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Simone, Melissa, Christian Geiser, and Ginger Lockhart. "Development and Validation of the Multicontextual Interpersonal Relations Scale (MIRS)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 1 (January 2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000497.
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Abstract. Interpersonal relationships provide insight into a wide range of adult psychological health behaviors and well-being. Modern advancements in relational contexts (e.g., social media and phone use) have caused debate about the implications of technology use on overall interpersonal relationships and psychological health. Thus, the Multicontextual Interpersonal Relations Scale (MIRS) was developed to measure three unique processes of interpersonal relations and four unique contexts in which these activities take place. In total, N = 962 adult participants (aged 18–78 years) were recruited from the United States through Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online recruitment tool. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to examine the hypothesized factor structure, and bivariate correlations were computed to assess concurrent validity. CFA results supported a model with three process and three context (specific) factors, where face-to-face relations served as the reference context factor. Bivariate correlations revealed that the interpersonal relations factors correlated with the related constructs in the hypothesized ways. Overall, strong standardized factor loadings, item-level reliability, concurrent validity, and internal consistency support the structure and use of the MIRS. Findings suggest that participation in interpersonal relations is a multicontextual construct, requiring measurement of all unique processes and relational contexts.
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Scull, Maren T. "“It’s Its Own Thing”: A Typology of Interpersonal Sugar Relationship Scripts." Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121419875115.
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Although academics have focused on sugaring in various parts of the globe, sugar relationships in the United States have largely been ignored. The few studies that address these arrangements in the United States often frame them as a form of prostitution. Drawing from 48 in-depth interviews with women in the United States who have been in sugar relationships, I adopt a connected lives approach to explore the structure of these arrangements and to assess the extent to which they are a form of prostitution. Overall, I found that, although there is a dominant, subcultural relationship script that serves as a blueprint for sugar arrangements, they comprise their own unique relational package and take a variety of forms when enacted on an interpersonal level. Specifically, I identified seven types of sugar relationships, only one of which can be considered prostitution. These included sugar prostitution, compensated dating, compensated companionship, sugar dating, sugar friendships, sugar friendships with benefits, and pragmatic love.
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Capler, Jennifer. "Incorporating Systems Thinking into Local Governments in the United States of America." Scholar Chatter 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47036/sc.2.2.22-29.2021.
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This is an opinion-based review of other research work on systems thinking paradigms and the possible application to local governments within the United States of America. Systems thinking is a complex interaction of people to generate thoughts, concepts, and ideas for situations involving organizational processes and changes. Using systems thinking can encourage collaboration, participative leadership, and interpersonal relations, increasing organizational effectiveness. Local government organizations may benefit greatly from creating and using systems thinking, incorporating constituent input before making decisions. Taking current organizational theory and design and recognizing a knowledge gap, this specific opinion-based review of using systems thinking emphasizes the importance of maintaining leadership and effective communication, advantages and disadvantages of system thinking paradigms, and ethical considerations. As communities grow and diversity expands, local government organizations should also grow and expand with the changing demands of constituents and economic needs. My theory is that with the incorporation of systems thinking, local government representatives can increase the overall effectiveness of council meetings and decision-making. Keywords: Systems Thinking; Local Government Organizations; Effective Communication; Effective Decision-Making; Participative Leadership
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Regan, Pamela C., and Ramani S. Durvasula. "A Brief Review of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: Nature, Correlates, and Proposed Preventative Measures." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 9, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v9i2.186.
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Aggression and violence are themes which characterize a significant proportion of many close romantic relationships. Both women and men may find themselves caught in a web of intimate terror – controlled, manipulated, and hurt by a coercive and violent partner. In this brief review article, we summarize existing literature on the form of intimate partner violence known as coercive controlling violence (CCV), domestic abuse, or intimate terrorism. We begin by discussing the nature and consequences of CCV relationships. Personal or individual (e.g., biological sex, age, immigrant status, socioeconomic status, attitudes and beliefs, mental health and psychopathology), relational or interpersonal (e.g., relationship type, relationship satisfaction), and environmental (e.g., economic strain, social isolation) risk factors associated with the occurrence of domestic abuse are identified. Finally, potential preventative measures at the individual, interpersonal, and sociocultural level that may serve to reduce the likelihood of this pernicious interpersonal phenomenon are considered.
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Bailey, Cassandra, Anna Abate, Carla Sharp, and Amanda Venta. "Psychometric evaluation of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems 32." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 82, no. 2 (June 2018): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2018.82.2.93.
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The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems 32 (IIP-32; Horowitz, Aiden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 2000) is a brief, 32-item, self-report questionnaire used to screen for interpersonal problems. While studies of the IIP-32's psychometric properties have been conducted in other nations, and studies have examined the psychometric properties of the IIP-32's circumplex structure, no studies have examined the factor-analytic structure in the United States since the original standardization sample. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the IIP-32 in American college women for the first time and explore its structural validity as a circumplex measure and its concurrent validity with measures of attachment. The current study found that internal consistency estimates and interscale correlations were generally high and confirmed the proposed circumplex structure. In addition, concurrent validity was evidenced by confirming theorized relations between attachment and the IIP-32 subscales. However, IIP-32 subscales were limited with regard to divergent validity.
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Pavuluri, Mani. "American and Australasian Systems in Psychiatry: Crossing the Bridge." Australasian Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (June 2002): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1665.2002.00425.x.
