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Journal articles on the topic "Interns – economic aspects – united states"
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Aledort, Colowick, Hoots, and Dunst. "Economic aspects of haemophilia care in the United States." Haemophilia 5, no. 4 (July 1999): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2516.1999.00298.x.
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Lee McKay, Sandra. "Multilingualism in the United States." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (March 1997): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003378.
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The scope of this paper is limited to an overview of mutilingualism in the U.S. from 1980 to the present. During this period, discussions of language diversity in the U.S. have been largely dominated by an effort to exert the hegemony of English. This effort has been brought on by changes in the demographic makeup of the U.S. population and supported by a commonly held belief that the economic strength of the U.S. in the international sphere is declining. A dramatic increase in the number of immigrants from Central and South America and the Pacific Rim, coupled with increasing economic competition from industrialized European and Asian nations, has resulted in widespread support for the exclusive use of English in the U.S. This emphasis on English is seen as a way to minimize the threat of the “foreign” influences that are believed to be undermining both the internal unity of the U.S., and its economic world dominance. Whereas nativism is nothing new in the U.S., its current intensity has been fueled by global aspects of migration and economic trade.
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Li, Yixuan. "The impact of American Philippine economic policy on Philippine modern economy during the Cold War." SHS Web of Conferences 180 (2023): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202318001016.
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As an important country in Southeast Asia, the Philippines has repeatedly occupied an important geographical position and had an important geographical and political position during the Cold War. Since the Cold War, the relationship between the United States and the Philippines has been very close, and the influence of the United States on the Philippines is self-evident. Therefore, studying the political influence of the United States on Philippine economic policy during the Cold War has important theoretical and practical significance. Starting from the economic policy adopted by the United States in the Philippines, this paper analyzes the economic assistance methods of the United States to the Philippines and its political influence on the Philippines and explains why the United States exercises neocolonial control over the Philippines from two aspects. This article argues that the United States has influenced the Philippine economy in a neocolonial way in an attempt to expand the political influence and sphere of influence of the United States itself.
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MAKUSHINA, Elena Yu, Dar'ya M. KARMANOVA, and Aleksei S. KUCHER. "Tax reform initiated by D. Trump: Economic and social aspects." Finance and Credit 27, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 693–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.3.693.
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Subject. The article addresses the tax reform of 2017, initiated by D. Trump. Objectives. The aim is to determine the relationship between the total volume of tax revenues to the budget of the U.S. Government and the growth of U.S. GDP in the long run. Methods. To identify the impact of the tax reform on the investment climate in the country and the subsequent GDP growth, we formulate a hypothesis and propose a regression model. The quarterly data from 04.01.1960 to 07.01.2019 serve as a statistical sampling, published by financial departments of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The study rests on the econometric analysis enabling to identify the impact of the volume of tax revenues from the corporate income tax and individual income taxes on the level of the GDP of the United States. Results. In the short term, we observe a decrease in tax revenues and a subsequent increase in the budget deficit, in the long term – an increase in business activity of the country, a growth in foreign direct investment, and, consequently, an increase in the GDP. The paper offers a model for assessing the economic growth of the GDP of the United States, in which tax predictors were used in combination with macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The experience of the United States and the results of this study may be used by the governments of developing countries and experts in the field of taxation for tax policy development.
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Pechatnov, Valentin V., and Vladimir O. Pechatnov. "AMERICA IN THE EYES OF DIPLOMATS AND PRIESTS OF TSAR RUSSIA: THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Научное мнение, no. 1-2 (February 16, 2024): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25807/22224378_2024_1-2_11.
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The article examines the perception of the United States by Russian diplomats and priests of the Russian Orthodox Church in the United States in 1867–1917. The authors analyse the views of Russian diplomats and clergymen on various aspects of the American reality in the political, social, economic, scientific, technical, cultural and spiritual spheres. The research is based on a wide source base of domestic archives. Conclusions are drawn about the dual nature of perception of the United States by Russian diplomats and clergymen. On the one hand, they admired the level of economic, scientific and technological development of the United States, as well as the religiosity of Americans, on the other hand, they were critical of democracy and secularity of the American civilisation.
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Ma, Shuchong. "The Economic Consequences of Sino-US Trade Conflict: Reasons, Growth and Finance." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 23, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/23/20230385.
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From 2018, as the US trade imbalance with China has grown, the US has slapped tariffs and high-tech export sanctions on China, and China has retaliated. This led to the beginning of a war between China and the United States over trade. This article will analyze the deeper reasons why the United States wants to use a war over trade to against China from the historical and current macro level and analyze the economic impact of the trade war on the two countries from three aspects: stock market, business, and currency. And compare the trade wars consequences with the goals that the United States hopes to achieve through the trade war to analyze whether this war has achieved good results for the United States. The research in this paper finds that the trade war has not brought the United States the results it sought to achieve. The trade war has influenced many industries, and it has caused the economies of the two countries to regress to varying degrees. This article hopes to give the reasons why the trade war is meaningless through research.
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Jureńczyk, Łukasz. "The United States against Russian aggression in Ukraine in 2022." Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 58, no. 3 (May 18, 2024): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/sdr.2023.en7.07.
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The paper analyzes the US response to the Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022. It discusses the American perception of the war in Ukraine, the military support provided to the Ukrainian army by the US, the economic and humanitarian aspects of the American response to the war, the prospect of further US aid, and the perception of the possibility of ending the conflict in Ukraine.
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Oehrle, Elizabeth. "The Economic Accountability of Music Education." British Journal of Music Education 4, no. 3 (November 1987): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700006057.
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Music education struggles to survive in countries such as England, United States and South Africa because of the lack of financial support, particularly during economic recessions. To counter this unfortunate situation, well-written books and articles have been appeared over the years, propounding the truth that the arts do have an essential place in the balanced education of children, but these well-founded and constructed arguments continually fall on deaf ears. During economic recessions government planners and educational authorities rationalise that they can afford to do away with the arts because these subjects make little or no difference to the economic welfare of the country.Information from the best-seller by Peters & Waterman, In Search of Excellence, reveals that the principle characteristics of the managers of excellent companies in the United States are characteristics that concern the creative process of thinking, creative aspects of personality, creative products and environmental conditions. These companies have a positive effect on the United States economy. As the aspect of education which is best equipped to nurture these characteristics is the arts, then it is reasonable to argue that we can not afford to ‘phase out’ music education.Because education in the United States, England and South Africa is closely linked to the economy, music educators in capitalist countries should begin to argue for the arts from an economic standpoint, as capitalistic societies are orientated primarily toward capital gain. Failing this, we shall have to argue for more fundamental changes in political and economic systems.
