Journal articles: 'Intersex people'

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Lenhart, Erik. "People Born with Intersex Conditions." National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 15, no. 3 (2015): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ncbq201515344.

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Garland, Fae, and Mitchell Travis. "Legislating intersex equality: building the resilience of intersex people through law." Legal Studies 38, no. 4 (September 27, 2018): 587–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2018.17.

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AbstractThis paper presents the findings from the first qualitative study to consider the relationship between intersex experience and law, representing a significant contribution to a currently under-researched area of law. Since 2013 there has been a global move towards the legal recognition of intersex, with Australia, Germany and Malta all using different techniques to construct and regulate intersex embodiment. This paper is the first to compare and problematise these differing legal approaches in the legal literature. In doing so it demonstrates that many of these approaches are grounded in ideas of formal equality that lead to the entrenchment of vulnerability and fail to build resilience for the intersex community. Through engagement with the intersex community a more contextual account of substantive equality is enabled, encouraging new approaches to law and social justice. Our qualitative study revealed that prevention of non-therapeutic medical interventions on the bodies of children was understood to be the key method to achieving equality for intersex embodied people. Whilst this is the cornerstone of intersex-led legislative reform, such an approach necessitates support through a mixture of formal and substantive equality methods such as anti-discrimination law, education and enforcement procedures. This paper concludes by offering a series of recommendations to legislators capable of enabling substantive intersex equality.

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Winter Pereira, Luisa. "Intersex Legal activism. United Nations on the Human Rights of Intersex People." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 18 (June 23, 2022): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v18.7047.

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For some years now, two intersex associations, Brújula Intersex and Stop Intersex Genital Mutilation, have been coordinating the participation in evaluation processes of the rights of intersex people convened by the United Nations. This article will try to analyse the legal strategies of these two associations to obtain the condemnation of several states by the United Nations. The ultimate goal is to draw a common thread of life stories, functioning of medical devices, silencing by governmental authorities, and possibilities for intersex people's agency.

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Wang, Thelma. "Trans as Brain Intersex." TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 9, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23289252-9612795.

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Abstract There is an abundance of neuroscientific research seeking to pin down the origins of transgender people's gender identity in the brain. The established premise is that transgender people have a brain structure more in line with the sex group with which they identify than the one they are assigned to at birth. Transgender is imagined as a form of intersexuality—but of the brain, rather than the genitalia. This article aims to critically interrogate the neuroscientific notion of transgender as brain intersex by situating the neuroscientific understanding of trans people within the genealogy of the medical management of transgender and intersex people. The study also examines how medical authority consolidates itself through the “trans-intersex nexus”—a mechanism in which trans and intersex people are placed in a relationship of simultaneous separation and reinforcement under the control of medical knowledge and technologies.

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Malik, Chessana. "Self, Community, and the State among Intersex People in India." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2023): 1020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23902145639.

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Marinus, Mir Abe, and Marianne Cense. "A Life Course Perspective on the Sexual Development of Young Intersex People." Healthcare 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2024): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12020239.

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Previous research has indicated that intersex people face specific challenges in their sexual development, including uncertainties or confusion about their gender, a negative genital self-image, and hesitance to engage in romantic and sexual relationships. However, in-depth knowledge regarding a central period in this development, adolescence, is missing. In our qualitative study, we explore which factors influence the relational and sexual development of intersex youth and what elements contribute to positive development. We interviewed eighteen intersex persons aged 18–38. We identified three main themes: (1) intersex experiences, (2) the described sexual and relational life course, and (3) factors influencing a positive development. Our findings show that intersex youth face many obstacles in their relational and sexual development, many of which are related to healthcare. However, their life stories also illuminate how healthcare professionals, as well as parents, friends, partners, teachers, and others, can make a substantial difference in intersex lives by breaking normative, binary thinking on sex and gender.

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Simons, Jack D., Jose-Michael Gonzalez, and Melissa Ramdas. "Supporting Intersex People: Effective Academic and Career Counseling." Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling 14, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2020.1790465.

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Suess-Schwend, Amets. "Intersex Epistemologies? Reviewing Relevant Perspectives in Intersex Studies." Social Sciences 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2024): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060298.

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Over the last decades, intersex studies has achieved increasing development as a field of critical knowledge, in tight collaboration with discourses developed by intersex activism and human rights bodies. This paper proposes a self-reflexive review of epistemological perspectives in intersex studies within broader discursive fields, through a thematic analysis and comparative framing analysis. This analysis is based on a narrative literature review of academic contributions, activist declarations, and documents issued by human rights bodies conducted over the last decade as a work-in-progress project. Furthermore, it includes results of a scoping review of recent knowledge production in intersex studies carried out in Scopus within the subject area ‘social sciences’. This paper focuses on the analysis of the following epistemological perspectives: human rights frameworks, legal perspectives and citizenship theories, reflections on biopolitics, medicalization and iatrogenesis, sociology of diagnosis framework, depathologization perspective, respectful health care models, and reflections on epistemological, methodological, and ethical aspects. The literature review raises questions about the existence of specific intersex epistemologies in intersex studies, their interrelation with discourses contributed by intersex activism and human rights bodies, and the opportunities for a contribution of theory making in intersex studies to the human rights protection of intersex people.

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Pikramenou (Νικολέτα Πικραμένου), Nikoleta. "Should there be two genders? The case of intersex people." Bioethica 1, no. 1 (February 22, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bioeth.19563.