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Objective: To familiarize Australasian psychiatrists about differences in the psychiatric systems of the United States and Australasia. A secondary objective is to contribute towards a multi-leveled collaboration between the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists and the American College of Psychiatry and Neurology. Conclusions: There appear to be multiple differences, including in aspects of training, acquiring credentials, cross accreditation, the effect of managed care on clinical practice, volume of research, and interpersonal relations. Despite differences in the systems, it seems critical to anchor oneself to the bio-psycho-social model in order to maintain the integrity of psychiatric practice.
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Benoit, Anne. "What Lies Beneath: Exploring Experiences of Faculty Learning From Informal Relationships." LEARNing Landscapes 8, no. 1 (August 1, 2014): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v8i1.674.
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Programming to enhance teaching on college campuses often aligns with learning models that privilege formal and structured learning activities. This qualitative study explores the informal relational learning experiences of a small sample of faculty members in the Northeast United States. Participants’ stories emphasize the relational nature of informal learning interactions which have the potential to result in perspective change. The findings highlight the value of trusting, ongoing interpersonal interaction and dialogue for meaningful faculty learning.
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Craig, Maureen A., Julian M. Rucker, and Jennifer A. Richeson. "The Pitfalls and Promise of Increasing Racial Diversity: Threat, Contact, and Race Relations in the 21st Century." Current Directions in Psychological Science 27, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417727860.
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A decades-long trend toward greater racial and ethnic diversity in the United States is expected to continue, with White Americans projected to constitute less than 50% of the national population by mid century. The present review integrates recent empirical research on the effects of making this population change salient with research on how actual diversity affects Whites Americans’ intergroup attitudes and behavior. Specifically, we offer a framework for understanding and predicting the effects of anticipated increases in racial diversity that highlights the competing influences of intergroup concerns, such as relative group status and power, and more interpersonal experiences, such as positive contact, on intergroup relations. We close with a discussion of the likely moderators of the effects of the increasing national racial diversity and consider implications of this societal change for racial equity in the 21st century.
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Stearns, Peter N. "Informality: a Window on Contemporary Emotions History." Emotions: History, Culture, Society 3, no. 1 (June 6, 2019): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2208522x-02010053.
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Abstract An intriguing and pervasive development in the history of the past century – in the United States and at least some other societies – has been the rise of greater informality in interpersonal relations. Almost everyone knows this has been happening – a class of college students can offer a number of valid illustrations (with a heavy dose of habits on social media), and some have lived through even more extensive changes in, for example, the way people dress. But the phenomenon is dramatically understudied, taken for granted rather than assessed or analysed. There is a serious historical topic here that should be addressed by a wider audience, with several dimensions for further evaluation.
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Leeb, Claudia. "Castration anxiety, COVID-19 and the extremist right." Global Discourse 11, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204378921x16154801060273.
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In this article, I draw on Theodor W. Adorno’s psychoanalytically inspired works on (neo-)fascism and psychoanalytic theory to outline the threat of castration in contemporary capitalist societies on economic, interpersonal and bodily levels. I then explain how the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened people’s castration anxieties on all three levels in a class- and gender-specific way. Finally, I expose how the right extremist president of the United States, Donald Trump, and the right extremist leader of the Austrian Freedom Party, Norbert Hofer, utilised castration anxieties in their psychologically oriented tricks to strengthen their base and capture new followers.
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Toledano, Sarah Jane, and Kristin Zeiler. "Hosting the others’ child? Relational work and embodied responsibility in altruistic surrogate motherhood." Feminist Theory 18, no. 2 (April 4, 2017): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700117700048.
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Studies on surrogate motherhood have mostly explored paid arrangements through the lens of a contract model, as clinical work or as a maternal identity-building project. Turning to the under-examined case of unpaid, so-called altruistic surrogate motherhood and based on an analysis of interviews with women who had been unpaid surrogate mothers in a full gestational surrogacy with a friend or relative in Canada, the United States or Australia, this article explores altruistic surrogate motherhood as relational work. It argues that this form of surrogate motherhood within close interpersonal relations can be conceptualised through the relational work involved in hosting a child for the intended parents. The article explores how relational work in this context implies an embodied, asymmetrical and far-reaching sense of responsibility that surrogate mothers describe as characteristic of their surrogacy experience. In this way, the article sheds light on feminist concerns about surrogacy as an embodied and objectifying work of women while at the same time illuminating how surrogate mothers respond to the intended parents in light of their pre-surrogacy relationship, how meanings are negotiated by them and how relationships are managed during the pregnancy.
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Hashimoto, Takeshi, Takuya Yoshida, Yumiko Yazaki, Satoshi Moriizumi, Jiro Takai, and John G. Oetzel. "A cross-cultural comparison of interpersonal stress between Japan and the United States: Featuring relational closeness and social skills." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 51, no. 2 (2011): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2130/jjesp.51.91.
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Kawabata, Yoshito, Nicki R. Crick, and Yoshikazu Hamaguchi. "The role of culture in relational aggression: Associations with social-psychological adjustment problems in Japanese and US school-aged children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 34, no. 4 (April 13, 2010): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025409339151.
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The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate psychometric properties that assess forms of aggression (i.e., relational and physical aggression) across cultures (i.e., Japan and the United States) and (2) to investigate the role of culture in the associations between forms of aggression and social-psychological adjustment problems such as depressive symptoms and delinquency. Participants consisted of 296 fourth-graders (197 Japanese and 99 US children). It was hypothesized that relative to US children, relational aggression would be more strongly associated with depressive symptoms for Japanese children. Findings supported our hypothesis, suggesting that Japanese children may be more vulnerable to negative interpersonal experiences, including relational aggression.
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Cuskelly, Graham, and Christopher J. Auld. "Perceived Importance of Selected Job Responsibilities of Sport and Recreation Managers: An Australian Perspective." Journal of Sport Management 5, no. 1 (January 1991): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.5.1.34.
