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1
Kparou, Hanoukoume Cyril. "Étude comparée des interrogateurs en lama et en français." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 26 (September 30, 2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p332.
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Interrogation is a Language Universal (LU), i.e., it exists in all natural languages. However, every language has undeniable particularities. Lama3 and French4, two languages from different language families, are a good illustration of these realities. A comparative study of interrogatives of both languages shows many similarities as well as dissimilarities. This article is aimed at presenting a comparative typology of interrogative markers and constructions in Lama and French. It consists of a morphosyntactic analysis of the interrogative markers and their different functions implied in the construction of interrogative sentences. French uses an interrogative copula est-ce que and the verbal inversion to form total interrogation, while Lama makes use of postpositional morphemes to formulate fundamental interrogation. Both languages form partial interrogation with adverbial and relative markers, but Lama goes further with the use of noun class interrogative markers. This study contributes to establish language universals and particularities in both languages at formal and functional levels.
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Gapur, Abdul, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "STUDI KONTRASTIF KONSTRUKSI INTEROGATIF POLAR BAHASA JEPANG DAN BAHASA INDONESIA." GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 4, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v4i1.43.
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This research discusses about interrogative construction of polar in Japanese and Indonesian language. The purpose of this research describes the forms, similarities and differences, and the correspondence of interogative constructions in Indonesian and Japanese. Sources of data are related literature on interrogative constructions and Indonesian and Japanese grammar books. Data collection using techniques of refering and noting.Contrastive analysis is used to analyze data. The he study found that the interrogative contrastive polar in Japanese and Indonesian languages were formed from use of 1) intonation, 2) interrogative particles, and 3) interrogative tags. The interrogative constructions of Japanese and Indonesian polar interrelations are inherent in the intonation aspect as the main thing in the construction of polar interrogation, the use of interrogative particles and the use of nterogative tags in both languages. The difference between polar interrogative constructions lies in the use of more productive ”apa”, “apakah” and “bagaimana” words in Indonesian and more productive interrogative particles in Japanese polar interrogative. In the correspondence of translations most of the interrogative particles of Japanese are equated with the question 'apakah' in the polar interrogative constructions of Indonesian. AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas tentang konstruksi interogatif polar dalam bahasa Jepang dan bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk, persamaan dan perbedaan, dan kesepadanan konstruksi interogatif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Sumber data adalah literatur yang berkaitan tentang konstruksi interogatif dan buku tatabahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jepang. Pengumpulan data dengan teknik catat. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kontrastif dengan pendekatan strukturalis. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa kontrastif interogatif polar bahasa Jepang dan bahasa Indonesia terbentuk dari 1) penggunaan intonasi, 2) partikel interogatif, dan 3) tag interogatif. Persamaan bentuk konstruksi interogatif polar bahasa Jepang dan Indonesia terdapat pada aspek intonasi sebagai hal utama dalam pembentukan konstruksi interogatif polar, penggunaan partikel interogatif dan penggunaan tag Interogatif dalam kedua bahasa. Perbedaan konstruksi interogatif polar terletak pada penggunaan kata tanya ”apa”, “apakah” dan “bagaimana” yang lebih produktif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan partikel interogatif ka yang lebih produktif sebagai penanda interogatif polar dalam bahasa Jepang. Dalam kesepadanan penerjemahan umumnya partikel interogatif ka bahasa Jepang disepadankan dengan kata tanya ”apakah” dalam konstruksi interogatif polar bahasa Indonesia.
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Snedec, Andrej. "The progress of a syntactic change English do-support*." Linguistica 30, no. 1 (December 1, 1990): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.30.1.47-68.
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The English construction with do-support in the affirmative form, in the interrogative form, in the declarative-negative form, and in the interrogative-negative form is a periphrastic construction. It satisfied the definition of a strengthened construction as long as it was an optional replacement of the corresponding non-strengthened construction, i.e. of forms without do-support.
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Gapur, Abdul. "KONSTRUKSI INTEROGATIF POLAR DALAM BAHASA JEPANG." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v7i1.477.
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Each language has its own characteristics, which can be seen by the interrogative construction themselves. Polar interrogative construction in Japanese will be discussed in this research. The research is kind of qualitative reasearch by using descriptive method. The data of the research is the polar interrogative construction consisted in the textbooks minnano nihongo shokyuu I and nameraka nihongo kaiwa. The theory of interrogative construction by Seimund (2011) was used as the theory in this research. The results of the research showed that the finding of polar interrogative construction was formed by the intonation, the addition of interrogative particle, and the interrogative tag. Meanwhile, the polar interrogative construction formed by the change of constituent order, verbal inflection, and disjunction was not found. The finding of polar interrogative construction in the textbook minna no nihongo shokyuu I is dominated by the polar interrogative construction which is formed by the adding of interrogative particle, while in the textbook nameraka nihongo kaiwa is dominated by the polar interrogative construction which is formed by the intonation. Abstrak Setiap bahasa memiliki karakteristik tersendiri. Karakteristik tersebut dapat dilihat dari konstruksi interogatifnya. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai konstruksi interogatif polar dalam bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah konstruksi interogatif polar yang terdapat dalam bukuMinna No Nihongo Shokyuu I, Nameraka Nihongo Kaiwa,dan komikOremonogatariChapter1karangan Kazune Kawahara danAruko.Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori konstruksi interogatif Siemund (2001). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah konstruksi interogatif polar yang wujud terbentuk dari intonasi, penambahan partikel interogatif,dan taginterogatif. Sementarakonstruksi interogatif polar yang terbentuk dengan perubahan urutan konstituen, infleksi verbal dan disjungsi tidak ditemukan. Konstruksi interogatif polar yang wujud dalam buku Minna No Nihongo Shokyuu I dankomikOremonogatariChapter 1 didominasi oleh konstruksi interogatif polar yang terbentuk dari penambahan partikel interogatif,sementara pada buku Nameraka Nihongo Kaiwadidominasi oleh konstruksi interogatif polar yang terbentuk dari intonasi.
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MITROVIĆ, Moreno. "Deriving and Interpreting Ka(karimusubi) in Premodern Japanese." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 4, no. 3 (February 17, 2015): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.3.9-28.
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This paper provides a new syntax and semantics for kakarimusubi (KM), a focus construction prominent in the grammar of Old Japanese (OJ) and Early Middle (Classical) Japanese (CJ), which diachronically developed into the interrogative construction in Modern Japanese (MdJ) headed by the ka particle. Adopting Chierchia & Caponigro’s (2013) novel analysis of Free Relatives (FRs) as embedded interrogatives, an FR-based analysis of KM is proposed so as to obtain a compositional semantic analysis of this focus construction as well as an account of the adnominal marking of the presuppositional musubi component of this grammatical construction.