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Novikova, Elena, and Mikhail Rybalko. "Economic aspects of cooperation between New Zealand and the United States as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400148.
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The article analyzes economic aspects of the interaction between New Zealand and the United States of America as international actors in the Asia-Pacific region. The substantiation of the importance of the Asia-Pacific region in the foreign policy of the two countries is given. We determined that the economic component is one of the most significant components of bilateral relations. Statistical data for the five-year period (2016-2021) are presented, demonstrating the evolution of economic relations between New Zealand and the United States. We established that the economic policy of the two countries is aimed at continuing intensive international cooperation and implementing a recovery strategy in 2021. We concluded that the "soft power" course used by Wellington would enable the country to achieve significant benefits even more in cooperation with other states and reach qualitatively new levels in the existing system of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Grigoriev, M. N., I. A. Maksimtsev, and S. A. Uvarov. "Improvement of Supply Chain Management in the United States as a Strategic Direction for the Economic Policy of the Biden-Harris Administration." Economics and Management 27, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2021-11-850-857.
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Aim. The presented study aims to analyze changes in the economic and political systems of the United States associated with the transformation of approaches to supply chain regulation.Tasks. The authors identify the specific aspects of regulating social, economic, political, and other processes in the United States through presidential executive directives; assess the extent to which issues related to supply chain management are reflected in executive directives; analyze the specific features of supply chain management regulation in the United States in the BidenHarris administration.Methods. This study uses general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, etc.) as well as special methods such as content analysis, economic and political analysis, and scenario modeling.Results. The study makes it evident that in the United States great attention is paid to supply chain management issues at the national level, and this is reflected in presidential executive directives. Activity in this area has increased significantly in the Biden-Harris administration. All key ministries are becoming involved in supply chain management, with an emphasis on ensuring national and economic security and maintaining the political, military, and economic leadership of the United States in the world.Conclusions. The economy and politics of the United States continue to play an important role in the development of mankind. Investigation of the emerging specific trends in these areas helps to adequately respond to future changes. The executive directives of the US President serve as a meaningful source of information about such trends. Their analysis shows that the Biden-Harris administration seeks to highlight the improvement of supply chain management in the United States as one of the strategic directions of the implemented policy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Interns – economic aspects – united states"
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Al-Rawahy, Khalid Hilal. "Embodied consumption of U.S. copper and sulfur: Implications for intensity of use estimation and forecasting." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185277.
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Domestic mineral consumption is defined as a net sum of apparent consumption plus embodied mineral contained in net imported goods. The U.S. is a net importer of copper-containing products, such as automobiles, electrical products, and construction and industrial machinery. Embodied copper which is contained in net imports of these products constitute part of domestic copper consumption. On the other hand, the U.S. is a net exporter of sulfur-using/embodying products, such as fertilizers and grains. The sulfur which is contained/employed in manufacturing exported products is not actually part of domestic sulfur consumption. Net embodied U.S. imports (exports) of copper (sulfur) are estimated. For copper, it is shown that domestic U.S. consumption is understated and increasing, intensity of use is constant rather than decreasing, and, in general, forecast increases in domestic consumption of copper are due mainly to embodied copper imports. For sulfur, it is shown that domestic consumption is overstated and declining; domestic intensity of use is also declining. The domestic copper and sulfur industries will be differentially impacted as a result of this increased reliance on overseas markets.
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Colby, Kristen Marieta. "Creative Workers and County Earnings in the United States." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ColbyKM2008.pdf.
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Haque, Mohua. "An Empirical Analysis of U.S. Foreign Direct Investment and Exports of Processed Food Industries." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29869.
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This study examined the determinants of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports of processed food. This study also examined the impact of U.S. FDI on U.S. exports on processed food. FDI and export models used for estimation in this study were based on the cost-minimizing production function. The analysis focused on ten countries for the period of 1989-2004. Four of them were Asian countries: India, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. Six of them were European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Spain, and the United Kingdom. The model was estimated using the two-way error component three-stage least squares (EC3SLS) method. Results from this study show that U.S. FDI and U.S. exports of processed food are complements. Major factors affecting U.S. FDI in the processing industry are GDP, GDP per capita, exchange rate, tariff rate, labor compensation cost, interest rate, and distance. Major factors affecting U.S. exports in the processed food industry are GDP, distance, and GDP from the agri-sector.
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Chipps, Kenneth M. "For-profit higher education programs in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3691/.
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This study examined the extent of research and teaching on higher education programs in the United States that focuses on for-profit higher education. This descriptive study used a 30-item questionnaire to gather the information reported here. This survey instrument was sent to the entire population of interest. This population was made up of all of the programs in higher education that are listed in the ASHE Higher Education Program Directory, which is produced by the Association for the Study of Higher Education. The results of this research show that little research and teaching is being done that has a primary focus on for-profit higher education. Recommendations on how to address this are provided.
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Wells, Camille. "Social and economic aspects of eighteenth-century housing on the northern neck of Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623857.
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This study is an attempt to discern what eighteenth-century houses--their forms, dimensions, internal organization, and external settings--have to contribute to scholarly understanding of colonial Virginia's society, economy, and culture.;Historic Virginia houses usually were built more recently than traditional scholars and popular writers have supposed, and standing eighteenth-century houses are, almost without exception, far larger and finer than the dwellings most colonial Virginians inhabited. Yet even lightly constructed and shabbily finished houses stood at the center of a complex of buildings where most of the planter's household and agricultural work was performed. Thus eighteenth-century Virginia houses were more mundane and unpretentious yet more symbolically and functionally dominant components of the landscape than surviving houses and their isolated rural sites can suggest.;This dissertation employs documentary, architectural, and archaeological evidence to address three questions. What can a close reading of written sources convey about the character and context of houses in eighteenth-century Virginia? What can a close inspection of surviving houses, their archaeological remains, and their associated documentary histories convey about the circumstances of their construction and use, the significance of their form and presentation? Finally, what was the economic background and the social significance of a pretentious Virginia house which was built, accoutred, and inhabited during a time and in a place where such structures were exceedingly rare?
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Roth, Richard A. "Sustainable development: political/ideological aspects and implications for planning." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39119.
