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Journal articles on the topic 'Intersex children'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Breen, Claire, and Katrina Roen. "The Rights of Intersex Children in Aotearoa New Zealand." International Journal of Children’s Rights 31, no. 3 (September 12, 2023): 533–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-31030001.

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Abstract The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has recommended that Aotearoa New Zealand ban unnecessary and unconsented surgery on intersex children. Yet, the overall number of surgeries being undertaken on the genital and reproductive organs of children remains largely unchanged. Neither is it clear how many surgeries were undertaken on intersex children and what information and explanations were given to children and their families as to why the surgery was necessary. Culturally sensitive, medical, psychosocial and legal research must inform decision-making around surgical interventions on children with variations in sex characteristics, in order to realise the rights of intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand.
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2

Horowicz, Edmund M. "Intersex children: Who are we really treating?" Medical Law International 17, no. 3 (September 2017): 183–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968533217726109.

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3

Kamazima, Switbert Rwechungura. "Intersexuality: What Parents, Guardians and Communities Should Know and Do to Care and Protect Infants and Children Born with Intersex Variations’ Rights in Tanzania." EAS Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences 5, no. 06 (November 14, 2023): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjpbs.2023.v05i06.002.

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Tanzania lags behind in the course of ending stigma and discrimination against persons born with intersex variations. To date, the Tanzania Government has not enacted any law outlawing cosmetic surgeries, stigma and discrimination against persons born with intersex variations as per demands and calls from, among others, The First African Intersex Meeting, 2017 and The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 2023. Undoubtedly, this legal/policy silence is not at all unprejudiced. It facilitates harmful practices to take place unnoticed and uncontrolled. Primary and specialized healthcare providers, parents, traditional and religious leaders, therefore, continue performing harmful normalization surgeries and treatment, tradition-led mutilations and killings of infants and children born with intersex variations. In this context, I use scanty evidence available in the country and experience from other parts of the globe to highlight on what parents, guardians and communities should know and do to care and protect infants and children born with intersex variations’ human and citizenship rights in Tanzania. I recommend parents, guardians and community members to better understand who infants and children born with intersex variations are and their (health) needs. Intersex variations are not disorders requiring immediate or emergency (medical) interventions. ‘Normalization’ surgeries should wait until the children are mature enough to make informed consent to alter their physical appearances. Whenever possible, parents and guardians should seek, share support and correct intersex information from parents/guardians with similar experiences and adult persons born with intersex variations, media, internet and intersex-led groups and organizations and institutions within and outside Tanzania. Importantly, parents, guardians, persons born with intersex variations, intersex movements, activists and persons born with intersex variations-led organizations should ........
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4

Jones, Melinda. "Intersex Genital Mutilation – A Western Version of fgm." International Journal of Children’s Rights 25, no. 2 (August 8, 2017): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02502008.

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Children around the world are subjected to genital mutilation, which constitutes a serious breach of the rights of the child. When procedures are carried out on girl children in countries such as Africa, the Middle East and the Philippines, the practice is called Female Genital Mutilation or fgm. Although the term fgm involves a vast range of rituals from extremely invasive to quite minor, it is universally decried as an abhorrent social practice for which there should be zero tolerance. Yet intersex children in the West are subjected to equivalent treatment, and their plight has been ignored or endorsed. In the last few years, the practice has begun to be seen as a form of cruel and unusual treatment, possibly constituting torture. Now referred to as Intersex Genital Mutilation or igm, it is argued that this is a cultural practice equivalent to fgm and that advocates of children’s rights should work to prevent the abuse of intersex children.
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5

Abrosimova, Daria, and Martin Gramc. "Matter over Mind. What Support for Families with Intersex Children Exist?" Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.05.

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"The complex treatment of intersex people in medicine has for too long neglected the support for their families. Decision-making process included parental concerns and wishes, but the emotional and peer support of families with intersex people may not always be provided. We investigate access and availability of psychological and peer support for families with intersex children. Even though the 2005 Consensus statement on DSD strongly recommended new protocol in which families should be provided psychological and peer support during decision-making process, we claim that this is still not the case. Even if there is a psychologist or psychiatrist in the multidisciplinary team during the process, that does not mean that families are provided with psychological support. Based on the scoping review method we want to identify existing professional-peer support and intervention tools for parents with intersex children. We investigate the implementation strategies for professional psychosocial interventions and examine the literature assessing their effectiveness. Our claim is that psychological and peer support are not fully implemented in the treatment process of intersex people, because the role of psychologist, psychiatrist or peer groups is seen as secondary in comparison to the one on surgeons within the multidisciplinary team of medical professionals. This leads to lack of psychosocial and peer support and to mental distress of families and their intersex children. "
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6

Kamazima, Switbert Rwechungura. "Intersexuality: What Primary and Specialized Healthcare Providers Should Know and Do to End Cosmetic and Harmful Medical Practices on Infants and Children Born with Intersex Variations in Tanzania." EAS Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 5, no. 05 (October 8, 2023): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjnm.2023.v05i05.004.