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Yang, Jaehyung, and JONG-BOK KIM. "Parsing the Wh-Interrogative Construction in Korean." Language and Information 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29403/li.17.2.3.
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Zubkova, Mariya, and Elena Kopylova. "The Structure of Interrogative Sentences with a Nominal Subject in the French Language in a Diachronic Aspect." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2287-1505-v102.
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The article is focused on the study of interrogative sentences with a nominal subject in the French language in terms of structural criteria in a diachronic aspect. The purpose of this study is to reveal the features of the so-called complex inversion in interrogative sentences. Special attention is paid to terminological problems. Pronominal reprise is recognized by the authors as the most correct term for an interrogative construction with a nominal subject duplicated by a personal pronoun. The lack of uniformity in terminology indicates a multidimensional nature of the inversion phenomenon in the French language. For instance, in addition to interrogative sentences, it can be used in other contexts: in simple declarative sentences after certain adverbs, in subordinate clauses after some conjunctions, in exclamatory sentences, etc. The authors highlight and describe the characteristic features of interrogative sentences with a nominal subject in terms of diachrony. Pronominal reprise appears in interrogative constructions as early as in the 16th century, mainly in general questions, subsequently extending to special questions. In the 16th – 17th centuries, the subject did not regularly precede the verb; the same applied to interrogative words, which could be placed both to the left and to the right of the subject. In sentences with a nominal subject, reprise was not the only possible structural option. The following were also used: direct word order, construction question word + est-ce que, and simple inversion. The authors come to the conclusion that pronominal reprise had finally replaced simple inversion of the nominal subject in general questions in French by the end of the 17th century.
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Bassano, Dominique, and Isabelle Mendes-Maillochon. "Early grammatical and prosodic marking of utterance modality in French: a longitudinal case study." Journal of Child Language 21, no. 3 (October 1994): 649–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009491.
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ABSTRACTThe study investigates how basic communicative functions expressed by utterance modalities (declarative, exclamative, injunctive, interrogative) emerged in the early language of a French child, and examines whether and how morphosyntactic and prosodic devices were used to mark these contrasts. A longitudinal corpus of naturalistic productions was collected between the ages of 1;2 and 1;9, and 960 utterances were subjected to functional, prosodic and grammatical analyses. Declarative, exclamative and injunctive utterances were found from 1;2, and first interrogatives appeared at 1;6. Intonation contours varied as a function of utterance modality and were largely in accordance with the patterns in French: declaratives and exclamatives were falling, interrogatives rising and injunctives split between falling and rising contours depending on their specific functions. A quarter of the productions involved an elementary grammatical marking of utterance modality such as interjections, imperative or indicative verbal forms, or interrogative morphemes. These findings indicate an early and complementary use of prosodic and grammatical devices in the child's construction of the linguistic system.
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Myles, Florence, Rosamond Mitchell, and Janet Hooper. "INTERROGATIVE CHUNKS IN FRENCH L2." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, no. 1 (March 1999): 49–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199001023.
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This paper explores the relationship between formulaic language and creative construction in SLA by examining the production of interrogatives in an extensive naturalistic corpus of L2 French produced by early classroom learners. The paper first analyzes the production and breakdown of such formulaic language over time, before exploring the development of more creative structures. The interaction between the two processes “rote learning of formulas and creative construction” is then investigated. This interaction is shown to be a dynamic two-way process, with learners being driven forward in the development of their L2 system by their attempts to resolve the tension between structurally complex but communicatively rich formulas on the one hand, and structurally simple but communicatively inadequate creative structures on the other hand.
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Abdel-Hafiz, Ahmed Sokarno. "Question formation strategies in Kunuz Nubian." Technium Social Sciences Journal 11 (August 17, 2020): 529–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v11i1.1452.
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This is an analytical and descriptive study that is based on a general theoretical framework which can be characterized as “basic linguistic theory”. It aims to study Kunuz Nubian interrogative pronouns and question markers. Previous studies failed to pay adequate attention to these features. It is an attempt to characterize the strategies used in question formation and to identify the question markers. I argue that the question markers in this Nubian dialect fall into three sets: (a) the set of question markers -yaa, -naa, and -waa are used with sentences (non-copular construction) involving the neural marker -r-. (b) the set of questions markers that are used if the neural marker –r- is in a copular construction: -yaa, -re, -waa. (c) another set of question markers are attached to a declarative sentence in which the verb or copular verb is accompanied with the past tense morpheme. The study has also provided a list of interrogative pronouns that can occur with or without the question markers. Moreover, it has been shown that both compound and complex sentences are turned into interrogatives via the same question strategies used in simple sentences.
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TOOSARVANDANI, MAZIAR. "Wh-movement and the syntax of sluicing." Journal of Linguistics 44, no. 3 (October 16, 2008): 677–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226708005367.
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Sluicing – the elliptical construction in which all of a constituent question goes missing except for the interrogative phrase – is commonly analyzed as involving movement of the interrogative phrase to Spec-CP followed by deletion of TP (Ross 1969, Merchant 2001). In this paper, I examine how well the movement-plus-deletion analysis extends to Farsi, a wh-in situ language that, surprisingly, has a sluicing construction nearly identical to its English counterpart. I argue that the interrogative phrase in Farsi sluicing escapes deletion not by wh-movement as in English but by a type of focus movement. This operation, which normally applies very generally and is optional, is restricted in sluicing contexts in two ways: (i) it is obligatory, and (ii) it only applies to interrogative phrases. I propose a formal implementation that integrates these two properties into the licensing requirement on deletion, advancing the current understanding of the syntax of sluicing.
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Kil, Yoon Mi. "A Study on the ‘interrogative + ни construction’ in Russian." Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University, no. 21 (August 31, 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24958/rh.2020.21.1.
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Van Rooy, Harry. "THE USE OF INTERROGATIVES IN THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL AND THEIR TRANSLATION IN THE ANCIENT VERSIONS." Journal for Semitics 23, no. 2 (November 21, 2017): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/3509.
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The Hebrew book of Ezekiel contains more than 70 questions, many of them rhetorical. The questions are introduced by interrogative particles, such as ×”Ö²Ö² and ×”×œÖ¹× , and interrogative pronouns. There are also questions without such particles. This paper investigates the construction and use of questions in the Hebrew Ezekiel and the translation of these questions into the Septuagint, Peshitta, Targum and Vulgate. The first section of the paper deals with the construction of questions in the Hebrew Old Testament as well as in the versions. The main part of the paper discusses a few of the different kinds of questions in the Hebrew Ezekiel, and their rendering into the versions. From the examples discussed, it is clear that the Targum normally follows the Hebrew closely. The LXX and Vulgate do not have fixed patterns, but use interrogative particles in the majority of examples. The Peshitta is close to the Hebrew in factual questions, but shows a variety of translations for yes-no questions, in most instances without any interrogative particles.
