsible for the senders they show good expectations for accomplishment business-oriented electronic in the future. Although the uncertainties, the Internet, in the generality, is not seen by the managers as a threat but rather as a tool that supports the radio that we know today. It is common sense between them that the conviviality of the radio with the Internet is inevitable.

In the mid-1990’s, the global computer network known as the Internet was introduced in Sweden. With this study, we are shining a light on the entrance of Swedish Public Service media on the Internet. The two major Swedish Public Service companies Sveriges Television (“Swedish Television”, also called SVT) and Sveriges Radio (“Swedish Radio”, also called SR) are included in this study.

SR published its first website in 1994 and the site featured a presentation of the results from the Swedish parliament elections of that year. SVT published its first website in 1995, when the company wanted to find a way to develop the classic teletext.

The reason why we are studying these companies is that we wanted to find out why two publically funded companies decided to enter the new and relatively unknown Internet platform at a time when only three percent of the Swedish population had Internet access at home.

We have interviewed technicians and board members working for either SR or SVT at the time surrounding their entry on the Internet and we have also accessed board documents and other written information from the companies.

The study shows that both SR and SVT had an early presence on the Internet but without really investing. The respective boards were unsure about the usefulness of the new platform and the technicians were working without getting, according to themselves, enough time and money. The situation changed at the beginning of the 21^st century, after the timeframe of our study.

Cette étude constitue une approche socio-technique de l’innovation radiophonique sur Internet, en France, entre 1999 et 2006. L’analyse des discours des journalistes de presse écrite et électronique, ainsi que ceux des concepteurs des radios hertziennes en ligne et des webradios, permet de saisir le poids des représentations entretenues dans le cadre du processus de construction/diffusion de l’innovation. Cette réflexion offre également une description des caractéristiques du support radiophonique en ligne par l’analyse d’un échantillon de sites manifestes en 2006. En proposant une démarche interdisciplinaire, qui se distancie des positions déterministes, l’étude met en perspective les décalages entres les discours prospectifs et les services effectifs élaborés a posteriori. Elle montre que la diffusion radiophonique en ligne est le fruit de capture, de coopération, de divergences dues à des contextes hétérogènes emprunts de significations techniques et symboliques. L’analyse dévoile, en filigrane, que ce type de support implique une réorganisation des postures de la communication pour les deux membres en jeu
This study has a socio-technical approach of radio innovation on Internet in France, between 1999 and 2006. This analyse of the press journalists speeches and articles, and what hertzian radio makers put on-line, help to better understand the way people perceive the content and the diffusion of radio innovations. Moreover, this reflection offers a description of on-line radio supports through the analysis of a sample of Internet sites in 2006. Proposing a multi-disciplinary methodology, the study puts in prospect the shift between the prospective speeches and the a-posteriori analysis. It underlines that on-line radio diffusion is the fruit of captures, cooperation, divergences influenced by different technical and symbolists contexts. The analyse reveals, in filigree, that this type of support implies a new organisation of communication

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising networking technology that will interconnect a plethora of heterogeneous wireless devices. To support the connectivity across a massive-scale IoT, the scarce wireless communication resources must be appropriately allocated among the IoT devices, while considering the technical challenges that arise from the unique properties of the IoT, such as device heterogeneity, strict communication requirements, and limited device capabilities in terms of computation and memory. The primary goal of this dissertation is to develop novel resource management frameworks using which resource-constrained IoT devices can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. First, a comprehensive overview on the use of various learning techniques for wireless resource management in an IoT is provided, and potential applications for each learning framework are proposed. Moreover, to capture the heterogeneity among IoT devices, a framework based on cognitive hierarchy theory is discussed, and its implementation with learning techniques of different complexities for IoT devices with varying capabilities is analyzed. Next, the problem of dynamic, distributed resource allocation in an IoT is studied when there are heterogeneous messages. Particularly, a novel finite memory multi-state sequential learning is proposed to enable diverse IoT devices to reallocate the limited communication resources in a self-organizing manner to satisfy the delay requirement of critical messages, while minimally affecting the delay-tolerant messages. The proposed learning framework is shown to be effective for the IoT devices with limited memory and observation capabilities to learn the number of critical messages. The results show that the performance of learning framework depends on memory size and observation capability of IoT devices and that the learning framework can realize low delay transmission in a massive IoT. Subsequently, the problem of one-to-one association between resource blocks and IoT devices is studied, when the IoT devices have partial information. The one-to-one association is formulated as Kolkata Paise Restaurant (KPR) game in which an IoT device tries to choose a resource block with highest gain, while avoiding duplicate selection. Moreover, a Nash equilibrium (NE) of IoT KPR game is shown to coincide with socially optimal solution. A proposed learning framework for IoT KPR game is shown to significantly increase the number of resource blocks used to successful transmit compared to a baseline. The KPR game is then extended to consider age of information (AoI), which is a metric to quantify the freshness of information in the perspective of destination. Moreover, to capture heterogeneity in an IoT, non-linear AoI is introduced. To minimize AoI, centralized and distributed approaches for the resource allocation are proposed to enable the sharing of limited communication resources, while delivering messages to the destination in a timely manner. Moreover, the proposed distributed resource allocation scheme is shown to converge to an NE and to significantly lower the average AoI compared to a baseline. Finally, the problem of dynamically partitioning the transmit power levels in non-orthogonal multiple access is studied when there are heterogeneous messages. In particular, an optimization problem is formulated to determine the number of power levels for different message types, and an estimation framework is proposed to enable the network base station to adjust power level partitioning to satisfy the performance requirements. The proposed framework is shown to effectively increase the transmission success probability compared to a baseline. Furthermore, an optimization problem is formulated to increase sum-rate and reliability by adjusting target received powers. Under different fading channels, the optimal target received powers are analyzed, and a tradeoff between reliability and sum-rate is shown. In conclusion, the theoretical and performance analysis of the frameworks proposed in this dissertation will prove essential for implementing an appropriate distributed resource allocation mechanisms for dynamic, heterogeneous IoT environments.
Doctor of Philosophy
The Internet of Things (IoT), which is a network of smart devices such as smart phones, wearable devices, smart appliances, and environment sensors, will transform many aspects of our society with numerous innovative IoT applications. Those IoT applications include interactive education, remote healthcare, smart grids, home automation, intelligent transportation, industrial monitoring, and smart agriculture. With the increasing complexity and scale of an IoT, it becomes more difficult to quickly manage the IoT devices through a cloud, and a centralized management approach may not be viable for certain IoT scenarios. Therefore, distributed solutions are needed for enabling IoT devices to fulfill their services and maintain seamless connectivity. Here, IoT device management refers to the fact that the system needs to decide which devices access the network and using which resources (e.g., frequencies). For distributed management of an IoT, the unique challenge is to allocate scarce communication resources to many IoT devices appropriately. With distributed resource management, diverse IoT devices can share the limited communication resources in a self-organizing manner. Distributed resource management overcomes the limitations of centralized resource management by satisfying strict service requirements in a massive, complex IoT. Despite the advantages and the opportunities of distributed resource management, it is necessary to address the challenges related to an IoT, such as analyzing intricate interaction of heterogeneous devices, designing viable frameworks for constrained devices, and quickly adapting to a dynamic IoT. Furthermore, distributed resource management must enable IoT devices to communicate with high reliability and low delay. In this regard, this dissertation investigates these critical IoT challenges and introduces novel distributed resource management frameworks for an IoT. In particular, the proposed frameworks are tailored to realistic IoT scenarios and consider different performance metrics. To this end, mathematical frameworks and effective algorithms are developed by significantly extending tools from wireless communication, game theory, and machine learning. The results show that the proposed distributed wireless resource management frameworks can optimize key performance metrics and meet strict communication requirements while coping with device heterogeneity, massive scale, dynamic environment, and scarce wireless resources in an IoT.

The purpose of this paper is to identify gaps in regulatory policies resulting from the emergence of Internet radio. To accomplish this purpose, the paper seeks to: 1) provide insights into agencies that may have direct involvement in potentially regulating Internet radio; 2) explore the concepts of jurisdiction in cyberspace; and 3) address the regulatory challenges that exist when traditional country borders no longer apply.