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Gender refers to all those social, cultural, and psychological traits which are linked to males and females through particular social contexts. Sex makes us male or female and gender makes us masculine or feminine. However, this relatively simple distinction masks a number of problems associated with its usage. It implies that all people can be conveniently placed into unambiguous “either–or” categories.Intersex people are born with characteristics that are in between male and female. Consequently, they often go through a lot of suffering because intersex infants are sometimes subjected to unnecessary medical or surgical treatment that is cosmetic rather that vital for health in order to fit in the gender binary model. Although at least one in every thousand people is born intersex, many countries do not acknowledge their existence. Their rights are also ignored because they don't fit into standard social and medical models.In this article, I will examine the negative effects of this gender binary distinction and justify my arguments by using the example of intersex people.

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Lewis, Mel Michelle. "Intersex Justice Pedagogy." TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 9, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23289252-9612921.

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Abstract This article coins the term Intersex Justice Pedagogy and outlines this practice as a decolonial and intersectional teaching and learning praxis that affirms bodily integrity and bodily autonomy as the practice of liberation for intersex people of color. The author examines the personal, political, and pedagogical exigency for a pedagogy that centers voices from overlapping and interlocking intersex, queer, trans, nonbinary, and feminist communities of color, and takes a critical approach to examining paradigms of power, sovereignty, and “the science of sex” in a social world. Using specific examples of texts and approaches to teaching and learning, this article inspires an examination of pedagogical approaches, not only to teaching intersex and trans studies, but also to teaching social justice, with an emphasis on bodily autonomy and bodily integrity from multiple disciplinary/interdisciplinary locations and perspectives.

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Chaves, Bruna Silveira, and Ludmila Mourão. "Intersex: bodies exclued in sport." Concilium 23, no. 5 (March 31, 2023): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-1067-23c73.

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This review study analyzes the relationships that emerge from the practice, over the years, of sex/gender verification policies, female eligibility regulations with hyperandrogenism and the rights of intersex people. It discusses the relationship between intersexuality and sport, a place that should promote equal opportunities and respect for individualities, but when dealing with intersex people, violates fundamental individual rights. The study follows a line of investigation that has historically approached the regulatory policies of athletic bodies, discusses some cases of emblematic excluded and investigated bodies in the history of sport, ending with an ethical analysis of the fact that bodies with intersex variations that do not fit the binary standards present in the sporting scenario are scrutinized and banned from competitions.

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Mestre, Yessica. "The Human Rights Situation of Intersex People: An Analysis of Europe and Latin America." Social Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070317.

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Today, intersex people of Europe and Latin America are subjected to different degrees of invisibility and discrimination for being part of bodily diverse communities. Thus, these experiences have been addressed as violations of intersex human rights. This research intends to explore intersex human rights across Europe and Latin America through a scoping review and legal research, including the review of activist documents. It seeks to study the experiences of violence suffered by intersex people, the role of states in promoting justice, and the possibilities offered by a human rights framework to guarantee a dignified life for bodily diverse communities. This research also illustrates that, although regional, cultural and social landscapes differ in both continents, intersex groups are subject to constant violations of their human rights, and they struggle for recognition and for their bodies to be respected outside the binary categories of sex and gender. Furthermore, European and Latin American states have made proven legislative advances that have led to the greater visibility of intersex people but also face remaining difficulties and gaps.

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Zeeman, Laetitia, and Kay Aranda. "A Systematic Review of the Health and Healthcare Inequalities for People with Intersex Variance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186533.

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Extensive research documents the health inequalities LGBTI people experience, however far less is known for people with intersex variation. This paper presents a review of intersex health and healthcare inequalities by evaluating research published from 2012 to 2019. In total 9181 citations were identified with 74 records screened of which 16 were included. A synthesis of results spans nine quantitative, five qualitative and two narrative reviews. Literature was searched in Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, PsycInfo and CINAHL. People with intersex variance experience a higher incidence of anxiety, depression and psychological distress compared to the general population linked to stigma and discrimination. Progressive healthcare treatment, including support to question normative binaries of sex and gender, aids understand of somatic intersex variance and non-binary gender identity, especially when invasive treatment options are avoided or delayed until individuals are able to self-identify or provide consent to treatment. Findings support rethinking sex and gender to reflect greater diversity within a more nuanced sex-gender spectrum, although gaps in research remain around the general health profile and the healthcare experiences of people with intersex variance. More large-scale research is needed, co-produced with peers who have lived experience of intersex variation to ensure policy, education and healthcare advances with greater inclusivity and ethical accountability.

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Bartolo Tabone, Claudia, Fae Garland, and Mitchell Travis. "Cultural Awareness of Intersex in Malta: Invisibility, Stigma and Epistemic Injustice." Social Sciences 13, no. 3 (March 6, 2024): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13030150.

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In 2015, Malta introduced ground-breaking legal reform designed to protect the bodily integrity of intersex infants in Malta. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals, lawyers, policy-makers and advocates, this article considers the extent to which this reform has improved the cultural visibility and recognition of intersex people in Malta. Engaging with literature on epistemic injustice, this article provides new evidence for a cultural silence around intersex bodies that operates not only at a level of public knowledge but also at the individual and institutional levels. Our findings relate to three categories of visibility: political, cultural and medical. While the political visibility of intersex was an important factor in the introduction and shape of law reform in Malta, our respondents felt that the legislation had had very little effect on public understandings and familiarity with intersex issues. Moreover, respondents felt that many intersex people would be unlikely to know that they were intersex due to the limited conceptual and critical resources available to them: issues such as stigma and shame further encourage the epistemic silencing of intersex issues. The lack of cultural and medical visibility has significantly limited both the intended and hoped-for effect of the legislation. The article considers the broader implications of these results beyond Malta for those seeking to use the law to improve the lived experiences of intersex people.

