Academic literature on the topic 'Interresponse intervals'

Regulation of the rhythmic movement of 29 preschoolers ages 3 to 6 years was studied in connection with self-paced response. An Auditory Pulse condition presented the pulse audibly, a Visual Pulse condition presented the pulse visibly, and a Moving Visual Target condition presented the repetitive movement of a visual target. We used a Quick Tempo condition in which the interstimulus interval was slightly different from the average self-paced tapping rate at which each subject felt comfortable, and a Slow Tempo in which the interval was considerably different. The error in the interresponse interval of tapping, i.e., the time gap between the mean interresponse and interstimulus intervals, was calculated as an indicator of regulation. The error in the former decreased across age groups only in the Slow Tempo condition. In the Slow-Tempo Visual-Pulse condition in which the error in the interresponse interval was particularly large, the younger subjects tended to respond at a rate near the self-paced response. In both tempos, the error in the interresponse interval in the Moving Visual Target condition was much the same as in the Auditory Pulse condition and was statistically smaller than in the Visual Pulse condition. These results may suggest that one of the important factors in the development of preschoolers' synchronization with physical rhythm is an ability to modify or restrain the self-paced response and that additional information from movement of the visual target could assist them externally in regulating movement.

This study tested whether a deafferented patient demonstrates impaired timing ability compared with four control subjects. By comparing normal subjects with the deafferented patient, some insight was expected on the importance of proprioception in timing of motor behavior. The protocol was set to enhance the strategy of the subjects in using feedbacks. Subjects had to synchronize finger taps with a sound produced at regular intervals. Once synchronized, the bips were muted and the subjects had to continue the tapping at the same pace. Interresponse interval (IRI) variability was measured under two feedback conditions: with and without vision and auditory feedback. The Wing and Kristofferson model (A.M. Wing and A.B. Kristofferson. Percept. Psychophys. 13(3): 455–460. 1973) was used to segment IRI variance into separate components: a central clock and a peripheral motor delay. When the deafferented patient saw and heard the outcome of her tapping movements, there was a greater variability in successive intervals between taps than when vison and hearing were blocked. We interpret this variability as indicating that the subject used auditory and visual feedback to maintain a correct overall rhythm. The patient may easily substitute visual and (or) auditory feedback for her defective proprioception for movement timing. However, this substitution proved to be inefficient in the limited training period provided in this experiment. The results suggest that the proprioceptive contribution to the time-keeping mechanism presumably depends on the presence of an efference copy signal.Key words: tapping, Wing and Kristofferson model, repetitive movements, synchronization, efference copy.

The present study examined interactions of speech production and finger-tapping movement, using a syncopated motor task with two movements in 10 male right-handed undergraduate students ( M age = 21.0 yr.; SD =1.4). On the syncopated task, participants were required to produce one movement exactly midway between two other movements (target interresponse interval: 250 msec.). They were divided into two groups, the tap-preceding group and speech-preceding group. The author observed that the right hand showed a more variable peak force and intertap interval than the left hand in the speech-preceding group, indicating an asymmetrical interference of two movements. On the other hand, the mean differences between onsets of speech and tapping movement were shorter than 250 msec. over all conditions (the shortest mean difference was 50 msec.), suggesting a mutual entrainment of two movements. An asymmetry of entrainment was observed in the speech-preceding group, in which speech production was more strongly entrained with movements of the right hand than with those of the left hand.

The present experiment studied the relationship between interresponse intervals and behavioral variability. Subjects emitted sequences of 4 keypresses on two keys on a variability schedule that delivered points when the current 4-response sequence differed from the previous 5 sequences. Three experimental conditions were studied; no interresponse interval, 4-s interresponse interval and 8-s interresponse interval. Interresponse intervals followed each of the first three responses in each sequence. Two groups were used to study initial training histories. Group 1 was first exposed to the no-interresponse interval condition. Group 2 was first exposed to the 4-s interresponse interval condition. Subjects were then exposed to the different interresponse interval conditions. There was little change in variability across conditions. However, the variability observed in the subjects first exposed to the 4-s interresponse interval was greater than the variability observed in subjects first exposed to no-interresponse interval. There was higher-order response patterning in both groups, but it was more pronounced in the no-interresponse interval group.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 30 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30).