Der fünfte Mobilfunkstandard 5G wird zukünftig die Übertragung großer Datenmengen auch über weite Strecken nahezu in Echtzeit ermöglichen. Diese neue, praktisch latenzfreie Kommunikationstechnologie erlaubt einen von zeit- und ortsunabhängigen Austausch von Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen zwischen Menschen und Maschinen. Damit werden haptisches Feedback über weite Entfernungen (taktiles Internet) und als Anwendung dessen neue Formen des räumlich verteilten Kooperierens und Lernens (Internet der Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen) möglich. Das Exzellenzcluster CeTI der TU Dresden setzt mit seiner Forschung genau an dieser Stelle an: Eine Vielzahl möglicher interaktiver Anwendungen im Konsumenten-, aber auch im professionellen Bereich ist denkbar. In einer interdisziplinären Vorstudie des Technisches Designs und des 5G Lab Germany wurden mögliche Einsatzfelder identifiziert und durch Demonstratoren erlebbar gemacht. Als ein Anwendungsbereich wurde der Leistungssport identifiziert. Da Disziplin, hohe körperliche Belastung und Perfektion im Bewegungsablauf von professionellen Sportlern über einen langen Zeitraum abverlangt wird, bringt der Bereich ein hohes Potenzial und Akzeptanz mit sich, um effizientere Trainingsmethoden mit Hilfe von cyber-physischen Systemen zu entwickeln. Eine wesentliche Fragestellung der Vorstudie war außerdem zu untersuchen, inwieweit Demonstratoren das Erleben verschiedener Ebenen einer abstrakten Technologie ermöglichen können. In einer Primärstudie, die als Beobachtungen während einer Messeveranstaltung des 5G Summit und weiteren öffentlichen Ausstellungen in Dresden 2018 durchgeführt wurden, konnten hierzu erste Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden.

Questa tesi si propone di presentare e classificare per caratteristiche simili i protocolli di routing che ad oggi sono utilizzati nelle Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks. Pertanto dapprima nel Capitolo 1 si introdurranno le radio cognitive con i concetti che sono alla base di questa tecnologia e le principali motivazioni che hanno portato alla loro nascita e poi al loro sviluppo. Nel Capitolo 2 si parlerà delle cognitive networks o meglio delle cognitive radio networks, e delle loro peculiarità. Nel terzo e nel quarto capitolo si affronteranno le CRAHNs e in particolare quali sono le sfide a cui devono far fronte i protocolli di routing che operano su di essa, partendo dall'esaminare quali sono le differenze che distinguono questa tipologia di rete da una classica rete wireless ad hoc con nodi in grado di muoversi nello spazio (una MANET). Infine nell'ultimo capitolo si cercherà di classificare i protocolli in base ad alcune loro caratteristiche, vedendo poi più nel dettaglio alcuni tra i protocolli più usati.

As part of a larger effort to improve telemetry link availability, the U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) is currently in the process of upgrading its telemetry receivers. As YPG begins integrating new receivers into existing range infrastructure, the question of where to place these receivers to provide maximum benefit must be considered. Should the receivers be placed at each of the remote antennas or should they be centrally located at the primary telemetry site? Although many Telemetry-over-Internet Protocol (TMoIP) and radio frequency (RF) over fiber solutions exist to transport these data, there are numerous concerns including network and Cybersecurity limitations to consider when implementing either of these approaches. This paper will document the trade study conducted at YPG to explore the benefits of each approach.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Radio since its beginning presented itself as an important mean of communication in the modern society. Nowadays, keeping up to technological convergence it is resetting up accordingly to new digital trends. This present dissertation brings observations about the radio under the ecosystemic point-of-view in Internet times. In order to deal with the subject, it begins with the willingness in accepting the radio through it specific language (voice, music, sound effects and silence) regardless the technological platform in which it is bound, as defined by Ferraretto and Kischnhevsky. The research objective was to understand the radio medium inserted in the Internet environment as autopoietic system of contemporaneity. In order to do so, first, the structural and technological changes and transformations it suffered when it was inserted on the web were described. Subsequently, two different types of online radios were chosen: radio in the web and web radio to introduce the aspects about message, reception, market and regulation. This stage was done through the observation of the most listened radios via Internet registered on radios.com.br. From then on, with the theoretical mark based on Niklas Luhmann Social Systems Theory and on the inductive method, it was pointed which couplings and autopoiesis the radio has been put through in the online world. As a result it was identified that the web radio as well as podcast are originated from auto reference and structural couplings that the radio did in order to keep itself alive in an evolved way in the digital environment.
O rádio desde o seu surgimento se apresentou como importante meio de comunicação da sociedade moderna. Nos dias atuais, com a convergência tecnológica vem se reconfigurando para estar de acordo com as novas tendências da era digital. A presente dissertação traz observações sobre o rádio sob o ponto de vista ecossistêmico em tempos de internet. Para tratar do assunto, parte-se da predisposição em aceitar o rádio por meio da sua linguagem específica (voz, música, efeitos sonoros e silêncio) independente da plataforma tecnológica ao qual está vinculada, conforme definição de Ferraretto e Kischnhevsky. O objetivo da pesquisa era entender o meio radiofônico no ambiente da internet como um sistema autopoiético da contemporaneidade. Para tanto, primeiramente, se descreveu as mudanças e transformações estruturais e tecnológicas pelo qual sofreu ao ser inserido na web. Em seguida, foram escolhidos dois tipos de rádio on-line, rádio na web e web rádio, para apresentar os aspectos sobre a mensagem, a recepção, o mercado e a regulamentação. Esta etapa foi realizada através da observação das rádios mais escutadas via internet registrada pelo portal radios.com.br. A partir de então, com o marco teórico baseado na Teoria dos Sistemas Sociais de Niklas Luhmann e o método indutivo, foram apontados quais acoplamentos e autopoieses o rádio se submeteu no mundo em rede. Como resultado identificou-se que a web rádio, assim como o podcast são originados da autorreferência e acoplamentos estruturais que o rádio fez para manter-se vivo de maneira evoluída no ambiente digital.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The intelligent vehicle navigation system is a multifunctional and complex integrated system that uses autonomous vehicle navigation, geography information, database system, computer technology, multimedia technology and wireless communication. In this paper, an autonomous navigation system based on embedded hardware and embedded operation system that is Linux is proposed. The system has advantages of low cost, small mass, multifunction and high stability, especially connecting with Internet.

The proposal of this dissertation is to study the relationship between the text presented in a radio open and what is displayed on radios on-line (Internet). The study compared radio texts presented in the Jornal Primeira Hora Nacional, broadcast by radio Band Vale, 102.9 MHz, in Campos do Jordão with texts presented in a radio online, www.radiobandeirantes.terra.com.br, and a web radio, www.agenciaradioweb.com.br. As corpus for analysis were heard and transcribed three stories of same theme, presented by the three radios. They were adopted as a basis, the Analysis of Speech by French line. The study examined whether there was a difference between the texts presented in a conventional radio and texts on the existing radios on the Internet. It was studied aspects of language radio practiced in a radio issuing open and if those things are in agreement with the new medium in which the radios online are entered. Studied them as these texts are presented in digital media. It follows that the language practiced in conventional radios, to be transported to the new medium, it is added to other types of speeches. The radio besides being audio becomes visual, leaving the concept that radio is only sound. When it comes to conditions of production speech the Internet is offering vehicles of communication a re-reading of concepts. The radio can, in this context, become a model multimedia.
A proposta dessa dissertação é a de estudar a relação entre o texto apresentado em uma rádio aberta e o que é apresentado nas rádios on-line (Internet). O estudo comparou textos radiofônicos apresentados no Jornal Primeira Hora Nacional, transmitido pela rádio Band Vale, 102,9 Mhz, de Campos do Jordão com textos apresentados em uma rádio on-line, www.radiobandeirantes.terra.com.br, e uma web rádio, www.agenciaradioweb.com.br. Como corpus para análise foram ouvidas e transcritas três notícias, de mesma temática, apresentadas pelas três rádios. Foram adotados como base, a Análise do Discurso de linha francesa. O estudo analisou se existia alguma diferença entre os textos apresentados em uma rádio convencional e os textos apresentados pelas rádios existentes na Internet. Estudou-se os aspectos da linguagem radiofônica praticada em uma emissora de rádio aberta e se esses aspectos estão de comum acordo com o novo suporte em que as rádios on-line estão inseridas. Focalizou-se como esses textos são apresentados no meio digital. Conclui-se que a linguagem praticada nas rádios convencionais, ao ser transportada para o novo suporte, é somada a outros tipos de discursos. O rádio além de ser áudio torna-se visual, saindo do conceito de que rádio é somente som. Quando se trata de condições de produção discurso a Internet está oferecendo aos veículos de comunicação uma re-leitura de conceitos. O rádio pode, nesse contexto, tornar-se um modelo multimidiático.