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The Public Statement by the African Intersex Movement, 2017 extends demands to end discrimination against persons born with intersex variations in Africa through legislative and other means. Comestic, irreversible and harmful medical and clinical procedures infants and children born with intersex variations have been subject to include unconsented and medically unnecessary surgeries, mutilation and sterilization that cause irreversible physical and psychological harm. I demonstrate, Tanzania a signatory to The Human Rights Charter is mandated to follow the same route to ensure persons born with intersex variations live and enjoy the right to quality and equitable health and healthcare available without discrimination. To date, however, it is unclear what measures Tanzanian government has taken to prohibit medically unnecessary surgeries and procedures on infants and children born with intersex variations. Similarly, no enacted law banning harmful medical and clinical variations on infants and children born with intersex variations in this country; suggesting violation of intersex rights is ongoing. Data presented in this paper come from desk research I conducted on intersexuality in Tanzania and beyond. I conclude awareness of intersex conditions is increasing among researchers, persons born with intersex variations, parents/guardians, activists and the media. This increase would come with increasing horror, which may stimulate legal reform. I recommend primary and specialized care providers, and the Tanzania government in particular, ought not to wait for this dishonor to surface — rather should act now to end cosmetic and harmful surgeries and protect vulnerable infants and children born with intersex variations in this country.
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7

Reis, Elizabeth. "Prescribing the Binary for Intersex (and Transgender) Children." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 65, no. 2 (March 2022): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2022.0027.

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8

Reis, Elizabeth. "Prescribing the Binary for Intersex (and Transgender) Children." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 65, no. 2 (March 2022): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2022.0027.

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9

Parlett, Kate, and Kylie-Maree Weston-Scheuber. "Consent to Treatment for Transgender and Intersex Children." Deakin Law Review 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2004): 376–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2004vol9no2art250.

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More than a decade has passed since the landmark High Court decision in Marion’s Case,1 where the Court authorised the sterilisation of a young woman who suffered from a disability. Recently, the principles established in that case were applied by the Family Court in a different context – for the provision of hormonal treatment for a 13 year old child,2 some aspects of which are irreversible. Previously, the Family Court had authorised gender reassignment surgery for a child suffering from a physical, congenital condition,3 but notably in Re Alex, the subject child suffered no identified physical condition indicating treatment, but from an identified psychological condition, gender identity dysphoria. This article considers the issues raised by recent applications of the principles relating to the capacity of children to consent to medical treatment, including the decision in Re Alex and the application of those principles to transgender and intersex children. While not all children or adults who identify as transgender or intersex choose the long and difficult path of gender reassignment, some will choose surgical gender reassignment or hormonal treatment at some stage of their lives. In cases where it is proposed that a minor undergo such treatment, the application of the principles of child consent poses particular difficulties.
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10

Thyen, Ute, Hertha Richter-Appelt, Claudia Wiesemann, Paul-Martin Holterhus, and Olaf Hiort. "Deciding on Gender in Children with Intersex Conditions." Treatments in Endocrinology 4, no. 1 (2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00024677-200504010-00001.

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11

Wright, N. B., C. Smith, A. M. K. Rickwood, and H. M. L. Carty. "Imaging children with ambiguous genialia and intersex states." Clinical Radiology 50, no. 12 (December 1995): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(05)83101-0.

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12

Garland, Fae, and Mitchell Travis. "Legislating intersex equality: building the resilience of intersex people through law." Legal Studies 38, no. 4 (September 27, 2018): 587–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2018.17.

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AbstractThis paper presents the findings from the first qualitative study to consider the relationship between intersex experience and law, representing a significant contribution to a currently under-researched area of law. Since 2013 there has been a global move towards the legal recognition of intersex, with Australia, Germany and Malta all using different techniques to construct and regulate intersex embodiment. This paper is the first to compare and problematise these differing legal approaches in the legal literature. In doing so it demonstrates that many of these approaches are grounded in ideas of formal equality that lead to the entrenchment of vulnerability and fail to build resilience for the intersex community. Through engagement with the intersex community a more contextual account of substantive equality is enabled, encouraging new approaches to law and social justice. Our qualitative study revealed that prevention of non-therapeutic medical interventions on the bodies of children was understood to be the key method to achieving equality for intersex embodied people. Whilst this is the cornerstone of intersex-led legislative reform, such an approach necessitates support through a mixture of formal and substantive equality methods such as anti-discrimination law, education and enforcement procedures. This paper concludes by offering a series of recommendations to legislators capable of enabling substantive intersex equality.
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13

Mills, Lize, and Sabrina Thompson. "Parental Responsibilities and Rights during the “Gender reassignment” Decision-making Process of Intersex Infants." International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 547–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02803005.

