Academic literature on the topic 'Internet World wide web Social movements'

The Internet has largely been greeted as a technology able to create new spaces of political debate. In order to investigate the issue, scholars have paid attention to how transnational social movements use new information technologies. This has been done mainly exploring the use of the World Wide Web (WWW). However, new political spaces do not take place just on the WWW, and by consequence, research in this field cannot solely carry out Web analysis to explore the role played by the Internet in creating political debate. In looking at other areas of the Internet to understand the creation of new political space, other analytical approaches need to be adopted. The Internet also includes tools other than the WWW, such as E-Mailing Lists, Social Networks tools, Peer-to-Peer Networks, Instant Messaging tools, and so forth. This paper explores the role that E-Mailing Lists play in creating new political spaces. To explore if and how this happens, the author illustrates this crucial point with an analysis of the use of E-Mailing Lists by social movements. The case used is that of the organization of the protest during the G8 Summit held in Genoa in July 2001.

In “Electronic Constitution: A Braudelian Perspective”, Francesco Amoretti presents a model for the analysis of time and space structures of digital networks based on the braudelian triad of times: structure, conjuncture and event. Taking the incipit by a short description of this tri-partition, he proposes a historical method to frame the products of innovation processes such as the Internet in their wider socio-economical context. He thus argues that the world wide Web (WWW), with its enormous quantity of easy-accessible and easy-produced information, is just the evenementielle of a historical process that could represent a new conjuncture, with its own dynamics and phases based on the structure of capitalist world system. The thesis at the base of this work is that Internet, rather than being a revolutionary technology that will subvert the current organization of social and economic production, is a technological instruments that gives to institutions and organizations a way to re-organize their assets and processes in order to start a new conjuncture of capitalistic structures. Most of the authors and scholars debating the transformative power of the Internet have up to day focused their attention on the WWW as the locus of a democratising and participative movement that take the technology in service of civil society. With this chapter Amoretti shed light on the character of continuity that the Internet has regarding such traditional categories of political economy as hierarchy and institutional enforcement.

How can the Internet help organize a country’s population who wishes to change their political system? The crisis that crashed the Argentine financial system in December 2001 did not just generate a powerful social explosion; it also created a new citizens information outburst. The night of December 19, 2001, when thousands of indignant citizens went to the streets clattering their pots and pans to protest against the Etat de Siege was the first of many massive citizens’ public manifestations. In a few days, these demonstrations were organized through the Internet. Gradually, different neighborhood assemblies contacted each other through e-mail or their Web sites. Two weeks later, they had 3,000 people involved in inter-neighborhood Sunday meetings for debates and proposals. In September 2002, a national-wide meeting of neighborhood assemblies took place in Buenos Aires. Both leaders and members of these movements agreed on one thing: this massive organization could not have been implemented without the Internet. This chapter analyses this innovative ICT-supported massive citizens’ movement. Are they socially revolutionary, or socially conservative? Are ICTs a means, or a goal in themselves? Are ICTs — supported social movements a way to e-democracy? How can global citizen networks support these movements? These and other issues are developed as a contribution for an international debate.

The World Wide Web has exhibited the most explosive growth of any technology ever invented. Two events occurring in the 1992-93 period provided the foundation. First was the decision by Congress to open the Internet to commercial exploitation. The second was the adaptation of hypertext concepts to the Internet, which led to the Web. Fueled by commercial exploitation, the Web grew in just 6 years, to over 40 million linked computers. Time to such maturity for older communication technologies was measured in decades. The growth has “left in the dust” the development of commercial, civil, and criminal law needed to secure the social benefits of Web technology. Similarly, “Law Enforcement” has been unable to adapt to the Web over such a short period. While Congress struggles with a new “contract law” for Web commercial transactions, national awareness is growing about undesirable consequences of Web technology. Fraud, pornography, and violence, are exposing the threat potential of the Web. It is clear that “Law Enforcement” must plan for and take action to meet these potential threats. Methods and procedures for countering threats require that law enforcement officials understand the mechanisms of the Web along all links from user to resource. These officials must also advise legislative bodies on their enforcement needs during “catch-up” with the Web.