This dissertation investigates Ultra-Wideband (UWB) techniques for the next generation Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) towards the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In particular, an ultra-high frequency (UHF) wireless-powered UWB radio (UHF/UWB hybrid) with asymmetric links is explored from system architecture to circuit implementation. Context-aware, location-aware, and energy-aware computing for the IoT demands future micro-devices (e.g., RFID tags) with capabilities of sensing, processing, communication, and positioning, which can be integrated into everyday objects including paper documents, as well as food and pharmaceutical packages. To this end, reliable-operating and maintenance-free wireless networks with low-power and low-cost radio transceivers are essential. In this context, state-of-the-art passive RFID technologies provide limited data rate and positioning accuracy, whereas active radios suffer from high complexity and power-hungry transceivers. Impulse Radio UWB (IR-UWB) exhibits significant advantages that are expected to overcome these limitations. Wideband signals offer robust communications and high-precision positioning; duty-cycled operations allow link scalability; and baseband-like architecture facilitates extremely simple and low-power transmitters. However, the implementation of the IR-UWB receiver is still power-hungry and complex, and thus is unacceptable for self-powered or passive tags. To cope with μW level power budget in wireless-powered systems, this dissertation proposes an UHF/UWB hybrid radio architecture with asymmetric links. It combines the passive UHF RFID and the IR-UWB transmitter. In the downlink (reader-tag), the tag is powered and controlled by UHF signals as conventional passive UHF tags, whereas it uses an IR-UWB transmitter to send data for a short time at a high rate in the uplink (tag-reader). Such an innovative architecture takes advantage of UWB transmissions, while the tag avoids the complex UWB receiver by shifting the burden to the reader. A wireless-powered tag providing -18.5 dBm sensitivity UHF downlink and 10 Mb/s UWB uplink is implemented in 180 nm CMOS. At the reader side, a non-coherent energy detection IR-UWB receiver is designed to pair the tag. The receiver is featured by high energy-efficiency and flexibility that supports multi-mode operations. A novel synchronization scheme based on the energy offset is suggested. It allows fast synchronization between the reader and tags, without increasing the hardware complexity. Time-of-Arrival (TOA) estimation schemes are analyzed and developed for the reader, which enables tag localization. The receiver prototype is fabricated in 90 nm CMOS with 16.3 mW power consumption and -79 dBm sensitivity at 10 Mb/s data rate. The system concept is verified by the link measurement between the tag and the reader. Compared with current passive UHF RFID systems, the UHF/UWB hybrid solution provides an order of magnitude improvement in terms of the data rate and positioning accuracy brought by the IR-UWB uplink.
QC 20120110

This study investigated the relationship between motives of sports fans, and affinity for television, Internet, radio, and newspapers. Specifically economic, aesthetic, eustress, self-esteem, group affiliation, entertainment, and family motives all were expected to influence affinity for television, Internet, radio and newspapers.

This thesis investigates the potential for radio on the Internet to enhance processes of communication and media practice in the form of new a public sphere. Drawing on the work of Marshall McLuhan, the early stages of this thesis present an enquiry into the unique positive qualities of both radio and the Internet. The argument that follows contends that radio presented on the Internet can draw from the perceived technological benefits of each individual medium, combining as a potential site for public spheres. Both Habermas’s liberal public sphere and contemporary critiques of the concept are examined to define a range of principles that could be tested against relevant examples. The increasing commercialisation of the Internet is presented as a challenge to the normative ideals of a public sphere and counter-balances the optimism of a technologically determinist approach. A series of thematic codes are developed from the relevant theory and combined with qualitative interviews. This forms the framework for a thematic analysis of three individual case studies: Unwelcome Guests, an anti-corporate radio programme, SW Radio Africa, “the independent voice of Zimbabwe,” and NH Making Waves, the radio arm of a community peace activist group. The study investigates opportunities for these three individual case studies to act as public spheres, by examining the interplay that occurs between both Internet and radio practices. As the thematic analysis will demonstrate, placing radio content on the Internet presents new opportunities to diversify content and audiences through collaborative production and improved distribution. Recommendations for further research emphasise the need to pursue the Internet’s role in the public sphere potential of radio.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this work I explore the use of sound as a means of presenting news to the user of the Internet. I accept that news sound as such, as it is presented on radio, is an effective mass communication medium. From there I ask the question if this sound, with the same underlying principles used in radio, can be effectively used on the Internet. This opposed to real changes made in the gathering, preparation and presentation of sound to be effective on the Information Superhighway. In the first chapter I look at the methods (good and bad) utilized to present sound on the radio. When I present a model for Internet use later in the work (chapter 5) I use these as a starting point. Some definitions are formulated, which also become important in chapter 5. In the second chapter I touch on the origins of the Internet and the use of web sites to provide a news service. I explore the methods employed by news specific sites to communicate information to Internet users and I compare that to uses on a non-news site, in this case National Geographic.com. Again I use the positive aspects of the study of these sites to form part of the model presented in chapter 5. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the technological development of the Internet and the use of multimedia to convey information. I also touch on the future of the information system and the expectations and requirements these developments would put on journalists working on the medium. In chapter 4 I compare the way in which three news sites handled the covering of the terrorist attack on America. Because of the territorial advantage, I choose to look at the coverage one year after the event. The positive use of text, video, sound and images on these three sites are used to format the model in the next chapter. As said previously, chapter 5 contains a model for the use of multimedia, specifically sound, to convey news information on the Internet. While the focus is on sound, I suggest here that the model is applicable to all the aids available to the Internet producer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie werkstuk ontleed ek die gebruik van klank as 'n werktuig om nuus aan die Internetgebruiker oor te dra. Ek gaan van die beginsel af uit dat nuusklank op sy eie, met ander woorde soos dit op die radio uitgesaai word, wel 'n effektiewe, vinnige metode is om nuus aan massas mense oor te dra. Die vraag word gevra of klank op dieselfde manier, met dieselfde grondbeginsels en gebruike, 'n effektiewe medium is om nuus op die Internet aan te bied. Dié vraag word in teenstelling geplaas met die moontlikhede dat klank liefs op die radio hoort en nie deel behoort te wees van nuuswebtuistes nie, of dat daar wesenlike veranderinge gemaak behoort te word aan die nuus wat op die radio aangebied word, voor dit effektief op die Internet gebruik kan word. In die eerste hoofstuk kyk ek na die oorsprong en geskiedenis van radio en daarna na die ontwikkeling van nuus op radio. Ek behandel die beginsels van radionuus, met die doelom hierdie kenmerke dan later in die werkstuk (hoofstuk 5) te gebruik as die grondbeginsels vir 'n model vir die gebruik van klank om nuus op die Internet oor te dra. Ek kyk na die goeie en slegte praktyke wat in die oordrag van nuus op radio ontstaan het en probeer hierdeur sif om nie dieselfde swakplekke by die bogenoemde model in te sluit nie. In hierdie hoofstuk formuleer ek dan definisies vir die verskillende gebruike van klank om nuus oor die radio oor te dra. Hierdie definisies word ook later gebruik in die model vir die effektiewe gebruike van nuusklank op die Internet. In die tweede hoofstuk kyk ek na die oorsprong van die Internet, en dan (in meer detail) na die ontstaan van nuuswebtuistes. Ek ontleed die manier waarop inligting aan Internetgebruikers oorgedra word, op webtuistes wat spesifiek vir nuus geskep is, maar ek vergelyk dit ook met 'n webtuiste wat na my mening die Internet se kenmerke behoorlik aanwend om inligting oor te dra, nl. NationaIGeographic.com. Die goeie en slegte punte van die oordrag van inligting op die medium word ontleed, om ook later deel te vorm van die model in hoofstuk 5. Ek kyk in die derde hoofstuk na die tegnologiese ontwikkeling van die Internet en die gebruik van multimedia op die netwerk. Daar word ook geraak aan die toekomsmoontlikhede van die oordrag van groot hoeveelhede data (soos klank en video) op die netwerk. Soos die tegnologie ontwikkel, moet die persoon wat die produk daarstelontwikkel, en ek kyk na die vereistes wat aan joernaliste/vervaardigers van Internetnuus gestel word. In die vierde hoofstuk vergelyk ek die Internetaanbiedings van 'n spesifieke nuusgebeurtenis, die aanval op Amerika op 11 September 2001, van drie nuuswebtuistes. Ek kyk na die aanbiedings van die BBC, CNN en die SAUK, spesifiek na die gebruik van teks, grafika, video en klank om nuus aan Internetgebruikers oor te dra. Die (goeie en minder goeie) gebruik van klank op dié drie webtuistes vorm dan die basis van die model wat ek in hoofstuk 5 aanbied. Die vyfde hoofstuk word gewyaan die daarstelling van 'n model om klank as nuusmedium op die Internet te gebruik. Ek kyk na die beginsels van die goeie gebruik van klank wat in die eerste hoofstuk daargestel is en probeer dit verwerk vir gebruik op die Internet. Hoewel ek nie spesifiek die gebruik van ander media, soos teks, video en grafika, behandel nie, doen ek in hoofstuk 5 voor dat die model vir al die hulpmiddels op die Internetnuuswebtuiste kan geld.