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Abstract It is estimated that approximately two million infants displaying intersex characteristics are born every year. Such children are often subjected to medical intervention during the early years of their lives since it is socially considered “necessary” to allocate a conclusive sex to an intersex child. Although it is broadly observed that there are only three instances where “gender re-assignment surgery” for intersex infants is medically necessary, the majority of surgeries are cosmetic, unnecessary and performed with the stated aim of making it easier for intersex children to grow up to be “normal”. Parents of intersex children are faced with the agonising choice as to whether or not to consent to their intersex baby undergoing sex alteration surgery. Relying predominantly on the information provided to them by medical experts, parents are not always fully informed as to the potential physical and psychological risks attached to this type of surgery at this time of children’s lives. This paper seeks to discuss the role and duty of parents during this decision-making process, by evaluating the obligations prescribed by Article 5 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child.
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14

Rajam, Shardha, and Atreyo Banerjee. "Right To Genital Integrity: Law, Limbo and The Status of Intersex Children in India." Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 42, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 130–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjgl.v42i2.9048.

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As the movement for recognizing queer rights in India gains momentum, it is critical to evaluate the rights of a particularly neglected group within the LGBTQIA+ community: intersex children. Since 2018, the Indian Supreme Court has decriminalized consensual adult same-sex relationships and has recognized the right to privacy—including decisional and bodily privacy—as a fundamental right guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. However, even after these crucial decisions, intersex children are still subject to medically unnecessary surgeries without their consent. Many suffer long term consequences from such disentitlement. In this Article we examine the rights of children from an ethical and legal perspective in the Indian context. Drawing on classical, feminist, and queer bioethics frameworks, we briefly review the ethical violations inherent in performing genital surgeries on intersex children without their consent. We analyze India’s international legal obligations and argue that those obligations fill a significant gap in India's jurisprudence on sexual minorities. We also analyze the domestic legal framework, studying key decisions of various high courts, including the Indian Supreme Court, that have recognized the right to self-determination of gender identity. Finally, we suggest possible alterations to the current legal framework that, if implemented, will help further legal recognition of the rights of intersex children.
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15

Czerwiec, Karolina. "Experiences of parents of an intersex child – A case study." Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny, no. 68/2 (December 3, 2022): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-6007.kp.2022-2.13.

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Intersexuality represents a wide range of rare congenital disorders with diverse pathophysiology which affect the development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex and which often require specialist help from the early childhood. The issue of intersexuality is rarely discussed outside the clinical environment. Meanwhile, the social situation of intersex people is often particularly difficult, which is largely due to ignorance and social unawareness about human biodiversity. Therefore, a pedagogical approach to these issues, taking into account the experiences of parents of intersex children, seems to be a necessity. The research aimed to identify and reconstruct parents’ experiences regarding the treatment of their intersex child. The study used the interpretative paradigm and the case study method, and it focused on the individual, future-oriented action and understanding of social interpretations. The findings show that parents of intersex children need the support of doctors, psychologists, family as well as safe social environment.
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16

Korotkova, Valeria M. "Intersex-children in a binary culture: The disadvantaged gender." Comprehensive Child Studies 3, no. 4 (2022): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33910/2687-0223-2021-3-4-353-359.

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17

Diamond, Milton, and Hazel G. Beh. "Changes in the management of children with intersex conditions." Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism 4, no. 1 (November 6, 2007): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0694.

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18

Lorenzetti, Anna. "Intersex in Italy: At the Source of the Complexity?" Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 18 (June 23, 2022): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v18.7082.

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Focusing on the Italian legal scenario, the paper examines medical practices that impose cosmetic surgeries on intersex children. Carried out with the aim of adjusting their genitalia to a perfect male or female body, these practices infringe upon the fundamental rights of the children subjected to them and demand new ways of protection. The paper explores the legal approaches that could be adopted to challenge them and to ensure the protection of children’s rights.
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19

Connor, Julie, and Cathy Atkinson. "An exploratory study of the retrospective educational experiences of young intersex adults." Educational and Child Psychology 39, no. 1 (March 2022): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2022.39.1.60.

