Journal articles: 'Interspecific relationship'

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Cao, Q. H., J. Tang, A. Li, W. Gruneberg, K. Huamani, and D. Ma. "Ploidy level and molecular phylogenic relationship among novel Ipomoea interspecific hybrids." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 1 (February 13, 2014): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/172/2013-cjgpb.

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Interspecific hybridization can be used to broaden the genetic base, generate novel species, postulate genetic relationships, and to introgress elite alien genes. However, interspecific hybridizations using wild parents outside the Ipomoea section Batatas are very difficult and have not been much studied. We used an improved hybridization technology to generate three novel interspecific hybrids by crossing Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. × I. hederacea Jacq., I. batatas (L.) Lam. × I. muricata (L.) Jacq., and I. batatas (L.) Lam. × I. lonchophylla J.M. Black. The ploidy level of the interspecific hybrids was determined by flow cytometry. The cross, I. batatas × I. hederacea, yielded the first artificial pentaploid Ipomoea hybrid ever. The other two hybrids, I. batatas × I. hederacea and I. batatas × I. muricata were tetraploid. The first two hybrids showed normal storage roots, a significant improvement in the storage roots of currently existing interspecific Ipomoea hybrids. AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) molecular markers were used to explore the genetic relationship of these three novel interspecific hybrids with three other natural diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid species of the Ipomoea section Batatas. Cluster analysis of AFLP bands showed that these three new interspecific hybrids were closely related to cultivated sweet potato (I. batatas/L./Lam.), which indicated that these novel hybrids can be used as an interspecific bridge to transfer alien genes from wild to cultivated species.

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Menna, Lucia Francesca, Antonio Santaniello, Margherita Todisco, Alessia Amato, Luca Borrelli, Cristiano Scandurra, and Alessandro Fioretti. "The Human–Animal Relationship as the Focus of Animal-Assisted Interventions: A One Health Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 3660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193660.

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Background: Animal-assisted intervention (AAIs) represent an adequate expression of integrated medicine, according to the One Health approach. We argue that AAIs are interventions based on interspecific relationships between humans and animals. Although there are many studies on the effects of AAIs on animal and human health and wellbeing, research is still needed to give us more data. For example, information is still lacking on the aspects characterizing and influencing the interspecific relationships occurring in AAIs. The efficacy of an intervention based on interspecific relationships will be influenced by different factors, such as attachment styles and personalities of both the animal and the handler, an appropriate choice of animal species and their individuality, animal educational training techniques, the relationship between the handler and the animal, and relational reciprocity between animal, the patients, and members of the working team. Method: This article aims to contribute to the study of interspecific relationships in AAIs via theoretical considerations. An interspecific relationship determines the result of safe interventions, which directly influences the welfare of the animal. Results and considerations: AAIs should be evaluated systemically as a network within a process in which every component interacts with and influences other components. Standardized methods using appropriate tests and parameters are needed to better select appropriate animals (i.e., species and individual subjects) using interspecific relational competences as well as appropriate educational training methods and health protocols to assess potential risks.

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Huang, Shu-Ting, Hai-Rui Wang, Wan-Qin Yang, Ya-Chu Si, Yu-Tian Wang, Meng-Lian Sun, Xin Qi, and Yi Bai. "Phylogeny of Libellulidae (Odonata: Anisoptera): comparison of molecular and morphology-based phylogenies based on wing morphology and migration." PeerJ 8 (February 14, 2020): e8567. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8567.

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Background Establishing the species limits and resolving phylogenetic relationships are primary goals of taxonomists and evolutionary biologists. At present, a controversial question is about interspecific phylogenetic information in morphological features. Are the interspecific relationships established based on genetic information consistent with the traditional classification system? To address these problems, this study analyzed the wing shape structure of 10 species of Libellulidae, explored the relationship between wing shape and dragonfly behavior and living habits, and established an interspecific morphological relationship tree based on wing shape data. By analyzing the sequences of mitochondrial COI gene and the nuclear genes 18S, 28S rRNA and ITS in 10 species of dragonflies, the interspecific relationship was established. Method The wing shape information of the male forewings and hindwings was obtained by the geometric morphometrics method. The inter-species wing shape relationship was obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) in MorphoJ1.06 software. The inter-species wing shape relationship tree was obtained by cluster analysis (UPGMA) using Mesquite 3.2 software. The COI, 18S, ITS and 28S genes of 10 species dragonfly were blasted and processed by BioEdit v6 software. The Maximum Likelihood(ML) tree was established by raxmlGUI1.5b2 software. The Bayes inference (BI) tree was established by MrBayes 3.2.6 in Geneious software. Results The main difference in forewings among the 10 species of dragonfly was the apical, radial and discoidal regions dominated by the wing nodus. In contrast, the main difference among the hindwings was the apical and anal regions dominated by the wing nodus. The change in wing shape was closely related to the ability of dragonfly to migrate. The interspecific relationship based on molecular data showed that the species of Orthetrum genus branched independently of the other species. Compared to the molecular tree of 10 species, the wing shape clustering showed some phylogenetic information on the forewing shape (with large differences on the forewing shape tree vs. molecular tree), and there was no interspecific phylogenetic information of the hindwing shape tree vs. molecular tree. Conclusion The dragonfly wing shape characteristics are closely related to its migration ability. Species with strong ability to migrate have the forewing shape that is longer and narrower, and have larger anal region, whereas the species that prefer short-distance hovering or standing still for a long time have forewing that are wider and shorter, and the anal region is smaller. Integrating morphological and molecular data to evaluate the relationship among dragonfly species shows there is some interspecific phylogenetic information in the forewing shape and none in the hindwing shape. The forewing and hindwing of dragonflies exhibit an inconsistent pattern of morphological changes in different species.