The decade and a half since the last review article on political geography by Reynolds and Knight (1989) in Geography In America has been one of extraordinary geopolitical transformation and change. Not only did the Cold War come to an end with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union but the spectacular terrorist attacks of September 2001 brought the “post-Cold War peace” to an end also. In the early 1990s the threat of superpower nuclear war faded as an omnipresent nightmare in international relations. Yet new threats and dangers quickly emerged to take the place of those imagined during the Cold War. Concern grew about “rogue states,” genocidal ethnonationalism, global warming, and the dangers of nuclear proliferation (Halberstam 2001; Klare 1995; Odom 1998). Fears about terrorism also grew with a series of bombings, from Paris, London, and Moscow to Oklahoma City, New York, and Atlanta. United States troops and embassies in Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Yemen were the targets of terrorist attacks. But it was only after the disruption, shock, and panic of the devastating terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and subsequent incidents of bioterrorism that world politics was given new definition and clarity by the world’s most powerful state. The new metanarrative of geopolitics is the “war against terror.” Beyond the high dramas of geopolitics, already existing trends in everyday economic and political life deepened in the last decade and a half. New social movements have forced questions concerning the politics of identity and lifestyles onto the political agenda. The globalization of financial markets, telecommunication systems, and the Internet further rearranged governing notions of “here” and “there,” “inside” and “outside,” “near” and “far.” With global media networks broadcasting news twenty-four hours a day and the Internet spreading a world wide web, the “real” geographies of everyday life were becoming strikingly virtual as well as actual (Wark 1994; Mulgan 1997). Informationalization, and the relentless pace of techno-scientific modernity were transforming everyday life and education in the United States’ colleges and universities. Celebrated by the culture of transnational corporate capitalism, these tendencies brought enormous wealth to some, further polarizing income inequalities across the planet while also introducing unprecedented vulnerabilities and uncertainties into what was becoming “global everyday life.”

Social networking sites (SNS) are integrated world wide web-based information, communication and community platforms that allow the creation of personal profiles, the upload and sharing of multimedia data, networking with other users with the help of “friends lists”, communication by tools such as e-mail, guest books, or forums. SNS combine a number of Internet technologies on one platform and are among the most popular Internet and web applications. Young people especially use them, which is why it is important to assess the implications of SNS usage by young people for society. In this paper, foundations of complex and dialectical SNS technology assessment are elaborated by introducing three different approaches of technology assessment: 1) technological determinism; 2) the social construction of technology; and 3) complex dialectical technology assessment. It is argued that technology assessment should be conceived as complex and dialectical and that it should try to identify contradictions of technology and society. An empirical study of SNS usage is presented as an example of complex, dialectical technology assessment.

Though the use and development of the Internet, World Wide Web and social media and their impacts on politics have been robustly investigated, specific attention has not yet been paid to explore the impact of adaptation and use of social media by political actors and organizations on the knowledge production and generation of political marketing. In order to fill this knowledge gap, a conceptual framework to explore modes of knowledge production and generation of political marketing has been proposed. The transcendental realism approach postulated by Bhaskar (1998, 2008) and the meta-theoretical assumptions of political marketing proposed by Henneberg (2008) were adopted. A content analysis of 320 articles of Journal of Political Marketing published in between 2002 and 2015 was carried out. This work reveals that the adaptation and use of the Internet and social media have been accounted for in producing and generating the operational or the rudimentary-conceptual or the established-conceptual knowledge of political marketing.

This chapter presents the history of the Internet and associated applications. The Internet grew out of the ARPANET, founded on network engineering ideas such as packet switching and the end-to-end principle. The chapter describes the development of TCP/IP to connect networks by Cerf and Kahn, creating the modern Internet as a permissionless open system which anyone can join without a gatekeeper, allowing it to scale up. The evolution of the governance system of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) is presented. The chapter also describes the development of applications that sit on the Internet platform, including the World Wide Web, linked data, cloud computing, and social media.

Technology has enabled communities to move beyond the physical face-to-face contacts to the online realm of the World Wide Web. With the advent of the highways in the 1950s and 1960s, “communities” were created in suburbia. The Internet, on the other hand, has over the last two decades, enabled the creation of a myriad of “online communities” (Green, 2007) that have limitless boundaries across every corner of the globe. This essay will begin by providing a definition of the term “online communities” and then describing several typologies of this phenomenon. The various motivations for joining communities, how marketers create social bonds that enhance social relationships, as well as strategies used by firms in building online communities are also discussed. We conclude by discussing strategies for managing online communities, leveraging them for social networking, researching them, as well as directions for future research.