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Pang, Jixian, and Ning Ye. "Exploring identities in police interrogations." Semiotica 2016, no. 209 (March 1, 2016): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0004.
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AbstractThroughout a police interrogation, the identities of police interrogators and suspects are not fixed as simple questioners and answerers, but are dynamic with the changing communicative purposes in an interrogation process. At the opening and closing stages, the identities of interrogators are largely those of spokespeople and attentive listeners. At the information gathering stage, while the suspects are expected to ideally assume three simultaneous identities of animator, author, and principal, the identities of interrogators are more complicated when the interrogators attempt to construct an ideal interrogation pattern with an aim to show the voluntary nature of the suspect’s confession. The identities the police interrogators attempt to construct include an institutional representative, a responsible professional, a fact verifier/lie detector, and a dominant professional. The shifting identities and positionalities of police interrogators and suspects are part of a delicate dance in an interrogation process, which will determine the effectiveness of an interrogation. The identity construction process this paper describes helps create patterns of interaction. The paper argues that the police’s keen awareness of their identity construction in the interrogation will facilitate the achievement of their intended interrogative purposes.
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Zimmermann, Michael, and Katharina Kaiser. "Refining current insights into the wh-in-situ interrogative construction in French: the case of Contemporary Hexagonal French." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 70, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 123–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2019-0005.
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Abstract This paper addresses the debate on the existence of specifically syntactic restrictions on one of a larger set of structures available in Modern French for information-requesting questions with a non-subject wh-phrase: the so-called wh-in-situ interrogative construction, in which the wh-phrase occurs in post-verbal position. From a comprehensive investigation of the applicability of such restrictions that is based on a large number of instances of the wh-in-situ interrogative construction from a specially designed large-scale corpus instantiating the present-day French of Metropolitan France, the paper essentially establishes that, in this variety, a fair number of these restrictions do not hold. Additionally, the paper explores the existence of morphological as well as syntactic restrictions not yet thoroughly explored in the literature and, fundamentally, uncovers that, in the variety looked into, various issues pertaining to the verb (tense, mood, passive voice, verb class, non-finite clausal complements) do not bear on the felicity of the wh-in-situ interrogative construction, while a restriction possibly holds that relates to the specificity of the subject.
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Ghia, Elisa. "(Dis)aligning across different linguacultures: Pragmatic questions from original to dubbed film dialogue." Multilingua 38, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0120.
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Abstract In original and dubbed film dialogue, direct questions are a means to depict interpersonal relationships on screen. In particular, pragmatic questions (i.e. non-questioning, rhetorical interrogatives) are frequently employed to mark alignment among interactants, in the form of affiliative and disaffiliative interrogatives, respectively expressing positive and negative stance. Based on the exploration of the Pavia Corpus of Film Dialogue, the current study aims at investigating the ways in which affiliative and disaffiliative questions are constructed in original English filmic speech and in Italian dubbing. The two dialogue types show rather high similarity in the distribution of pragmatic questions – with a notable prevalence of disaffiliative interrogatives carrying conflict-initiating role. However, different strategies are privileged in the two languages for the linguistic construction of stance. The English source text does not rely on a single and specific pattern to signal affiliation, while it marks disaffiliation through inserts, emotionally-loaded chunks and non-canonical word order in the interrogative. Conversely, dubbed Italian frequently draws on weak connectors to express disalignment and prefers different types of syntactically marked structures in the construction of affiliation. Findings thus suggest a certain degree of autonomy for dubbed dialogue in the selection of specific linguistic markers to transfer and re-portray interpersonal relationships in the target linguaculture.
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Amy, Daniel G. "Re-constraining massive pied-piping: An argument for non-interrogative CPs." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4734.
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Unlike traditional wh-movement and obligatory pied-piping, massive pied-piping is restricted in the types of clauses in which it may occur. Heck (2004, 2008) argues that massive pied-piping constructions are restricted to non-subordinate clauses in English. This paper (i) investigates the availability of massive pied-piping of DPs in complements of know and surprise-type predicates; (ii) proposes a revised generalization on massive pied-piping that restricts the construction to non-interrogative clauses; and (iii) proposes a hybrid analysis that combines Cable's (2010) Q-movement analysis with Den Dikken's (2003) two-stage wh-movement operation, thus accounting for the wider set of environments covered by the revised generalization on massive pied-piping in English.
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Price, Glanville. "Pas (point) without ne in interrogative clauses." Journal of French Language Studies 3, no. 2 (September 1993): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500001745.
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AbstractOld and Middle French interrogative sentences of the type sez tu pas? have often been interpreted, erroneously, as providing evidence for the early dropping of ne as in modern je sais pas. The construction occurs most widely in Old and early Middle French with point (occasionally pas, mie) and the particle had a positive or ‘potential’ value (e.g. Quenois le tu point? ‘Do you know him [at all]?’). It was only in late Middle French that, influenced by the increasing use of pas and point in negative clauses, the interrogative clauses in question came to have a negative value.
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Francez, Itamar. "Modern-Hebrew lama-še Interrogatives and Their Judeo-Spanish Origins." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (October 16, 2015): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340048.
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This article describes a Modern Hebrew interrogative construction, not found in earlier varieties of the language, in which awh-word is followed by a clause headed by the complementizerše‘that.’ When that clause contains negation, the resulting sentence has the illocutionary force of a suggestion, with the opposite polarity to that of the complementizer clause. In this case, negation fails to license negative concord and negative polarity items. The main properties of the construction are described, an analysis is sketched, and evidence is given indicating Judeo-Spanish as the probable source for the construction.
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Mayasari, Mayasari, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "QUESTION WORDS IN THE INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN JAVANESE: IN X-BAR THEORY." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i1.2217.