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Gácsi, M. "From interspecific attachment relationship to human directed aggression." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 7, no. 6 (November 2012): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2012.09.017.

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Franco, M., and C. K. Kelly. "The interspecific mass-density relationship and plant geometry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 13 (June 23, 1998): 7830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.13.7830.

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Kim, Youn Dong, and Sung Hee Kim. "Interspecific relationship of Weigela based on RAPD analysis." Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2000.30.1.017.

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7

Kawatsu, Kazutaka, and Michio Kondoh. "Density-dependent interspecific interactions and the complexity–stability relationship." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1879 (May 23, 2018): 20180698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0698.

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Ever since May theorized that communities with larger numbers of species or interspecific interactions are inherently unstable, the mechanism allowing for the stable existence of complex communities in nature has been a central question in ecology. The main efforts to answer this question have sought to identify non-random features of ecological systems that can reverse a negative complexity–stability relationship into a positive one, but are far from successful, especially in their generality. Here, using the traditional community matrix analysis, we show that variation in the density dependence of interspecific interactions, which should be ubiquitous in nature, can dramatically affect the complexity–stability relationship. More specifically, we reveal that a positive complexity–stability relationship arises when harmful interspecific effects have larger density dependence than beneficial ones, regardless of the signs (i.e. positive or negative) of their dependence. Furthermore, numerical simulations demonstrated the synergistic stabilizing effect of interaction type diversity and density-dependence variation. Thus, this concept of density-dependence variation advances our understanding of the complexity–stability relationship in the real world.

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Gaston, Kevin J. "The Multiple Forms of the Interspecific Abundance-Distribution Relationship." Oikos 76, no. 2 (June 1996): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546192.

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Bereczky, M. Cs. "Interspecific Relationship of Some Suctoria Species in the Danube." Archiv für Protistenkunde 138, no. 3 (January 1990): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80168-5.

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10

Lu, Bao-Rong, Kevin B. Jensen, and Björn Salomon. "Biosystematic study of hexaploids Elymus tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus. II. Interspecific hybridization and genomic relationship." Genome 36, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-154.

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To investigate genomic relationships of Elymus tschimganicus (Drobov) Tzvelev (2n = 6x = 42, S1S2Y genomes) and E. glaucissimus (M. Pop.) Tzvelev (2n = 6x = 42, S1S2Y genomes), interspecific hybridizations of the two target species were carried out with 27 other Elymus species containing the SH, SY, SYH, SYP, SYW, and SH1H2 genomes, respectively, collected from different geographic regions. Chromosome pairing behavior was analyzed at metaphase I in 27 hybrids representing 23 hybrid combinations, and overall genomic relationships of the two target species with the other Elymus taxa were estimated. The study concluded that (i) interspecific hybridization was principally easy to perform between the Elymus species, but no general pattern of crossability was obtained, and all hybrids were completely sterile, (ii) the two species have a similar meiotic pattern in their hybrids with the other Elymus species, and (iii) species containing the SY, SYP, and SYH genomes have a generally higher level of genomic homology to the target species than those possessing the SH genomes, and the South American hexaploid with the SH1H2 genomes has the lowest level of genomic homology to the two target taxa.Key words: Elymus, interspecific hybridization, meiosis, genome, species relationship.

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Staniczenko, Phillip P. A., K. Blake Suttle, and Richard G. Pearson. "Negative biotic interactions drive predictions of distributions for species from a grassland community." Biology Letters 14, no. 11 (November 2018): 20180426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0426.