Though the use and development of the Internet, World Wide Web and social media and their impacts on politics have been robustly investigated, specific attention has not yet been paid to explore the impact of adaptation and use of social media by political actors and organizations on the knowledge production and generation of political marketing. In order to fill this knowledge gap, a conceptual framework to explore modes of knowledge production and generation of political marketing has been proposed. The transcendental realism approach postulated by Bhaskar (1998, 2008) and the meta-theoretical assumptions of political marketing proposed by Henneberg (2008) were adopted. A content analysis of 320 articles of Journal of Political Marketing published in between 2002 and 2015 was carried out. This work reveals that the adaptation and use of the Internet and social media have been accounted for in producing and generating the operational or the rudimentary-conceptual or the established-conceptual knowledge of political marketing.

The World Wide Web is the primary tool used by researchers in the field of science and engineering to share knowledge. Whether students or researchers are trying to share their own discoveries or learn from the discoveries of others, they rely on the Internet as a resource where this information is gathered. The use of the Web for the exchange of scientific knowledge has to date remained very static. Websites such as Google Scholar [1] and PubMed [2] help students and researchers by indexing published journal articles based on research topic, content and keywords but are limited in that they lack the capability to suggest and rank articles in a useful manner to those new to the field. Simply put, there is no shortage of efficient search algorithms to find specific articles but these algorithms cannot help a student or new researcher that is not familiar with the research area or the search terms that should be used. Furthermore, when the student or researcher’s primary language is not English, the task of finding appropriate articles becomes significantly more challenging. Our objective is to create a recommendation engine to assist students and researchers with the discovery and organization of scientific and engineering knowledge and to present it in a manner that allows effective discussion to take place. In addition, such a recommendation engine should be capable of providing the user with an assessment of their contribution to the social network not only based on the number and quality of articles submitted but also the discussions that the user contributed to.

Inferring topological characteristics of complex networks from observed data is critical to understand the dynamical behavior of networked systems, ranging from the Internet and the World Wide Web to biological networks and social networks. Prior studies usually focus on the structure-based estimation to infer network sizes, degree distributions, average degrees, and more. Little effort attempted to estimate the specific degree of each vertex from a sampled induced graph, which prevents us from measuring the lethality of nodes in protein networks and influencers in social networks. The current approaches dramatically fail for a tiny sampled induced graph and require a specific sampling method and a large sample size. These approaches neglect information of the vertex state, representing the dynamical behavior of the networked system, such as the biomass of species or expression of a gene, which is useful for degree estimation. We fill this gap by developing a framework to infer individual vertex degrees using both information of the sampled topology and vertex state. We combine the mean-field theory with combinatorial optimization to learn vertex degrees. Experimental results on real networks with a variety of dynamics demonstrate that our framework can produce reliable degree estimates and dramatically improve existing link prediction methods by replacing the sampled degrees with our estimated degrees.

The continuous growth of cyber security threats and attacks including the increasing sophistication of malware is impacting the security of critical infrastructure, industrial control systems, and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) control systems. The reliable operation of modern infrastructures depends on computerized systems and SCADA systems. Since the emergence of Internet and World Wide Web technologies, these systems were integrated with business systems and became more exposed to cyber threats. There is a growing concern about the security and safety of the SCADA control systems. The Presidential Decision Directive 63 document established the framework to protect the critical infrastructure and the Presidential document of 2003, the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace stated that securing SCADA systems is a national priority. The critical infrastructure includes telecommunication, transportation, energy, banking, finance, water supply, emergency services, government services, agriculture, and other fundamental systems and services that are critical to the security, economic prosperity, and social well-being of the public. The critical infrastructure is characterized by interdependencies (physical, cyber, geographic, and logical) and complexity (collections of interacting components). Therefore, information security management principles and processes need to be applied to SCADA systems without exception. Critical infrastructure disruptions can directly and indirectly affect other infrastructures, impact large geographic regions, and send ripples throughout the national and global economy. For example, under normal operating conditions, the electric power infrastructure requires fuels (natural gas and petroleum), transportation, water, banking and finance, telecommunication, and SCADA systems for monitoring and control.