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This study examines the syntactic behavior of question words (tembung pitakon) in the interrogative construction in Javanese. This study aimed to analyze the question words of all interrogative types in the language. Therefore, the research data cover question words known as tembung pitakon in Javanese which are derived from the relevant literature. The theoretical framework used in this study is the X-bar theory proposed by Haegeman (1992). The data analysis techniques used in this research were distributed methods which use the language element determination tool itself. The results show that the Javanese partial sentence has a grammatical and complementary grammatical function, while the total question sentence has a complement function. Javanese question words can be constructed by specifier, complements, and adverbials. The Javanese question sentence formed by specifier functions as an internal structure occupied by the NP and joined by I’ to form an IP. Furthermore, the question words formed by complement functions as an internal structure occupied by PP or NP and joined by V to form the first V'. Finally, the question words formed by adverbial functions as an internal structure that can be occupied by PP or NP to join the first V' then form the second V'
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Druetta, Ruggero. "“Quoi comme voiture ?” La prédication seconde dans la construction d'une proforme interrogative." Faits de Langues 31-32, no. 1 (2008): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-31-32-01-900000034.
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Prado-Alonso, Carlos. "A comprehensive corpus-based analysis of “X Auxiliary Subject” constructions in written and spoken English." Topics in Linguistics 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2019-0007.
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Abstract This paper describes a corpus-based analysis of subject-auxiliary inversion in both spoken and written English. The focus of the analysis is Chen’s (2013) X Auxiliary Subject construction (XASC), where X codes the fronting of a constituent which triggers the inversion of the auxiliary and the subject, as in “Never has trade union loyalty faced a more baffling test” or “What did he do?” On the basis of a statistical analysis using corpora of written and spoken English, it is argued that the distribution of XAS inversion, in the interrogative mood, is related to the degree of an addressor’s involvement in a text. It will be shown that, in the interrogative mood, the more involvement in a text, the more XAS inversions are to be expected. It is also argued that XAS inversions in interrogative clauses can be seen to serve as discourse markers through which an addressor’s involvement is coded in written and spoken English discourse. The analysis will also show that XAS inversions in the declarative mood also serve an interpersonal function, this, however, being inherently tied to the clause-linking function performed by the construction. Furthermore, the data will show that the distribution of XAS inversions in declarative clauses is related to the degree of informational content of the texts in which these inversions occur.
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Khalaily, Samir, and Edit Doron. "Colloquial Modern Hebrew Doubly-marked Interrogatives and Contact with Arabic and Neo-Aramaic Dialects." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (October 16, 2015): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340042.
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This article describes the innovative dmi construction—doubly-marked interrogative—of colloquial Modern Hebrew, in which a question is doubly marked as interrogative. A dmi consists of two parts: (i) an ordinary question, which we call the content question, and (ii) an additional wh-phrase, the attitude marker, which embeds the content question, and whose function is to assign it additional illocutionary force, typically that of rejecting a presupposition salient in the discourse. The article suggests that the dmi was (re-)innovated in Modern Hebrew as a result of contact with Modern Arabic and Neo-Aramaic dialects. It may have been previously innovated in an earlier stage of Hebrew due to its contact with Aramaic.
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Socka, Anna. "Reportatives "sollen"+Infinitiv in Interrogativsätzen." Studia Germanica Gedanensia, no. 43 (July 27, 2020): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sgg.2020.43.13.
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In this paper, the reportive construction sollen+infinitive is treated as merely agnostic, with the negative epistemic component emerging qua conversational implicature. The paper aims to test whether the interrogative sentence type can be seen as a contextual trigger for this implicature. It concludes that the negative epistemic implicature can be triggered or strengthened by proper questions and mirative questions, but not by rhetorical or unresolvable questions as defined by Celle (2018).
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Gurova, Elena. "Interrogatives as a means to express politeness in the danish language." Scandinavian Philology 18, no. 2 (2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2020.201.
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Despite the change in the Danish communication style caused by the transformation of the social-political and cultural life of the Danish in the late 1960s, which made a number of polite forms obsolete, the Danish language has various ways to express polite requests. One of the most common strategies congruent with the principle of politeness and efficiency is the use of conventional interrogative sentences with the verbs gide, ville, kunne, verbs in the present tense and a construction er du sød at. The article examines these interrogative sentences gleaned from dialogues in contemporary Danish television series. The most polite of all the conventional requests are questions with vil/ville, which can be used in a formal setting or in correspondence. They appeal to the addressee’s willingness to perform an action, to a greater extent than questions with kun/kunne, and they are meant to avoid encroaching upon the interlocutor’s freedom. The construction er du sød at is classed among the formulas of a high degree of politeness and often presupposes a significant status distance between the interlocutors. Questions with gide are used when social and status distance between the interlocutors is insignificant. Combinations of gide and vil with phasal verbs denoting the ending of an action indicate that these constructions perform a prohibitive function. In the case of questions in the present tense, the interlocutors, as a rule, are engaged in a common activity and the effect of the proposed action is in the interest of both parties. A characteristic feature of the speech act of requests is the use of modal particles, first and foremost, ikke and lige. The particle lige is a culture-specific lexical item which indicates that the favour done by the listener is insignificant, but in spite of a lesser threat posed by the speaker, his expressed will is imposed since it is the speaker who decides for the listener how insignificant his request is. The particles godt and nok are used in insistent requests, while combinations with bare imply a mutually satisfying way to solve the problem at hand.
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Driss, Hager Ben. "Closed to Oriental Heroines: Ethos of the Colonial Text." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 36, no. 2 (2003): 164–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400044825.
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The publication of Edward Said's seminal investigation of Orientalism as a discursive construction of the Other has triggered an interrogative move towards a re-reading of Western representations of Eastern peoples and geographies. Almost forlorn now is the practice of reading literary productions within an exclusively aesthetic framework of poetic tradition. Anything one writes is already a production – a representation marked by what Derrida calls “violence of the letter.” It is a violence “of difference, of classification, and of the system of appellations” (1976, p. 110).
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KOENIG, JEAN-PIERRE. "Any questions left? Review of Ginzburg & Sag's Interrogative investigations." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 1 (March 2004): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226703002354.
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For better or worse, linguistics is rife with frameworks, each with its own ethos. Two important aspects of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar's are: (1) the search for an explicit and exhaustive account of the intricate syntactic and semantic facts that constitute one's grammar and (2) the hypothesis that general/universal and specific aspects of one's grammar are not qualitatively distinct. This book stands as a superb example of this ethos. It illustrates the fecundity of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (henceforth, HPSG) as a framework and advances our knowledge of the syntax and semantics of interrogatives. It is the most explicit description of the semantics and syntax of any area of English syntax of which this reviewer is aware. It thus sets up a healthy empirical benchmark for other theories of interrogatives. The sixty pages of appendices that detail the grammar discussed in the book and its almost complete implementation in the current version of the English Resource Grammar attest to this empirical bent. Any future theory will have to match it in accuracy before any metatheoretical issues (e.g. simplicity or explanatory adequacy) can be meaningfully discussed. Its precision and comprehensiveness will also, hopefully, lead to descriptions of unbounded dependencies and clause-types in other languages that are orders of magnitude more detailed than those currently available. Ginzburg & Sag's (G&S's) book also illustrates how possibly universal principles (such as the requirement that head-daughters and mothers of a local tree share information) and construction-specific requirements (such as the fact that the scope of
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PÕLDVERE, NELE, and CARITA PARADIS. "‘What and then a little robot brings it to you?’ The reactive what-x construction in spoken dialogue." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000091.