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This investigation examined the perceived importance of a range of occupational responsibilities of sport and recreation managers and whether there were differences according to the organizational setting. A self-administered mail questionnaire was sent to 196 sport and recreation managers in Queensland, Australia; there was an effective response rate of 124 (69%). The results indicated that the job responsibilities perceived as most important were public relations, financial management, program planning and management, and interpersonal communication. Significant differences were found between managers in different work settings. It was also evident that there were commonalities in the perceived importance of job competencies between the United States and Australia. The study concluded that there have been generally consistent findings about the perceived importance of job competencies, and that different sectors of the sport industry require different emphases in curricula development and professional development programs.
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Hoffman, Edward. "The Social World of Self-Actualizing People: Reflections by Maslow’s Biographer." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 60, no. 6 (November 7, 2017): 908–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167817739714.
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Maslow’s concept of self-actualization has been a bulwark of humanistic psychology for more than 50 years, and has increasingly gained international appeal beyond its original nexus within the United States. His description of the high achieving characteristics of self-actualizing men and women has influenced theorists and practitioners in such fields as counseling, education, health care, management, and organizational psychology. Through these same decades, Maslow’s formulation has also been criticized as promoting a hyperindividualistic, even narcissistic, orientation to personality growth. Because Maslow by temperament and intellectual style expressed himself in an ever-evolving set of speeches and writings that were seldom explicit about interpersonal relations, his actual outlook on the social world of self-actualizers has remained elusive. The focus of this article, therefore, is how Maslow depicted self-actualizing people with regard to five major interpersonal dimensions of life: friendship, romantic love, marriage and lasting intimacy, parenthood, and communal service. By pulling together Maslow’s comments primarily in his published works, and secondarily in his unpublished works-in-progress, it is possible to explicate his tacit viewpoint. Doing so will not only help dispel the misconception that Maslow depicted self-actualizers as loners or even hermits but also guide future theory and research on personality growth.
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Melnikas, Andrea J., and Diana Romero. "Ideal Age at First Birth and Associated Factors Among Young Adults in Greater New York City: Findings From the Social Position and Family Formation Study." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 288–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19875762.
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Despite increases at age at first birth in the United States, we have little research on how individuals conceptualize the ideal age to have a child. Using qualitative interviews with male and female young adults in greater New York City, we examined individuals’ responses to questions about the ideal age at first birth. We find factors associated with an age being ideal tend to fall in four main domains: structural/social position factors, interpersonal factors, fertility and health-related factors, and aspirational factors. This research suggests that the ideal age is higher than the actual age at first birth, and both males and females consider a number of factors when choosing an ideal age, including education and career. We find that interpersonal and aspirational factors are also important considerations. Understanding ideal age at first birth is important for understanding family formation decision making in relation to age and may have important implications in other areas.
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Ngai, Cindy Sing-Bik, and Rita Gill Singh. "Move structure and communication style of leaders’ messages in corporate discourse: A cross-cultural perspective." Discourse & Communication 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481317697860.
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As an important tool to influence stakeholders’ perception, leader messages, subsumed under public relations discourse, play an integral role in corporate communication. Drawing on the analysis of linguistic move structure and communication styles employed by researchers, this study adopts a multidimensional framework by using both discourse and quantitative analysis to compare how leaders in Global 500 corporations in China and the United States rely upon specific linguistic features to engage stakeholders in corporate discourse published on their websites. The results show pertinent differences in communication styles, where Chinese corporations tend to be more instrumental, elaborate and competitive while US corporations are more affective, succinct and harmonious. These observations depart from previous findings on interpersonal communication styles in cross-cultural research. This study also extends the boundary of corporate genre analysis by suggesting that the moves adopted in the structure of corporate messages are highly specific to the particular genre.
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Coombs, Demetrius M., Michael A. Lanni, Joshua Fosnot, Ashit Patel, Richard Korentager, Ines C. Lin, and Risal Djohan. "Professional Burnout in United States Plastic Surgery Residents: Is It a Legitimate Concern?" Aesthetic Surgery Journal 40, no. 7 (October 17, 2019): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz281.
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Abstract Background Physician burnout is intimately associated with institutional losses, substance abuse, depression, suicidal ideation, medical errors, and lower patient satisfaction scores. Objectives By directly sampling all US plastic and reconstructive surgery residents, this study examined burnout, medical errors, and program-related factors. Methods Cross-sectional study of data collected from current US plastic and reconstructive surgery residents at Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited programs during the 2018 to 2019 academic year. Previously validated survey instruments included the Stanford Professional Fulfillment and Maslach Burnout Indices. Additional data included demographics, relationship status, program-specific factors, and admission of medical errors. Results A total of 146 subjects responded. Residents from each postgraduate year (PGY) in the first 6 years were well represented. Overall burnout rate was 57.5%, and on average, all residents experienced work exhaustion and interpersonal disengagement. No relation was found between burnout and age, gender, race, relationship status, or PGY. Burnout was significantly associated with respondents who feel they matched into the wrong program, would not recommend their program to students, do not feel involved in program decisions, reported increasing hours worked in the week prior, feel that they take too much call, reported making a major medical error that could have harmed a patient, or reported making a lab error. Conclusions This study directly examined burnout, self-reported medical errors, and program suitability in US plastic and reconstructive residents based on validated scales and suggests that burnout and some medical errors may be related to program-specific, modifiable factors, not limited to, but including, involvement in program-related decisions and call structure.
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Osuji, Chinyere K. "RACIAL ‘BOUNDARY-POLICING’." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10, no. 1 (2013): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x13000118.