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Rowlands, Sam, and Jean-Jacques Amy. "Preserving the reproductive potential of transgender and intersex people." European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2017.1422240.

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Tinney, Jean, Briony Dow, Phillip Maude, Rachel Purchase, Carolyn Whyte, and Catherine Barrett. "Mental health issues and discrimination among older LGBTI people." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 9 (January 9, 2015): 1411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214002671.

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LGBT is an acronym used to describe people from diverse sexual orientation or gender identity, people that are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. LGBT people do not constitute a single group nor does each individual “group” constitute a homogeneous unity. However, as higher rates of depression and/or anxiety have been observed in older LGBT people, compared to their heterosexual counterparts (Guasp, 2011) there is a need to raise the profile of mental health issues amongst these groups. The additional letter I is also often included in the acronym LGBTI as intersex people are often included as another gender diverse group. However, there is very little research that includes intersex people and none on older intersex people's mental health so this editorial is restricted to consideration of older LGBT people.

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Moreno-Begines, María de las Nieves, Almudena Arroyo-Rodríguez, Álvaro Borrallo-Riego, and María Dolores Guerra-Martín. "Intersexuality/Differences of Sex Development through the Discourse of Intersex People, Their Relatives, and Health Experts: A Descriptive Qualitative Study." Healthcare 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040671.

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Intersex/differences of sex development (DSD) conditions are divergences among genitalia, gonads, and chromosome patterns. These variances have been present for millennia and socially defined according to the cultural system established. The aim of this study is to describe the perspectives of adult intersex/DSD people, their relatives, and intersex/DSD expert professionals in Spain. A descriptive qualitative study design was adopted. The study was carried out in several locations in Spain. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted and addressed to 12 participants (4 intersex/DSD people, 3 relatives, and 5 professional experts). A total of 4 spheres, 10 categories, and 26 subcategories were obtained. The number of verbatims obtained in each of the spheres described were intersex/DSD as a community (n = 54), health sphere approach (n = 77), law sphere approach (n = 12), and psychosocial approach (n = 73). Regarding intersex/DSD as a community sphere, there is a clear need of promoting education on sex and body diversity. With respect to the health sphere, it is mentioned the inadequacy of services and how this has a negative impact on the health of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the law sphere, it is highlighted the need of designing legislations at a national level which protect and defend the rights of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the psychosocial sphere, these people suffer from social isolation, secrecy, shame, self-identity questioning, and mental disorders that negatively impact their quality of life.

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Hina Naz and Saima Manzoor. "Analyzing Jameson’s Double Consciousness in the Novel “Confessions of a Teenage Hermaphrodite”." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication 07, no. 01 (March 8, 2023): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v07-i01-11.

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Intersex individuals are grieved with elimination and deprivation. It has been a general observation that they are destined to remain unknown or low-caste. The societies do not provide them the opportunities to fulfill their basic needs, but rather add to their miseries and despairs. The present study tends to analyze the role of other people in the growth of double consciousness of intersex through the application of Du Bois’ (1903) theory of Double Consciousness on the intersex character of Jameson from the novel “Confessions of a Teen Age Hermaphrodite”. By adopting the qualitative approach and through textual analysis, the study interestingly highlighted that not only harsh, rigid, and degrading attitudes but sometimes care and affection of people also cause double consciousness of intersex. Moreover, it was also noted that some people do not deliberately become the source of intersex’ double consciousness, it is done unintentionally. Keywords: Double Consciousness, Intersex, Confessions of a Teen Age Hermaphrodite

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Frisby, Naomi. "The Hidden Sex: Representations of Intersex People in Circus and Sideshow Novels." Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network 10, no. 3 (October 17, 2017): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31165/nk.2017.103.512.

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Despite being the hidden sex in society, intersex people with ambiguous genitalia are visible in a number of circus and sideshow novels. These characters are often used as plot devices, performing a stable gender identity whilst concealing their intersex status for the sake of the plot. They are portrayed as deceptive and licentious, their identities placing them outside of the sex and gender binaries and leaving them dehumanised. It is only in Pantomime by Laura Lam that the possibility of an alternative portrayal is glimpsed, although questions regarding the sex and gender binaries and non-normative sexuality remain.

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Abrosimova, Daria, and Martin Gramc. "Matter over Mind. What Support for Families with Intersex Children Exist?" Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.05.

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"The complex treatment of intersex people in medicine has for too long neglected the support for their families. Decision-making process included parental concerns and wishes, but the emotional and peer support of families with intersex people may not always be provided. We investigate access and availability of psychological and peer support for families with intersex children. Even though the 2005 Consensus statement on DSD strongly recommended new protocol in which families should be provided psychological and peer support during decision-making process, we claim that this is still not the case. Even if there is a psychologist or psychiatrist in the multidisciplinary team during the process, that does not mean that families are provided with psychological support. Based on the scoping review method we want to identify existing professional-peer support and intervention tools for parents with intersex children. We investigate the implementation strategies for professional psychosocial interventions and examine the literature assessing their effectiveness. Our claim is that psychological and peer support are not fully implemented in the treatment process of intersex people, because the role of psychologist, psychiatrist or peer groups is seen as secondary in comparison to the one on surgeons within the multidisciplinary team of medical professionals. This leads to lack of psychosocial and peer support and to mental distress of families and their intersex children. "

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Kirjava, S. A. "Parallels in the medicalization of people who are intersex and people who are deaf." Ethics, Medicine and Public Health 24 (October 2022): 100814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemep.2022.100814.