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In the process of compiling a new corpus of contemporary spoken British English, the London–Lund Corpus 2, we hit upon a construction used in the conversations recorded that had not previously been dealt with in the literature, namely the reactive what-x construction. Prompted by this discovery, we carried out a detailed analysis of its properties and constraints within the broad framework of Cognitive Linguistics, namely Construction Grammar, and found that the reactive what-x construction features the interrogative what directly followed by a phrasal or clausal complement x. Moreover, what forms one tone unit with the complement and never carries a nuclear pitch accent. The core meaning is to signal an immediate reaction to something said by another speaker in the preceding turn, and the dialogic functions include questions proper as well as expressions of disagreement. The two contributions of this study are: (i) to provide a definition of the reactive what-x construction and (ii) to propose a crucial theoretical extension of Construction Grammar involving a broadening of the concept of construction to cover not only the lexical–semantic pairing but also prosodic properties and the role of the construction in the interactive dialogic space in speech.
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Гаврилов, Артем Дмитриевич. "INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTION AS A SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSIVENESS IN AN ONLINE NEWSPAPER HEADLINE (ON THE MATERIAL OF RUSSIAN, CHUVASH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 1(110) (March 30, 2021): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2021.110.1.003.
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Статья посвящена сопоставительному анализу экспрессивных вопросительных конструкций в позиции сетевого газетного заголовка на русском, чувашском и английском языках. На примере заголовков сетевых версий качественных изданий «Ведомости» и «Известия» (на русском языке), «Хыпар» (на чувашском языке), «The Times» и «The Guardian» (на английском языке) автор выявил лежащие в их основе шесть ключевых синтаксических моделей экспрессивных вопросительных конструкций: с вопросительным словом и без вопросительного знака; с вопросительным словом и вопросительным знаком; с двоеточием; в виде вопросно-ответной формы; с разделительным союзом «или»; с частицей «ли». Описаны особенности каждой синтаксической модели, и дана их характеристика в прагматическом аспекте. Актуальность работы обусловлена особым положением газетного заголовка в Интернете и его способностью управлять вниманием читателей, вызывать у них определенные эмоции и влиять на их отношение к различным событиям. Автор приходит к выводу, что вопросительные конструкции являются эффективным средством усиления выразительности высказывания в сетевом газетном заголовке на разных языках. Он подчеркивает, что в современных условиях активной сетевой коммуникации сопоставительные исследования экспрессивных возможностей разносистемных языков обретают не только лингвистическую, но и общесоциальную значимость. The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of expressive interrogative constructions in the position of the online newspaper headline in Russian, Chuvash and English. Using the examples of the headlines of the online versions of the broadsheets Vedomosti and Izvestia (in Russian), Khypar (in Chuvash), The Times and The Guardian (in English), the author identified six key syntactic models of expressive interrogative constructions: with a question word and without a question mark; with a question word and a question mark; with a colon; in the form of a question-and-answer form; with the disjunctive conjunction or; with the conjunction whether. The features of each syntactic model are described and their characteristics are given in the pragmatic aspect. The relevance of the work is conditioned by the special position of the newspaper headline on the Internet and its ability to control readers’ attention, make them feel certain emotions and to have an influence on their attitude to various events. The author comes to the conclusion that interrogative constructions are effective means of increasing the expressiveness of an utterance in the online newspaper headline in different languages. The author emphasizes that in the modern conditions of active network communication, the comparative studies of the expressive potential of different-structured languages do not only acquire linguistic, but also general social significance.
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Mosegaard Hansen, Maj-Britt. "Syntax in interaction." Studies in Language 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 463–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.25.3.04mos.
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This paper investigates the correlation between the form and function of yes/no interrogatives in spoken French. The standard language possesses three ways of constructing such interrogatives: verb-clitic inversion; prefixation of a declarative sentence with the interrogative particle est-ce que; and a rising intonation pattern superposed on a declarative structure. The choice between the three has traditionally been described in terms of register differences. This paper argues, however, that the three constructions differ not only on the pragmatic level, but also on the semantic level, and that the choice between them can be explained, and largely predicted, in terms of three interactional parameters, namely the accessibility of the information contained in the interrogative; participation structure; and considerations of ‘face’.
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Gawne, Lauren. "Contexts of use of a rotated palms gesture among Syuba (Kagate) speakers in Nepal." Gesture 17, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.00010.gaw.
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Abstract In this paper I examine the use of the ‘rotated palms’ gesture family among speakers of Syuba (Tibeto-Burman, Nepal), as recorded in a video corpus documenting this language. In this family of gestures one or both forearms are rotated to a supine (‘palm up’) position, each hand with thumb and forefinger extended and the other fingers, in varying degrees, flexed toward the palm. When used independently from speech this gesture tends to be performed in a relatively consistent manner, and is recognised as an interrogative gesture throughout India and Nepal. In this use it can be considered an emblem. When used with speech it shows more variation, but can still be used to indicate the interrogative nature of what is said, even when the speech may not indicate interrogativity in its linguistic construction. I analyse the form and function of this gesture in Syuba and argue that there are a number distinct functions relating to interrogativity. These can therefore be considered as a family of gestures. This research lays the groundwork for a better understanding of this common family of gestures across the South Asian area, and beyond.
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Kim, Okgi. "On the syntax of 'why'-like 'how' in Korean." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5018.
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The wh-phrase ettehkey 'how' in Korean is forced to be interpreted as a reason wh-adverbial corresponding to way 'why' when it occurs with a causative-key toy-construction with past tense. In this paper, I try to answer a simple but fundamental question of whether or not reason ettehkey is base-generated in the same position as the 'high' wh-adjunct way (Ko 2005, 2006). I argue that reason ettehkey in an interrogative clause is externally merged in its checking position, Spec-CIntP, just like way (Ko 2006), whereas manner/instrumental ettehkey originates below NegP.
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MYCOCK, LOUISE. "The intonation of the Q-marking construction: A comparison of Hungarian and Slovenian." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 359–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226719000148.