Les progrès récents des technologies de communication et la prolifération de l'informatique sans fil et des dispositifs de communication, ont induit 'a une surcharge dans l'utilisation du spectre radio. Cependant, les expériences de la Commission Fédérale de Communication (FCC) ont révélé que l'utilisation du spectre varie entre 15% et 85%. Par conséquent, les réseaux radios cognitifs (Cognitive Radio Networks ou CRNs) sont proposés afin d'utiliser le spectre radio d'une manière opportuniste. Dans ce type de réseaux radios cognitifs, où les fréquences de transmission sont sélectionnées d'une manière opportuniste - également sont appelés réseaux Ad-Hoc à radios cognitives -, la fiabilité de la dissémination des données est difficile 'a réaliser. D'abord, en plus des défis déjà connus dans les environnements sans fils, la diversité dans le nombre de fréquences qu'un noeud à radio cognitif a droit d'utiliser ajoute un autre défi, en limitant l'accessibilité à ses noeuds voisins. Deuxièmement, les noeuds à radio cognitif (CR) doivent conquérir les ressources de fréquences résiduelles avec les noeuds à radio primaire (PR), tout en essayent de les exploiter d'une manière opportuniste. En outre, les noeuds CR ne devraient pas perturber la qualité de réception des noeuds PR durant leur communication, et ce en limitant les interférences entre les deux de noeuds. Par conséquent, une nouvelle méthode de sélection de fréquences est requise afin de réduire le nombre d'interférences nuisibles aux noeuds PR, et maximiser les chances de délivrance des messages aux voisins récepteurs des noeuds CR, et augmenter ainsi la fiabilité des données disséminées. Dans cette thèse nous proposons SURF, une nouvelle méthode distribuée de sélection de fréquences pour la dissémination fiable de données dans un réseau radio cognitif multi-sauts. SURF classifie les fréquences radio disponibles en fonction de l'occupation des fréquences des noeuds à radio primaire et le nombre de noeuds 'a radio cognitive utilisant ces fréquences. Les résultats de simulation obtenus par NS-2 confirment que SURF est une stratégie efficace dans la sélection des meilleures fréquences de diffusion de données, comparée aux autres approches liées. Nous avons aussi constaté que les stratégies de sélection de fréquences sont considérablement influencées par l'activité des noeuds 'a radio primaire. Dans la suite ce cette thèse, nous étudierons et analyserons l'impact des modèles d'activités des noeuds PR sur les différentes stratégies de sélection de fréquences à travers des simulations basées NS-2. Nous avons remarqué que l'activité intermittente de PR est le cas où les solutions intelligentes doivent opérées. C'est dans ce cas où SURF donne les meilleures résultats et la région ciblée se serve des opportunités de communication. Enfin, dans cette thèse, nous allons encore plus loin en vérifiant l'applicabilité et la faisabilité de SURF. Dans cette perspective, d'abord, nous proposons une architecture d'accès à internet basse sur la radio cognitive pour les réseaux partiellement endommagés. Nous discutons les détails architecturaux et le principe de fonctionnement de l'architecture proposée. Nous avons également passé en revue les enjeux et les défis de déploiement de cette nouvelle architecture. Deuxièmement, nous discutons l'applicabilité de SURF dans le contexte de l'agrégation de fréquences et à cet égard, nous discutons une stratégie d'interférence basée sur l'agrégation de fréquences pour les réseaux radios cognitifs.

La presente investigación analiza los episodios del famoso podcast Serial de Sarah Koenig para tratar de definir las características del nuevo fenómeno del audio digital. Múltiples autores consideran a Serial un punto de quiebre en la breve historia del podcasting, por su resaltante estilo narrativo y su excelente producción independiente. Es por ello que este podcast funciona como un gran caso de estudio para la popularización del audio digital y la nueva tendencia del audio narrativo en línea.
This investigation analyzes the episodes of the famous podcast Serial by Sarah Koenig to try to define the characteristics of the new phenomenon of digital audio. Multiple authors consider Serial a turning point in the brief history of podcasting, because of its remarkable narrative style and excellent independent production. Thus, this podcast works as a great case study for the popularization of digital audio and the new trend of online narrative audio.
Trabajo de investigación

Along with rapid development of sensing and communication technology, Internet of Things (IoTs) has enabled a tremendous number of applications in health care, agriculture, and industry. As the fundamental element, the wireless sensing node, such as radio tags need to be operating under micro power level for energy autonomy. The evolution of electronics towards highly energy-efficient systems requires joint efforts in developing innovative architectures and circuit techniques. In this dissertation, we explore ultra-low power circuits and systems for micropower wireless sensing in the context of IoTs, with a special focus on radio interfaces and sensor interfaces. The system architecture of UHF/UWB asymmetric radio is introduced firstly. The active UWB radio is employed for the tag-to-reader communication while the conventional UHF radio is used to power up and inventory the tag. On the tag side, an ultra-low power, high pulse swing, and power scalable UWB transmitter is studied. On the reader side, an asymmetric UHF/UWB reader is designed. Secondly, to eliminate power-hungry frequency synthesis circuitry, an energy-efficient UWB transmitter with wireless clock harvesting is presented. The transmitter is powered by an UHF signal wirelessly and respond UWB pulses by locking-gating-amplifying the sub-harmonic of the UHF signal. 21% locking range can be achieved to prevent PVT variations with -15 dBm injected power. Finally, radio-sensing interface co-design is explored. Taking the advantage of RC readout circuit and UWB pulse generator, the sensing information is directly extracted and transmitted in the time domain, exploiting high time-domain resolution UWB pulses. It eliminates the need of ADC of the sensor interface, meanwhile, reduces the number of bits to be transmitted for energy saving. The measurement results show that the proposed system exhibits 7.7 bits ENOB with an average relative error of 0.42%.

QC 20160412

L'Internet des objets est un nouveau concept dans lequel la connexion Internet s'étend aux objets du monde réel pour les faire communiquer les uns avec les autres. La communication dans un système IoT peut être établie en utilisant des réseaux cellulaires ou des réseaux utilisant des fréquences libres.Il existe de nombreuses normes de communication pour les applications IoT. Il existe également de nombreuses techniques de modulation. Il n'y a pas une unique solution parfaite qui réponde à tous les besoins et toutes les exigences dans tous les domaines. Le choix du bon standard de communication et de la technique de modulation est spécifique pour chaque cas d'utilisation et dépend de chaque application.Au cours de cette recherche, au lieu de présenter une nouvelle norme de communication ou une nouvelle technique de modulation, nous avons amélioré la sensibilité du récepteur tout en utilisant la technique de modulation et les normes de communication existantes. L'amélioration de la sensibilité du récepteur augmente le bilan de liaison. Un meilleur bilan de liaison, dans certaines conditions de propagation, augmente la distance de communication.Le moyennage synchronisé a été proposé et étudié en profondeur en tant que technique efficace pour améliorer le rapport signal sur bruit en augmentant l'énergie du signal sans modifier la puissance du signal. Cependant, le système de synchronisation limite l'efficacité du moyennage synchronisé. Le problème de synchronisation peut être divisé en synchronisation en phase et synchronisation en fréquence. Toute variation de fréquence de l'oscillateur local induite par le bruit de phase) a un impact sur la synchronisation. L’impact du bruit de phase sur le modulateur MSK a été étudié dans ce travail. Une méthode innovante a ensuite été développée pour combiner le processus de synchronisation avec le moyennage.Différentes normes de communication radio et les techniques conventionnelles basées sur les réseaux LPWA ont été présentées dans le premier chapitre. Les bases théoriques de la méthode de moyennage synchronisé (en télécommunications) et les méthodologies de simulation sont présentées au chapitre deux. Le problème de synchronisation ainsi que les différentes solutions pour l’améliorer ont été présentés au chapitre trois.Les performances de la méthode de moyennage synchronisé avec et sans nouvelles techniques de synchronisation ont été mesurées et les résultats sont présentés au chapitre quatre. Le gain de traitement résultant du calcul théorique est comparé aux résultats des mesures
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new approach in which the Internet connection extends into real-world objects to make them communicate with each other. The communication for IoT can be established using cellular networks or the licence-free frequencies in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands. There are many communication standards for IoT applications. There are also many modulation techniques. Nevertheless, there is no perfect solution for all the needs and requirements in all domains. The choice of the right communication standard and modulation technique is unique for each use-case and depends on each specific application.In this research, instead of developing a new communication standard or a new modulation technique, we improved the receiver sensitivity while using the existing modulation technique and communication standards. Improving the receiver sensitivity increases the link budget. A better link budget, under certain propagation conditions, increases the communication distance. Different radio communication standards and conventional techniques based on Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) are presented in the first chapter.The theoretical basis of the time-synchronous averaging (TSA) method as a powerful signal processing method to improve the sensitivity of the RF receiver and the simulation methodologies are presented in chapter two. We also study the impact of phase noise on the MSK modulator in this chapter.The synchronisation problem, as well as the different solutions to improve it, are presented in chapter three. Synchronisation in phase and frequency are studied separately, and an innovative method has been developed to combine the synchronisation process with averaging.The performance of the synchronised averaging method with and without new synchronisation techniques was measured, and the results are presented in chapter four. The processing gain from the theoretical calculation is compared with the measurement results too