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AbstractAs people who cross racial boundaries in the family formation process, the experiences of interracial couples can actually reveal the nature of racial boundaries within and across societies. I draw on in-depth qualitative interviews with eighty-seven respondents in interracial Black and White couples in Los Angeles and Rio de Janeiro to compare perceptions of public stigmatization by outsiders, a term I call “boundary-policing.” I find that couples in Los Angeles perceive gendered, Black individuals as perpetrators of this boundary-policing. In Rio de Janeiro, couples perceive regionalized and classed, White perpetrators. These findings suggest that in the United States and Brazil, racial boundaries are intertwined with class and gender boundaries to shape negotiation of boundary-policing in the two contexts. This analysis builds on previous studies of ethnoracial boundaries by showing how individuals reinforce and negotiate them through interpersonal relations. It demonstrates the similarities and differences in the negotiation and reinforcement of racial boundaries in the two sites.
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PETERSEN, MICHAEL BANG, and LENE AARøe. "Politics in the Mind's Eye: Imagination as a Link between Social and Political Cognition." American Political Science Review 107, no. 2 (April 8, 2013): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055413000026.
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How do modern individuals form a sense of the vast societies in which they live? Social cognition has evolved to make sense of small, intimate social groups, but in complex mass societies, comparable vivid social cues are scarcer. Extant research on political attitudes and behavior has emphasized media and interpersonal networks as key sources of cues. Extending a classical argument, we provide evidence for the importance of an alternative and internal source: imagination. With a focus on social welfare, we collected survey data from two very different democracies, the United States and Denmark, and conducted several studies using explicit, implicit, and behavioral measures. By analyzing the effects of individual differences in imagination, we demonstrate that political cognition relies on vivid, mental simulations that engage evolved social and emotional decision-making mechanisms. It is in the mind's eye that vividness and engagement are added to people's sense of mass politics.
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Buchtel, Emma E., Paolo P. L. Ma, and Yanjun Guan. "Assessing the Similarity of Injunctive Norm Profiles Across Different Social Roles: The Effect of Closeness and Status in the United States and China." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 10 (November 2019): 1140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119871357.
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Do social roles affect injunctive norms for behavior and more so in Chinese than American cultural contexts? We use mixed methods to analyze open-ended data describing appropriate behavior within social roles that differ in interpersonal closeness and relative status. American ( N = 401) and Chinese ( N = 392) participants provided descriptions of ideal behavior of two actors in one of 16 role dyads. The 2,219 (American) and 1,466 (Chinese) behavior descriptions were coded into 71 content categories, forming profiles of appropriate behavior for six social roles (Close/Distant × Low/Equal/High status). First, we adapt a method for assessing profile similarity in personality psychology to quantitatively evaluate how closeness and status affect similarity between the six social roles. By separating profiles into normative (average behavior) and distinctive (behavior specific to a particular social role) components, we find that distinctive behavioral profiles for specific social roles vary systematically by closeness/status in both American and Chinese data; we also find a larger effect of closeness in Chinese data. Second, we qualitatively analyze the content of the distinctive behavioral profiles through the lens of the rapport management model, showing how rights and obligations associated with each role vary, and finding cultural differences in which behaviors appropriately manage these expectations. Quantitative findings emphasize the cross-cultural importance of interpersonal situations for determining appropriate behavior, with some evidence for a greater effect in Chinese culture; qualitative results reveal the culturally specific ways in which relational situations direct expectations for behavior.
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Robbins, Jessica C., and Kimberly A. Seibel. "Temporal aspects of wellbeing in later life: gardening among older African Americans in Detroit." Ageing and Society 40, no. 12 (July 18, 2019): 2614–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000813.
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AbstractGardening has well-established physical, social and emotional benefits for older adults in varied circumstances. In Detroit, Michigan (United States of America), as in many cities, policy makers, funders, researchers, community organisations and residents regard gardening as a means of transforming bodies, persons, communities, cities and broader polities. We draw on ethnographic research conducted during one gardening season with 27 older African Americans in Detroit to foreground the social dimensions of wellbeing in later life and thus develop a more robust and nuanced understanding of gardening's benefits for older adults. Based on anthropological understandings of personhood and kinship, this article expands concepts of wellbeing to include social relations across multiple scales (individual, interpersonal, community, state) and temporalities (of the activity itself, experiences of ageing, city life). Even when performed alone, gardening fosters connections with the past, as gardeners are reminded of deceased loved ones through practices and the plants themselves, and with the future, through engagement with youth and community. Elucidating intimate connections and everyday activities of older African American long-term city residents counters anti-black discourses of ‘revitalisation’. An expansive concept of wellbeing has implications for understanding the generative potential of meaningful social relations in later life and the vitality contributed by older adults living in contexts of structural inequality.
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Ulug, Ciska, Lummina Horlings, and Elen-Maarja Trell. "Collective Identity Supporting Sustainability Transformations in Ecovillage Communities." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158148.
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Ecovillages are collective projects that attempt to integrate sustainability principles into daily community life, while also striving to be demonstration projects for mainstream society. As spaces of experimentation, they can provide valuable insights into sustainability transformations. Through shared values and interpersonal connections, ecovillages possess collective identities, which provide a platform for enacting their ideals. However, many ecovillage residents question how to best enhance their role as models, resource centers, and pieces of a greater movement toward sustainability transformations, while simultaneously preserving their unique community and identity. In relation to the above, this paper addresses the questions: What can collective identity in ecovillage communities teach us about the objective and subjective dimensions of sustainability transformations? Furthermore, how can the perspective of collective identity highlight challenges for ecovillages for initiating sustainability transformations? Sustainability transformations encompass objective (behaviors) and subjective (values) dimensions; however, the interactions between these spheres deserve more scholarly attention. Using ethnographic data and in-depth interviews from three ecovillages in the United States, this paper reveals the value in collective identity for underscoring belonging and interpersonal relationships in sustainability transformations. Furthermore, the collective identity perspective exposes paradoxes and frictions between ecovillages and the societal structures and systems they are embedded within.