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AimWhile there is increasing awareness of best practice in LGBT-inclusive education, little is known about the specific educational issues facing intersex individuals, and how the education system could be improved for this marginalised group.MethodThis paper reports an empirical study involving semi-structured interviews with two young intersex adults, to understand their retrospective, lived educational experiences and ascertain their views on improving educational practice around intersex issues.FindingsRelevant themes identified were knowledge and understanding, impact of diagnosis, information sharing, journey of identity acceptance, protective factors, and wellbeing.ImplicationsRecommendations are made regarding how schools and professionals might support intersex children and young people during their education.
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20

Connor, Julie, and Cathy Atkinson. "Educational psychologists’ experiences of supporting intersex children and young people." Educational Psychology in Practice 37, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2021.1890548.

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21

Cook, R. C. M. "Paediatric surgical principles in the management of children with intersex." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 20, no. 2 (April 1985): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(85)80346-8.

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22

Roen, Katrina. "Intersex embodiment: when health care means maintaining binary sexes." Sexual Health 1, no. 3 (2004): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04007.

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The treatments carried out with intersex children for the purpose of helping them live in a normatively gendered world have raised increasing levels of controversy in the past decade. This paper outlines key debates that are taking place highlighting the relevance of critical approaches to evidence. It points to the value of working across disciplines and epistemological frameworks in order to fundamentally re-think existing clinical practice in terms of ethical concerns and in terms of the reported experiences of intersex people.
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Czerwiec, Karolina. "Intersex child’s parents’ negative experiences – case study." Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja 21, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kse.2022.21.10.

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Intersexualism is often treated as a secret in medical and family systems. According to the thesis that intersex body is pathological and requires immediate surgical and hormonal regulation, intersex persons are subject to the process which involves rapid production of normative masculinity or femininity through invasive clinical practices. The goal of the study was to diagnose the experiences of parents of an intersex child with searching for support during the treatment for both the child and themselves. The study was conducted by means of individual semi-structured interview. The results are presented as a case study. It was shown that parents do not always receive the necessary social and medical support, and their children are treated as sensations and pathologies, regardless of the fact that empathy and acceptance are critical for making the right treatment-related decisions.
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24

DeLaet, Debra L., Brian D. Earp, and Elizabeth Mills. "Which Children Have Rights? The Child’s Right to Bodily Integrity and Protection Gaps for Children with Intersex Traits under International and National Laws." Amicus Curiae 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2024): 448–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/ac.v5i3.5706.

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This article examines protection gaps for children with intersex traits under international and national laws governing non-voluntary medicalized interventions into sexual anatomy. Various United Nations (UN) bodies, including the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and the Human Rights Council, have called for full acknowledgment and substantive protection of the rights of children with intersex variations—as with all children—to bodily integrity and (future) bodily autonomy in relation to their own sexed embodiment. However, these global norms generally have not been codified under international law, and most countries have not passed adequate, or any, legislation to secure these rights. We review relevant global norms, international human rights treaties and legislative developments in a range of countries to illustrate potential pathways for closing legal gaps in the protection of all children’s rights to bodily integrity and (future) bodily and sexual autonomy. Keywords: bodily integrity; children’s rights; gender binary; non-voluntary medical interventions; human rights; intersex.
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Morita, Ken, Katsuya Nonomura, Kaname Ameda, Hidehiro Kakizaki, Toshiki Koyama, Tetsufumi Yamashita, Masashi Murakumo, and Tomohiko Koyanagi. "Experience of Laparoscopic Exploration and Gonadectomy in lntersex Children." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 4, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.4.127.