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Recent evidence of widespread environmental degradation and global changes resulting from human activities have revived a debate about the sustainability of the progress of human welfare that began at least 200 years ago. In this renewed debate, the seriousness and causes of environmental degradation are subject to widely divergent interpretations. There are many conceivable sustainable futures; the most important differences among them are not technical but political and ideological.
The practice of environmental planning is concerned with a wide variety of contexts and situations at the human-environment interface. Because land use is at the root of many of the problems of environmental degradation (e.g., habitat destruction, air pollution, water pollution), land use planning is an appropriate focus for consideration of the role of environmental planning in sustainable development.
Planning as a profession, with its inherent future orientation and focus on public values, is well situated to deal with the kinds of problems raised in the discourse regarding sustainability. Examination of mainstream land use planning practices, however, reveals a reactive, reformist incrementalism that responds to environmental degradation caused by growth, but that addresses neither its causes nor its dynamics. Mainstream land use planning approaches have attempted to resolve conflicts between development and environment through spatial solutions at various scales. The need to plan for ecological sustainability is difficult to reconcile with the democratic ideal of local self-determination.
Many alternative approaches to land use planning for sustainable development focus on design solutions. The requirements of sustainability are not merely technical, however. There are both emancipatory possibilities and their opposite in sustainability. Implementing sustainability offers planners a number of choices.
They can act as mediators, demystifyers of technical information, exposers of hidden ideological assumptions, and advocates. They can strengthen existing authority, or work towards an enlightened self-determination at the local level.Ph. D.
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Napit, Krishna Bahadur. "Economic impacts of extension integrated pest management programs in the United States." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74524.
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Integrated pest management (IPM) is an approach to pest control which emphasizes the Integration of biological, cultural, and chemical control methods for optimal pest management. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically examine the level and distribution of net economic benefits of Extension IPM, and to assess the relative importance of socioeconomic factors in affecting the adoption of IPM in the states of Indiana, Virginia, Georgia, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Massachusetts, Mississippi and the Northwest region.
Budgeting and hypothesis testing procedures are used to conduct a net returns analysis. Consumer-producer surplus analysis is used to assess IPM benefits to producers and consumers. Finally, a polychotomous logit model is used to assess the importance of socioeconomic factors affecting IPM adoption.
The results of these analyses show significantly higher returns and less variability of returns per acre for users of IPM as compared to non-users. Moreover, consumers receive significant positive economic gains. However, pesticide cost and the variance of pesticide cost per acre increase with increasing levels of IPM use in several states but decrease in a few others. Gross farm income, percent family income from farming, frequency of contacts with Extension agents, and the education level of respondents are the most important factors related to adoption of IPM. A typical user of IPM is white, male, with at least some college education, has frequent contacts with Extension agents, has a relatively large farm, higher gross farm income, and a higher percent family income from farming.Master of Science
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Yok, Larry Tom. "The philanthropic priorities of Chinese and Japanese Americans as they relate to Asian American culturally specific museums." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13160.
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Asian American culturally specific museums began forming in the United States in 1963. There are now 11 in existence. Four of these museums (two Chinese American, one Japanese American and one Pan Asian American) dramatically expanded their programs and constructed large new facilities. These culturally specific museums are private nonprofit organizations that are reliant on private donors for most of their financial support. Asian Americans comprise the majority of these Asian American museums’ donor bases. Understanding why donors support these museums may be useful to the museums’ abilities to raise funds.In this thesis I explore the reasons Chinese and Japanese Americans support these culturally specific museums. I used data from my qualitative study involving in-depth interviews of 16 Chinese and Japanese American current and former donors to a Pan Asian culturally specific museum in Seattle, Washington along with interviews of chief executives and other key informants of five other culturally specific museums in addition to primary documents provided by the museums and related secondary information available through the Internet. I also conducted a literature review in the fields of Development Studies, racial and ethnic identity, museology, and philanthropy. While identifying the reasons donors support these culturally specific museums, I also identify the philanthropic priorities and criteria of Chinese and Japanese Americans residing in Seattle and compare them with similar studies of Asian American philanthropy conducted in other cities in the 1990’s. I also examine the roles played by these culturally specific museums in the promotion of social capital, cultural capital and heritage capital in their communities. Chinese and Japanese Americans support these museums to preserve and educate their communities about the contributions their forebears made to the development of the United States. Asian American history has been marginalized in conventional narratives and one mission of the Asian American culturally specific museums is to bring their stories into the American history mainstream. Creating and operating these museums requires substantial networking within the Chinese and Japanese American communities and with other ethnic communities to bring in visitors and obtain financial and other support. The museums promote social capital development through collaboration in the museums’ operations. They increase the communities’ cultural capital by assembling the dispersed cultural and heritage capital of the Chinese and Japanese American communities into curated collections. These Asian American culturally specific museums face challenges stemming from attrition in their donor bases due to age. The museums need to develop activities that attract new supporters who may be mixed race or mixed ethnicity or who are interested in social activism that impacts society. The museums also must create programs that are relevant to younger generations. The findings of this study lay the groundwork for further inquiry into the ways culturally specific museums promote bonding and bridging capital in low and middle class Asian American communities and the degree to which they affect development in their neighbourhoods. Further research into the museums’ educational programs efficacy as they relate to correcting misperceptions about Asian Americans among non-Asian Americans may be desirable.
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Bush, Robert. "Business-level competitive strategy in the United States hardwood lumber industry." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54774.
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Three related aspects of competition in the U.S. hardwood lumber industry were investigated. First, product and supplier attributes that are determinant in hardwood lumber purchase decisions were investigated within four segments of the market for hardwood lumber: Millwork producers, hardwood dimension and flooring producers, wood household furniture producers, and wood kitchen cabinet producers. Attributes with the highest determinant scores were: grading accuracy, supplier’s reputation, freedom from surface checks, competitive pricing, and within-load thickness consistency. The least determinant attribute was the presence of the suppliers logo or trademark. The importance of various attributes was generally consistent across the market segments and producers were relatively well attuned to the needs of lumber users. Lumber users were least satisfied with lumber quality. Lumber producers perceived users to be least satisfied with the availability of certain species.
Business-level intended competitive strategy in the industry was investigated through quantitative identification of strategic groups in a sample consisting of the 100 largest U.S. hardwood lumber producers. Factor and cluster analyses were used to define strategic groups along the dimensions of cost leadership, focus, and differentiation. Five strategic groups were identified and examined as to strategic orientation and intra-group homogeneity. The differentiation dimension accounted for the greatest portion of strategic variation. Empirical evidence of the use of hybrid Overall Cost Leadership/Differentiation strategies was found—suggesting that strategic typologies that do not account for this strategy may not be applicable to a mature industry. Predicted strategic change in the industry concentrated on increasing differentiation orientation.