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Sheffer, Christine E., Monica Webb Hooper, and Jamie S. Ostroff. "Commentary: Educational and Clinical Training Considerations for Addressing Tobacco-Related Cancer Health Disparities." Ethnicity & Disease 28, no. 3 (July 12, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.28.3.187.
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<p class="Pa7">In the United States, tobacco use is a leading contributor to inequities in cancer health among individuals for many ethnic, racial, sexual minority, and other minority groups as well as individuals in lower socioeconomic groups and other underserved populations. Despite remarkable decreases in tobacco use prevalence rates in the United States over the past 50 years, the benefits of tobacco control efforts are not equitably distributed. Tobacco-related disparities include higher prevalence rates of smoking, lower rates of quitting, less robust responses to standard evidence-based treatments, substandard tobacco treatment delivery by health care providers, and an increased burden of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases.</p><p class="Pa7">Among the multiple critical barriers to achieving progress in reducing tobacco treatment-related disparities, there are several educational barriers including a unidimensional or essentialist conceptualizations of the disparities; a tobacco treatment workforce unprepared to address the needs of tobacco users from underserved groups; and known research-to-practice gaps in understanding, assessing, and treating tobacco use among underserved groups.</p><p>We propose the development of competency-based curricula that: 1) use intersectionality as an organizing framework for relevant knowledge; 2) teach interpersonal skills, such as expressing sociocultural respect, a lack of cultural superiority, and empathy as well as skills for developing other-oriented therapeutic relations; and 3) are grounded in the science of the evidence-based treatments for tobacco dependence. These curricula could be disseminated nationally in multiple venues and would represent significant progress toward addressing tobacco-related disparities.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2018;28(3):187- 192; doi:10.18865/ed.28.3.187.</p>
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Limaye, Rupali J., Fauzia Malik, Paula M. Frew, Laura A. Randall, Mallory K. Ellingson, Sean T. O’Leary, Robert A. Bednarczyk, Oladeji Oloko, Daniel A. Salmon, and Saad B. Omer. "Patient Decision Making Related to Maternal and Childhood Vaccines: Exploring the Role of Trust in Providers Through a Relational Theory of Power Approach." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120915432.
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Immunization is one of the most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases. However, vaccination rates are suboptimal in the United States. Obstetric providers are critical in influencing vaccine decision making among pregnant women, as trust between a patient and provider may facilitate willingness to accept vaccination. Little is known about how power between a patient and provider affects vaccine acceptance. This study explored pregnant women’s trust in obstetric providers within the context of vaccines. Using concepts from the relational theory of power, we conducted 40 in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of pregnant women from four Ob-Gyn practices each in Georgia and Colorado. Results suggest that to enhance trust, providers could gain distributive power by conveying empathy. Designated power through medical experience was associated with both trust and distrust, as some women trusted their providers because of their authority and medical credentials, while others viewed authority and experience as reasons to distrust their provider. To increase acceptance, providers should acknowledge the underlying power dynamics within these interpersonal relationships and strengthen rapport with patients through empathy and dialogue.
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Zuo, Xinya. "A Study of Discourse Strategies from the Perspective of Critical Analysis." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0908.16.
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Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a form of reflective inspection of how discourses shape and influence us. It has been applied widely especially in political discourses which analyzes the potential characteristics of language and the social and cultural background generated in the text, committed to exposing the complex relationship between language, power and ideology with the aid of critical thinking. Generally, the theoretical framework of CDA is based on Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics. Halliday believes that language has three metafunctions, namely ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function. These three achievements meet the needs of language users in three aspects including the description of the experience of objective world, the construction of social relations and the organization of discourse. As an important theory in systemic functional grammar, transitive system embodies the ideational function of language, which expresses people’s real world experiences and the inner world in several processes. In addition, this kind of theory is based on the semantic configuration of Actor+Process. Therefore, this paper will make a critical discourse analysis of Donald Trump’s inauguration speech in 2017 from the aspect of linguistic transitive system. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the language skills used by Mr.Trump and the discourse generating patterns of his presidential image, so that we can explore the ideology reflected behind the language and dig into the process of building the image of the president of the United States in Donald Trump’s inauguration speech.
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Valentine, Sarah E., Ash M. Smith, Kaylee Stewart, Lillian Vo, and Idony Lisle. "A consultation with feedback approach to supporting fidelity to a peer-delivered intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder." Implementation Research and Practice 2 (January 2021): 263348952110172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26334895211017280.