Wireless sensor networks are often battery powered and therefore their power consumption is of critical importance. Power requirements can be reduced by switching off radios when they are not needed and by using multi-hop communications to reduce the length of the radio links. Multi-hop communications however require message routing through the network. The Routing Protocol for lossy networks (RPL) has been designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for seamless integration of wireless sensor networks in the Internet. For switching on and off radios, radio duty cycling (RDC) protocols have been added to the traditional medium access control (MAC) protocols. Despite the fact they belong to different layers in the communications stack, it is intuitively clear that the choice of a specific RDC protocol for saving energy can influence the performances of RPL. Exploring experimentally this influence was the initial goal of this research. A 25 nodes wireless sensor network using Zolertia Z1 motes and the Contiki software was used for this investigation. Performance measurements without RDC protocol and with the three different RDC protocols readily available in Contiki were organized and the results of the experiments were compared. Unfortunately, with all three RDC protocols, serious malfunctions obscured the experimental results. Those malfunctions did not show up in absence of a RDC protocol and they could not be reproduced by our simulation studies. To tackle this issue, the behavior of the RDC protocols was scrutinized by means of experimental set-ups that eliminated as much as possible all non RDC related issues. Many, quite varied, malfunctions were discovered which all could have caused the observed RPL issues. Further research and better experimental set-ups made clear that all the discovered RDC malfunctions could be attributed to two real-world facts that were not considered by the implementers of the Contiki RDC protocols. The first cause is the small frequency difference between hardware real time clocks in stand-alone motes. The second is that the threshold built in the receiver to detect radio activity is much higher than the minimum level of signal that the same receiver can decode. Work-arounds have been designed for the observed malfunctions and they have been tested by means of a systematic comparison of the performance of the three modified RDC protocols.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le déploiement massif des objets connectés, formant l'Internet des Objets ou IoT, bouleverse aujourd'hui les environnements réseaux traditionnels. Ces objets, auparavant exempts de connectivité, sont désormais susceptibles d'introduire des vulnérabilités supplémentaires dans les environnements qui les intègrent. La littérature dresse aujourd'hui un portrait peu flatteur de la sécurité de ces objets, qui constituent de plus en plus des cibles de choix pour les attaquants, qui y voient de nouvelles surfaces exploitables pour s'introduire dans les environnements auparavant sécurisés. En outre, les moyens de communications non-filaires utilisés par ces objets sont nombreux, avec des caractéristiques très hétérogènes à tous les niveaux protocolaires, notamment en terme de fréquences utilisées, qui rendent complexes l'analyse et la surveillance des environnements qui s'en équipent. Ces problématiques, et notamment l'hétérogénéité forte de ces nombreux protocoles, remettent en question les solutions traditionnelles permettant d'assurer la sécurité des échanges effectués. Or, l'explosion du nombre de ces objets impose d'adapter ou de proposer des architectures de sécurité qui soient adaptées à ces nouvelles problématiques. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la surveillance et à la détection d'anomalies pouvant survenir sur les moyens de communications sans-fil utilisés dans l'IoT, quels qu'ils soient. Nous avons relevé un manque crucial de solutions ayant la capacité d'analyser tous les échanges, et ce, qu'importe le protocole utilisé. Pour y répondre, nous proposons une architecture de sécurité basée sur le monitoring des signaux radios physiques, permettant de s'affranchir de la connaissance des protocoles et donc d'être générique. Son objectif est d'apprendre le modèle des comportements radios légitimes d'un environnement à l'aide de sondes radios, puis d'identifier les déviations vis-à-vis de ce modèle, pouvant correspondre à des anomalies ou des attaques. La description de cette architecture est la première contribution de cette thèse. Nous avons ensuite étudié l'applicabilité de notre solution dans différents contextes, chacun ayant ses caractéristiques propres. La première étude, correspondant à notre deuxième contribution, consiste à proposer une implémentation et un déploiement de notre approche dans les domiciles connectés. L'évaluation de celle-ci face à des attaques réelles injectées dans l'espace radio et ses résultats montrent la pertinence de notre approche dans ces environnements. [...]
The massive deployment of connected objects, forming the Internet of Things (IoT), is now disrupting traditional network environments. These objects, previously connectivity-free, are now likely to introduce additional vulnerabilities into the environments that integrate them. The literature today paints an unflattering picture of the security of these objects, which are increasingly becoming prime targets for attackers who see them as new exploitable surfaces to penetrate previously secure environments. In addition, the wireless means of communication used by these objects are numerous, with very heterogeneous characteristics at all protocol levels. Particularly in terms of the frequencies used, which make it difficult to analyse and monitor the environments that are equipped with them. These issues, and in particular the strong heterogeneity of these numerous protocols, call into question the traditional solutions used to ensure the security of the exchanges carried out. However, the explosion in the number of these objects requires security architectures that are adapted to these new issues. In this thesis, we are interested in monitoring and detecting anomalies that may occur in any wireless means of communication used in the IoT. We found a critical lack of solutions with the ability to analyze all exchanges, regardless of the protocol used. To answer this question, we propose a new security architecture based on the monitoring of physical radio signals, making it possible to free oneself from protocol knowledge and therefore to be generic. Its objective is to learn the model of legitimate radio behaviour in an environment using radio probes, then to identify deviations from this model, which may correspond to anomalies or attacks. The description of this architecture is the first contribution of this thesis. We then studied the applicability of our solution in different contexts, each with its own characteristics. The first study, corresponding to our second contribution, consists in proposing an implementation and deployment of our approach in connected homes. The evaluation of the latter in the face of real attacks injected into radio space and its results show the relevance of our approach in these environments. Finally, the last contribution studies the adaptation and deployment of our generic solution to professional environments where the presence of expert users promotes the integration of advanced diagnostic information to identify the origins of an anomaly. The subsequent evaluation and the results associated with each of the diagnostic mechanisms implemented demonstrate the value of our approach in heterogeneous environments

Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous étudions les réseaux sans fil et les appareils reconfigurables qui peuvent accéder à des réseaux de type radio intelligente, dans des bandes non licenciées et sans supervision centrale. Nous considérons notamment des réseaux actuels ou futurs de l’Internet des Objets (IoT), avec l’objectif d’augmenter la durée de vie de la batterie des appareils, en les équipant d’algorithmes d’apprentissage machine peu coûteux mais efficaces, qui leur permettent d’améliorer automatiquement l’efficacité de leurs communications sans fil. Nous proposons deux modèles de réseaux IoT, et nous montrons empiriquement, par des simulations numériques et une validation expérimentale réaliste, le gain que peuvent apporter nos méthodes, qui se reposent sur l’apprentissage par renforcement. Les différents problèmes d’accès au réseau sont modélisés avec des Bandits Multi-Bras (MAB), mais l’analyse de la convergence d’un grand nombre d’appareils jouant à un jeu collaboratif sans communication ni aucune coordination reste délicate, lorsque les appareils suivent tous un modèle d’activation aléatoire. Le reste de ce manuscrit étudie donc deux modèles restreints, d’abord des banditsmulti-joueurs dans des problèmes stationnaires, puis des bandits mono-joueur non stationnaires. Nous détaillons également une autre contribution, la bibliothèque Python open-source SMPyBandits, qui permet des simulations numériques de problèmes MAB, qui couvre les modèles étudiés et d’autres
In this PhD thesis, we study wireless networks and reconfigurable end-devices that can access Cognitive Radio networks, in unlicensed bands and without central control. We focus on Internet of Things networks (IoT), with the objective of extending the devices’ battery life, by equipping them with low-cost but efficient machine learning algorithms, in order to let them automatically improve the efficiency of their wireless communications. We propose different models of IoT networks, and we show empirically on both numerical simulations and real-world validation the possible gain of our methods, that use Reinforcement Learning. The different network access problems are modeled as Multi-Armed Bandits (MAB), but we found that analyzing the realistic models was intractable, because proving the convergence of many IoT devices playing a collaborative game, without communication nor coordination is hard, when they all follow random activation patterns. The rest of this manuscript thus studies two restricted models, first multi-players bandits in stationary problems, then non-stationary single-player bandits. We also detail another contribution, SMPyBandits, our open-source Python library for numerical MAB simulations, that covers all the studied models and more

The next generation of mobile radio systems is expected to providing wireless connectivity for a wide range of new applications and services involving not only people but also machines and objects. Within few years, billions of low-cost and low-complexity devices and sensors will be connected to the Internet, forming a converged ecosystem called Internet of Things (IoT). As a result, in 2016, 3GPP standardizes NB-IoT, the new narrowband radio technology developed for the IoT market. Massive connectivity, reduced UE complexity, coverage extension and deployment flexibility are the targets for this new radio interface, which also ensures harmonious coexistence with current GSM, GPRS and LTE systems. In parallel, the rise of open-source software combined with Software Defined Radio (SDR) solutions has completely changed radio systems engineering in the late years. This thesis focuses on developing the NB-IoT’s protocol stack on the EURECOM’s open-source software platform OpenAirInterface (OAI). First part of this work aims to implement NB-IoT’s Radio Resource Control functionalities on OAI. After an introduction to the platform architecture, a new RRC layer code structure and related interfaces are defined, along with a new approach for Signalling Radio Bearers management. A deep analysis on System Information scheduling is conducted and a subframe-based transmission scheme is then proposed. The last part of this thesis addresses the implementation of a multi-vendor platform interface based on Small Cell Forum’s Functional Application Platform Interface (FAPI) standard. A configurable and dynamically loadable Interface Module (IF-Module) is designed between OAI’s MAC and PHY layers. Primitives and related code structures are presented as well as corresponding Data and Configuration’s procedures. Finally, the convergence of both NB-IoT and FAPI requirements lead to re-design PHY layer mechanisms for which a downlink transmission scheme is proposed.