Qualitative data concerning competition in the industry was obtained via in-person interviews with executives at twenty of the largest companies in the sample. ln general, the largest and smallest companies in the industry were found to be the most production oriented. Companies self-typed their competitive strategies using Porter‘s (1980) strategic typology. Overall Cost Leadership strategies were the most common followed by Differentiation and Focus strategies. The majority of companies interviewed competed for customers based on quality, customer service, and price—in that order of importance. Proprietary grading was an important competitive tool for larger companies.Ph. D.
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Choi, Jaesung. "Transportation Sustainability on Economic and Environmental Aspects in the United States: Statistical and Quantitative Approaches." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24839.
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The dissertation consists of three essays: 1) Productivity growth in the transportation industries in the United States: An application of the DEA Malmquist productivity index; 2) how does a carbon dioxide emissions change affect transportation productivity? A case study of the U.S. transportation sector from 2002 to 2011; and 3) forecast of CO2 emissions from the U.S. transportation sector: Estimation from a double exponential smoothing model. The first essay reviews productivity growth in the five major transportation industries in the United States (airline, truck, rail, pipeline, and water) and the pooled transportation industry from 2004 to 2011. The major findings are that the U.S. transportation industry shows strong and positive productivity growth except in the years of the global financial crisis in 2007, 2008, and 2010, and among the five transportation industries, the rail and water sectors show the highest productivity growth in 2011. The second essay examines the effects of a carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions change on actual productivity in the U.S. transportation sector. This study finds that a CO2 emissions increase from 2002 to 2007 had a negative effect on actual productivity in the U.S. transportation sector, but the CO2 emissions reduction for 2008?2011 increases actual productivity. States mainly showing sustainable growth patterns (decrease in CO2 emissions concurrent with increasing actual productivity) experience higher technological innovation increase than an efficiency decrease. This finding suggests that fuel-efficient and carbon reduction technologies as well as alternative transportation energy sources may be essential factors to both grow transportation and slow global warming. The third essay reviews whether the decreasing trend in U.S. CO2 emissions from the transportation sector since the end of the 2000s is consistent across all states in the nation for 2012?2021. A double exponential smoothing model is used to forecast CO2 emissions for the transportation sector in the 50 states and the U.S., and its findings are supported by pseudo out-of-sample forecasts validity testing. This study concludes that the decreasing trend in transportation CO2 emissions in the U.S. will continue in most states in the future.Mountain Plains Consortium (MPC)
U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)
Books on the topic "Interns – economic aspects – united states"
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Greenstein, Shane M. The diffusion of the Internet and the geography of the digital divide in the United States. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.
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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee to Study Global Networks and Local Values. Global networks and local values: A comparative look at Germany and the United States. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.
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United, States Congress House Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on Energy Policy Natural Resources and Regulatory Affairs. What is the Bush administration's economic growth plan component for paperwork reduction?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, April 20, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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Cane, Peter. Tort law and economic interests. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
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William, Aspray, and Ceruzzi Paul E, eds. The Internet and American business. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2007.
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William, Aspray, and Ceruzzi Paul E, eds. The Internet and American business. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2007.
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J, Aaron Henry, ed. Economic choices 1987. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution, 1986.
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H, Schuck Peter, American Assembly, and American Bar Association. Tort and Insurance Practice Section., eds. Tort law and the public interest: Competition, innovation, and consumer welfare. New York: Norton, 1991.
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Israel, Shel. Twitterville: How businesses can thrive in the new global neighborhoods. New York, N.Y: Portfolio, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Interns – economic aspects – united states"
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Chiswick, Barry R. "The Performance of Immigrants in the United States Labor Market." In Economic Aspects of International Migration, 95–114. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78749-2_4.
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Aho, Michael. "Global Economic Rivalry: New Perspectives on Germany (The EC) Japan and the United States." In Economic Aspects of German Unification, 443–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79972-3_24.
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Aho, Michael, and Gary R. Saxonhouse. "Global Economic Rivalry: New Perspectives on Germany (the EC), Japan and the United States." In Economic Aspects of German Unification, 353–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97379-6_13.
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Saxonhouse, Gary R. "Comments On: Global Economic Rivalry: New Perspectives on Germany (The EC), Japan, and the United States." In Economic Aspects of German Unification, 470–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79972-3_25.
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Vargas Vasserot, Carlos. "Social Enterprises in the European Union: Gradual Recognition of Their Importance and Models of Legal Regulation." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 27–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_3.
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AbstractThis chapter addresses social enterprises as a special corporate category, which in some European jurisdictions, and increasingly so after their promotion by the European Union, are provided with a specific legal framework to promote and encourage their development. The paper begins with a brief compilation of the several social enterprise concepts developed by economic doctrines both in the United States and Europe, which reveal a great diversity of approaches. This is followed by an analysis of the various documents published by the European Union, showing the increasing recognition of this business phenomenon, from the publication of the Social Business Initiative in 2011 to the recent Action Plan for the Social Economy in 2021. Finally, the results obtained from the analysis of the different European legal systems are presented, and three main models of legal regulation of social enterprises are distinguished, namely, the use of the social cooperative form, enactment of a special law, and integration into a social economy law. The chapter concludes with a table comparing the essential aspects of the regulation of social enterprises in 14 European countries.
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Ioannis, Kokkoris. "Competition Law and Public Interest Considerations." In Public Interest Considerations in US Merger Control. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780192864451.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the purpose of the book. The overall objective of this book is to assess whether US government and regulatory authorities in a variety of sectors assess mergers and acquisition transactions by looking at the impact of these transactions on public interest considerations. The Federal Trade Commission or the Department of Justice approach to the assessment of transactions brings to light areas of convergence and divergence between these two competition authorities and authorities such as the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission, and other sector regulatory authorities in the United States. The book closely scrutinizes the US merger control enforcement in all its variants and in different industry sectors and discusses the approach of the authorities involved as they are focusing on competition considerations, such as the impact of the transaction on consumer welfare, as well as non-competition considerations such as public interest, taking into account social and economic values, including national security and other aspects of public interest aspects relevant for the regulated sectors.
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"Economic Aspects." In The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, 132–64. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511803970.006.