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two procedures, Discrete Trial (DT) and Discrete Trial with Interresponse Interval (DT/IRI), on the production of behavioral variability in different conditions (directly reinforced and induced) and determine what condition, in each procedure, would facilitate the selection of an initial sequence of low probability. Were selected 18 college students with baseline performance measured by U-valeu, that was equal or less than 0,5. They were divided into the two procedures and subdivided into three groups with three participants (VAR, YOKE and CON). The task was to form images on the computer screen by pressing two keys (left and right) on lateral keyboards. The unit was four responses to the keys. In both procedures, a piece of the image, a tone and 0,5 seconds was used to reinforce sequences that attended the contingency s criterion, and a timeout of 1,0 second, if not. Only the DT/IRI had a 0,5 second interval after the first three responses of the sequence. The experiment had three phases. In Phase I, baseline, sequences was continuous reinforced (CRF). For two groups (DT- VAR and DT/IRI-VAR) in Phase 2, variability was direct reinforced on 15 sequences, mean that the less frequent and less recent sequence had more probability of been reinforced than the others, and a target sequence (less frequent sequence at baseline) was reinforced in CRF. In Phase 3, the distribution of reinforcement of the prior phase was yoked for the 15 sequences and another target sequence was reinforced in CRF. For the groups DT-YOKE and DT/IRI-YOKE, the phase s exposure was reversed, whereas in Phase 2 the distribution of reinforcement was yoked to the performance of the VAR groups. In groups DT-CON and DT/IRI-CON, only the target sequence was reinforced in both phases. The results showed that variability increased in the first session of Phase 2 for all participants. The DT-YOKE group showed the highest levels of variability within this procedure. In the DT/IRI procedure, this was true for the group DT/IRI-VAR. With regard to the selection of the target sequence the groups that had higher percentages of selection in all sessions were DT-CON and DT/IRI-VAR, respectively within each procedure. It was noted that both procedures produced the selection of the target sequence, but is seems that the use of IRI produced a more variable performance, when it was directly reinforced, allowing the selection of the target sequence to occur more rapidly
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a efetividade de dois procedimentos, Tentativa Discreta (TD) e Tentativa Discreta com Intervalo entre as Respostas (TD/IRI), na produção da variabilidade comportamental em diferentes condições (diretamente reforçada e induzida) e averiguar que condição, em cada procedimento, mais facilitaria a seleção de uma sequência de baixa probabilidade inicial. Selecionou-se 18 universitários com um desempenho na linha de base, medido pelo índice U, igual ou inferior a 0,5. Estes foram divididos nos dois procedimentos e subdivididos em três grupos com três participantes (VAR, ACO e CON). A tarefa consistia em formar figuras na tela do computador pressionando duas teclas (direita e esquerda) de teclados laterais. A unidade comportamental era quatro respostas às teclas. Nos dois procedimentos apresentava-se um pedaço da figura, um tom e 0,5 segundo, caso a sequência fosse passível de reforço, e um timeout de 1,0 segundo, caso não fosse. Somente no TD/IRI havia um IRI de 0,5 segundo após as três primeiras respostas da sequência. O experimento continha três fases. Na Fase 1, linha de base, vigorava o reforçamento contínuo (CRF) das 16 sequências. Para dois grupos (TD-VAR e TD/IRI-VAR) na Fase 2 havia o reforçamento direto da variabilidade, para 15 sequências, no qual a sequência menos frequente e menos recente teria maior probabilidade de ser reforçada, e CRF de uma sequência alvo (sequência menos frequente na linha de base). Na Fase 3, havia a distribuição acoplada dos reforços da fase anterior para as 15 sequências e CRF de outra sequência alvo. Para os grupos TD-ACO e TD/IRI-ACO a ordem de exposição às fases foi inversa, visto que na Fase 2 a distribuição de reforços foi acoplada ao desempenho dos participantes dos grupos VAR. Nos grupos TD-CON e TD/IRI-CON havia somente o CRF da sequência alvo nas duas fases. Os resultados mostraram que a variabilidade aumentou na primeira sessão da Fase 2 para todos os participantes. O grupo TD-ACO foi o que apresentou maior índices de variabilidade dentro deste procedimento. Já no TD/IRI, isto foi verdadeiro para o grupo TD/IRI-VAR. Com relação à seleção da sequência alvo, os grupos que apresentaram maiores porcentagens de seleção em todas as sessões foram TD-CON e TD/IRI-VAR, respectivamente dentro de cada procedimento. Notou-se que os dois procedimentos produziram seleção da sequência alvo, mas parece que o uso do IRI produziu um responder mais variável, quando este foi diretamente reforçado, o que possibilitou que a seleção da sequência alvo ocorresse mais rapidamente