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The use of laparoscopic technique to diagnose and treat intersex children is gradually introduced in clinical urology. From 1985 to 1996, abdominal exploration and gonadectomy were performed in 11 intersex children together with urogenital endoscopy and genitoplastic surgery in our institutes. Their median age was 6.0 (range 0–15) years old and initial gender sex was female in 8 and male in 3. The initial 4 cases (group 1) underwent open abdominal exploration together with gonadectomy, while the latter 7 cases (group 2) underwent laparoscopic exploration simultaneously with 3 laparoscopic gonadectomy and 1 open one via a inguinal incision. Their final diagnoses were male pseudohermaphroditism in 4 cases, mixed gonadal dysgenesis in 3, true hermaphroditism in 2, XX gonadal dysgenesis in 1, and XY gonadal dysgenesis in 1. Consequently, 2 of initial male were reared as a female. Operation time, use of analgesics, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative complications were not significantly different between the two groups, however, postoperative abdominal wound appearance was more acceptable in group 2. The most significant advantage of laparoscopic surgery in intersex children is cosmetic appearance especially when social gender is determined as female irrespective types of intersexuality.
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Fraser, Sylvan. "Constructing the female body: using female genital mutilation law to address genital-normalizing surgery on intersex children in the United States." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 9, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-05-2015-0014.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the harms suffered by intersex children who are subjected to medically unnecessary genital-normalizing surgery (GNS) and the possible applicability of statutes prohibiting female genital mutilation (FGM) to certain cases of GNS to redress this harm in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Consulting publications by medical researchers and intersex activists alike, this comment reviews the procedures undertaken as part of GNS (most commonly including clitoral reduction) and the reasons behind these procedures. It also parses the language of federal and state statutes prohibiting FGM in the USA. Findings – Surgical practices that include clitoral cutting when the procedure is not necessary to the health of the person on whom it is performed constitute FGM and are punishable under federal and certain state laws in the USA. GNS with clitoral reduction fits the definition of FGM because it is performed for cosmetic and social reasons, not medical necessity. Originality/value – Acknowledging GNS with clitoral reduction as FGM is a crucial strategy to ensure that female-assigned intersex children’s rights to bodily autonomy are protected to the same extent as non-intersex children’s rights. Intersex legal activists in the USA should press for enforcement of FGM statutes as to female-assigned intersex children until the medical practitioners who continue to defend and perform GNS see the procedures as illegal genital mutilation.
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Zavros-Orr, Agli. "Raising awareness and visibility of the ‘I’: An appraisal of curricula and its impact on children with intersex variations." Psychology of Sexualities Review 12, no. 1 (2021): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssex.2021.12.1.34.

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The intersex human rights movement has, to date, focused on advocating for greater understanding and changing practices in medical, legal and political spaces. Contemporary literature is beginning to explore how the health and wellbeing of people born with variations in sex characteristics are also impacted by educational discursive practices. In most instances, however, intersex remains invisible or poorly addressed in school curricula. Historically education, as understood through a broad definition of curricula, reflects prevailing societal perspectives and subsequently ideations about the body’s biology, sex, sex characteristics, gender and sexualities. This paper explores how curricula can be a means for productively and constructively learning about intersex that is inclusive of the intersex human rights movement, diversity of lived experience and identities.
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Ernst, Michelle M., Lih-Mei Liao, Arlene B. Baratz, and David E. Sandberg. "Disorders of Sex Development/Intersex: Gaps in Psychosocial Care for Children." Pediatrics 142, no. 2 (July 25, 2018): e20174045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-4045.

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Ramani, Pramila, Chung K. Yeung, and S. Sultan M. Habeebu. "Testicular Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia in Children and Adolescents with Intersex." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 17, no. 11 (November 1993): 1124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199311000-00005.

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Maharaj, N. R., A. Dhai, R. Wiersma, and J. Moodley. "Intersex Conditions in Children and Adolescents: Surgical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 18, no. 6 (December 2005): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2005.09.005.

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31

Lampalzer, Ute, Peer Briken, and Katinka Schweizer. "Psychosocial care and support in the field of intersex/diverse sex development (dsd): counselling experiences, localisation and needed improvements." International Journal of Impotence Research 33, no. 2 (March 2021): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41443-021-00422-x.

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AbstractFrom different sides, there is a call for better psychosocial care and counselling in the field of diverse sex development (dsd). However, studies on the specific demands, deficits and needed improvements regarding those services are rare. This exploratory online study aimed at investigating counselling experiences and the ideas that different groups of participants have concerning the localisation of counselling structures and improving care. Quantitative and qualitative data (N = 630) were analysed within a mixed methods framework. The participants included experts of experience resp. patients with different intersex/dsd conditions (n = 40), parents of children with dsd (n = 27), professional psychosocial counsellors (n = 321) and experts in the field including medical practitioners, psychologists, natural and social scientists as well as others involved, e.g., students or relatives (n = 56). The results show a gap between receiving psychosocial and medical care in the group of adult lived-experience experts, who had received less psychosocial care than medical interventions. The findings also reveal important tasks of psychosocial care. A focus was set on parental experiences. Helpful aspects reported were talking with other parents of children with intersex/dsd, aspects missed were assistance in supporting the individual development of their children. The majority of all participants (58%) held the view that, apart from multidisciplinary competence centres, there also have to be easily accessible counselling services which offer support in everyday life. The participants named increasing quality and quantity as necessary improvements in counselling structures for children and adults with intersex/dsd and their families. Implications are drawn for the specific tasks and target groups of psychosocial care and needed research in intersex healthcare over life span.
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De Clercq, Eva, and Jürg Streuli. "Special Parents for “Special” Children? The Narratives of Health Care Providers and Parents of Intersex Children." Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 9, no. 2 (2019): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nib.2019.0026.