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Sung-Yul Park, Joseph. "English and Neoliberalism in South Korea." In In Pursuit of English, 33–57. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190855734.003.0003.
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This chapter provides an in-depth picture of the book’s ethnographic context, presenting a historical account of neoliberalism in South Korea and the role the English fever played within it. Through its review of Korea’s neoliberalization process that began in the 1990s, the chapter focuses on several actors that were critical in this process, including the United States, major Korean conglomerates known as jaebeol, and the state. The chapter then reviews key phenomena that constituted the Korean English fever, clarifying why they should be seen as a manifestation of neoliberalism. Finally, the chapter explains how a range of intense feelings and affects pervaded Koreans’ experience of English throughout the country’s modern history, using it to argue that aspects of subjectivity that characterize the Korean English fever should be understood in terms of the specific historical and political economic conditions of Korean society, rather than a Korean cultural essence.
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Scott, Allen J. "Geography and the Division of Labour." In Geography and Economy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199284306.003.0005.
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The concept of the division of labour in production has a long genealogy stretching back to the seventeenth century and before, and it recurs repeatedly in the writings of economists and other social theorists down to the present time. In economics, the concept plays a major role in studies of industrial organization, productivity, and trade. In sociology, it has been of major significance as the linchpin of the distinction Wrst proposed by Durkheim (1893) between mechanical and organic solidarity in society. More recently, sociologists have also made considerable use of the concept in studies of the ways in which the division of labour is intertwined with phenomena like race, class, and gender (e.g. Mies 1998; Waldinger and Bozorgmehr 1996). Over the last couple of decades, geographers, too, have made numerous forays into questions of the division of labour and much research has been accomplished on how it ramifies with various kinds of spatial and locational outcomes (Massey 1984; Sayer and Walker 1992). In brief, the concept is of much importance in a wide range of investigations of social structure and dynamics, and it appears to be enjoying something of a renaissance at the present time as social scientists discover or rediscover how profoundly it ramifies with all aspects of modern life. For geographers, the division of labour has special interest and meaning because, in its role as a mechanism of economic and social differentiation, it is also a fundamental factor in moulding the economic landscape. A peasant society with only weakly developed divisions of labour is not likely to evince much in the way of spatial differentiation except as a function of dissimilarities from place to place in agricultural potentials (themselves related to such variables as soil, climate, and topography). By contrast, economically advanced societies with deep and wide divisions of labour, as in the case of the United States today, exhibit enormous degrees of spatial variation. With the passage of time, moreover, less and less of this variation seems to bear any relationship whatever to underlying conditions of physical geography.
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Lenain, Patrick. "The economic consequences of terrorism." In Business and Security Public–Private Sector Relationships in a New Security Environment, 219–32. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199274505.003.0020.
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Abstract The most shocking aspect of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States was the tragic loss of lives. The attacks also, however, caused serious economic disruption: financial markets did not operate for some days; a large part of southern Manhattan, where Wall Street stock exchanges and major investment banks are located, was destroyed; and communication links were inoperative. All US airport commercial flight operations were halted, and border crossings and ports were subject to intense scrutiny. In October, letters filled with concentrated anthrax spores were mailed to US news media and politicians, causing postal mail to be disrupted in a large part of the country.
Conference papers on the topic "Interns – economic aspects – united states"
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STĂNCIULESCU, Gabriela Doina. "A CRITICAL VIEW ON DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF FAMILY BUSINESS IN ROMANIAN, EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT." In International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering. Editura Niculescu, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56177/11icmie2023.34.
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Family businesses represent an important percentage of the world economy in terms of global turnover and social impact by providing many jobs. The essential characteristics, such as durability over time, flexibility in periods of economic instability, and certain ethics promoted in the business, have attracted the researchers’ attention, especially from the second half of the last century. A global analysis of this economic segment is difficult, primarily due to a lack of a unitary field definition. The present study attempts to present some definitions used in the most developed economic areas of the world, such as the European Union, the United States of America, China, etc., emphasizing the local particularities but especially the common aspects, based on which it will be possible to individualize the field of family businesses, considering the process of increased globalization of the world economy. It will be analysed the effort and interest of the European Union in developing a unitary definition of family businesses, starting from the national definitions, to create unitary legislation as an essential element in achieving cohesion at the European level. The methodology included specialized literature (analyses, articles, studies) on various aspects of the field and the research of some legal, national, and European documents related to the definition of the family business concept as secondary research. The present study is part of a larger research on the field of family business, focusing on technology-based family businesses and especially on family businesses in the book publishing industry. The study is addressed to the researchers of the family business sector and their managers to find effective ways. It means making the political factor aware of the domain's importance and creating a legislative framework adapted to this type of business's specific needs for support, promotion, and development.
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شریف اسماعیل, سركوت. "The impact of the foreign relations of the Iraqi state on the Anfal operations, (America) is a model." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/15.
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"The Anfal crime of 1988 was a series of political, military and propaganda campaigns carried out by Saddam's Ba'athist regime against a part of the Kurdish people.In this process, all the means of genocide were used, from killing, slaughter, arrest, expulsion and expulsion to the demolition of houses, burning of fields and gardens and looting of their livestock and belongings. The Ba'ath regime's excuse for this crime was nothing but religious and political propaganda that the Kurdish nation had deviated from Islam and had turned against the state These excuses were to justify his crime because the process was named after a chapter of the Holy Qur'an, which was Anfal. For such a big and heinous crime, of course, you have to make all the internal and external factors available before you start, because without the availability of both factors, it would have been impossible for such a big and important process to succeed Therefore, Saddam's Ba'athist regime had secured international and external factors along with the availability of domestic factors to a good extent, so it carried out the process in such a comprehensive and widespread manner. The United States, which was one of the most powerful and influential countries of the time, had a strong relationship with Saddam and the Iraqi government in all political, military, economic and other aspects The Americans, who served Saddam Hussein's regime in the success of the Anfal process, not only provided military and logistical assistance to the Iraqi government, but also provided intelligence assistance to the regime On the other hand, for the sake of the Ba'ath and Saddam regimes, he had cut off all kinds of cooperation from the Kurds and refused to even welcome the Kurdish representatives when they wanted to convey the truth about the Anfal crime to the US and the world.This was one of the reasons why Saddam's regime was protected from international condemnation and prosecution thanks to its cooperation and strong ties with the Americans."