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This paper examines the Q-marking construction: an interrogative construction in which a question phrase takes scope over a higher clause even though it appears in a lower clause. In this construction, the scope of a question phrase is extended by the presence of another word, the Q-marker, in a higher clause. While the syntax of this construction has been described and analysed in a number of works, its intonation is yet to receive commensurate attention. This paper presents data from two unrelated languages in which the Q-marking construction can be used to form questions: Hungarian and Slovenian. Data show that while the Q-marker shares properties with question words in Hungarian (they bear the same pitch accent), in Slovenian the Q-marker and question words bear distinct pitch accents. Furthermore, in Hungarian a direct intonational link exists between the Q-marker and a question phrase whose scope is extended, rather than an indirect one between the Q-marker and the entire lower clause in which the question phrase appears. The Slovenian data are compatible with the existence of either an indirect or a direct intonational link. These findings reveal hitherto unidentified dimensions of cross-linguistic variation, for which any analysis of the Q-marking construction must account.
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Hudiyono, Yusak, and Suhana Suhana. "Imperative Speech in Learning Process at TK Badak Mekar, Muara Badak, Kutai Kartanegara: A Pragmatic Analysis." CAKRAWALA LINGUISTA 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26737/cling.v1i1.489.
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<em><span lang="EN-US">This study aims to describe the speech of kindergarten teachers Badak Mekar, Muara Badak, Kutai Kartanegara covering (1) imperative form, (2) imperative politeness. Data analysis used conversational analysis with pragmatic analysis technique. The validity of the data is obtained through observational persistence and triangulation is done during the teaching process. Data collection is done by tapping technique (participant observation), recording techniques, and collect as many as 124 imperative speeches. The results of the first study (1), the imperative form in the speech of the kindergarten of the Badak Mekar kindergarten include (a) the most commonly found structural form is the non-transitive active and passive imperative and (b) the most commonly found pragmatic form is the imperative form (command construction). (2) Secondly, the imperative courtesy of the teacher's speech includes (a) the most commonly found linguistic politeness is a gentle word, a low tone of speech, and polite kinesics gestures, and (b) the most common pragmatic pronunciation is maxima consensus and there is also a combination of two to three maxims. Pragmatic pronunciation based on the most commonly found speech constructions is declarative and interrogative construction. </span></em>
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Shmeleva, Tatyana V. "Explanatory construction in the media language." Media Linguistics 7, no. 4 (2020): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu22.2020.401.
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The article considers the problem of functioning in the language of the media of the Russian explanatory structure. The study is based on the results of studying explanatory sentences in Russian syntactic science, which is reflected in the article as a brief history of their study. The study is based on observations of explanatory constructions in the language of various modern media presented on the Internet. As a starting point, it is argued that in order to solve a problem in a media text, it is necessary to distinguish between the text itself and the paratext, as well as the author’s beginning of the text. The study revealed that the explanatory structure acts as the headings of news texts, subheadings of author columns and interview leads. At the same time, news texts found a special type of speech news, the heading of which is an explanatory structure, and the author’s beginning is mainly verbs of speech. The most significant grammatical result is that the media language not only uses the entire repertoire of explanatory constructions known to the literary language, but also forms a number of spe cial constructions based on the reduction of various elements of the modus proposition and even its whole: these are constructions with a omitted modus predicate of the type “Author about the problem”, “author: replica”, as well as a predicative deliberation with interrogative pronouns like who, where, why, what, it is increasingly used as a heading in a number of pub lications. All these reduced constructions meet the conditions of media communication and genre differentiation of media texts. In addition, it has been shown that important textual and grammatical characteristics of the media text are set in the paratext.
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Tomioka, Satoshi. "Japanese embedded questions are nominal: Evidence from quantificational variability effect." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 36, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 121–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2019-2020.
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AbstractThe exhaustivity of an embedded interrogative sentence can be altered by the presence of an adverb in the matrix clause. This phenomenon, known as Quantificational Variability Effect (QVE), manifests itself in a peculiar way in Japanese. A QVE-inducing adverb can take the form of a numeral classifier that agrees with the embedded Wh-phrase. While a QVE-inducing numeral classifier appears to be associated with an embedded wh-phrase, it is not clear how such an association can be established. I argue that Japanese embedded questions are implicitly nominalized in the fashion similar to the internally-headed relative clause construction, and that the nominalized embedded questions are treated as concealed questions. The proposed analysis gives a very simple account for the puzzling QVE construction, as the floated quantifier structure with a concealed-question-denoting NP is commonplace. The paper examines a variety of phenomena, such as doubly headed relative clause structure and selectional restrictions on QVE, which support the nominal structure of Japanese embedded questions.
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Dombrowski, Andrew. "Multiple Relative Marking in 19th Century West Rumelian Turkish." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3322.
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<p>West Rumelian Turkish (WRT) refers to the dialects of Turkish spoken in the western Balkans. It is now spoken primarily in Macedonia and Kosovo, but was previously spoken more broadly in Bosnia, Greece, Albania, and Serbia. They differ from other dialects of Turkish in that they have been heavily affected by neighboring Indo-European languages like Serbian, Albanian, Aromanian, Romani, and Greek, and have undergone many of the changes characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund (Friedman 2003). In this paper, I present a pattern of multiply-marked relative clauses in Pulevski’s Turkish that has not been attested elsewhere in Turkic, in which relative clauses can be marked with one of six different combinations of overt participial morphology. I argue that this variation is caused by two factors: first, the fusion of the constructions {<em>ći</em> + finite verb} and {participle} into a new construction {<em>ći</em> + participle} and second, the introduction of relative marking using the interrogative ‘which’ based on models in surrounding Indo-European languages.</p>
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Jakielaszek, Jarosław. "„Nescit quo flectere puppem" (Corippi Johan. I 273). Hipoteza kontaminacyjna." Vox Patrum 48 (June 15, 2005): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.8721.
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The paper examines a Late Latin construction consisting of a relative or an interrogative pronoun followed by a bare infinitive. It has been often proposed that the syntactic structure of such sentences results from a contamination of two distinct clause types. This paper proposes an analysis in terms of the Minimalist framework, rejecting the traditional approach and explaining syntactic and semantic properties of the structure on the basis of mechanisms independently motivated for other Latin structures. The surface shape of such clauses is argued to result from changes in morphological parameters. The analysis provides therefore support for the thesis that language change involves primarily the morphological module, which remains the main locus of diachronic and synchronic variation.
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Picard, Marc. "Aspects synchroniques et diachroniques du tu interrogatif en québécois." Revue québécoise de linguistique 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602737ar.