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Botha, Henk. "Beyond Sexual Binaries? The German Federal Constitutional Court and the Rights of Intersex People." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 21 (December 13, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a4747.

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In a recent judgment, the German Federal Constitutional Court held that it was unconstitutional to require every person's sex to be entered on the birth register, without providing for a third option for intersex persons. This article examines the intersex judgment in view of the Court's earlier jurisprudence on the rights of trans persons. It argues that this judgment was enabled, to a significant extent, by the fluid understanding of sex and gender identity shown in those judgments, and by the elaboration in those cases of the relationship between sexual freedom, human dignity and equality. It also comments on the possible relevance of the intersex judgment for South Africa, in view of some of the parallels and differences between German and South African constitutional jurisprudence.

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Connor, Julie, and Cathy Atkinson. "Educational psychologists’ experiences of supporting intersex children and young people." Educational Psychology in Practice 37, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2021.1890548.

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CREGAN, KATE. "Sex Definitions and Gender Practices." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000923.

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Abstract:In recent years the Australian parliament has been considering the rights to protection from discrimination of intersex and gender identity disorder (GID) people. In 2013 such protections were made law in the amendment to the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, which in turn has influenced Senate inquiries into the medical treatment of intersex people. This year’s Australian report describes the purview and the potential ramifications of the inquiry of the Senate Standing Committees on Community Affairs, published in October 2013, into the involuntary or coerced sterilization of intersex people in Australia.

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Lange, Mascha Helene. "Of Pregnant Kings and Manly Landladies: Negotiating Intersex in Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Left Hand of Darkness." aspeers: emerging voices in american studies 12 (2019): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54465/aspeers.12-08.

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This essay examines narrative negotiations of intersex in contemporary US science fiction literature. Intersex is understood as a highly contested concept as well as the lived realities of intersex people. The intelligibility of intersex people is constantly negotiated in and through cultural norms and practices, with literature serving as one major cultural playing field of renegotiation. This article seeks to close a perceived gap in the analysis of literary representations of intersex: Discussions so far have focused solely on realist fiction; science fiction has hitherto not been included. I am therefore going to analyze Ursula K. Le Guin’s seminal novel The Left Hand of Darkness in search for instances in which intersex intelligibility is prohibited, interrupted, or challenged in ways distinctive of the novel’s genre. In this contribution, I argue that intersex is a productive, yet previously neglected term of analysis that lays open conceptualizations of sex, gender, and sexuality in Le Guin’s science fiction novel.

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Davis, Georgiann, and Sharon Preves. "Intersex and the Social Construction of Sex." Contexts 16, no. 1 (February 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504217696082.

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Izrina, Svetlana O. "Representation of the Intersex Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture: Cinematic Discourse." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 5 (November 15, 2021): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v133.

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Today, significant changes are taking place in the approach to the study of many sociocultural phenomena. Duality and polarity of their perception and analysis are being mitigated, alternative facets of the familiar and the generally accepted are coming to light, a number of “marginal” ideas are becoming the “new norm”. The research paradigm of the 20th – 21st centuries pays special attention to non-binary gender. Modern researchers focus on such issues as self-identification and search for gender identity, mechanisms of gender construction, variability of sex-role and identification models, non-conventional forms of gender identity (transgender and agender, intersexuality, etc.), as well as their representation in contemporary culture. One of such nonconventional phenomena of culture today is intersexuality, the current form of the well-known philosophical idea of androgyny. Intersex as a phenomenon of contemporary culture is considered as an element of the emerging non-binary gender system. Nowadays, intersex is not only the denomination of a person with biological characteristics atypical of the binary gender paradigm, but also the name of a distinctive culture discussing the problems of this new kind of people, who have become a significant part of our society. This article studies the representation of the intersex phenomenon in contemporary culture through the lens of cinematography. The sociocultural status of intersexuality explains the increasing quantity and thematic diversity of cinematic material. Intersexuality is a subject of active artistic reflection of many contemporary directors (L. Puenzo, C. Lavagna, J. Solomonoff, R. Féret, S. Savory, etc.), the discussion of acute social, legal and ethical problems being their focus. Thus, the leading themes are as follows: self-identification of intersex people and their search for gender identity; the problem of medicalization of intersex people and the legality of “corrective”/ “normalizing” operations from both medical and ethical points of view; parent–intersex child relationship; socialization of intersex teenagers and social acceptance of this new type of person.

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Czerwiec, Karolina. "Teacher studies students about intersex and transgender issues." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 622, no. 7 (September 30, 2023): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9179.

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The aim of the research was to diagnose the knowledge of students in the field of disorders of sex development, gender dysphoria and social functioning of intersex and transgender people, as well as to learn their opinions on the challenges related to intersex and transgender education. The research was carried out by focus interviews with 78 students of teaching specialties. It has been shown that students – future teachers – in Polish schools consider it necessary to include gender identity issues in the curricula, mainly in the biological and ethical aspect, but not everyone feels prepared to help intersex or transgender students.