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Grigalashvili, Vephkhvia, and Khatuna Abiashvili. "CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE: POLICY, LAW AND ADMINISTRATION." In Proceedings of the XXVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25042021/7522.
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The United States` Critical Infrastructure System (CIs) represents an umbrella concept grouping all those resources that are essential for national economic, financial, and social system. These critical infrastructures are vital and without them, or with any damages to them, would cripple the nation, states, and/or local communities and tribes. Based on a systematic review approach (methodology), this paper aims to review the United States’ Critical Infrastructure Protection System (USCIPS) at tree aspects. In section one, the policy pillars of USCIPS are outlined based on studding Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) and National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). Section two discusses the interdependent nature of the sixteen critical infrastructure sectors and identified the further designation of life-line sectors. Final sector introduces USCIPS stakeholders, collaboration and partnership across between the private sector and public sector stakeholders.
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BALODE, Ilze, Anna VINTERE, Daiva RIMKUVIENĖ, and Eve ARUVEE. "ADULT MATHEMATICAL COMPETENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CASE OF BALTIC STATES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.220.
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Mathematical competence is one of the eight basic key competencies which are defined by EU Directives. Mathematical competence includes the skills of applying basic processes and principles of mathematics in everyday contexts. The aim of current research is to identify the role of adult mathematics education and mathematical competence in sustainable development in case of Baltic States. We are continuing the investigations that began in the Nordplus research project “Cooperation to strengthen the citizens' math skills in the context of sustainable development and welfare”. The main objective of the research is to highlight the role of mathematics in a lifelong context. We separate two aspects of mathematics role in sustainable development. The first considers mathematics as a tool in processional work, the second considers the role of mathematical competence in the development of person's intelligence and personality. Both aspects are widely discussed in the scientific literature and in the programmatic documents of United Nations, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizationn, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Through combining insights of theoretical goals of leading international institutions and actual survey data we can show the value of mathematical competence in adults in the Baltic states.
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Bull, Diana, and Ann Dallman. "Wave Energy Prize Experimental Sea State Selection." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62675.
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A detailed methodology was used to select the sea states tested in the final stage of the Wave Energy Prize (WEPrize), a public prize challenge sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy [1]. The winner was selected based on two metrics: a threshold value expressing the benefit to effort ratio (ACE metric) and a second metric which included hydrodynamic performance-related quantities (HPQ). HPQ required additional sea states to query aspects of the techno-economic performance not addressed by ACE. Due to the nature of the WEPrize, limited time was allotted to each contestant for testing and thus a limitation on the total sea states was required. However, the applicability of these sea states was required to encompass seven deployment locations representative of the United States West Coast and Hawaii. A cluster analysis was applied to scatter diagrams in order to determine a subset of sea states that could be scaled to find the average annual power flux at each wave climate for the ACE metric. Four additional sea states were selected, including two highly energetic sea states and two bimodal sea states, to evaluate HPQ. These sea states offer a common experimental testing platform for performance in United States deployment climates.
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Hiç, Özlen, and Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "Anti-Keynesian Views: Fiscal and Monetary Guidelines." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00849.
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In this article, we will cover the main anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems that arose in the post Keynes period as well as their fiscal and monetary policy guidelines. As is known, the early Classical economists introduced a macroeconomic system based on the Quantity Theory and Say’s Law resulting in automatic full-employment equilibrium; and finally after 1929-1934 Great World Depression, the Keynesian System was introduced as a “revolution” (Keynesian Revolution) in theory and practice. As a result of the Keynesian policies implemented, European countries and the United States not only got over the Great World Depression but also in the years following the World War II, they have observed a fast and stable growth for a long time. Moreover, cyclical fluctuations have been controlled to a great extent. Even so, at the stage when the Keynesian System was introduced, anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems were immediately introduced. Intense academic discussions between advocates of these views and the Keynesian economists have continued up until today. Meanwhile, many economists such as J.R. Hicks, R.F. Harrod, N. Kaldor, M. Kalesci, A.W. Philips, A. Hansen, P.A. Samuelson, E. Domar, J. Tobin, R. Solow, A.M. Okun, W. Helier, G. Ackler, F. Modigliani, and R. Musgrave and many others have developed and defended the Keynesian System from different aspects. We can characterize significant anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems as the “Counter-Revolution”.
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Van Slyke, Brekke, Amin Mirkouei, and Michael McKellar. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Dairy Products: A Case Study in Southeast Idaho, USA." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69285.
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Abstract Idaho was the 3rd largest milk producer in the United States in 2019, and the dairy industry remains one of the most considerable sections of the state’s economy. The dairy industry itself has many effects on the environment, and there are many opportunities within this industry to improve its environmental impacts. This paper explores a dairy processing facility (under current operating norms and an improved set of operating conditions) to assess techno-economic aspects, determine the gate-to-gate environmental impacts, and identify critical process parameters. In this study, the environmental impact was determined using the life cycle assessment method to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions in kg CO2 equivalents per kg of packaged milk. The economic assessment was performed, using a life cycle costing analysis method for estimating the net present value, payback period, and total profit of the various scenarios, as well as determining the major cost drivers to the process. The results show that the total environmental impact of 1 kg of packaged milk was between 0.0102 to 0.0125 kg CO2 equivalents. It was also determined that the proposed adjustments to the operating conditions could reduce the heating costs by 84% and the overall annual costs by 16.3%. This study can help provide justification for further research when determining the optimum operating conditions and energy sources for dairy processing equipment and facilities. This includes investigating both real-world and theoretical models when making plans for improving dairy processes.
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Wong, Kau-Fui V., Thomas Hutley, and Emma Salgado. "Offshore Wind Power and its Potential for Development in the West Wind Drift." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39825.