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Understanding the factors that determine species' geographical distributions is important for addressing a wide range of biological questions, including where species will be able to maintain populations following environmental change. New methods for modelling species distributions include the effects of biotic interactions alongside more commonly used abiotic variables such as temperature and precipitation; however, it is not clear which types of interspecific relationship contribute to shaping species distributions and should therefore be prioritized in models. Even if some interactions are known to be influential at local spatial scales, there is no guarantee they will have similar impacts at macroecological scales. Here we apply a novel method based on information theory to determine which types of interspecific relationship drive species distributions. Our results show that negative biotic interactions such as competition have the greatest effect on model predictions for species from a California grassland community. This knowledge will help focus data collection and improve model predictions for identifying at-risk species. Furthermore, our methodological approach is applicable to any kind of species distribution model that can be specified with and without interspecific relationships.

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12

Sukhum, Kimberley V., Megan K. Freiler, and Bruce A. Carlson. "Intraspecific Energetic Trade-Offs and Costs of Encephalization Vary from Interspecific Relationships in Three Species of Mormyrid Electric Fishes." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 93, no. 4 (2019): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501233.

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The evolution of increased encephalization comes with an energetic cost. Across species, this cost may be paid for by an increase in metabolic rate or by energetic trade-offs between the brain and other energy-expensive tissues. However, it remains unclear whether these solutions to deal with the energetic requirements of an enlarged brain are related to direct physiological constraints or other evolved co-adaptations. We studied the highly encephalized mormyrid fishes, which have extensive species diversity in relative brain size. We previously found a correlation between resting metabolic rate and relative brain size across species; however, it is unknown how this interspecific relationship evolved. To address this issue, we measured intraspecific variation in relative brain size, the sizes of other organs, metabolic rate, and hypoxia tolerance to determine if intraspecific relationships between brain size and organismal energetics are similar to interspecific relationships. We found that 3 species of mormyrids with varying degrees of encephalization had no intraspecific relationships between relative brain size and relative metabolic rate or relative sizes of other organs, and only 1 species had a relationship between relative brain size and hypoxia tolerance. These species-specific differences suggest that the interspecific relationship between metabolic rate and relative brain size is not the result of direct physiological constraints or strong stabilizing selection, but is instead due to other species level co-adaptations. We conclude that variation within species must be considered when determining the energetic costs and trade-offs underlying the evolution of extreme encephalization.

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Beauchamp, Guy. "The Relationship between Intra- and Interspecific Brood Amalgamation in Waterfowl." Condor 100, no. 1 (February 1998): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369908.

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Murray, Brad R., and Grant C. Hose. "The interspecific range size-body size relationship in Australian frogs." Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, no. 4 (June 30, 2005): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00163.x.

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15

Gaston, Kevin J., and Tim M. Blackburn. "Dispersal and the interspecific abundance-occupancy relationship in British birds." Global Ecology and Biogeography 12, no. 5 (August 21, 2003): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00054.x.

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Scrosati, Ricardo A., Ruth D. Patten, and Randolph F. Lauff. "Positive Interspecific Relationship between Temporal Occurrence and Abundance in Insects." PLoS ONE 6, no. 4 (April 20, 2011): e18982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018982.

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Isack, H. A., and H. U. Reyer. "Honeyguides and Honey Gatherers: Interspecific Communication in a Symbiotic Relationship." Science 243, no. 4896 (March 10, 1989): 1343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4896.1343.

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Ahmad, F., A. E. Slinkard, and G. J. Scoles. "The cytogenetic relationship between Cicer judaicum Boiss. and Cicer chorassanicum (Bge.) M. Pop." Genome 29, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-150.

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A single plant was produced of the interspecific hybrid Cicer judaicum Boiss. (2n = 16) × Cicer chorassanicum (Bge.) M. Pop. (2n = 16), but none was produced from the reciprocal cross. The hybrid plant was intermediate in morphology between the parental species with the dominant purple flower color of C. judaicum. The hybrid plant had a diploid somatic chromosome number of 2n = 16 and was characterized cytologically. The hybrid had a low chiasmata frequency (5.4 ± 1.2 vs. 12.1 and 11.4 in the parental species) per cell and was highly sterile. The flowers were abnormal in that the stigma and style grew out of the keel, while the anthers remained inside. Sterility and abnormal floral structure may play important roles in maintenance of species identity. Key words: interspecific hybrid.

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LONGO, GARY C., GIACOMO BERNARDI, and ROBERT N. LEA. "Taxonomic revisions within Embiotocidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) based on molecular phylogenetics." Zootaxa 4482, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.10.

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Embiotocidae, a unique family within the Perciformes that has evolved a complex viviparous natural history, has lacked full resolution and strong support in several interspecific relationships until recently. Here we propose three taxonomic revisions within embiotocid surfperches based on recent molecular phylogenetic analyses that robustly resolve all interspecific relationship in the Eastern Pacific species: Hypsurus caryi (Agassiz, 1853) resurrected to its original name Embiotoca caryi Agassiz, 1853, Rhacochilus vacca (Girard, 1855) shifted into the genus Phanerodon Girard, 1854, and Hyperprosopon anale Agassiz, 1861 separated into the available genus Hypocritichthys Gill, 1862. The proposed changes would leave three previously paraphyletic groups monophyletic (Embiotoca, Hyperprosopon, and Phanerodon) and would maintain the current number of genera at 13.