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Raz, Michal. "Uncertain Knowledge: The Medicalisation of Intersex People and the Production of Ignorance." Social Sciences 13, no. 8 (July 24, 2024): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080385.

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Ignorance is produced through mechanisms related to power relations and socio-cultural context. This article examines whether the theoretical conceptualisation of agnotology may be useful when exploring intersex and the way it has been erased socially and physically. Specifically, based on the work of a PhD in Sociology and History of Science, it proposes categorising three types of mechanisms of ignorance production—cultural, epistemological and physical—with the aim of providing a greater understanding of how medicine, science and technology participate in a continuous process of erasing intersex bodies and lived experiences. Using medical literature, interviews and observations, the article focuses on a specific area of biomedical knowledge and intervention: the prenatal ‘treatment’ of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) with dexamethasone or ‘prenatal DEX’. It shows how this procedure was pioneered by French doctors and how it continues to be practised in France despite numerous uncertainties and controversies inside and outside of the medical sphere.

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Carpenter, Morgan. "The OHCHR background note on human rights violations against intersex people." Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1731298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1731298.

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Ziemińska, Renata. "Intersex newborns and people with nonbinary gender identity: The beginning of legal recognition." Studia Iuridica, no. 90 (June 27, 2022): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-90.14.

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Intersex newborns cannot be qualified as male or female at the level of their biological traits. People with nonbinary gender identity are those who do not identify as a man or a woman (at the level of gender identity). In most countries both groups, intersex people and nonbinary people, are in legal limbo. The existence of congenital eunuchs/ hermaphrodites is confirmed in the Bible. Recently, a process has begun to introduce third sex/gender options in documents. I discuss the legal recognition in Germany, where since 2019 there have been used three sex/gender categories: male, female, and diverse (divers). Finally, I present a nonbinary and multilayered conceptualization of sex/gender that goes beyond the system of male/female categorization. It includes a third category in addition to male/female and allows us to describe the clash of layers.

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Griffiths, David Andrew. "Shifting syndromes: Sex chromosome variations and intersex classifications." Social Studies of Science 48, no. 1 (February 2018): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312718757081.

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The 2006 ‘Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders’ recommended moving to a new classification of intersex variations, framed in terms of ‘disorders of sex development’ or DSD. Part of the rationale for this change was to move away from associations with gender, and to increase clarity by grounding the classification system in genetics. While the medical community has largely accepted the move, some individuals from intersex activist communities have condemned it. In addition, people both inside and outside the medical community have disagreed about what should be covered by the classification system, in particular whether sex chromosome variations and the related diagnoses of Turner and Klinefelter’s syndromes should be included. This article explores initial descriptions of Turner and Klinefelter’s syndromes and their subsequent inclusion in intersex classifications, which were increasingly grounded in scientific understandings of sex chromosomes that emerged in the 1950s. The article questions the current drive to stabilize and ‘sort out’ intersex classifications through a grounding in genetics. Alternative social and historical definitions of intersex – such as those proposed by the intersex activists – have the potential to do more justice to the lived experience of those affected by such classifications and their consequences.

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McDonald, Elisabeth. "Intersex People in Aotearoa New Zealand: The Challenges for Law and Social Policy: Part I: Critiquing Gender Normalising Surgery." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 46, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v46i3.4906.

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In this first of two articles dealing with the current issues facing intersex people in Aotearoa New Zealand, the author focuses on what is seen by community activists as their most pressing concern: ongoing genital normalising surgery on intersex infants. The resolution of this issue sits at the interface of criminal law, medical law and family law, and requires nuanced and careful engagement with competing norms of social policy. The article defines "intersex", as compared to "trans", and considers how infant surgery is currently (under)regulated in spite of local and international calls for reform. The author argues that it is time serious consideration is given to legislative regulation of surgery on intersex infants, following overseas initiatives, including the recent enactment in the Republic of Malta.

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Connor, Julie, and Cathy Atkinson. "An exploratory study of the retrospective educational experiences of young intersex adults." Educational and Child Psychology 39, no. 1 (March 2022): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2022.39.1.60.

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AimWhile there is increasing awareness of best practice in LGBT-inclusive education, little is known about the specific educational issues facing intersex individuals, and how the education system could be improved for this marginalised group.MethodThis paper reports an empirical study involving semi-structured interviews with two young intersex adults, to understand their retrospective, lived educational experiences and ascertain their views on improving educational practice around intersex issues.FindingsRelevant themes identified were knowledge and understanding, impact of diagnosis, information sharing, journey of identity acceptance, protective factors, and wellbeing.ImplicationsRecommendations are made regarding how schools and professionals might support intersex children and young people during their education.

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Roen, Katrina. "Intersex embodiment: when health care means maintaining binary sexes." Sexual Health 1, no. 3 (2004): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04007.

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The treatments carried out with intersex children for the purpose of helping them live in a normatively gendered world have raised increasing levels of controversy in the past decade. This paper outlines key debates that are taking place highlighting the relevance of critical approaches to evidence. It points to the value of working across disciplines and epistemological frameworks in order to fundamentally re-think existing clinical practice in terms of ethical concerns and in terms of the reported experiences of intersex people.

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Warne, Garry L. "Advances and challenges with intersex disorders." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 10, no. 1 (1998): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r98037.