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33

Morland, Iain. "Intersex Surgery between the Gaze and the Subject." TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 9, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23289252-9612781.

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Abstract This essay critiques the practice of childhood genital surgery for intersex/disorders of sex development. The essay draws on the sociology of perception and poststructuralist theory (in particular Jacques Lacan) to analyze the subject position offered by surgery as a function of the impersonal gaze that precedes subjectivity. Even though early surgery appears to be justified on the basis that children have an innate need to see sexual difference in order to identify as female or male, this argument in favor of surgery collapses when we recognize that sexual difference is not a thing that can be seen by any individual but a spacing between bodies that is apparent only to the gaze. The essay suggests additionally that intersex studies can collaborate with trans* studies to interrogate medicalization and consider sexual difference as multidimensional rather than binary.
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Diamond, Milton. "‘Is it a Boy or a Girl?’: Intersex Children Reshape Medical Practice." Science & Spirit 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/sspt.18.4.36-38.

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Janett, Mirjam, Andrea Althaus, Marion Hulverscheidt, Rita Gobet, Jürg Streuli, and Flurin Condrau. "Doctors, families and the industry in the clinic: the management of ‘intersex’ children in Swiss paediatric medicine (1945–1970)." Medical History 65, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 286–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.17.

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AbstractThis manuscript investigates clinical decisions and the management of ‘intersex’ children at the University Children’s Hospital Zurich between 1945 and 1970. This was an era of rapid change in paediatric medicine, something that was mirrored in Zurich. Andrea Prader, the principal figure in this paper, started his career during the late 1940s and was instrumental in moving the hospital towards focusing more on expertise in chronic diseases. Starting in 1950, he helped the Zurich hospital to become the premier centre for the treatment of so-called ‘intersex’ children. It is this treatment, and, in particular, the clinical decision-making that is the centre of our article. This field of medicine was itself not stable. Rapid development of diagnostic tools led to the emergence of new diagnostic categories, the availability of new drugs changed the management of the children’s bodies and an increased number of medical experts became involved in decision-making, a particular focus lay with the role of the children themselves and of course with their families. How involved were children or their families in an era widely known as the golden age of medicine?
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Kamazima, Switbert Rwechungura. "Intersexuality: The Role of Political Elite in Recognizing, Respecting, Protecting and Affirming Persons Born with Intersex Variations’ Human and Citizenship Rights in Tanzania." EAS Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies 5, no. 05 (September 28, 2023): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjhcs.2023.v05i05.005.

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Intersex’ is an umbrella for persons born with variations of sex characteristics which may not correspond with societal and medical expected ‘male’ or ‘female’ bodies. Persons with intersex variations, therefore, are born with physical or biological characteristics that do not fit the typical definition for ‘male’ or ‘female’. In this paper I establish that there is no vivacious evidence that the Tanzania Government has taken stern measures to end discrimination against persons born with intersex variations in the country, and to ensure the right of bodily integrity, physical autonomy and self-determination as per demands and calls by The UN Human Rights Declarations and Resolutions, The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 1993, The Malta Declaration, 2013, the World Intersex Fora (that took place between 2011 and 2017), The Public Statement by the African Intersex Movement, 2017, and The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 2023. Incontestably, awareness of intersex conditions and persons born with intersex variations’ human and citizenship rights is increasing among this population group, researchers, parents/guardians, activists and in the media in this country. Increase of awareness is likely to come with increasing revolt, which may provide the impetus for legal reform. The Tanzania government, therefore, ought not to wait for this ignominy to surface — rather should act now to end cosmetic and harmful surgeries and protect vulnerable infants and children born with intersex variations in this country.
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Garland, Fae, Michael Thomson, Mitchell Travis, and Joshua Warburton. "Management of ‘disorders of sex development’/intersex variations in children: Results from a freedom of information exercise." Medical Law International 21, no. 2 (June 2021): 116–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09685332211003636.

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Non-therapeutic medical interventions on the bodies of children born with disorders of sex development (DSD)/intersex variations have been subject to increasing critical scrutiny. In response to recent criticism directed at the United Kingdom, and early moves to consider reform, we report on a freedom of information exercise that sought to evaluate whether National Health Service England is meeting international standards on optimal clinical management of DSD/intersex variations. The study explored what medical protocols are being followed to help inform potential reform, particularly with regard to non-therapeutic surgery. While the exercise revealed limited examples of promising practice, current protocols in the majority of Trusts appear unlikely to meet the complex needs of these children. We identify areas where significant improvement is needed, including data management, consistency in guideline use, composition of multidisciplinary teams and addressing disciplinary hierarchies within teams. These concerns sharpen criticisms of the lack of recognition of children’s rights in this context.
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DeLaet, Debra L. "Genital Autonomy, Children’s Rights, and Competing Rights Claims in International Human Rights Law." International Journal of Children’s Rights 20, no. 4 (2012): 554–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-55680007.