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Komonen, Atte, Heikki Henttonen, Otso Huitu, and Kari Nissinen. "Curvilinear interspecific density-range size relationship in small mammals in Finland." Journal of Biogeography 40, no. 6 (January 29, 2013): 1194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12078.

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Rigal, François, Robert J. Whittaker, Kostas A. Triantis, and Paulo A. V. Borges. "Integration of non-indigenous species within the interspecific abundance–occupancy relationship." Acta Oecologica 48 (April 2013): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2013.02.003.

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Tae, Kyoung Hwan, and Sung Chul Ko. "Interspecific relationship of the genus Goodyera in Korea using cluster analysis." Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 29, no. 1 (March 31, 1999): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.1999.29.1.063.

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Kehoe, F. Patrick, and Vernon G. Thomas. "A comparison of interspecific differences in the morphology of external and internal feeding apparatus among North American Anatidae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-275.

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We examined the relationship among bill shapes and gut morphology for 22 species of North American Anatidae. Bill shape was defined by nine bill measurements. Gut morphology was defined by the wet weights of empty ceca, small intestine, and gizzard. Interspecific differences in morphology were quantified through a canonical discriminant function analysis. Although the pattern of interspecific differences in the two sets of measurements showed some similarity (P < 0.001) this relationship was weak (R2 = 0.057). Species that were very similar or different in bill shape tended to be very similar or different in gut morphology. At any given intermediate distance of separation in either bill shape or gut morphology there was a wide range in separation in the other axis. We conclude that interspecific differences in both bill shape and gut morphology should be considered in studies of resource partitioning between closely related species at a particular time and location.

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Rajchard, J. "Kairomones – important substances in interspecific communication in vertebrates: a review." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 11 (December 5, 2013): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7137-vetmed.

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Interspecies chemical communication is widespread among many groups of organisms, including vertebrates. Kairomones belong to a group of intensively researched substances, represent means for interspecific chemical communication in animals and bring benefit to the acceptor of the chemical signal. Important and often studied is the chemical communication between hosts and their ectoparasites such as ticks and other parasitic mite species. Uric acid is a host stimulus of the kairomone type, which is a product of bird metabolism, or secretions of blood-fed (ingested) ticks. Secretion of volatile substances with kairomone effect may depend on the health of the host organism. Another examined group is the haematophagous ectoparasite insects of the order Diptera, where in addition to the attractiveness of CO<sub>2</sub> a number of other attractants have been described. Specificity of substances in chemical communication can also be determined by their enantiomers. Detailed study of the biology of these ectoparasites is very important from a practical point of view: these parasites play an important role as vectors in a number of infectious diseases. Another area of interspecific chemical communication is the predator-prey relationship, or rather the ability to detect the proximity of predator and induce anti-predator behaviour in the prey. This relationship has been demonstrated in aquatic vertebrates (otter Lutra lutra – salmon Salmo salar) as well as in rodents and their predators. The substances produced by carnivores that induce behavioural response in mice have already been identified. The knowledge of interspecies communication (e.g., between host and parasite) is becoming a prerequisite in successful animal breeding and care.

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Chinnappa, C. C. "Studies on the Stellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae): interspecific hybridization. I. Triploid meiosis." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-047.

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Stellaria longipes was crossed with five other species to establish species relationships. Only crosses between S. longipes and S. longifolia resulted in the production of viable F1 seed and hybrid progeny. In the hybrids (2n = 39), chromosome associations at metaphase I showed complete homology between the genomes of the two species. This may suggest a close relationship between the diploid S. longifolia and the polyploid S. longipes.Key words: Stellaria, species complex, triploid, meiosis.

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Berges, Jonn A., and James S. Ballantyne. "Size Scaling of Whole-Body Maximal Enzyme Activities in Aquatic Crustaceans." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-279.

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The relationships between body size and maximal activities of eight enzymes were measured in whole-body homogenates of the crustaceans Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Artemia franciscana, and Daphnia magna. Interspecifically and intraspecificaily, enzyme activities per animal (Y) scale with protein weight (W) according to the allometric relationship Y = aWb. Scaling exponents (b) varied with the enzyme examined and were usually different from 0.75. For enzymes such as citrate synthase, intraspecific and interspecific exponents were similar, but for enzymes associated with pathways other than aerobic metabolism, significant differences were found between species. For anaerobic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, these differences may relate to interspecific differences in life history and ecology. For anabolic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, differences may relate to differences in growth rates between species.