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Background: Despite promising findings regarding the safety, fidelity, and effectiveness of peer-delivered behavioral health programs, there are training-related challenges to the integration of peers on health care teams. Specifically, there is a need to understand the elements of training and consultation that may be unique to peer-delivered interventions. Methods: As part of a pilot effectiveness-implementation study of an abbreviated version of Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we conducted a mixed-methods process evaluation utilizing multiple data sources (questionnaires and field notes) to characterize our approach to consultation and explore relations between fidelity, treatment outcome, and client satisfaction. Results: Peer interventionists exhibited high fidelity, defined by adherence ( M = 93.7%, SD = 12.3%) and competence ( M = 3.7 “competent,” SD = 0.5). Adherence, β = .69, t(1) = 3.69, p < .01, and competence, β = .585, t(1) = 2.88, p < .05, were each associated with trial participant’s satisfaction, but not associated with clinical outcomes. Our synthesis of fidelity-monitoring data and consultation field notes suggests that peer interventionists possess strengths in interpersonal effectiveness, such as rapport building, empathy, and appropriate self-disclosure. Peer interventionists evidenced minor challenges with key features of directive approaches, such as pacing, time efficiency, and providing strong theoretical rationale for homework and tracking. Conclusion: Due to promise of peers in expanding the behavioral health workforce and engaging individuals otherwise missed by the medical model, the current study aimed to characterize unique aspects of training and consultation. We found peer interventionists demonstrated high fidelity, supported through dynamic training and consultation with feedback. Research is needed to examine the impact of consultation approach on implementation and treatment outcomes. Plain Language Summary: Peers—paraprofessionals who use their lived experiences to engage and support the populations they serve—have been increasingly integrated into health care settings in the United States. Training peers to deliver interventions may provide cost savings by way of improving efficient utilization of professional services. Despite promising findings in regard to safety, intervention fidelity, and effectiveness of peer delivery, there are important challenges that need to be addressed if peers are to be more broadly integrated into the health care system as interventionists. These include challenges associated with highly variable training, inadequate supervision, and poor delineation of peer’s roles within the broader spectrum of care. Thus, there is a need to understand the unique components of training and consultation for peers. We report key findings from an evaluation of a pilot study of an abbreviated version of Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adapted for peer delivery. We characterize our approach to consultation with feedback and explore relations between fidelity, treatment outcome, and client satisfaction. Our study extends the small yet growing literature on training and consultation approaches to support fidelity (adherence and competence) among peer interventionists. Organizations hoping to integrate peers on health care teams could utilize our fidelity-monitoring approach to set benchmarks to ensure peer-delivered interventions are safe and effective.
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Burks, Alixandra C., Robert J. Cramer, Craig E. Henderson, Caroline H. Stroud, James W. Crosby, and James Graham. "Frequency, Nature, and Correlates of Hate Crime Victimization Experiences in an Urban Sample of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Members." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 3 (September 17, 2015): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515605298.
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The present study examines two central research questions. First, we sought to add to current knowledge on the frequency and types of hate crime experiences in an urban sample. Also, drawing on existing frameworks for sexual minority specific (SMS) stress, we examined internalized SMS stress (defined by internalized homophobia and acceptance concerns regarding one’s minority status) as a mediator of the association between hate crime victimization (i.e., objective or social SMS stress) and mental health symptoms (i.e., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and general stress). Participants were 336 self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community members who elected to participate in research at a community health agency in an urban southwestern United States jurisdiction. Results suggested (a) approximately one third of the sample reported lifetime hate crime victimization, with the most common types characterized by interpersonal, as opposed to property, crimes; (b) approximately half of participants reported their most recent victimization to law enforcement; and (c) internalized SMS stress mediated the relation between hate crime victimization and overall mental health symptoms. Findings are discussed with respect to implications of the unique nature of hate crimes in an urban setting, as well as theoretical and practical implications of SMS stress findings.
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HARRISON, JILL, and JOHN RYAN. "Musical taste and ageing." Ageing and Society 30, no. 4 (March 17, 2010): 649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09990778.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore musical taste patterns in old age. Having musical tastes, defined as individual preferences for certain musical genres, has been theorised as being a relational tool, something that can be used to negotiate social situations and interpersonal exchanges with others. Taste not only helps to make sense out of the endless array of products available on the cultural menu, but is also through consumption and display a way of signalling group membership, social location, identity and self. These concepts are important throughout the lifecourse, yet relatively unexplored in later life. What are the taste patterns of older adults and how do they compare to the musical preferences of other age groups? To address these questions we analysed data from the United States national Survey of Public Participation in the Arts (SPPA), a repeated cross-sectional survey, for the years 1982, 1992 and 2002. In each year, musical tastes displayed a positive relationship with age up to 55 years of age. The results indicate that across the three survey years, at older ages there was a negative relationship between tastes and age. We offer explanations for these results using theories from the sociology of culture and social gerontology.
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Stanojevic, Cedomirka, Svetlana Simic, and Dragana Milutinovic. "Health effects of sleep deprivation on nurses working shifts." Medical review 69, no. 5-6 (2016): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1606183s.
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Introduction. Atypical work schedules cause reduced sleep, leading to drowsiness, fatigue, decline of cognitive performance and health problems among the members of the nursing staff. The study was aimed at reviewing current knowledge and attitudes concerning the impact of sleep disorders on health and cognitive functions among the members of the nursing staff. Sleep and Interpersonal Relations in Modern Society. The modern 24-hour society involves more and more employees (health services, police departments, public transport) in non-standard forms of work. In European Union countries, over 50% of the nursing staff work night shifts, while in the United States of America 55% of nursing staff work more than 40 hours a week, and 30-70% of nurses sleep less than six hours before their shift. Cognitive Effects of Sleep Deprivation. Sleep deprivation impairs the performance of tasks that require intensive and prolonged attention which increases the number of errors in patients care, and nurses are subject to increased risk of traffic accidents. Sleep Deprivation and Health Disorders. Sleep deprived members of the nursing staff are at risk of obesity, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders and cardio?vascular disease. The risk factors for breast cancer are increased by 1.79 times, and there is a significantly higher risk for colorectal carcinoma. Conclusion. Too long or repeated shifts reduce the opportunity for sleep, shorten recovery time in nurses, thus endangering their safety and health as well as the quality of care and patients? safety. Bearing in mind the significance of the problem it is necessary to conduct the surveys of sleep quality and health of nurses in the Republic of Serbia as well in order to tackle this issue which is insufficiently recognized.