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Many recent advances have come from basic research into the mechanisms of sexual differentiation. These include the discovery of a number of genes (SRY, WT-1,SF-1, SOX-9) and one locus (DSS) involved in human gonadal differentiation, and understanding gained from extensive studies of the androgen receptor and its gene. The challenge for the clinician is to learn how best to use the new tools that have become available as a result of these advances. At the same time, community-based organizations whose members are adults with intersex disorders are issuing a challenge of a different kind: that the medical profession should radically revise its thinking on some of the most fundamental issues to do with treatment. The opportunity to take a fresh look at our policies in collaboration with well-informed patient groups is an advance as well as a challenge. Further research on both the origins and outcomes of intersex conditions promises to greatly improve the lives of affected people.

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McTavish, James. "Transgender and Intersex Individuals and Religious Life." Ethics & Medics 48, no. 8 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em202348814.

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Societal views of the place of transgender and intersex individuals and the right of such individuals to participate in activities and institutions previously made unavailable to them based on sex are changing rapidly. While many institutions are allowing such people to engage in activities previously reserved for the sex opposite from their biological sex, the Catholic church must stand firm in its fidelity to the truth of human sexuality. However, groups within the Church have expressed differing views; namely, the German Synod and its recent text titled, “Dealing with Gender Diversity.” This paper seeks to examine the synod’s conclusions and refutes them using appeals to Orthodox Catholic teaching.

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Czerwiec, Karolina. "Experiences of parents of an intersex child – A case study." Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny, no. 68/2 (December 3, 2022): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-6007.kp.2022-2.13.

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Intersexuality represents a wide range of rare congenital disorders with diverse pathophysiology which affect the development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex and which often require specialist help from the early childhood. The issue of intersexuality is rarely discussed outside the clinical environment. Meanwhile, the social situation of intersex people is often particularly difficult, which is largely due to ignorance and social unawareness about human biodiversity. Therefore, a pedagogical approach to these issues, taking into account the experiences of parents of intersex children, seems to be a necessity. The research aimed to identify and reconstruct parents’ experiences regarding the treatment of their intersex child. The study used the interpretative paradigm and the case study method, and it focused on the individual, future-oriented action and understanding of social interpretations. The findings show that parents of intersex children need the support of doctors, psychologists, family as well as safe social environment.

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Ragosta, Sachiko, Jasmine Berry, Moria Mahanaimy, Laura Fix, Anu Manchikanti Gomez, Juno Obedin-Maliver, and Heidi Moseson. "Community-generated solutions to cancer inequity: recommendations from transgender, non-binary and intersex people on improving cancer screening and care." BMJ Oncology 2, no. 1 (June 2023): e000014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjonc-2022-000014.

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ObjectiveTransgender, non-binary and intersex people are less likely to receive appropriate cancer screening for their bodies and have a higher incidence of certain cancers than cisgender people. We aimed to elicit community-generated solutions to improve cancer screening for these populations.Methods and analysisWe conducted six online, asynchronous focus groups in English and Spanish with transgender, non-binary, intersex and cisgender participants who were at least 15 years of age from across the USA. Participants shared their experiences with cancer screening and related conversations with healthcare providers and recommendations for making screening practices more inclusive of their bodies and experiences. Focus group data were exported into transcripts and analysed with thematic analysis.ResultsThe 23 participants represented a diversity of races, genders, sexualities, ages and geographical locations. Transgender, non-binary and intersex participants, particularly Black, Indigenous and/or people of colour, reported having to self-advocate to receive necessary care by initiating conversations about screening with their providers, requesting specific screenings and educating providers about the appropriate care for their body. Notably, no white or cisgender participants described having to request relevant screenings or initiate conversations with their providers. Participants recommended that forms ask about body parts and allow for self-identification.ConclusionThe ability to properly screen patients can have a direct impact on cancer outcomes. More inclusive intake forms may alleviate the need for transgender, non-binary and intersex patients to self-advocate to receive necessary care. More work should be done to educate providers on cancer risk for transgender, non-binary and intersex individuals.

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Lucassen, Mathijs F. G., Yael Perry, Christopher Frampton, Theresa Fleming, Sally N. Merry, Matthew Shepherd, and Karolina Stasiak. "Intersex adolescents seeking help for their depression: the case study of SPARX in New Zealand." Australasian Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (February 24, 2021): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856221992642.

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Objective: SPARX is a computerized cognitive behavioral therapy self-help program for adolescent depression that is freely available in New Zealand. At registration, users identify themselves as either male, female, intersex, or transgender. We aimed to describe the mental health of adolescent intersex users. Method: A secondary analysis of SPARX usage data over 5 years. Results: Of the 8922 adolescents users, 0.6% ( n = 50) identified as intersex. Based on Patient Health Questionnaire 9 – modified for Adolescents (PHQ-A) results, 78.3% of intersex users had high levels of depression and/or self-harm and suicidal ideation. The mean PHQ-A scores for intersex users were significantly higher than for males and females ( p < .001). As only three intersex users completed SPARX Level 4 or more (of the seven-level program), we were unable to meaningfully investigate any reductions in their depressive symptoms over time. Conclusions: There is a dearth of empirical data on the mental health of intersex adolescents. These results suggest that intersex adolescents seeking help from an online resource have high mental health needs compared with other young people, possibly because they defer seeking help.