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Komonen, Atte, Jussi Päivinen, and Janne S. Kotiaho. "Missing the rarest: is the positive interspecific abundance–distribution relationship a truly general macroecological pattern?" Biology Letters 5, no. 4 (May 14, 2009): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0282.

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Lepidopterists have long acknowledged that many uncommon butterfly species can be extremely abundant in suitable locations. If this is generally true, it contradicts the general macroecological pattern of the positive interspecific relationship between abundance and distribution, i.e. locally abundant species are often geographically more widespread than locally rare species. Indeed, a negative abundance–distribution relationship has been documented for butterflies in Finland. Here we show, using the Finnish butterflies as an example, that a positive abundance–distribution relationship results if the geographically restricted species are missed, as may be the case in studies based on random or restricted sampling protocols, or in studies that are conducted over small spatial scales. In our case, the abundance–distribution relationship becomes negative when approximately 70 per cent of the species are included. This observation suggests that the abundance–distribution relationship may in fact not be linear over the entire range of distributions. This intriguing possibility combined with some taxonomic biases in the literature may undermine the generalization that for a given taxonomic assemblage there is a positive interspecific relationship between local abundance and regional distribution.

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Schlegel, Martin, G�nther Steinbr�ck, Karoline Hahn, and Bernd R�ttger. "Interspecific relationship of ten European orchid species as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis." Plant Systematics and Evolution 163, no. 1-2 (1989): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00936158.

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Lu, Bao-Rong, Björn Salomon, and Roland von Bothmer. "Interspecific hybridizations withElymus confusus andE. dolichatherus, and their genomic relationship (Poaceae: Triticeae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 197, no. 1-4 (March 1995): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00984628.

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Boparai, Arshvir K., V. K. Sood, Mohar Singh, and G. Katna. "Genetic variability and inter-relationship studies in advanced interspecific derivatives of chickpea." AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 57, no. 6 (2020): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2020.00121.0.

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Ripullone, F., A. R. Rivelli, R. Baraldi, R. Guarini, R. Guerrieri, F. Magnani, J. Peñuelas, S. Raddi, and M. Borghetti. "Effectiveness of the photochemical reflectance index to track photosynthetic activity over a range of forest tree species and plant water statuses." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 3 (2011): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10078.

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In this study, we investigated the potential of the photochemical resistance index (PRI) to track photosynthetic activity under water stress conditions by measuring PRI, leaf fluorescence, the xanthophyll cycle and photosynthetic activity in different forest tree species subjected to progressive drought. The PRI declined with pre-dawn water potential and a significant relationship between PRI and the xanthophyll de-epoxidation state (DEPS) was observed, although with large interspecific variability in the sensitivity of PRI to changes in DEPS. For single tree species, a strong relationship was observed on either PRI light saturated photosynthesis or PRI maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΔF/Fm′); a larger variability in both relationships was apparent when data from different species were pooled together. However, an improved correlation was shown only in the former relationship by plotting the ΔPRI (dawn PRI minus the midday PRI values). Thus, we conclude that PRI is able to provide a good estimate of maximum CO2 assimilation at saturating light and ΔF/Fm′ for single tree species, despite the severe drought conditions applied. PRI should be applied more cautiously when dealing with multispecific forests because of confounding factors such as the strong interspecific differences in the initial value of PRI and in the sensitivity of PRI to changes in DEPS in response to drought.

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WOLF, Jan, Kateřina BARÁNKOVÁ, and Tomáš NEČAS. "AFLP Molecular Identification and Genetic Relationship of Chinese and Japanese Pear Cultivars Grown in Middle European Conditions." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210875.

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In this study, 30 genotypes of genus Pyrus (five European cultivars, 16 Asian cultivars, three rootstocks, four interspecific hybrids, one landrace cultivar from Czech Republic (‘Krvavka’), Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge. and one intergeneric hybrid (Cydomalus)) were tested using AFLP markers. Twelve primer combinations generated a number of 1251 fragments of which 1064 were polymorphic with an average polymorphism of 85.3%. The dendrogram, created by using the UPGMA method, revealed a distinct genetic relationship between European and Asian pear groups. The intergeneric hybrid Cydomalus was separated in the cluster tree from both groups. The level of similarity coefficient between European and Asian pears was 0.75. Despite the fact that Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge was clustered in the European pear group, the average similarity coefficient between the European pear group and Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge (0.7704) was comparable to the similarity coefficient between the Asian pear group and Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge (0.768). Thus, the botanic species Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge can likely be considered as an intermediate genotype between European and Asian pears. The cultivar ‘Talgarskaja Krasavica’ (chance seedling of ‘Forest Beauty’), which pomologically belongs to the European pear group was clustered together with the interspecific hybrid ‘Wu Jiu Xinag’ (‘Ya Li’ × ‘Bartlett’) which on the other hand belongs to the Asian pear group. Thus, due to its position in the dendrogram the cultivar ‘Talgarskaja Krasavica’ could be considered as an interspecific hybrid.

