Academic literature on the topic 'Intersexués – Identité'

In 1949, Canadian anatomist Murray Barr announced the discovery of a peculiar entity in the cell nucleus that was present in females and absent in males. The identity of this entity remained uncertain for a decade even though Barr hypothesized a relationship between it and the sex chromosomes and called it the “sex chromatin.” This hypothesis inspired the development of the chromatin into a technology that could indicate “chromosomal” or “genetic” sex, which supposedly established male and female sex difference as a binary and fundamental characteristic of humans and other animals at conception. Barr collaborated with other researchers and potential patients who applied the sex chromatin test, hoping that it could identify the “true” sex of intersexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals. Ironically, the application of the test to intersexuals would lead to a revision of the identity of the sex chromatin itself. The history of the sex chromatin illuminates how the significance and essence of this laboratory object evolved with its use as a clinical and research tool. Researchers had hoped that the test would sort the intersex into just two categories, male and female. Instead, the sex chromatin helped to multiply categories of the intersex, distinguished them from inverts, underpinned psychosocial gender as a new dimension of sex difference, and in the process had its own identity refashioned. Today, we call it the Barr body and its story reminds us of the power and limit of biotechnologies to determine who we are.

Mimicry is common in interspecies interactions, yet conditions maintaining Batesian mimicry have been primarily tested in predator–prey interactions. In pollination mutualisms, floral mimetic signals thought to dupe animals into pollinating unrewarding flowers are widespread (greater than 32 plant families). Yet whether animals learn to both correctly identify floral models and reject floral mimics and whether these responses are frequency-dependent is not well understood. We tested how learning affected the effectiveness and frequency-dependence of imperfect Batesian mimicry among flowers using the generalist bumblebee, Bombus impatiens , visiting Begonia odorata , a plant species exhibiting intersexual floral mimicry. Unrewarding female flowers are mimics of pollen-rewarding male flowers (models), though mimicry to the human eye is imperfect. Flower-naive bees exhibited a perceptual bias for mimics over models, but rapidly learned to avoid mimics. Surprisingly, altering the frequency of models and mimics only marginally shaped responses by naive bees and by bees experienced with the distribution and frequency of models and mimics. Our results provide evidence both of exploitation by the plant of signal detection trade-offs in bees and of resistance by the bees, via learning, to this exploitation. Critically, we provide experimental evidence that imperfect Batesian mimicry can be adaptive and, in contrast with expectations of signal detection theory, functions largely independently of the model and mimic frequency. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.

Abstract Animal communication has a key role in animals and identifying the signals’ function is crucial. Most lizards communicate with each other through visual signals with headbob displays, which are up-and-down movements of the head or the anterior part of the body. In the present work, I described and analysed the headbob displays of Liolaemus pacha lizards in their natural habitat. Specifically, the objectives were to describe the form of headbobs, to analyse their structure and to compare between sexes and social contexts. Adult lizards were video-recorded, registering the sex and the social context, classified as broadcast, same-sex and female-male interactions. The form and structure of sequences and headbobs were obtained. To evaluate the effect of sex and social context on the structure of headbob sequences and on headbob bouts, generalized linear mixed models were made. Intersexual differences were found in headbob display frequency and in the structure of headbob sequences. Lizards in same-sex context made sequences with more bouts, shorter intervals, headbob bouts of longer duration and higher amplitude than broadcast and female-male context. Presence of concurring behaviour such as lateral compression, gular expansion, and back arching occurred simultaneously with headbobs in same-sex context. Liolaemus pacha made four different headbob bout forms, and males were characterised by using bouts A and B, whereas females used bouts D more frequent. Sex and social context influenced only the structure of bouts A and B. The results showed that bouts A and B might be multi-component signals and non-redundant.

By using the method of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA), this article examines how sport is a conservative institution so far as sexuality and gender identity of female athletes are concerned. The article enquires to know what it means for a sportswoman to be physically strong and active like a man. It explores how the process of binary sex segregation in competitive sports affects the non-heterosexual female athletes and how their sexuality and physicality are considered as a foil in the patriarchal domain of sports. It highlights how the ‘gender verification test’ as a discriminatory tool is used by the sports regulatory bodies to prove female athletes’ sexuality, especially heterosexuality and to maintain the system of patriarchal hegemony in the world of sport. The article looks into how the hegemonic masculinity within sport works to uphold male power, while subjugating the female athletes. It unveils the incidents, how the non-heterosexual female athletes fall victims of homophobia and go through mental stress to confirm to the societal norms of compulsory heterosexuality. More specifically, through in-depth analysis of two contemporary cases of intersexual hyper-androgenic female athletes, this article examines the status and challenges being faced by the non-heterosexual female athletes in sport and focuses upon how their sexuality are addressed in the field of competitive sports. The article also focuses on the agony as well as resilience of intersexual female athletes to break the gender stereotype in sport in postmodern era unlike before.