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Résumé Les clitiques et les affixes, comme on l’a souvent observé, proviennent d’anciens morphèmes lexicaux. En français, une particule interrogative s’est développée d’une façon tout à fait inusitée, c’est-à-dire à partir de la fusion de la consonne finale d’un verbe avec le pronom de la troisième personne du singulier, et cet élément s’est propagé graduellement aux autres personnes sous l’effet de divers processus phonologiques, syntaxiques et analogiques. Bien que ce ti soit devenu obsolète en français hexagonal, son substitut tu est toujours très vivant en français canadien, la construction sujet + verbe + tu s’avérant la façon la plus usuelle de formuler des interrogations fermées dans ce dialecte. En dépit de tout ce qu’on sait sur l’histoire de ce morphème, cependant, on n’en est pas encore arrivé à en déterminer le statut grammatical précis. Or les critères que l’on a proposés depuis quelques années pour distinguer entre les clitiques et les affixes semblent indiquer que ce morphème est effectivement un suffixe.
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Skripnik, Kseniya, Anna Gerasimova, Irina Belyaeva, and Ekaterina Kovsh. "Modal characteristics of advertising slogans in English and Chinese." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128408003.
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The present work explores the modal architectonics of the advertising slogan as a type of microtext in English and Chinese. The authors attempted to describe the basic markers of the text category of modality. According to this data we could carry out the linguistic analysis of the selected language material. The main language models of English and Chinese advertising slogans are revealed, such as: slogan-axiom, slogan-commissive, slogan-directive, slogan-interrogative and slogan-qualitative. As the result of the study, we have revealed and distinguished a list of invariant features such as: modal determination, one-system modal construction, monomodality, heterogeneity of language means. They are used to construct a text category of modality in this type of the microtext in the English and Chinese languages, in general, and for each language model, in particular.
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Kim, Huitae. "A Principled Explanation on the Motivation of Wh-Movement and Its Look-ahead in the Successive Cyclic Interrogative Wh-Construction." NEW STUDIES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE & LITERATURE 70 (August 31, 2018): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21087/nsell.2018.08.70.247.
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Dulaj, Fridrik. "Syntactic Issues of the Dialect of Rohovec and Its Surrounding Area." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0058.
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In Albanian dialectology, research in the field of syntax is scarce. The authors of ADGJSH (Dialectological Atlas of the Albanian language) had researched the fields: phonetics, morphology, lexicon, but had left out syntactic issues. The purpose of this paper is to review syntactic issues from the dialect of the Rahovec area. The study was conducted in the municipality of Rahovec, with special emphasis on the dialect of Ratkoc, Krushe and Rahovec. The issues that have been elaborated within this research are the syntactic constructions: the noun “people” (njerëzia), the preposition” “in”(në) and “above”(mbi), the particle “with”(me), the preposition” “of/ by”(prej), the preposition “from”(nga), the preposition “in”(n), the preposition“ through ” / beyond ”(tej/përtej), the short form“ me ”(më), the conjunction“ how ”or“ how much ”, the semi-auxiliary verb“ start, begin and catch”, the verbs“ have and to be”, the conjunctions“ just, or, otherwise, or ... or". The results also show that in many cases interrogative sentences are used without the presence of the adjunct of place and in many cases, we use foreign words and distortions in sentence construction. Based on the results, we can say that the dialect of Rahovec is quite rich in syntactic constructions. Prospective researchers may have issues that have never been addressed before in this region.
Received: 2 February 2021 / Accepted: 29 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Branchini, Chiara, Anna Cardinaletti, Carlo Cecchetto, Caterina Donati, and Carlo Geraci. "wh-duplication in Italian Sign Language (LIS)." Sign Language Syntax from a Formal Perspective 16, no. 2 (December 12, 2013): 157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.16.2.03bra.
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This paper focuses on those wh-questions in Italian Sign Language (LIS) featuring two lexically identical wh-signs. We show that wh1 (the first wh in linear order) is shorter than wh2 (the second wh in liner order). However, there is evidence that this different duration is due to a phrase-final lengthening, as wh2 occupies a sentence-final position. We therefore conclude that the two wh-signs are identical full copies: one sitting in Spec,CP on the right in LIS and the other one sitting in Spec,FocP on the left. We show that this construction yields a (focused) cleft question interpretation and we speculate that both copies are phonologically realized because the wh-signs in Spec,CP and Spec,FocP are the heads of two distinct chains. Finally, we distinguish identical wh-duplication from improper wh-duplication, namely cases where one of the two wh-elements is what we call qartichoke, an underspecified interrogative sign only surfacing in wh-questions.
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Strik, Nelleke, and Ana T. Pérez-Leroux. "Jij doe wat girafe?" Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1, no. 2 (April 29, 2011): 175–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.1.2.03str.
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In this study we consider the role of cross-linguistic influence in the domain of wh-movement and subject-verb inversion in children simultaneously acquiring Dutch and French, two typologically different languages. Wh-questions were elicited in Dutch by means of an elicited production task. The participants consisted of 5- and 7-year-old Dutch-French bilingual children, and two control groups of monolingual Dutch children and adults (N = 46). Target-like wh-fronted questions with subject-verb inversion formed the majority of responses. However, two qualitatively different structures were produced as a result of transfer from French: wh-in-situ questions and wh-fronted questions without inversion. Structural overlap approaches to transfer can predict cross-linguistic influence from the language with more structural options (French) to the one with only one interrogative construction (Dutch). However, we argue that a complexity-based theory of transfer provides a better account for the presence of the attested structures than a structural overlap approach.
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Yu, Guodong, and Paul Drew. "role of búshì (??) in talk about everyday troubles and difficulties." East Asian Pragmatics 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2017): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eap.34673.
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In this article, búshì in Mandarin Chinese is divided into Type 1 default use, that is, the negation bú shì, and the Type 2 marked use, that is, the confirmation búshì. These two different uses of búshì are different in their semantic meaning and pragmatic functions no matter whether they take the form of or are embedded in declarative or interrogative grammatical constructions. It is demonstrated that Type 2 búshì in declaratives is in fact a practice that enables its speaker to fulfil the task of premonitoring or telling an everyday trouble or problem, and, furthermore, analysis is done to find out how the co-participants respond, hence working together with trouble tellers to form a specific sequence organisation of everyday trouble alluding or reporting in Mandarin Chinese. Specifically, the troubles talk signalled or reported by búshì falls into two kinds. In one kind, búshì-containing turn construction units (TCUs) only alert or signal to recipients that a trouble may be forthcoming. In the other kind, the búshì-containing TCUs are themselves explicit reportings or tellings about a trouble. These two kinds of búshì-containing TCUs lead to different sequence organizations: the former develops into a full elaboration of the volunteered troubles, and the latter continues with solutions to the troubles. The present study contributes to understanding Mandarin grammar from a functional perspective.