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Kuitunen, Katja, Janne S. Kotiaho, Mari Luojumäki, and Jukka Suhonen. "Selection on size and secondary sexual characters of the damselfly Calopteryx splendens when sympatric with the congener Calopteryx virgo." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-090.

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Male mating success is often determined by body size or secondary sexual characters because of female mate choice or competition for females. In addition to intraspecific interactions, interspecific interactions may interfere with intraspecific selection. In this study, we investigated sexual selection on size and sexual characters of male banded demoiselle ( Calopteryx splendens (Harris, 1780)) in wild populations sympatric with the beautiful demoiselle ( Calopteryx virgo (L., 1758)). As secondary sexual characters, male C. splendens have pigmented wing spots whose size appears to be under positive selection. Male C. virgo resemble male C. splendens that have the largest wing spots, leading to interspecific male–male aggression and possibly also to heterospecific matings via mistaken species recognition. If interspecific interactions interfere with intraspecific sexual selection on wing-spot size of C. splendens, their effects should increase with the increasing relative abundance of C. virgo. Our results did not show the expected positive selection on wing-spot size in C. splendens, suggesting that interspecific interactions might interfere with sexual selection. Also, we observed no relationship between the strength of interspecific sexual selection and the relative abundance of C. virgo. However, there was a positive intraspecific density-dependent sexual selection for larger size. Although the present results are tentative, we suggest that interspecific interactions should be considered along with intraspecific selection when studies of sexual selection are performed in the wild.

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Passek, Kelly, and Douglas Eifler. "Body size effects on pursuit success and interspecific diet differences in Cnemidophorus lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 21, no. 4 (2000): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853800300059359.

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AbstractWe examined the relationship between body size and pursuit success in the lizard Cnemidophorus uniparens. Using grasshoppers as prey in experimental feeding trials, we found a significant positive relationship between lizard body size and pursuit time. In addition, larger individuals were significantly more likely to be unsuccessful at capturing the grasshoppers. We also examined the relationship between the mean body size of Cnemidophorus populations and diet composition. We found a significant negative relationship between mean body size and the proportion of grasshoppers in the diet and a significant positive relationship between mean body size and the proportion of termites in the diet.

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Maune, Juan Federico, Elsa Lucila Camadro, and Luis Ernesto Erazzú. "Cross-incompatibility and self-incompatibility: unrelated phenomena in wild and cultivated potatoes?" Botany 96, no. 1 (January 2018): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0070.

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Knowledge of internal hybridization barriers is relevant for germplasm conservation and utilization. The two pre-zygotic barriers are pollen–pistil self-incompatibility (SI) and cross-incompatibility (CI). To ascertain whether SI and CI were phenotypically related phenomena in potatoes, extensive intra- and interspecific, both intra- and interploidy breeding relationships were established, without previous assumptions on the compatibility behavior of the studied germplasm. Pollen–pistil relationships were analyzed at the individual genotype/accession/family level. In two seasons, 828 intra- and interspecific genotypic combinations were performed, using accessions of the wild potatoes Solanum chacoense Bitter (2n = 2x = 24), S. gourlayi Hawkes (2n = 2x = 24; 2n = 4x = 48), and S. spegazzinii Bitter (2n = 2x = 24), full-sibling (hereinafter “full-sib”) families (2n = 2x = 24) within/between the latter two diploids, and S. tuberosum L. (2n = 4x = 48) cultivars. Pollen–pistil incompatibility occurred in the upper first third of the style (I1/3) in all selfed diploids. In both the intra- and interspecific combinations, the most frequent relationship was compatibility, followed by I1/3, but incompatibility also occurred in the stigma and the style (middle third and bottom third). We observed segregation for these relationships in full-sib families, and unilateral and bilateral incompatibility in reciprocal crosses between functional SI genotypes. Cross-incompatibility in potatoes is, apparently, controlled by genes independent of the S-locus or its S-haplotype recognition region (although molecular evidence is needed to confirm it), with segregation even within accessions.

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Feng, Liang, Wen-Ting Yang, Quan Zhou, Hai-Ying Tang, Qiao-Ying Ma, Guo-Qin Huang, and Shu-Bin Wang. "Effects of interspecific competition on crop yield and nitrogen utilisation in maize-soybean intercropping system." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 8 (August 12, 2021): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/665/2020-pse.