Abstract The epicuticular compounds (ECs) of insects serve both to waterproof the cuticle and, in many taxa, as pheromones that are important for various social interactions, including mate choice within populations. However, ECs have not been individually identified in many species and most studies of their role in mate choice have been performed in a laboratory setting. Here we newly identify and quantify the ECs of the antler fly, Protopiophila litigata Bonduriansky, and use a cross-sectional selection analysis to quantify their association with male mating success in the wild across two years (2013 and 2017). The ECs of antler flies include straight-chain and methylated alkanes, alkenes, and a family of branched wax esters. We find all ECs to be shared between males and females but also demonstrate sexual dimorphism in the abundance of several. Male EC relative abundances were significantly associated with mating success in both years, although the multivariate direction of selection differed significantly between the years. Surprisingly, only two of the 18 compounds (or groups of compounds) we identified were similarly associated with mating success across the sampling years. In 2017, we further partitioned sexual selection into intra- and intersexual components, revealing selection on ECs to be significant via female choice but not male–male competition. Our study is one of few to investigate the potential role of ECs in mating success in the wild and adds to a growing body of evidence demonstrating significant temporal variability in selection in natural populations.

Evolutionary theory proposes that maternal inheritance of mitochondria will facilitate the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations that are harmful to males but benign or beneficial to females. Furthermore, mtDNA haplotypes sampled from across a given species distribution are expected to differ in the number and identity of these ‘male-harming’ mutations they accumulate. Consequently, it is predicted that the genetic variation which delineates distinct mtDNA haplotypes of a given species should confer larger phenotypic effects on males than females (reflecting mtDNA mutations that are male-harming, but female-benign), or sexually antagonistic effects (reflecting mutations that are male-harming, but female-benefitting). These predictions have received support from recent work examining mitochondrial haplotypic effects on adult life-history traits in Drosophila melanogaster . Here, we explore whether similar signatures of male-bias or sexual antagonism extend to a key physiological trait—metabolic rate. We measured the effects of mitochondrial haplotypes on the amount of carbon dioxide produced by individual flies, controlling for mass and activity, across 13 strains of D. melanogaster that differed only in their mtDNA haplotype. The effects of mtDNA haplotype on metabolic rate were larger in males than females. Furthermore, we observed a negative intersexual correlation across the haplotypes for metabolic rate. Finally, we uncovered a male-specific negative correlation, across haplotypes, between metabolic rate and longevity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal mitochondrial inheritance has led to the accumulation of a sex-specific genetic load within the mitochondrial genome, which affects metabolic rate and that may have consequences for the evolution of sex differences in life history. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking the mitochondrial genotype to phenotype: a complex endeavour’.