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Sanders, Caroline, Megan Usipuik, Leigh Crawford, Erica Koopmans, Nicole Todd, and Tiffany Jones. "What mental health supports do people with intersex variations want, and when? Person-centred trauma-informed lifecycle care." Psychology of Sexualities Review 12, no. 1 (2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssex.2021.12.1.5.

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Several large-scale surveys around the world show the most frequently reported mental health diagnoses among people with intersex variations include depression, anxiety and PTSD. Wellbeing risks are also high, with individuals with intersex variations citing suicidal thoughts or attempts across their life-course – specifically on the basis of issues related to having congenital sex variations. The population mostly attributed their wellbeing risks to negative social responses from others, difficulties around having undergone interventions, or issues around gender/identity. In the Canadian context, there is a lack of formalised, charitable Canadian wide intersex networks, advocacy groups, universal mental health care approaches, or provincial signposting to services similar to those developed elsewhere. Using a life-cycle lens, a group of international researchers came together in this collaborative Canadian study to explore health care transitions that people with intersex variations might need or desire, at various stages of their life. A key finding from this ongoing study is that transition phases have the capacity to be especially difficult in the context of mental health, such that integrating person-centred and trauma-informed approaches into care with this population is both wanted and needed. This paper specifically takes a case study approach which analyses data from two participants who identified three major themes regarding mental health impacts: ‘worth, mastery, and adequacy’, ‘isolation and inferiority’, and ‘identity and integrity’. The fourth and final theme drew on integrated medicine to celebrate emerging ‘resilience and generativity’; a positive experience that had emancipatory benefits across the lifespan.

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Hayden, Erica, and Allison Buzard. "Power to the People." Proceedings of the H-Net Teaching Conference 2 (May 29, 2024): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33823/phtc.v2i1.224.

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In the fall of 2022, two professors from two different academic disciplines launched an interdisciplinary undergraduate course named Power to the People: Social Movements in United States History (Power to the People henceforth) at a small private religiously affiliated liberal arts college in the southern United States. The goal of the course was to provide students with a comprehensive background of historical social movements and the strategies and tactics used by the people to make change. In an era and climate where critical race theory, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Intersex, Asexual, Two Spirit (LGBTQIA2S+) identities, citizenship status, and other social identities and issues have become political flashpoints, the faculty developers knew this course could incite controversy, yet they also believed it could welcome critical dialogue needed by students preparing to enter careers a society plagued by binaries and divisiveness. Furthermore, the students in these two disciplines expressed interest in this subject matter as it related to their professional pursuits. This article explores a rationale for this course, the experience of teaching an interdisciplinary, team-taught course, the design of the course, pedagogical strategies employed, and it concludes with reflections on challenges and successes from the first year of teaching this course. This article seeks to provide educators with information and ideas for how to broach difficult topics in the college classroom with a collaborative, interdisciplinary course.

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Alipour, Mehrdad. "The Nexus between Gender-Confirming Surgery and Illness." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 18, no. 3 (November 1, 2022): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-10022132.

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Abstract Muslim jurists have issued several fatwas (Islamic legal opinions) permitting gender-confirming surgery (GCS) for various groups of intersex and/or transgender people. However, these fatwas have been critiqued for conceiving of intersex and transgender individuals as diseased people who need treatment for an illness. By closely examining the legal-hermeneutical arguments behind four widely cited fatwas on GCS—the fatwas of the Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League, the National Council of Islamic Religious Affairs, Shaykh Ṭanṭāwī, and Ayatollah Khomeini—this article argues that although the objection to the medicalization of the recipients of GCS in such fatwas is mostly correct, it is not always accurate, as it is not the case in Khomeini’s fatwa. The present study, based on the legal-hermeneutical reasoning established in modern Shiʿi juristic scholarship, proposes a discursive space within Khomeini’s fatwa that suggests that intersex and transgender individuals are not people who suffer from physical or mental illness, although they should be permitted to undergo GCS if they wish.

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Jones, Charlotte. "The harms of medicalisation: intersex, loneliness and abandonment." Feminist Theory 23, no. 1 (January 2022): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14647001211062740.

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This article develops loneliness as a political and social justice issue by illustrating the harmful personal and social consequences of the medical jurisdiction over and constitution of variations in sex characteristics. Whilst connections between loneliness, health and illness have been well established, this work customarily identifies the ways illness can lead to, or be caused by, loneliness. Instead, I provide an account of the central role of medicalisation and medical management in producing loneliness. By doing so, I underline the imperative for medical practice to consider its influence upon social and personal, as well as physical, wellbeing. Drawing on stories shared through solicited diaries followed by in-depth interviews with seven people with sex variations and two parents in the UK, I show how accounts of loneliness help to illuminate the violence of abandonment, silencing and marginalisation that often goes unheard, together with hidden or normalised systems of harm. Building on concepts of ethical loneliness and ontological loneliness, I show how structural violations operate to injure trust and self-worth, leading to social unease. I argue for the importance of people with sex variations finding sites of comfort and acceptance, but note the ways that some forms of medicalisation can inhibit alliances and community formation, despite diagnoses also carrying the potential to facilitate informal support structures and collective identities. By bringing together intersex studies with discourses of loneliness, I develop a better understanding of loneliness as a product of social and systemic violence, and the ways in which medical discourses tie in with larger structures of oppression, coercion and control. This article concludes by underlining the need for structural change in our approach to and understanding of sex variations, and with a call for us to become more attentive to these stories of medical harm, to ensure that they are heard and to seek necessary justice.