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Intercropping system plays a crucial role in improving crop yield, nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUE) and economic benefit. The difference in crop yield and interspecific relationship under different bandwidth and row ratio allocation patterns are still unclear. A field experiment was carried out to explore change regularities between crop yield and interspecific relationships under maize soybean intercropping with different bandwidths and row ratios. The results showed that the yield of intercropped crops was lower than that of the sole crop. The nitrogen accumulation (NA), NUE and nitrogen competition ratio was the highest under the intercropping mode with a bandwidth of 2.0 m, which indicated that this mode was more conducive to the N uptake and utilisation in crops. In all intercropping systems, nitrogen equivalent ratio (NER) and land equivalent ratio (LER) were all greater than one, indicating that intercropping systems were conducive to improving land utilisation efficiency and NUE. Under the same bandwidth pattern, expanding the maize soybean row ratio from 2 : 4 to 3 : 4 was beneficial to the improvement of LER, NER, NUE, crop group yield. In conclusion, it was preferable in the NA, NUE, crop group yield under the system of bandwidth 2.0 m and row ratio 2 : 2, which could be a reference for maize soybean intercropping system.

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Martínez Cano, Isabel, Helene C. Muller-Landau, S. Joseph Wright, Stephanie A. Bohlman, and Stephen W. Pacala. "Tropical tree height and crown allometries for the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama: a comparison of alternative hierarchical models incorporating interspecific variation in relation to life history traits." Biogeosciences 16, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-847-2019.

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Abstract. Tree allometric relationships are widely employed for estimating forest biomass and production and are basic building blocks of dynamic vegetation models. In tropical forests, allometric relationships are often modeled by fitting scale-invariant power functions to pooled data from multiple species, an approach that fails to capture changes in scaling during ontogeny and physical limits to maximum tree size and that ignores interspecific differences in allometry. Here, we analyzed allometric relationships of tree height (9884 individuals) and crown area (2425) with trunk diameter for 162 species from the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama. We fit nonlinear, hierarchical models informed by species traits – wood density, mean sapling growth, or sapling mortality – and assessed the performance of three alternative functional forms: the scale-invariant power function and the saturating Weibull and generalized Michaelis–Menten (gMM) functions. The relationship of tree height with trunk diameter was best fit by a saturating gMM model in which variation in allometric parameters was related to interspecific differences in sapling growth rates, a measure of regeneration light demand. Light-demanding species attained taller heights at comparatively smaller diameters as juveniles and had shorter asymptotic heights at larger diameters as adults. The relationship of crown area with trunk diameter was best fit by a power function model incorporating a weak positive relationship between crown area and species-specific wood density. The use of saturating functional forms and the incorporation of functional traits in tree allometric models is a promising approach for improving estimates of forest biomass and productivity. Our results provide an improved basis for parameterizing tropical plant functional types in vegetation models.

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Echalar, Joely, Julia Barreta, Volga Iniguez, Fernando Romero, Ana Maria Callisaya, and Vladimir Saavedra. "Intraspecific genetic analysis of Bolivian alpacas and interspecific relationship with llamas and vicunas." Small Ruminant Research 189 (August 2020): 106137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106137.

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Hongo, Yoshihito. "Interspecific relationship between the Japanese horned beetle and two Japanese stag beetle species." Entomological Science 17, no. 1 (June 12, 2013): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ens.12040.

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Zhang, Yuhua, Yongfan Wang, and Shixiao Yu. "Interspecific Neighbor Interactions Promote the Positive Diversity-Productivity Relationship in Experimental Grassland Communities." PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 28, 2014): e111434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111434.

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Hikosaka, Kouki. "Interspecific difference in the photosynthesis?nitrogen relationship: patterns, physiological causes, and ecological importance." Journal of Plant Research 117, no. 6 (October 2, 2004): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-004-0174-2.

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Barnes, R. S. K. "Interspecific relationship of patchiness to occupancy and abundance, as exemplified by seagrass macrobenthos." Ecological Indicators 121 (February 2021): 107083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107083.

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Scrosati, Ricardo. "Length–biomass allometry in primary producers: predominantly bidimensional seaweeds differ from the “universal” interspecific trend defined by microalgae and vascular plants." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 7 (July 2006): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-077.

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This study tests whether the value (0.25, or 1/4) of the interspecific allometric exponent currently thought to be universal for the length–biomass relationship for primary producers (based on data for vascular plants and unicellular microalgae) also applies to macroalgae. Length and dry biomass were measured for four phylogenetically distinct seaweed species, Chondrus crispus Stackhouse, Pterocladiella capillacea (Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand, Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus, and Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux, which are representatives of four different orders: Gigartinales and Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) and Fucales and Laminariales (Phaeophyceae). The interspecific exponent found for these seaweeds (0.47) differs significantly from the interspecific “universal” value stated above. The 95% confidence interval for the interspecific exponent for these seaweeds includes 0.5 (or 1/2), a value that is related to an idealized form of bidimensional growth. While vascular plants and unicellular microalgae can be viewed as clearly growing in three dimensions, the studied seaweeds are predominantly flat, which thus seems to explain their divergent allometry. The present study indicates that the comprehensive understanding of allometric trends for primary producers should be based on studies covering the morphological diversity that different groups of primary producers display.