Cette thèse analyse d’un point de vue sociologique les reconfigurations à l’œuvre dans les prises en charge cliniques du développement sexuel atypique, ou intersexuation. Elle s’intéresse notamment aux différentes manières dont la controverse entourant les pratiques des chirurgies de normalisation des organes génitaux en pédiatrie est appréhendée par les clinicien·ne·s spécialisé·e·s. En partant du constat de contrastes extrêmement forts entre, d’une part, les prises de position d’associations de personnes intersexuées et d’institutions nationales ou internationales de défense des droits humains, et d’autre part les discours cliniques dominants, la thèse interroge les conditions du maintien ou de la remise en cause de pratiques cliniques en un moment et un lieu donné. La recherche s’appuie sur une enquête qualitative et l’analyse croisée des discours et pratiques d’équipes hospitalières en France, aux Etats-Unis et en Suisse, et de publications médicales. Elle montre notamment que si l’on tend vers une certaine homogénéisation des discours médicaux concernant le « comment » des pratiques cliniques (quels protocoles de prise en charge, quelle offre de soins et de techniques, quelle organisation des équipes médicales), la question du « si » les clinicien·ne·s et les parents doivent faire usage des techniques disponibles pour modifier le corps des enfants, fait l’objet de fortes tensions internes à la communauté médicale, souvent rendues invisibles par la recherche de consensus. Il s’agit de montrer les engagements professionnels, y compris sur le plan moral, qui lient les clinicien·ne·s à certaines modalités de pratiques, ainsi que les dilemmes et incertitudes spécifiques auxquels ces pratiques les confrontent. La thèse montre ainsi que des discours de défense et de critique des pratiques coexistent le plus souvent chez les clinicien·ne·s. En appréhendant les approches professionnelles des chirurgies génitales précoces sous l’angle de leur diversité et des tensions qui les caractérisent, cette recherche met en relief des conceptions de ce qui fait le « bon » soin et de qui est le/la patient·e comme faisant l’objet d’interprétations variables, dont certaines mettent fondamentalement en question le mandat dont la médecine est jusqu’à présent investie de manière exclusive
This PhD dissertation analyzes from a sociological point of view the evolutions in clinical care of atypical sex development, or intersex. It focuses mainly on the different ways specialized clinicians approach the controversy surrounding genitals normalization surgeries in pediatrics. From the observation of highly contrasted stances between, on one hand, movements of intersex people and national or international institutions defending human rights; and, on the other hand, dominant clinical discourses, this dissertation questions the conditions of the upholding or challenging of clinical practices, in a given time and location. The research is based on a qualitative inquiry and cross-analysis of hospital teams’ discourses and practices in France, the United-States and Switzerland, as well as on medical publications. It mainly shows that even though we tend towards a fair homogenization of medical discourses about “how” to proceed (protocols to use, care and techniques to offer, medical teams organization), the question of “whether” or not clinicians and parents should use the available techniques in order to change a child’s body, is subject to high internal tensions within the medical community, however often made invisible by consensus building. It shows how professional commitments, including on moral grounds, are tying clinicians to certain practices, as well as the specific dilemmas and uncertainties to which these practices confront them. This dissertation also shows that both supportive and critical views about those practices coexist most of the time in clinicians’ discourses. By comprehending clinical approaches of early genital surgeries from the point of view of their diversity and of the tensions that characterize them, this research highlights that the conceptions of what makes “good” care and of who is the patient are subject to variable interpretations, some of which question fundamentally the mandate granted exclusively to medicine until now

A travers l‟intervention des technologies numériques (films/vidéos, performances, installations multimédias, art en ligne), les artistes contemporains proposent de nouveaux imaginaires corporels et des perceptions inédites des genres. Cette recherche propose une analyse comparée des travaux pluridisciplinaires de Maria Klonaris, Katerina Thomadaki, Steven Cohen et Shu Lea Cheang. Leurs oeuvres permettent d‟élaborer le concept de « jouer le genre » (Judith Butler, 1990), et d‟approcher l‟image de « l‟utopie cyborg sans genre » (Donna Haraway, 1985). Ces possibilités du corps et des sexes font écho à des évolutions technologiques et culturelles, croisant la théorie queer. Ce sont des expérimentations en cours sur des identités en devenir
Following the actual uses of digital technology (films, videos, performances, multimedia installations and Internet art), contemporary artists offer new visions of the human body and new perceptions of gender. This research offers a comparative analysis of the multidisciplinary works of Maria Klonaris, Katerina Thomadaki, Steven Cohen and Shu Lea Cheang. Their works provides a useful framework for understanding Judith Butler's theory of "gender performativity"(1990) and Donna Haraway‟s vision of "utopian dream of the hope for a monstrous world without gender"(1985). The possibilities of the body and gender respond to technological and cultural evolutions that are linked with queer theory. These works are on-going experiments for identities that are in-the-making