Les médias font l’objet de nombreux discours médiatisés. Ce phénomène n’est certes pas nouveau mais il s’est accentué ces dernières années. Après avoir été discutés de l’extérieur, les médias s’attachent à se critiquer eux-mêmes. La critique des médias par les médias devrait permettre à son destinataire de prendre de la distance pour lui donner la capacité de devenir critique à son tour. Nous posons l’hypothèse que les médias ne s’autocritiquent pas. Ils ne font que construire une image critique. Nous nous sommes donc intéressée au métadiscours produit par l’émission télévisuelle Arrêt sur Images. Cette dernière promet une didacticité dont nous ne retrouvons que les prémices et la critique qu'elle propose est partielle, partiale et normée. Son énonciation joue sur une représentation de ce que la critique doit être et conforte son objet d'étude, la télévision, dans sa légitimité en jouant le rôle de soupape de sécurité. Nous nous sommes ensuite concentrée sur trois discours supportés par d’autres médias de masse : Big Bang Blog, (Internet), J’ai mes Sources (France Inter) et La Lettre à Zélie (Télérama). Outre leur objet d'étude et malgré les divergences relatives à la nature de leur support, la médiacritique est reconnaissable à son écriture spécifique. L'énonciateur joue sur la connivence avec l’énonciataire, il lui « fait croire ». Ce jeu sur la connivence enclenche un débrayage qui pousse l’énonciataire à s’impliquer dans l’énonciation. Celui-ci passe du statut de spectateur à celui d’« assistant-participant », actant de l’énonciation. La médiacritique de masse ne favorise donc pas la prise de distance mais fait croire à la légitimité de son énonciataire
The Media are subject to numerous media coverage. Although it is not a recent phenomenon, it has increased over the past few years. After being discussed for outside, the Media are keen on selfcriticism. Criticism of the Media by the Media themselves should allow the addressee to distance oneself and give him the capacity to become critical. The hypothesis we suggest is that the Media don’t really criticize themselves. They only build an image of criticism. We took an interest in the metaspeech produced by the television program Arrêt sur Images. This program promises didactic, but only offers the beginnings and the criticism it offers is only partial, biased and normalized. The statements play on the representation of what critic should be and comforts the subject of the study, that is to say television, in its legitimacy in the role of a security valve. We then concentrated on three speeches supported by other mass Media : Big Bang Blog (internet); J'ai mes Sources (France Inter) and Lettre à Zélie (Télérama). Beyond the subject of their study and despite the differences related to the nature of their medium, mediacriticism can be recognized by its specific writing. The speaker plays on the complicity with the receiver, “making him believe”. The use of complicity engages a clutch that makes the receiver believe he/she is implicated in the statement. This one goes from the status of audience to the status of “assistant-participant”, actor of the statement. Therefore, mass Mediacriticism doesn't stimulate distancing oneself but makes believe in the legitimacy of the receiver

Ultra wideband (UWB) communications has been a subject of much discussion over the last decade. The method of UWB has had a hard time to establish itself among other methods such as Bluetooth and WiFi but as internet of things (IoT) gains a foothold in our daily lives, UWB has presented some new application areas. These application areas are, among other things, self driving cars, energy efficient data transfer, health care applications, sensor networks and real time location systems. This project aims to use UWB communications to real-world applications, specifically, electrocardiography (ECG) - an application in health care in this project, and develop a prototype for the application. The prototype consists of two Android smart phones and two UWB modules (EVK1000 evaluation kits from DecaWave, Inc). Each smartphone connects a UWB module so that the two smart phones, one as sender and the other as receiver, can communicate directly through UWB radios. This is intended to serve as a proof-of-concept that UWB devices are well suited for short range data transfer applications. The result achieved by the project is an android application along with sending and receiving programs for the development boards by Decawave and additional information regarding UWB and its uses. The results also include a comparison of UWB, Bluetooth and WiFi as of todays standard. The goal of the project is to learn how android applications are programmed, how UWB is used in todays technology and how to program and use development boards presented by companies. The prototype has been built and shown that 12-lead simulated ECGsignals from the sender can be transfered to the receiver through the UWB communications. The work includes programming (in C) the two UWB modules for UWB communications, and Java for the android applications (programs) on the smart phones. The Android application is handling transmission of ECG signals to the sending UWB module and then receiving them from the receiving UWB module as well as displaying them on the receiver. The future work to continue the present project is to replace the sending smart phone by an ECG device that sends real ECG signals.

Ericsson is a Swedish technology company that provides and operates telecommunication networks,television and video systems and related services in the world.A Case study of Ericsson Radio Base Station CPIs is a research work about technical informationavailability problems on Internet.According to customer product information standards, specific company’s divisions are responsible formeaningful technical information content creation and diffusion to the end user.The main research question is what information related to Ericsson RBS can be found on the Internetand what possible solutions should Ericsson offer to these groups in terms of technical informationavailability?An Internet analysis showed that on Internet appears user generated content about RBS 6000 in a wayof video instructions, manuals selling and consultation giving.This situation shows that users are interested and need information related to technical equipment, buton the other hand it is essentially illegal to spread information this way, and it might have seriousconsequences in terms of misuse or misinterpretation of information.This thesis is investigating Ericsson information sharing traditions in relation to the situation of openinformation on the Internet. Some recommendations for further work are given.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A presente dissertação refere-se ao projeto de pesquisa Fanpage da Rádio Unesp FM: convergência e interatividade em prol da cultura e cidadania. Este trabalho se iniciou com levantamento bibliográfico em literatura pertinente sobre os temas mídia e cidadania; comunicação pública; rádios públicas; rádios educativas; rádio e internet; convergência midiática e mídias sociais digitais. A metodologia empregada para a realização do estudo conta com análises de conteúdo da fanpage da Radio Unesp FM; análise de gráficos e tabelas gerados pelo Facebook Insights e também entrevistas realizadas com os funcionários da Radio Unesp FM. Pretendeu-se com esse estudo avaliar a fanpage da Radio Unesp FM como mídia de apoio à ampliação do impacto cultural e educativo da Emissora; analisar como se dá a interação com os ouvintes na plataforma da fanpage; destacar a importância da utilização de mídias que permitam maior interação com a audiência; evidenciar a necessidade de uma gestão estratégica da fanpage e trazer subsídios para que a Rádio Unesp possa utilizar a essa ferramenta na promoção da educação, cultura e cidadania
This work refers to the research project Fanpage Unesp FM Radio: convergence and interactivity for culture and citizenship. This work began with literature in the literature on the literature on the topics media and citizenship; public communication; public radio; educational radio; radio and internet; media convergence and digital social media. The methodology for the study has fanpage content analysis of Unesp FM Radio; graphic analysis and tables generated by Facebook Insights and also interviews with employees of Unesp FM Radio. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fanpage of Unesp FM Radio as media support to the expansion of cultural and educational impact of the Issuer; analyze how is the interaction with listeners in the fanpage platform; highlight the importance of using media that allow more interaction with the audience; highlight the need for strategic management of the fanpage and provide support for the Radio UNESP can use this tool to promote education, culture and citizenship