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Smith, Kylie M. "Different Places, Different Ideas: Reimagining Practice in American Psychiatric Nursing After World War II." Nursing History Review 26, no. 1 (January 2018): 17–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.26.1.17.
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AbstractIn 1952, Hildegard Peplau published her textbook Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing. This was the same year the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1st ed.; DSM-I; APA). These events occurred in the context of a rapidly changing policy and practice environment in the United States after World War II, where the passing of the National Mental Health Act in 1946 released vast amounts of funding for the establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health and the development of advanced educational programs for the mental health professions including nursing. This article explores the work of two nurse leaders, Hildegard Peplau and Dorothy Mereness, as they developed their respective graduate psychiatric nursing programs and sought to create new knowledge for psychiatric nursing that would facilitate the development of advanced nursing practice. Both nurses had strong ideas about what they felt this practice should look like and developed distinct and particular approaches to their respective programs. This reflected a common belief that it was only through nurse-led education that psychiatric nursing could shape its own practice and control its own future. At the same time, there are similarities in the thinking of Peplau and Mereness that demonstrate the link between the specific social context of mental health immediately after World War II and the development of modern psychiatric nursing. Psychiatric nurses were able to gain significant control of their own education and practice after the war, but this was not without a struggle and some limitations, which continue to impact on the profession today.
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Yakunina, G. E. "Research of digital communications models within organizations and at the state level in the countries-leaders in the use of digital communication technologies." E-Management 2, no. 4 (February 5, 2020): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2019-4-41-50.
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The problems of digital transformation of public administration in Russia in the application to the sphere of communication relations between government structures and business have been considered in the article. The experience of the leading countries in the use of digital communication technologies at the state level in the creation of E-Government in the United States, Great Britain and France has been investigated. At the same time, first, an analysis of the models of internal interpersonal communication in the organizations of these countries has been made, and then the national programs has been adopted in these countries for the digital transformation of public administration have been studied, and the experience of these countries in their implementation is examined. The main goal of the research is to analyze the foreign experience of implementing projects of digitalization in the national economy in order to adapt solutions to the sphere of digital communications in government structures and entrepreneurship in Russia.Based on the conducted research, the conclusions have been made and recommendations for the successful implementation of the national program of digital transformation of public administration in Russia have been given. In particular, the study has noted that the ground for digital transformation of public administration processes in the leading countries was prepared by previously established traditions and models of interpersonal communication in society. Experience of widespread introduction and use of information and communication technologies for internal communications in organizations, development of e-сommerce and e-advertising have served as the basis in these countries for the development of digital communication channels of government structures and the population. It has been shown, that during the creation of E-Government state reforms were simultaneously carried out to reorganize state structures, training civil servants in the basics of working on a computer and on the Internet.Based on the results of the research, the recommendations for the successful implementation of the program of digital transformation of the Russian economy have been given. It has been noted, that the main one is the need to reorganize radically the work of state structures in Russia. Without this, the gap between Russia and the leading countries in the field of digital transformation of communication between government structures and business is not possible to overcome, and this may cast doubt on the success of the national program.
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Stucky, Christopher H., Marla J. De Jong, and Felichism W. Kabo. "Military Surgical Team Communication: Implications for Safety." Military Medicine 185, no. 3-4 (October 28, 2019): e448-e456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz330.
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Abstract Introduction Medical error is the third leading cause of death in the United States, contributing to suboptimal care, serious patient injury, and mortality among beneficiaries in the Military Health System. Recent media reports have scrutinized the safety and quality of military healthcare, including surgical complications, infection rates, clinician competence, and a reluctance of leaders to investigate operational processes. Military leaders have aggressively committed to a continuous cycle of process improvement and a culture of safety with the goal to transform the Military Health System into a high-reliability organization. The cornerstone of patient safety is effective clinician communication. Military surgical teams are particularly susceptible to communication error because of potential barriers created by military rank, clinical specialty, and military culture. With an operations tempo requiring the military to continually deploy small, agile surgical teams, effective interpersonal communication among these team members is vital to providing life-saving care on the battlefield. Methods The purpose of our exploratory, prospective, cross-sectional study was to examine the association between social distance and interpersonal communication in a military surgical setting. Using social network analysis to map the relationships and structure of interpersonal relations, we developed six networks (interaction frequency, close working relationship, socialization, advice-seeking, advice-giving, and speaking-up/voice) and two models that represented communication effectiveness ratings for each participant. We used the geodesic or network distance as a predictor of team member network position and assessed the relationship of distance to pairwise communication effectiveness with permutation-based quadratic assignment procedures. We hypothesized that the shorter the network geodesic distance between two individuals, the smaller the difference between their communication effectiveness. Results We administered a network survey to 50 surgical teams comprised of 45 multidisciplinary clinicians with 522 dyadic relationships. There were significant and positive correlations between differences in communication effectiveness and geodesic distances across all five networks for both general (r = 0.819–0.894, P < 0.001 for all correlations) and task-specific (r = 0.729–0.834, P < 0.001 for all correlations) communication. This suggests that a closer network ties between individuals is associated with smaller differences in communication effectiveness. In the quadratic assignment procedures regression model, geodesic distance predicted task-specific communication (β = 0.056–0.163, P < 0.001 for all networks). Interaction frequency, socialization, and advice-giving had the largest effect on task-specific communication difference. We did not uncover authority gradients that affect speaking-up patterns among surgical clinicians. Conclusions The findings have important implications for safety and quality. Stronger connections in the interaction frequency, close working relationship, socialization, and advice networks were associated with smaller differences in communication effectiveness. The ability of team members to communicate clinical information effectively is essential to building a culture of safety and is vital to progress towards high-reliability. The military faces distinct communication challenges because of policies to rotate personnel, the presence of a clear rank structure, and antifraternization regulations. Despite these challenges, overall communication effectiveness in military teams will likely improve by maintaining team consistency, fostering team cohesion, and allowing for frequent interaction both inside and outside of the work environment.