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Claims that genital autonomy should be considered a human right call into question medically unnecessary genital alterations, including genital cutting of both boy and girl children, the forced or coerced circumcision of adults, and surgical alterations performed on the genitals of intersex children prior to the age of consent. To date, global norms suggest only a narrow applicability of any right to genital autonomy. International organizations, states, and non-governmental organizations increasingly condemn genital cutting of girls and women but generally tolerate both the genital cutting of boys and men and the surgical alteration of the genitals of intersex children. In examining assertions that genital autonomy should be considered a human right, the article considers competing rights claims, including religious and cultural rights, parental rights, and contending perspectives on health rights. Ultimately, this article highlights the limitations of international human rights law as a tool for promoting a right to genital autonomy.
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Vora, Komal A., and Shubha Srinivasan. "A guide to differences/disorders of sex development/intersex in children and adolescents." Australian Journal of General Practice 49, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-03-20-5266.

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40

James, Sule Ameh. "African Vernacular Symbols of Black Intersex Children in Sinethemba Ngubane's Installations (2007-2016)." African Arts 56, no. 2 (2023): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00707.

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Althaus, Andrea, Mirjam Janett, Jürg Streuli, Rita Gobet, and Flurin Condrau. "»Schnitt im Kopf«." WerkstattGeschichte 29, no. 84 (September 1, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/zwg-2021-840207.

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Abstract In the second half of the twentieth century, the Zurich Children’s Hospital (Kispi) developed into an internationally renowned treatment center for »intersexuality.« Children with ambiguous body-sexual characteristics were given there a clearly male or female identification by means of surgical interventions and/or hormone therapies. This study examines the question of how medical and family communication shaped the (narrated) experience of »intersex« treatments. Our analysis is based on nine oral history interviews with former Kispi patients. We show that communication in connection with the treatments was semi-tabooing and directive. We discuss the mode of communication in its social and medical-historical conditions (tabooing of the clitoris and »intersex,« paternalistic relationship between doctors and patients, concealment of »intersex« diagnoses as a doctrine), examine its biographical effects (ignorance of one’s own body, feelings of shame, stigmatization) and address individual processing strategies (breaking taboos, acquisition of knowledge).
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Müller, Jøsrn, and Niels E. Skakkebaek. "15 PREMALIGNANT HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE GONADS IN INTERSEX CHILDREN WITH A Y-CHROMOSOME." Pediatric Research 19, no. 6 (June 1985): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198506000-00035.

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Dunham, Yarrow, and Kristina R. Olson. "Beyond Discrete Categories: Studying Multiracial, Intersex, and Transgender Children Will Strengthen Basic Developmental Science." Journal of Cognition and Development 17, no. 4 (August 7, 2016): 642–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2016.1195388.

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Garland, Jameson, and Santa Slokenberga. "Protecting the Rights of Children with Intersex Conditions from Nonconsensual Gender-Conforming Medical Interventions: The View from Europe." Medical Law Review 27, no. 3 (December 13, 2018): 482–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwy039.

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Abstract Nonconsensual gender-conforming interventions on children with intersex conditions have recently come under sharp criticism from human rights authorities within the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European Union, which have identified these interventions as violating children’s rights to bodily integrity, privacy, and protection from violence, torture, and degrading treatment. Responding largely to requests for intervention from nongovernmental organizations, these authorities have called upon nations to reform their legal frameworks, both to prevent these rights violations and to redress them. To date, however, few nations have endeavored to prohibit nonconsensual gender-conforming procedures on children with intersex conditions, and none have enacted significant reforms of their frameworks to redress rights violations. This particular ‘compliance gap’ between human rights recommendations and law reform stems from a failure of national legal orders to formally recognize the scope of rights that are threatened by nonconsensual gender-conforming interventions—rights that are well-established as part of states’ positive obligations to prevent physical and psychological harm to children. This article, therefore, analyzes the nature of the rights at stake and the importance of reporting human rights violations to generate direct calls for reform wherever violations occur. The article further analyzes how developments in Europe may have special significance for legal framework reforms—particularly if they facilitate judicial actions against national authorities through the European Convention of Human Rights, which may serve as a model for litigation elsewhere.
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Roen, Katrina, and Rogena Sterling. "Boundaries of Parental Consent: The Example of Hypospadias Surgery." Social Sciences 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2023): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120677.