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gilberto Marcos Antonio Rodrigues
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2017.
A Organização das Nações Unidas tem adotado medidas importantes para proteger as pessoas LGBTI e promover a não discriminação com base na orientação sexual e identidade de gênero no plano internacional. As pessoas LGBTI são vítimas de violência e discriminação de forma consistente em todos os países do mundo e os seus direitos continuam a ser contestados pelos Estados-membros da ONU, que justificam tal opressão com o discurso do ódio, heterossexismo, antiocidentalismo, fundamentalismo religioso, relativismo cultural e outros. A partir deste contexto, a questão principal desta pesquisa consiste em: como o Sistema das Nações Unidas está construindo o reconhecimento dos direitos das pessoas LGBTI? Esta pergunta é respondida neste estudo qualitativo a partir de uma abordagem interdisciplinar que aborda teorias de relações internacionais, direitos humanos, Direito Internacional Público, decolonialidade, estudos de gênero e LGBTI. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consiste em analisar o processo de reconhecimento dos direitos humanos das pessoas LGBTI nas Nações Unidas e para tal, descreve-se a trajetória histórica das categorias de orientação sexual e identidade de gênero nas Nações Unidas, analisam-se e classificam-se os discursos que se confrontam no debate sobre orientação sexual e identidade de gênero na ONU e pondera-se a possibilidade de uma convenção internacional sobre a eliminação da discriminação e violência baseadas na orientação sexual e identidade de gênero. Esta pesquisa propõe duas hipóteses, a primeira versa que: a ONU abriu espaço para o debate sobre o reconhecimento dos direitos humanos das pessoas LGBTI, mas ainda permanece polarizada em virtude do posicionamento heterossexista e heteronormativo, assim como a retórica da soberania sobre os direitos humanos, a instrumentalização dos direitos humanos para fins políticos, o fundamentalismo e o tradicionalismo religioso de Estados; a segunda estabelece que: é necessário promover a adoção de uma convenção internacional contra a discriminação e violência baseada na orientação sexual e identidade de gênero, bases estabelecidas no Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos sobre a questão. O estudo conclui que o reconhecimento dos direitos humanos das pessoas LGBTI foi dado a nível institucional por parte das autoridades da ONU, no entanto, há uma polarização entre os Estados membros e existe uma grande resistência quando a questão é debatida, especialmente pela ausência de uma base legal no direito internacional, e, por isso, é necessário promover a sua positivação.
The United Nations has taken important steps to protect LGBTI persons and to promote nondiscrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity at the international level. LGBTI people are victims of violence and discrimination constantly in all countries of the world and their rights continue to be in question by UN member states, who justify such oppression with hate speech, heterosexism, anti-Westernism, religious fundamentalisms, cultural relativism and others. Starting from this context the main question that crosses this investigation is; How is the United Nations system building the recognition of the rights of LGBTI persons?, this question is answered in this qualitative documentary study from an interdisciplinary approach that deals with theories of international relations, human rights, public international law, decoloniality, gender studies and LGBTI. The general goal of this research is to analyze the process of recognition of the human rights of LGBTI persons in the United Nations and for this it describes the historical trajectory of the categories of sexual orientation and gender identity in the United Nations, analyzes and classifies the State¿s discourses that are confronted in the debate on sexual orientation and gender identity in the UN and consider the potencial of an international convention on the elimination of discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Two hypotheses are proposed: (1) The UN has opened a space for debate on the recognition of the human rights of LGBTI persons; however, it still remains polarized because of the positioning of heterosexist, heteronormative states, as well as the rhetoric of sovereignty in human rights issues, instrumentalization Of human rights for political purposes, fundamentalism and religious traditionalism and (2) It is necessary to promote the adoption of an international convention against discrimination and violence by sexual orientation and gender identity that establishes the bases in international human rights law on the issue. The study concludes that recognition of the human rights of LGBTI people has been given at the institutional level by the UN authorities, but there is a polarization between Member States and widespread resistance when the subject is debated, in particular by the absence of a regime within the international law that serves as legal base, reason why it is necessary to promote its positivization.

Conduct literature concerning women is frequently adversarial and assumes women are trying to escape male control, and it can range from casually misogynistic to the extreme anti-feminism of clerical tracts. Since European society allowed woman a social role in court and hall and interchange was common between sexes in public, intersexual relations were a major stress point in courtly society, and conduct literature directed at women in society was extensive. Tracts identify the dangers of social interchange, not least the narcissism and predatory nature of male behaviour. Defences were available to vulnerable women in dress, in limiting access, and in the model of the preudefemme, while a new one of ostentatious hyper-religiosity grew up as a response to the emerging masculine hypermorality of Chivalry.

Dealing with the subject of the fundamental rights of people involved in medically assisted reproduction, this chapter focuses on the issues surrounding the LGBTI+ population (lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transsexuals, intersexuals, and new genders that are being recognized). Within this group, the importance of biological children, even amongst those who cannot naturally reproduce, is also highlighted. Firstly, the author points out the laws that determine the child's protection, then compares them to real-life examples of actual situations of homophobia including physical and psychological abuse, understanding that children are also subject to the same abuse, not only due to sexual orientation discrimination and gender identity but also from having to grow up in a so-called unusual family structure. The author looks for an answer that will help strengthen the child's fundamental rights both before and after birth.