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Nakamura, Takuya, and Christiane Marque-Pucheu. "La construction à un point X en relation avec l’exclamative en à quel point." SHS Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 12014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184612014.
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Dans cette étude préalable à une description plus générale des exclamatives en à quel point (AQP), nous examinons les distributions des SP à un point X (AUPX) comportant un déterminant indéfini. Ces derniers doivent sous-tendre AQP exclamatif (et interrogatif) selon une hypothèse présuppositionelle sur les phrases interrogatives et exclamatives mettant en jeu un élément Qu- (cf. Michaelis & Lambrecht). Nous démontrons que, contrairement à la distribution générale de quel, AQP ne possède que l’emploi exclamatif indirect, excluant l’exclamatif direct et les interrogatifs direct et indirect, ce qui va à l’encontre du jugement d’acceptabilité de linguistes comme J.-C. Milner. Les syntagmes AUPX reliés au syntagme AQP expriment exclusivement le haut degré, en raison 1) du sens lexical de « seuil/limite » que le nom point y revêt et 2) d’un paradigme de modifieurs qui exclut une variation libre, condition préalable de la question en quel. Ils peuvent être considérés comme une construction. Ces modifieurs (adjectif ou relatif), en distribution complémentaire avec une forte intonation exclamative, décrivent l’incrédulité ou l’indicibilité du locuteur, traduisant son appréciation subjective vis-à-vis du haut degré. Ils constituent souvent le prédicat principal d’une exclamative indirecte. AQP n’est alors qu’une variante syntaxique subordonnée d’AUPX.
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Sakhiyya, Zulfa. "NEGOTIATING SOCIAL IDENTITY THROUGH QUESTIONS IN CASUAL CONVERSATIONS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 6, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v6i2.4916.
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Questioning is a potential means to establish identity in social interaction, and thus it helps position oneself in relation to others. However, this relationship between question and social identity remains relatively under-explored in the theoretical territory (Kao & Weng, 2012; Tracy & Naughton, 1994). This paper contributes to this area of inquiry by employing critical discourse analysis in investigating the construction and negotiation of social identity through questions. Data are drawn from four sets of casual conversations I conducted with two native and two non-native speakers of English. Two stages of analysis are carried out. Firstly, I present and distribute the questioning patterns that emerge from the conversation. Secondly, I analyse the questioning process and its relation to the negotiation of social identity. Findings and discussion reveal that social identity is multiple: as a site of struggle and subject to change. The negotiation of identity through questions is evident from the emerging patterns of the length of interrogative form, repetitive questions, and the intensity of social control.
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Chejnová, Pavla. "Acquisition of adverbs and pronominal adverbs in a Czech child." Topics in Linguistics 18, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/topling-2017-0003.
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Abstract This article addresses the acquisition of adverbs in a Czech monolingual boy from speech onset until age 6. This study is based on an analysis of authentic material: a corpus of transcriptions of audio recordings of the child in verbal interaction with adults, and diary records. The acquisition sequence and adverbial type frequency were analysed. The boy acquired adverbs of place first; although direction was acquired before location, location became more frequent. Adverbs relating to time were developed second, and location in time and repetition were the most frequent temporal aspects. Adverbs of degree followed; adverbs related to high degree were more frequently expressed than adverbs related to low degree. Adverbs of manner appeared last, in which adverbs related to a broader evaluative sense prevailed. Adverbs related to cause were manifested mostly by the interrogative proč / why. Interrelation between the acquisition of nominal and verbal categories was found: when the child acquired the category of nominal case and was able to use the construction of preposition + noun, the percentage of adverbs of place decreased. When he acquired the verbal aspect, the percentage of adverbs related to time decreased.
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Fischer, Markus. "Zweifelsfall: zweifeln im Deutschen." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 30 (January 1, 2003): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.30.2003.179.
Full textAbstract:
Two main types of sentences are traditionally distinguished in the context of semantic theories of questions and answers: declarative sentences, corresponding to statements, and interrogative sentences, corresponding to questions. The interrogative forms can be further subdivided into dialectical ones (yes-no-questions) and non-dialectical ones (constituent questions). These distinctions are made for both root and embedded sentences. The predicates that select sentential complements fall into three classes: predicates that license only declaratives, those that allow only for interrogatives, and those that embed both types of sentences. In this connection, verbs of doubt are interesting in that they allow for declaratives as well as dialectical interrogatives, while non-dialectical interrogatives do not seem to be appropriate complements.
In what follows, our main concern will be with the German verb of doubt zweifeln and its possible sentential complements. Speaker intuitions as to which constructions are grammatical or acceptable vary, particularily with respect to rare expressions like zweifeln. Therefore, interviews and corpus analysis were applied as a means to acquire reliable linguistic data. These as well as data from historical sources and from some languages other than German (esp. English and Italian) are presented and analysed. In the last section, based on the notion of ‘subjective probability’, an attempt is made at explaining the observations.
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Michaelis, Laura A., and Hanbing Feng. "What is this, sarcastic syntax?" Constructions and Frames 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 148–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.7.2.01mic.
Full textAbstract:
This study considers sarcasm as a linguistic genre, and explores the use of constructions to capture conventions of sarcastic speech. It does so by examining the English Split Interrogative (SI), e.g., What are you, a senior?, What is this, Spain? We argue that lexical, syntactic and semantic idiosyncrasies of SI require us to recognize it as a distinct grammatical construction with two related conversational functions. In its basic, or sincere, function, SI is a collateral-track signal in terms of Clark & Fox Tree 2002: it comments on ongoing performance by (a) indexing the user’s effort to attach the right value to a property variable in a contextually salient open proposition and (b) proposing the result of that effort. In its secondary, or sarcastic, function, SI expresses a dissociative Doppelurteil, or double judgment. Just as topic-comment utterances involve two communicative acts — acknowledging a particular entity as a locus of inquiry and attributing a property to that entity — sarcastic SI makes a judgment about the present situation — it’s the inverse of the expected one — and offers an assessment of what makes it so: the value of the wh-variable (a variable over people, places, things, reasons, etc.) is extreme on some contextually available scale. We postulate that the sarcastic function is a conventionalized (or short-circuited) conversational implicature (in terms of Morgan 1978). Certain divergent syntactic properties support the view that SI is ambiguous with respect to sincere and sarcastic senses. We thus view SI as a case in which what started as a rhetorical gambit has become conventionalized into a rhetorical figure (Kay 1997).