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Human rights organisations raise concerns about medical interventions on children with intersex variations, particularly when these interventions impinge on the child’s bodily autonomy and are without a sound biomedical basis. Psychosocial literature and legal literature have made very different contributions to thinking about the healthcare of people with intersex variations, but both literatures pay attention to the process of informing patients about elective interventions and the workings of consent. The present paper addresses the absence of dialogue across medical, legal, and psychosocial literatures on the surgical treatment of children with intersex variations. The analysis presented in this paper focusses on the assumptions underpinning the practice of allowing parents to consent on behalf of their children to elective surgery in the instance of hypospadias. In this paper, we (i) introduce consent from a medico-legal perspective, (ii) analyse selected documents (including medical, psychosocial, and human rights documents) in relation to the concept of parental consent on behalf of a child, and (iii) reconsider the current practice of inviting parents to give consent for elective genital surgery on infants. What emerges from our analysis is a picture of long-term relationships and interactions over time within which the consent process is located. The focus is not whether consent is granted, but whether free and informed consent is granted. This picture allows us to expand the understanding of “informed consent,” highlighting the importance of producing ethical interactions between health professionals and patients with the view that these relationships last for years. Understanding consent as a process, considering information as dynamic, partial, and negotiated, and understanding the doctor–patient interaction as relational might enable us to imagine the kind of informed consent process that genuinely works for everyone concerned. Our examination of selected legal, medical, and psychosocial texts raises doubt about whether current hospital practice meets the requirement of informed parental consent on behalf of children undergoing hypospadias surgery.
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McGee, Thomas. "‘Rainbow Statelessness’ — Between Sexual Citizenship and Legal Theory: Exploring the Statelessness–LGBTIQ+ Nexus." Statelessness & Citizenship Review 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 86–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr2001.115.

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This article responds to the literature gap within both discourses on ‘sexual citizenship’ and statelessness studies on the nexus between statelessness and sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (‘SOGIESC’). It explores the intersectional experiences of stateless lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer plus (‘LGBTIQ+’) individuals as well as circumstances in which discrimination on SOGIESC grounds can cause statelessness for LGBTIQ+ persons or their children. In addition to rare reports of arbitrary deprivation of citizenship from LGBTIQ+ persons, the non-recognition of post-transition statuses and intersex realities may lead to situations of statelessness. Finally, complex legislation and administrative practices around assisted reproductive technology — and especially international commercial surrogacy — can leave children born within ‘rainbow families’ at particular risk of statelessness. In arguing that a global nexus does indeed exist between SOGIESC and statelessness, this article calls for further empirical research in order to provide greater nuance and context-specific understandings of the intersectional experiences and causes of statelessness for LGBTIQ+ individuals around the world.
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Baird, Sophy. "The silence of the ‘I’: Legal and social implications of intersex genital mutilation of children." South African Journal on Human Rights 37, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2022.2030249.

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Duggan, Keely, and Donna McNamara. "The blurred distinction between therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical interventions for intersex children in Australia." Australian Journal of Human Rights 27, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.2021.1996202.

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49

Law, H., I. Mushtaq, S. Williams, M. Malone, and N. J. Sebire. "RISK OF GERM CELL MALIGNANCY IN CHILDREN WITH XY INTERSEX VERSUS ISOLATED CRYPTORCHIDISM BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY." Fetal and Pediatric Pathology 25, no. 2 (January 2006): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15513810600788780.

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50

Roen, Katrina, Claire Breen, and Ashe Yee. "Human Rights-Based Intersex Healthcare: Using Hospital Data to Quantify Genital and Reproductive Surgery on Children in Aotearoa New Zealand." Social Sciences 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2023): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120660.

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Medical intervention in the context of variations in sex characteristics (intersex variations) has been addressed by many academic disciplines, including medical research, human rights law, and psychosocial research, but few studies bring these diverse disciplines into substantive dialogue. Recent years have seen an increase in human rights statements about the indefensibility of some surgical interventions carried out on children with variations in sex characteristics. This has prompted attempts in some jurisdictions to move towards human rights-based healthcare for people with intersex variations. Such a move will require better dialogue across legal and health-related disciplines, as well as a clearer overview of which and how many surgical interventions are at issue. The present paper initiates the dialogue across disciplines and quantifies surgical interventions carried out on the sexual and reproductive organs of minors in Aotearoa New Zealand, over a five-year period. We suggest that, for the purpose of monitoring any shift towards human rights-based healthcare, national healthcare data will need to more clearly identify diagnoses and interventions relating to minors with variations in sex characteristics.
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