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Bekereci, Melike. "DDP EFL Student Teachers’ Perceptions About the Qualities of a Professional Teacher." European Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p101-108.
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This study explores how EFL student teachers of an undergraduate dual diploma program describe the qualities of a professional teacher after spending a year in their partner university in the United States, and after experiencing international and local practice teaching contexts. As a case study, the data were obtained through in-depth interviews, student teachers’ observation journals, and a survey. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. In addition, student teachers’ observation journals were gathered on a weekly basis. As a supplementary tool, International Survey (TALIS) was administered to all participants. The collected data suggested that study abroad and international short-term fieldwork experience made contributions to their perceptions about the ideal teacher thanks to broadening their worldviews about multiculturalism and diversity, and improving their personal skills, including human relation and communication skills. As a result of these experiences, the prospective teachers re-shaped their perceptions and attributed new features indicating interpersonal skills to the image of a professional teacher. The study also revealed that after returning to Turkey and completing Practice Teaching course in one of the cooperating schools, their perceptions were re-shaped again under the influence of experiencing a real teaching context with the same students for a long time. They indicated that while international fieldwork and study abroad experience showed them being fluent in English, patient, eager to raise human beings, and being able to address individual differences in a classroom, thanks to local practice teaching experience, they added new features to them, including love of teaching, motivating students for life-long learning, being a facilitator to help them find their own path, attending to the learner, getting along with students within the framework of respect, kindness and temperateness, dealing with disruptive behaviors and accomplishing classroom management by developing techniques to create a safe and pleasant learning environment for students.
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Rusek, Marta. "Literacka antropologia szkoły przełomu XIX i XX w. Rekonesans." Ruch Literacki 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ruch-2014-0004.
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Abstract This article attempts to point out the issues which make up the literary anthropology of the school of the late 19th and early 20th century. This period deserves special attention for a number of reasons, among them a rapid growth of the educational debate both in Europe and the United States and fundamental changes in the functioning of the educational system, eg. the extension of universal primary education, and the opening up of elementary and secondary schools for girls. All of those developments were not only associated with the idea of modernity but constituted the practical realization of the progressive content of that idea. Our understanding of the anthropology of the school is based the premise that human beings acquire their knowledge (ie. learn and are taught) within an organized educational framework. The issues that this article deals with are directly connected with that institutional framework, ie. the school as an anthropological site, the technology of power, symbolic violence, individual subjectivity, the relationship between the individual and the group, individual and collective identity. The discussion focuses on two books, which are characteristic of their time, Stefan Żeromski’s popular school-novel The Labors of Sisyphus and Janusz Korczak’s utopian novel The School of Life. They both suggest that the institutionalized educational drive of early modernity was aimed at influencing and transforming society through the schooling of individuals. What is striking about Żeromski’s presentation of the school with its mechanism of knowledge as power, used by the Russian authorities to inculcate submission in individuals and in the society at large, is the sheer brazenness of the scheme which tends to neutralize its symbolic violence. By contrast, in Korczak’s novel we find a totally new educational institution based on the principle of treating children as adults. For Korczak a radical respect for the autonomy of child and its individual development was the first step towards social change and the transformation of interpersonal relations. Our analyses demonstrate that fiction was used to examine the paradoxes inherent in institutionalized education at a time when it became one of the most universal forms of everyday praxis
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Maddux, Thomas R., and Karl W. Ryavec. "United States-Soviet Relations." Russian Review 48, no. 3 (July 1989): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130380.
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Garthoff, Raymond L. "United States-Soviet relations." International Affairs 66, no. 2 (April 1990): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621342.
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J.F.S. "United States-Mexican Relations." Americas 47, no. 04 (April 1991): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500017284.
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Conroy, Hilary, Robert A. Scalapino, and Han Sung-Joo. "United States-Korea Relations." Pacific Affairs 60, no. 3 (1987): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758914.
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Bothwell, Robert. "Canada-United States Relations." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 58, no. 1 (March 2003): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200305800104.
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Mealy, Marisa, Walter G. Stephan, Magen Mhaka-Mutepfa, and Luis Alvarado-Sanchez. "Interpersonal Trust in Ecuador, the United States, and Zimbabwe." Cross-Cultural Research 49, no. 4 (June 29, 2015): 393–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397115591479.
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Carmichael, Heather, Lauren Steward, Erik D. Peltz, Franklin L. Wright, and Catherine G. Velopulos. "Preventable death and interpersonal violence in the United States." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 87, no. 1 (July 2019): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000002336.
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Cohen, Stephen D. "United States-Japan Trade Relations." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 37, no. 4 (1990): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1173777.
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Wenpu, Zhang. "Improving China-United States Relations." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 38, no. 2 (1991): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1173890.
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Fry, Earl H. "Quebec's Relations with the United States." American Review of Canadian Studies 32, no. 2 (August 2002): 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722010209481085.
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Howard, Lise Morjé. "Sources of Change in United States–United Nations Relations." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 16, no. 4 (December 19, 2010): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01604005.
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Unger, David C. "United States." Survival 60, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2018.1542819.
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Unger, David C. "United States." Survival 61, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2019.1688581.
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