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Offshore wind power is an emerging technology capable of providing coastal cities, states, and countries with a substantial portion of their energy needs. The vast potential of offshore wind power has not been fully explored. This work endeavors to perform a review of the literature on offshore wind power. Structural, economic, and environmental aspects are discussed keeping in mind the current status of offshore wind power development around the world. Offshore wind power is a relatively new technology being used by countries such as Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and China to provide larger and larger portions of their total energy needs. In 1991 Denmark opened its first commercial offshore wind farm in Vindeby producing a mere 4.95 MW of power. More ambitious projects followed and in 2001 the Middelgrunden, Copenhagen wind farm opened producing 40 MW of power. Then in 2000 the Horns Rev wind farm was put online producing 160 MW of power. The United Kingdom has many offshore wind power projects as well. The Blyth Offshore was opened in 2000 and produces 3.8 MW of power and several others in the United Kingdom produce anywhere from 10 to 90 MW of power. By 2007 end, Denmark had 402 MW and the UK had 395 MW, Ireland, Sweden and the Netherlands had varying amounts. Countries such as China and Germany are also leaders in the development of offshore wind power. In the United States, commercial offshore wind projects had a late start. The first operational offshore wind farms opened in 2007. However, the United States does not lag behind in wind power. In 2008 the United States produced more megawatt of wind power than any other country, making them the leader of wind power production. Offshore wind, however, only constitutes a tiny portion of the total wind power production of the United States. Recent advancements in the technology associated with wind power as a renewable energy source have made it a feasible form of climate change mitigation. Recent development has led countries such as Denmark, Portugal, and Spain to devote as much as 19% of their total energy production to wind power as of 2008, and is encouraging many other developed countries to do the same. This paper performs a review of the status of offshore wind projects internationally. It considers specifically the potential of the West Wind Drift near the southernmost tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula as a geographically and meteorologically advantageous location for the implementation of these wind technologies. Many of the more general problems associated with the use of wind turbines are eliminated by location alone. The winds that cause the Antarctic Circumpolar Currents (ACC) have a consistent west to east pattern and are some of the strongest winds on Earth, both ideal qualities when considering the possibility of wind power, and the wind in this area has very low intermittency. The average wind speed between 40°S and 60°S is 15 to 24 knots with strongest winds typically between 45°S and 55°S. Cape Horn is about 56°S [1]. Historically, the ACC has been called the ‘West Wind Drift’ because the prevailing westerly wind and current are both eastward. Owing to the remoteness of the Cape Horn area and Antarctica, many of the social matters associated with the development of wind farms are eliminated. Obvious factors must be considered when developing in such an area. The paper will cover the engineering requirements of turbines functioning in subzero temperatures consistently as well as the long distance transmission associated with development in this area and its economic feasibility. It will also cover the environmental and regulatory issues associated with the development in such an area.
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Mabey, Christopher S., Tevin J. Dickerson, John L. Salmon, and Christopher A. Mattson. "An Approach for Predicting Social, Environmental, and Economic Product Impacts and Navigating the Associated Impact Trade-Space in Engineering Design." In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-116719.
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Abstract There is a growing demand for sustainable products and systems. Sustainability encompasses environmental, social, and economic aspects, often referred to as the three pillars of sustainability. To make more sustainable design decisions, engineers need tools to predict the environmental, social, and economic impacts of products and navigate potential impact trade-offs. To capture societal adoption of technology, this article uses agent-based modeling (ABM) to predict impacts across all three pillars of sustainability and how to navigate the multidimensional impact trade space. The approach described in this article is based on three main components for the predictive modeling of product impacts and impact trade-space navigation, i) ABM of product adoption, ii) the assessment of product impacts, and iii) an approach for design decisions in the presence of impact trade-offs. The trade-space navigation uses a visual approach to find the non-dominated solutions in the product impact space. To illustrate and describe how to use the method, a case study is presented that predicts the impact of residential solar panels in a region of the United States under various scenarios. The findings of the case study can help policymakers understand suitable implementation strategies for residential solar panels while considering the impact trade-offs involved.
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Brunner, Martin, and Alfred Sigg. "Waste-to-Energy in Europe and Technology Highlights From Von Roll Inova Projects." In 15th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec15-3200.
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Von Roll Inova is a major provider of thermal treatment technologies ranging from combustion, energy recovery, air pollution control, and residue processing. The company is headquartered in Switzerland and its portfolio includes over 300 WTEs around the world, processing more than 100,000 metric tons of solid wastes per day. This paper discusses the technological and political trends in Europe regarding waste-to-energy, the state-of-the-art-technology and presents an an overview of recently executed projects by Von Roll Inova. During the hiatus on new plant construction in the U.S., European countries pursued a variety of different approaches. Not all the results showed environmental, social or economic promise. Of the aspects developed since the mid-nineties, some are applicable to the United States. Particularly the advances in air pollution control technology and improved thermal efficiency will be useful as new Waste-to-Energy capacity is added in the U.S. and delays in permitting may be avoided by taking advantage of such experience transfers.
Reports on the topic "Interns – economic aspects – united states"
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Marchini, Geneviève Marthe Marie. Working paper PUEAA No. 16. The US exit from Afghanistan. Reverberation across Latin America. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.001r.2023.
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In this paper, I aim to analyze which direct or indirect implications the US withdrawal from Afghanistan had for Latin America, especially in the economic sphere, an aspect less addressed. My point is that there were few direct economic effects, due to the lack of relevance of trade and investment links between Afghanistan and Latin American countries, but the consequences of the US exit reverberated through the global system and through its real and potential effects on topics of common interest. As peripheral and semi-peripheral countries, and despite the absence of international wars in the region, several Latin American countries share with Afghanistan aspects of an insertion in the global economy which includes illicit activities or activities at the margins of legality, like the production, transit and exports of drugs, or the privatization of war, or are affected by the struggles between the great powers, especially the United States and China. The paper is organized as follows: in a first section we briefly introduce the Afghan economy and show the weak links it maintains with Latin America. The second section discusses some immediate reactions to the US withdrawal in Latin America and examines one of its direct effects, related to the participation of Colombian military personnel and former soldiers in Afghanistan. The third section deals with the reverberations of the US exit on the “war on drugs,”, which involves several Latin American countries as well as Afghanistan, and the fourth section approaches the possible impacts on the international infrastructure initiatives in both regions. The last section concludes.
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Kimhi, Ayal, Barry Goodwin, Ashok Mishra, Avner Ahituv, and Yoav Kislev. The dynamics of off-farm employment, farm size, and farm structure. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695877.bard.