Debido a la demanda creciente del servicio de telefonía móvil e internet, se requiere que las empresas operadoras instalen más Estaciones Base Celular, lo cual es una oportunidad para Conarca. En ese contexto Conarca tiene como reto enfrentar múltiples proyectos por lo que se plantea realizarlo en base a un enfoque metodológico para la Dirección de Proyectos y ese es el fin de nuestro Trabajo de Investigación, es por ello que, el documento inicia con una breve introducción, seguida por un marco teórico que explica la importancia de la Guía del PMBOK®6ta Edición. A continuación, se incluye un capítulo de caso de negocio, donde se describe a la empresa, se realiza un análisis del entorno, un diagnóstico interno y externo, además del análisis financiero del proyecto con una TIR de 21.32% en nuevos soles, un WACC de 9.636%, con retorno de inversión en 43 meses y una inversión de S/ 517,000. Los siguientes cuatro capítulos corresponden a los Grupos de Proceso de la Guía del PMBOK®6ta Edición: Inicio, Planificación, Ejecución, Monitoreo y Control, finalmente el correspondiente al Cierre, en cada uno de estos capítulos se incluyen formatos que son de gran ayuda para el desarrollo de una adecuada Dirección de Proyectos. Finalmente, se encuentran los capítulos de conclusiones, recomendaciones, anexos, glosario y bibliografía lo cual busca complementar la información de los capítulos anteriores.
Due to the growing demand for mobile phone and internet service, telephone companies are required to install more Cellular Base Stations, which is an opportunity for Conarca. In that context Conarca has the challenge to face multiple projects, for that reason the proposal is to do it based on a methodological approach defined for the Project Management and the reason behind the Thesis, which is why the document begins with a brief introduction, followed by a theoretical framework that explains the importance of the PMBOK®Guide 6th Edition. Then, a business case chapter is included, where the company is described, it is made an analysis of the environment, an internal and external diagnosis is performed and also is made a financial analysis of the project in order to demonstrate its profitability. The following four chapters correspond to the PMBOK®Guide 6th Edition Process Groups: Initiation, Planning, Execution, Monitoring and controlling, finally the one corresponding to the Closure, in each of these chapters, formats that are very helpful for the development of an adequate Project Management are included. Finally, there are the chapters related to conclusions, recommendations, attachments, glossary and bibliography which seeks to complement the information in the previous chapters.
Trabajo de investigación

Internet of Things (IoT) è un neologismo coniato nei primi anni duemila per indicare l'estensione di Internet ai più svariati oggetti di uso quotidiano. Si stima che, al giorno d'oggi, più di 5 miliardi di dispositivi siano connessi alla rete e che, nell'arco di pochi anni, tale numero sia destinato a crescere in maniera esponenziale. Il collegamento in rete di una tipologia così eterogenea di dispositivi ha aperto un mondo di nuove possibilità: infatti tutti questi dispositivi connessi alla rete, grazie a chip e sensori appositi, sono in grado di comunicare l'uno con l'altro scambiandosi informazioni sul mondo che li circonda e possono, almeno teoricamente, autoregolarsi senza alcun intervento dell'uomo. IoT ha dunque un numero elevatissimo di applicazioni che, in un futuro non tanto lontano, promettono di portare un miglioramento della qualità della vita. Un'indispensabile tecnologia per l'IoT è l'identificazione dei segnali a radiofrequenza (RF). L'obbiettivo di questa tesi è proprio quello di monitorare ed elaborare, attraverso un sistema a basso costo, segnali a RF provenienti dalle bande ISM e GSM per capire se e a quali frequenze sono attivi, in un certo ambiente, dei dispositivi di qualsiasi genere. Il sistema che si è scelto di utilizzare è chiamato SDR (Software Defined Radio). Questa è una tecnologia abbastanza recente che permette l'acquisizione di segnali radio in cui la maggior parte delle funzionalità, normalmente realizzate con hardware apposito, sono invece implementate da un software che si occuperà dell'elaborazione principale del segnale attraverso una serie di tecniche e algoritmi noti come DSP (Digital Signal Processing). In particolare si è utilizzato il dispositivo RTL-SDR NESDR Mini, realizzato dalla NooElec, che è stato poi interfacciato con MATLAB grazie all'utilizzo di appositi pacchetti ed estensioni.

La projection favorable vers le segment des satellites pourrait se maintenir, surtout aujourd'hui, puisque la demande de nouveaux services a considérablement augmentée. Cela se justifie par les caractéristiques uniques du satellite, telles que les capacités de multidiffusion et de radiodiffusion, les aspects de mobilité et la couverture mondiale. À titre d'exemple, nous soulignons l'utilisation du satellite pour soutenir les futures communications de machine à machine (M2M). Dans ce contexte, l'un des principaux défis consiste à développer des techniques permettant une meilleure coordination entre les services existants et futurs. C'est dans ce cadre que les techniques de radio cognitive (RC) sont devenues intéressantes pour les applications spatiales. Cette thèse étudie la faisabilité d'une transmission d'un utilisateur cognitif (UC) sur une infrastructure existante d'utilisateurs primaires en utilisant les techniques de RC de type overlay. Dans cette optique, la première contribution présente une méthodologie de design pour ce paradigme dans le domaine des communications par satellite. Ensuite, nous discutons d'une approche pour contrôler la puissance de sortie de l’UC en abordant la technique de mise en forme du treillis et d'une nouvelle méthode pour récupérer la perte modulo. Ces techniques montrent un compromis entre l'efficacité de puissance, (réduction de la perte modulo), et la complexité, (réduction des opérations de l’encodeur). Enfin, nous examinons les solutions proposées à la lumière d'un scénario satellite réaliste en utilisant des exemples de pièces commerciales (COTS) et en supposant des valeurs pratiques pour le bilan de liaison
The favorable projection towards the satellite segment could be sustained especially today, since the demand for the rising new services has increased considerably. This is justified by the unique satellite characteristics such as multicast and broadcasting capabilities, mobility aspects and global reach, besides the ability to cover and connect remote areas and hostile environments. As a typical example, we point out the use of satellite to support the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. In this context, a main challenge is to develop techniques that enable a better coordination among legacy and future services. It is within this framework that the Cognitive Radio (CR) techniques have also become attractive for space applications. This doctoral thesis studies the feasibility of a Cognitive User (CU) transmission over the primary user infrastructure by using the CR techniques in the overlay paradigm applied to the satellite context. In this perspective, the first thesis contribution present a framework for overlay paradigms towards satellite communications. In this sense, a low complexity solution is proposed related to the Trellis Shaping based DPC encoder for the CU. Subsequently, we discuss an approach to control the CU output power by addressing the trellis shaping (TS) technique. Moreover, by using auxiliary bits as well as the proper mapping selection, further constellation expansion is performed in order to increase the number of shaping regions. The relation among these implemented techniques provides a trade-off between power efficiency,by the reduction of the modulo loss, and complexity, by the reduction of the encoder operations. Finally, we examine the proposed solutions at the light of a realistic satellite scenario. In this general contribution, by using examples of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) parts and assuming practical link budget parameters

The issues involved in Internet telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) device) can be best understood by actually implementing a VoIP device and studying its performance. In this regard, an Internet telephony device, providing full duplex voice communication over internet, and a user interface program have been developed. In the process, a number of implementation issues came into focus, which we have touched upon in this thesis. Transport layer network protocols are discussed in the concept of real time streaming applications and Real Time Protocol (RTP) is modified to use as transport layer protocol in developed VoIP device. Adaptive playout buffering algorithms are studied and compared with each other by trace driven simulation experiments with objective measures. A method to solve clock synchronization problem in streaming internet applications is presented. One way and round trip delay measurement functionalities are added to the VoIP device, so that device can be used to investigate the network characteristics.

Radiofrequency spectrum is a finite resource that consists of the frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz. It is used for wireless communication and supports several applications and services. Whether it is at the personal, community or society level, and whether it is for applications in consumer electronics, building management, smart utility networks, intelligent driving systems, the Internet of Things, industrial automation and so on, the demand for wireless communication is increasing continuously. Together with this increase in demand, there is an increase in the quality of service requirements in terms of throughput, and the reliability and availability of wireless services. Industrial wireless sensor networks, for example, operate in environments that are usually harsh and time varying. The frequency spectrum that is utilised by industrial wireless protocols such as WirelessHART and ISA 100.11a, is also used by many other wireless technologies, and with wireless applications growing rapidly, it is possible that multiple heterogeneous wireless systems will need to operate in overlapping spatiotemporal regions in the future. Increased radiofrequency interference affects connectivity and reduces communication link quality. This affects reliability and latency negatively, both of which are core quality service requirements. Getting multiple heterogeneous radio systems to co-exist harmoniously in shared spectrum is challenging. Traditionally, this has been achieved by granting network operators exclusive rights that allow them to access parts of the spectrum assigned to them and hence the problems of co-existence and limited spectrum could be ignored. Design time multi-access techniques have also been used. At present, however, it has become necessary to use spectrum more efficiently, to facilitate the further growth of wireless communication. This can be achieved in a number of ways. Firstly, the policy that governs the regulation of radiofrequency spectrum must be updated to accommodate flexible, dynamic spectrum access. Secondly, new techniques for multiple-access and spectrum sharing should be devised. A revolutionary new communication paradigm is required, and one such paradigm has recently emerged in the form of Cognitive Radio technology. Traditional methods to sharing spectrum assume that radios in a wireless network work together in an unchanging environment. Cognitive radios, on the other hand, can sense, learn and adapt. In cognitive radio networks, the interactions between users are taken into account, in order for adjustments to be made to suit the prevailing radio environment. In this thesis, the problem of spectrum scarcity and coexistence is addressed using cognitive radio techniques, to ensure more efficient use of radio-frequency spectrum. An introduction to cognitive radio networks is given, covering cognitive radio fundamentals, spectrum sensing, dynamic spectrum management, game theoretic approaches to spectrum sharing and security in cognitive radio networks. A focus is placed on wireless industrial networks as a challenging test case for cognitive radio. A study on spectrum management policy is conducted, together with an investigation into the current state of radio-frequency spectrum utilisation, to uncover real and artificial cases of spectrum scarcity. A novel cognitive radio protocol is developed together with an open source test bed for it. Finally, a game theoretic dynamic spectrum access algorithm is developed that can provide scalable, fast convergence spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks. This work is a humble contribution to the advancement of wireless communication.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Centre for Telecommunication Engineering for the Information Society
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted

After approximately 100 years of radio, it is inevitable that radio in Western countries not only survives but also develops, despite fierce competition with visual media. However, having competed with other media for more than 15 years, radio in Vietnam is experiencing a significant loss of audience (especially the youth, the well-educated, and the people in urban areas). It should be noted that due to a 30 year war and 20 years of embargo by the US and other Western countries, information about Western countries in general, and journalism in particular, was in short supply in Vietnam. For this reason, gaining experiences from radio's developments and its adaptability in Western countries - in order to apply these to Vietnamese radio - is an imperative need. However, at present, radio in Western countries has reached a significant turning-point, when a number of terminologies - which are used according to the radio's variants, including web radio, digital radio, and visual radio - have challenged the perceptions of radio which have been accepted for almost a century. The questions 'What is radio?', 'Is web radio 'radio'?' and 'Does web radio enhance radio development?' are contentious issues which have been discussed for some time without a conclusion. On the other hand, web radio has a significant impact on Vietnamese radio in the sense that it brings radio to the Internet community who are generally believed to be the young, well-educated and people in urban areas who listen to traditional radio the least. It is suggested that web radio is potential way to capture the neglected traditional radio listeners in Vietnam. From an historical point of view, this thesis will investigate the changes of radio in terms of technology, radio programming and ways of listening, in order to understand the development of radio from its inception to date. Moreover, radio will be placed in the context of the competition and interplay between mass media. This will be done in order to explore the contention that the existence and development of each medium depends not only on its own characteristics, but also on its ability to adjust itself to a new technological environment - as well as the ability to adapt methods and tools from other media to strengthen its position. It is contended that web radio is the product of the competitive and interactive environment in which it operates: and its characteristics can only be clarified with reference to those relationships between mass media systems. Having investigated the political, historical, sodo-economical and cultural contexts of radio and web radio in Vietnam, the thesis explores the ways in which modem radio theories and practices from Western countries can be applied to Vietnamese radio, and examines if web radio is a means to capture new audiences, particularly the groups who have neglected traditional radio. In order to achieve this aim, three major research methods will be applied: historical and secondary data; online and offline surveys and in-depth interviews of radio listeners, non-radio listeners, and web users about their habits of consuming media, the impact of the Internet on their habits, and their needs towards web radio also will be undertaken.

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This dissertation presents reflections on the relationship between radio and science. About the radio, it evaluates the processes of autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela, 1972) and radiomorphosis (Prata, 2009) in the different adaptations of this communication medium to its environment, according to the historical moment and technological advents. Concerning to the scientific communication applied to the radio, it proposes the use of radio language and consolidated radio genres, besides to the emerging on the Internet, as the electronic address suggested by Prata (2009) in his study about web radio. The purpose of the research was to verify how the transformations in radio phonic scientific communication on the Internet occurred. To do so, it was chosen the Radio as Science (Radiophonic project of scientific communication that offers radio phonic productions on the Internet in podcast format) as the corpus of analysis, with content analysis as the method of approach. It was analyzed eight radio phonic productions from Radio as Science, which demonstrated the technological adaptations to which the project passed by, since the production processes and availability of contents to the use of radio language and radio genres, including its adaptations to the Internet, both applied to the scientific communication. It was also necessary to seek theoretical subsidies to the understanding of scientific communication and of its specificities applied to the radio. As a result, it was identified that radio scientific communication, considering the Internet era, gets the dynamics of web radio and its new facets as text and imaging elements, increasing the approach to the Internet listener and generating new perspectives to the scientific communication in the interactive multimedia era.
Esta dissertação apresenta reflexões sobre as relações entre rádio e ciência. Sobre o rádio, avalia os processos de autopoiese (Maturana e Varela, 1972) e radiomorfose (Prata, 2009) nas diversas adaptações deste meio de comunicação ao seu ambiente, de acordo com o momento histórico e os adventos tecnológicos. Quanto à divulgação científica aplicada ao rádio, propõe a utilização da linguagem radiofônica e dos gêneros radiofônicos consolidados, além dos que emergem na internet, como o endereço eletrônico sugerido por Prata (2009) em seu estudo sobre webradio. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar como se deram as transformações da divulgação científica radiofônica na internet. Para tanto escolheu-se o Rádio com Ciência (projeto radiofônico de divulgação científica que oferece produções radiofônicas na internet em formato de podcast) como corpus de análise, tendo a análise de conteúdo como método de abordagem. Foram analisadas oito produções radiofônicas do Rádio com Ciência, que demonstraram as adaptações tecnológicas pelas quais o projeto passou, desde os processos de produção e disponibilização do conteúdo até a utilização da linguagem radiofônica e dos gêneros radiofônicos, incluindo suas adaptações à internet, ambos aplicados à divulgação científica. Também se fez necessário buscar subsídios teóricos para a compreensão da divulgação científica e de suas especificidades aplicadas ao rádio. Como resultado, identificou-se que a divulgação científica radiofônica em tempos de internet ganha a dinâmica do rádio na web e suas novas facetas como elementos imagéticos e textuais, aumentando a aproximação com o ouvinte/internauta e gerando novas perspectivas para a divulgação científica na era da interatividade multimidiática.

La natura wireless delle tecnologie per IOT si accosta nella maggior parte dei casi allo sviluppo di sistemi alimentati a batteria o comunque con un basso fabbisogno energetico. Infatti, la portabilità e l’affidabilità degli smart objects sono direttamente collegate con la loro autonomia energetica. In alcuni casi risulta impossibile, o comunque non conveniente, alimentare i sistemi con la rete elettrica (si pensi al controllo degli spazi agricoli); alternativamente, è necessario garantire la loro utilizzabilità in mancanza di fonti di energia convenzionali, come per esempio nelle applicazioni di sicurezza e monitoraggio, studiate per funzionare in situazioni critiche. Anche per questo motivo, la ricerca, sia in ambito accademico che industriale, ha compiuto notevoli sforzi nello sviluppare nuove tecnologie orientate al basso consumo energetico: i cosiddetti sistemi (ultra-)low power. Questa tesi, sviluppata presso il Centro di Ricerca sui Sistemi Elettronici “Ercole de Castro” dell’Università di Bologna, si focalizza sul progetto di un sistema di controllo digitale dedicato alla sincronizzazione ed alla gestione di Wake-Up Radio. Nel capitolo 1 si tratta in maniera più specifica le architetture di trasmettitori e ricevitori a basso consumo, introducendo il concetto di Wake-Up Radio. Nel capitolo 2 vengono esposte le caratteristiche e le funzionalità offerte dalle Wake-Up Radio. Nel capitolo 3 si presenta il problema della sincronizzazione nei sistemi wireless ed alcune soluzioni ad esso associate. Nel capitolo 4 viene illustrato il sistema digitale e il suo processo di sintesi. Vengono anche ri-portate le principali prestazioni di interesse. Nel capitolo 5 l’architettura viene ottimizzata per ridurne ulteriormente il consumo. Alla fine dell’elaborato sono presentate le conclusioni di questo lavoro di tesi, cercando di discuterne eventuali sviluppi futuri, cercando di aver contribuito positivamente in questo ambito di ricerca stimolante ed in costante evoluzione.

Internets utveckling har skapat nya förutsättningar för många företag i medieindustrin. För Sveriges Radio AB märks detta exempelvis i den problematik som uppstått i att integrera den digitala verksamheten i produktivitetsmätandet. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att studera SR och identifiera vilka problem som finns i användandet av ett traditionellt produktivitetsmått, för att sedan analysera och bidra till diskussion kring vad som är relevant att mäta i Internetbaserad verksamhet. Uppsatsen är en explorativ studie av kvalitativ karaktär där vald teori samt två modeller som beskriver kategorisering av prestationsmått och produktivitet och dess koppling till andra relevanta begrepp utgör grunden för analys och diskussion. De slutsatser som framkommit är att de traditionella produktivitetsmåttet tappat relevans och att nya metoder för att mäta output och värde i digital verksamhet är önskvärt. Då output är svårdefinierat närmar sig begreppen produktivitet och effektivitet varandra och ett förslag är att försöka konstruera ett produktivitetsmått utifrån kvalitet och värde på utfall samt effekt och genomslag av satsad input.