Florianópolis possuí 15 centros universitários, cerca de 600 empresas de tecnologia e é considerada o quarto destino internacional de eventos no Brasil (ICCA). O interesse em inovação na cidade durante o mês de outubro é observável pelo elevado número de eventos que acontecem, podendo ser agrupados em três dimensões: tecnologia, ambiental e social. Embora sejam dimensões diferentes, todas procuram a reflexão, o aprendizado e o planejamento organizado ligado à inovação. Entretanto, esses eventos são organizados e comunicados individualmente, criando situações de concorrência direta entre eles. Em alguns casos, essa concorrência gera problemas na sustentabilidade financeira, por falta de participantes, ou apenas repetição dos participantes, por falta de visibilidade. Essa situação enfraquece a experiência do visitante e gera uma visão da cidade bem menos diversa em alternativas de conhecimento. Florianópolis possuí potencial de cidade criativa, a qual promove a revitalização cultural, a atração de indivíduos criativos, o estímulo da participação social e apoio financeiro às indústrias culturais e áreas afins. Esse conceito está baseado na economia criativa, que se assenta sobre a relação entre a criatividade, o simbólico e a economia (HOWKINS, 2002). O desenvolvimento das atividades de lazer e de uma imagem local, assim como salientar as características culturais e experienciais do lugar, resulta em especial interesse na gestão estratégica comunicacional da cidade. O objetivo desse artigo é o levantamento das características e atributos para a criação de um nome e valores de marca que considere todos os agentes envolvidos nos eventos de inovação em Florianópolis. A perspectiva da pesquisa foi baseada na teoria fundamentada com uma abordagem sistêmica, e na sua classificação: aplicada por sua natureza, qualitativa pela forma de abordagem, exploratória por seus objetivos e um estudo de casos pelos procedimentos técnicos. Os objetos pesquisados foram os websites e as redes sociais dos eventos do estudo. Os métodos de análise foram: análises webométricas, para medir o fator de impacto não world wide web dos websites de estudo; análise textual do conteúdo por meio de nuvens de palavras e um análise de redes (ARS) dos sites de redes sociais dos websites de estudo. O tipo de amostra do foi intencional: por intensidade e conveniência (FRAGOSO, RECUERO, AMARAL, 2011). Os resultados obtidos propõem uma série de características, valores e atributos para a criação do nome da marca baseado no conceito de inovação desenvolvido na cidade de Florianópolis e organizados nas dimensões: social, ambiental e tecnológico mapeadas no início da pesquisa.Palavras-chave: Abordagem Sistêmica, Naming, Gestão de Design, Cidades Criativas, Design sistêmico. Referências AAKER, D. Construindo marcas fortes. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2007. ANDRADE, A. L. et al. Pensamento sistêmico: caderno de campo: o desafio das mudanças sustentada nas organizações e na sociedade. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2006. BERRY, L.L. Big ideas in Service Marketing. Journal of Services Marketing, 1(1), 5-9, 1987. BERTALANFFY, L. Von. Teoria geral dos sistemas. 3.ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2008. BEST, K. Fundamentos de Gestão do Design. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2012. Tradução: André de Godoy Vieira. CARDOSO, R. Design para um mundo complexo. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2013. FEDERAÇÃO DAS INDÚSTRIAS DO RIO DE JANEIRO (FIRJAN). Mapeamento da Indústria Criativa no Brasil. [2014]. Disponível em: <http://www. rjan.org.br/economiacriativa/pages/default.aspx>. Acesso em: 4 jun. 2015. FLORIDA, R. A Ascensão da Classe Criativa – e seu papel na transformação do trabalho, do lazer, da comunidade do cotidiano. Porto Alegre: L&PM Editores, 2011. FRAGOSO, S.; RECUERO, R. e AMARAL, A. Métodos de pesquisa para internet. Porto Alegre: Sulina, 239 p., 2011. HOWKINS, J. The creative Economy – how people make money from ideas. Londres: Penguin Books, 2007. KOTLER, P; ARMSTRONG, G. Princípios de Marketing. Tradução: Vera Whately, revisão técnica: Roberto Meireles Pinheiro. 7.ed. Rio de janeiro: LTC, 1999. Landry, C. The Creative City. London: Earthscan/Comedia, 2001. MARTINS, R. F. de F. e MERINO, E. A. D. Gestão de Design como Estratégia Organizacional. 2a. ed. Londrina: EDUEL, 2011. MOZOTA, B. B. de. Gestão do design: usando o design para construir valor de marca e inovação corporativa. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2011. ONU, UNCTAD. Creative economy report 2013 special edition. UN, 2013. SILVA, Carina Scandolara da. Abordagem sistêmica com foco na gestão de design sustentável: o caso Nuovo Design. Florianópolis, 2012. 147 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Design e Expressão Gráfica Disponível em: <http://www.tede.ufsc.br/teses/PGDE0037-D.pdf> UNCTAD. The Creative Economy Report, 2010.WHEELER, A. Design de identidade da marca: Guia essencial para toda a equipe de Gestão de marcas. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman. 319 p, 2012.