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Objectives: (1) Preparing panel data sets for both the United States and Israel that contain a rich set of farm attributes, such as size, specialization, and output composition, and farmers’ characteristics such as off-farm employment status, education, and family composition. (2) Developing an empirical framework for the joint analysis of all the endogenous variables of interest in a dynamic setting. (3) Estimating simultaneous equations of the endogenous variables using the panel data sets from both countries. (4) Analyzing, using the empirical results, the possible effects of economic policies and institutional changes on the dynamics of the farm sector. An added objective is analyzing structural changes in farm sectors in additional countries. Background: Farm sectors in developed countries, including the U.S. and Israel, have experienced a sharp decline in their size and importance during the second half of the 20th century. The overall trend is towards fewer and larger farms that rely less on family labor. These structural changes have been a reaction to changes in technology, in government policies, and in market conditions: decreasing terms of trade, increasing alternative opportunities, and urbanization pressures. As these factors continue to change, so does the structure of the agricultural sector. Conclusions: We have shown that all major dimensions of structural changes in agriculture are closely interlinked. These include farm efficiency, farm scale, farm scope (diversification), and off-farm labor. We have also shown that these conclusions hold and perhaps even become stronger whenever dynamic aspects of structural adjustments are explicitly modeled using longitudinal data. While the results vary somewhat in the different applications, several common features are observed for both the U.S. and Israel. First, the trend towards the concentration of farm production in a smaller number of larger farm enterprises is likely to continue. Second, at the micro level, increased farm size is negatively associated with increased off-farm labor, with the causality going both ways. Third, the increase in farm size is mostly achieved by diversifying farm production into additional activities (crops or livestock). All these imply that the farm sector converges towards a bi-modal farm distribution, with some farms becoming commercial while the remaining farm households either exit farming altogether or continue producing but rely heavily on off-farm income. Implications: The primary scientific implication of this project is that one should not analyze a specific farm attribute in isolation. We have shown that controlling for the joint determination of the various farm and household attributes is crucial for obtaining meaningful empirical results. The policy implications are to some extent general but could be different in the two countries. The general implication is that farm policy is an important determinant of structural changes in the farm sector. For the U.S., we have shown the different effects of coupled and decoupled (direct) farm payments on the various farm attributes, and also shown that it is important to take into account the joint farm-household decisions in order to conduct a meaningful policy analysis. Only this kind of analysis explains the indirect effect of direct farm payments on farm production decisions. For Israel, we concluded that farm policy (or lack of farm policy) has contributed to the fast structural changes we observed over the last 25 years. The sharp change of direction in farm policy that started in the early 1980s has accelerated structural changes that could have been smoother otherwise. These accelerated structural changes most likely lead to welfare losses in rural areas.
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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.
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Committee on Toxicology. COT FSA PBPK for Regulators Workshop Report 2021. Food Standards Agency, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tyy821.
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The future of food safety assessment in the UK depends on the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) adaptability and flexibility in responding to and adopting the accelerating developments in science and technology. The Tox21 approach is an example of one recent advancement in the development of alternative toxicity testing approaches and computer modelling strategies for the evaluation of hazard and exposure (New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). A key aspect is the ability to link active concentrations in vitro to likely concentrations in vivo, for which physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling is ideally suited. The UK FSA and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment (COT) held an “PBPK for Regulators” workshop with multidisciplinary participation, involving delegates from regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry. The workshop provided a platform to enable expert discussions on the application of PBPK to health risk assessment in a regulatory context. Presentations covered current application of PBPK modelling in the agrochemical industry for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), pharmaceutical industry for drug absorption related issues (e.g., the effect of food on drug absorption) and drug-drug interaction studies, as well as dose extrapolations to special populations (e.g., those with a specific disease state, paediatric/geriatric age groups, and different ethnicities), environmental chemical risk assessment, an overview of the current regulatory guidance and a PBPK model run-through. This enabled attendees to consider the wide potential and fitness for purpose of the application of PBPK modelling in these fields. Attendees considered applicability in the context of future food safety assessment for refining exposure assessments of chemicals with narrow margins of exposure and/or to fill data gaps from more traditional approaches (i.e., data from animal testing). The overall conclusions from the workshop were as follows: PBPK modelling tools were applicable in the areas of use covered, and that expertise was available (though it is in small numbers). PBPK modelling offers opportunities to address questions for compounds that are otherwise not possible (e.g., considerations of human variability in kinetics) and allows identification of “at risk” subpopulations. The use of PBPK modelling tends to be applied on a case-by-case basis and there appears to be a barrier to widespread acceptance amongst regulatory bodies due to the lack of available in-house expertise (apart from some medical and environmental agencies such as the European Medicines Agency, United States Food and Drug Administration, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, respectively). Familiarisation and further training opportunities on the application of PBPK modelling using real world case studies would help in generating interest and developing more experts in the field, as well as furthering acceptance. In a regulatory context, establishing fitness for purpose for the use of PBPK models requires transparent discussion between regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry and the development of a harmonised guidance such as by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) would provide a starting point. Finally, PBPK modelling is part of the wider “new approach methodologies” for risk assessment, and there should be particular emphasis in modelling both toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics.
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Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.
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This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.
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Kislev, Yoav, Ramon Lopez, and Ayal Kimhi. Intergenerational Transfers by Farmers under Different Institutional Environments. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604936.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This research studies the issues of intergenerational transfers in general and farm succession in particular in two different institutional environments. One is the relatively unregulated farm sector in the United States, and the other is the heavily regulated family farms in Israeli moshavim. Most of the analysis is based on modern economic theory dealing with inheritance and other intergenerational issues. However, we start with two background studies. One is a review of the legal system affecting farm succession in the moshav, which, as we claim throughout the report, is of major importance to the question in hand. The second is an ethnographical study aimed at documenting various inheritance and succession practices in different moshavim. These two studies provide insight for most of the economic studies included here. The theoretical studies mostly deal with various aspects of two major decisions faced by farmers: who will succeed them on the farm, and when will succession take place. The first decision clearly depends on the institutional structure: for instance, Israeli farmers are limited to one successor while American farmers are not. The second decision can be taken in three stages: sharing farm work with the successor, sharing farm management, and eventually transferring the ownership. The occurrence and length of each stage depend on the first decision as well as on the institutional structure directly. The empirical studies are aimed at analyzing the practices and considerations of Israeli and American farmers regarding various intergenerational transfers-related issues. We found that American farmers' decisions are mainly driven by the desire to let the farm prosper in future generations and by a preference for equal treatment of heirs, and not at all by old-age support considerations. In contrast, we demonstrate the significant effect of old-age support on the value of the transferred farm in a sample of Israeli farms. Using Israeli census data, we find that the time of farm ownership transfer responds to economic incentives. A smaller Israeli panel data set shows that controlling for the occurrence of succession, farm size rises with operator's age and eventually falls, while intensity of production seems to decline steadily. This explains another finding, that farm transfer contributed significantly to farm growth when farming was attractive to successors. This finding supports our main conclusion, that the succession decisions are of major importance to the viability and profitability of family farms over the long run.