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Lundberg, Tove, Ingrid Dønåsen, Peter Hegarty, and Katrina Roen. "Moving intersex/DSD rights and care forward: Lay understandings of common dilemmas." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 1 (May 14, 2019): 354–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.1012.

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When sex characteristics develop in ways that do not conform to binary models, dilemmas arise regarding how to understand the situation and what terminology to use to describe it. While current medical nomenclature suggests that it should be understood as a disorder of sex development (DSD) prompting medical responses, many describe intersex as a human variation in sexed embodiment that should be protected under discrimination laws. These opposing perspectives suggest different principles to employ in responding to dilemmas about gender assignment, early genital surgery and full disclosure of medical information. In this discursive psychological study, we explore how lay people, without prior knowledge or experience of intersex/DSD, make sense of these dilemmas and the underpinning discourses giving rise to how they talk about these situations. By using the discursive framework of ideological dilemmas, we analyse how people make sense of sex and gender (as binary or non-binary), how they deal with difference (as problematic or not), and how they understand who is in a position to make decisions in such situations. We conclude that engaging with dilemmas in-depth is more constructive than favouring one principle over others in moving social science research, reflexive clinical practice, and wider political debates on intersex/DSD forward.

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Zavros-Orr, Agli. "Raising awareness and visibility of the ‘I’: An appraisal of curricula and its impact on children with intersex variations." Psychology of Sexualities Review 12, no. 1 (2021): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssex.2021.12.1.34.

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The intersex human rights movement has, to date, focused on advocating for greater understanding and changing practices in medical, legal and political spaces. Contemporary literature is beginning to explore how the health and wellbeing of people born with variations in sex characteristics are also impacted by educational discursive practices. In most instances, however, intersex remains invisible or poorly addressed in school curricula. Historically education, as understood through a broad definition of curricula, reflects prevailing societal perspectives and subsequently ideations about the body’s biology, sex, sex characteristics, gender and sexualities. This paper explores how curricula can be a means for productively and constructively learning about intersex that is inclusive of the intersex human rights movement, diversity of lived experience and identities.

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Carpenter, Morgan. "The human rights of intersex people: addressing harmful practices and rhetoric of change." Reproductive Health Matters 24, no. 47 (January 2016): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhm.2016.06.003.

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Montenegro, Luisa Rasia, Caroline Darsa Boianovsky, Camila Beatriz de Lima Ferreira, Daniela de Sousa Aleixo, Maria Luiza Santos Cardoso, Vivian Saggioro, and Maria Alice Montalvão Ferraz. "MENTAL HEALTH OF INTERSEX PEOPLE: EARLY INTERFERENCE X WAITING FOR PERSONAL GENDER IDENTIFICATION." International Journal of Health Science 4, no. 38 (April 17, 2024): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1594382417043.

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Orr, Celeste E. "Resisting the Demand to Stand." Boyhood Studies 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2019.120206.

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How sex-segregated bathrooms negatively impact trans, genderqueer, nonbinary, queer, and gender-nonconforming people has been extensively studied, yet few have considered how intersex people are subjected to bathroom violence. To begin broadening this conversation, I focus on the medical management of boys with the intersex variation hypospadias and demonstrate that anxieties around bathrooms extend beyond the bathroom walls—into surgical theaters—and are not simply a trans or queer issue. Anxieties about bathrooms and hegemonic urinary masculine behavior inform the violent medical maltreatment of intersex boys with hypospadias; they are subjected to shaming, disabling, and invasive procedures in the hope they will reinforce compulsory dyadism and able-bodiedness, as well as exhibit hegemonic heteromasculine behaviors, namely standing to urinate. Because of discriminatory, gratuitous surgical interventions, the bathroom and urination become sites of pain and trauma for these boys. In turn, these boys’ sense of masculine belonging are undermined or destroyed.

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Zeeman, Laetitia, Nigel Sherriff, Kath Browne, Nick McGlynn, Massimo Mirandola, Lorenzo Gios, Ruth Davis, et al. "A review of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) health and healthcare inequalities." European Journal of Public Health 29, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky226.

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Abstract Background Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) people experience significant health inequalities. Located within a European Commission funded pilot project, this paper presents a review of the health inequalities faced by LGBTI people and the barriers health professionals encounter when providing care. Methods A narrative synthesis of 57 papers including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, meta-analyses and primary research. Literature was searched in Cochrane, Campbell Collaboration, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Medline. The review was undertaken to promote understanding of the causes and range of inequalities, as well as how to reduce inequalities. Results LGBTI people are more likely to experience health inequalities due to heteronormativity or heterosexism, minority stress, experiences of victimization and discrimination, compounded by stigma. Inequalities pertaining to LGBTI health(care) vary depending on gender, age, income and disability as well as between LGBTI groupings. Gaps in the literature remain around how these factors intersect to influence health, with further large-scale research needed particularly regarding trans and intersex people. Conclusion Health inequalities can be addressed via changes in policy, research and in practice through health services that accommodate the needs of LGBTI people. With improved training to address gaps in their knowledge of LGBTI health and healthcare, health professionals should work in collaboration with LGBTI people to address a range of barriers that prevent access to care. Through structural change combined with increased knowledge and understanding, services can potentially become more inclusive and equally accessible to all.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Intersex people'

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