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Macdonald, J. Stevenson, and Roger H. Green. "Food Resource Utilization by Five Species of Benthic Feeding Fish in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1534–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-191.

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Feeding relationships of various fish species, and their relationship to the composition of the surrounding sediments, were observed for 1 yr at two sites in the lower Bay of Fundy region. The fishes were the ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus, Zoarcidae), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Pleuronectidae), plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides, Pleuronectidae), cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae), and witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, Pleuronectidae). After reducing the size of the data matrix by removing redundant variables, we used discriminant function analysis to assess interspecific diet overlap and the degree to which stomach contents reflect benthic composition. Variables were ranked by their power to discriminate in pairwise comparisons among fish species and between a given fish species and benthic grab samples. Many amphipods are utilized to an equal or greater extent than their abundances in the sediments would suggest. Many annelids are underutilized. Predation by each fish species was a selective process, and interspecific diet differences are related to the morphology of the predator and the behavior and microhabitat of the prey. The fishes diets, however, are also correlated with spatial and temporal changes in the benthic composition. Specific examples are presented. As benthic food abundance increased in the surrounding sediments all predator species increased their food consumption and interspecific diet overlap declined. In some cases the degree of exploitation depended upon the size rather than the abundance of the prey item.

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Andreozzi, Matteo. "Humans’ Best Friend? The Ethical Dilemma of Pets." Relations, no. 2 (November 2013): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/rela-2013-002-andr.

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The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the need for a reassessment of the moral status of pets. I argue that pets rest on an undefined ethical borderline, which brings several puzzling problems to both human-centered ethics and animal ethics and that neither of these fields adequately handles these issues. I focus specifically on human relationships with companion animals as one of the most significant interspecific relationship involving humans and pets. I also show that a deeper questioning of the moral status of pets is a required step toward the moral rethinking of human-animal relationships.

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Barnes, R. S. K. "Within-species relationship of patchiness to both abundance and occupancy, as exemplified by seagrass macrobenthos." Oecologia 196, no. 4 (July 9, 2021): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04985-w.

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AbstractFor the first time, intraspecific relationships between the macroecological metrics patchiness (P) and both abundance (A) and occupancy (O) were investigated in a faunal assemblage. As a companion study to recent work on interspecific P, A and O patterns at the same localities, intraspecific patterns were documented within each of the more dominant invertebrates forming the seagrass macrobenthos of warm–temperate Knysna estuarine bay (South Africa) and of sub-tropical Moreton Bay (Australia). As displayed interspecifically, individual species showed strong A–O patterns (mean scaling coefficient − 0.76 and mean R2 > 0.8). All P–O relations were negative and most (67%) were statistically significant, although weaker (mean R2 0.5) than A–O ones; most P–A ones were also negative but fewer (43%) achieved significance, and were even weaker (mean R2 0.4); 33% of species showed no significant interrelations of either O or A with P. No species showed only a significant P–A relationship. Compared with interspecific P–A–O data from the same assemblages, power–law scaling exponents were equivalent, but R2 values were larger. Larviparous species comprised 70% of the total studied, but 94% of those displaying significant patchiness interrelationships; 5 of the 9 showing no P–A or P–O relationships, however, were also larviparous. At Knysna, though not in Moreton Bay, larviparous species also showed higher levels of occupancy than non-larviparous ones, whilst non-larviparous species showed higher levels of patchiness. Dominant Moreton Bay species, but not those at Knysna, exhibited homogeneously sloped P–O relationships.

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Maguire, T. L., and M. Sedgley. "Interspecific and Intergeneric Pistil - Pollen Compatibility of Banksia coccinea (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 4 (1998): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96095.

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Interspecific and intergeneric pollen-tube growth was investigated using controlled hand pollinations of Banksia coccinea R.Br., 35 species of Banksia L.f., and three species of the related genus Dryandra R.Br. Currently, the relationship between B. coccinea and other species groups within Banksia is unclear. Some species supported no germination of B. coccinea pollen, some supported normal pollen-tube growth and others produced pollen-tube abnormalities including thickened walls, bulbous swellings, directionless growth, burst tips and branched tubes. Control of pollen-tube growth in the pistil was imposed in the pollen presenter and upper style. There was no significant reciprocal effect on pollination success in the lower style. The results of pollen-tube compatability in the lower style indicated that B. coccinea has a closer affinity to the section Oncostylis, than the section Banksia where it is currently placed. Intergeneric crosses of B. coccinea with Dryandra species resulted in some compatibility, with one cross having low numbers of pollen-tubes in the pollen presenter and upper style region. These results indicate a close relationship between Banksia and Dryandra, which are sister genera in the tribe Banksiae, family Proteaceae.

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Perkins, Micah W., and Perri K. Eason. "The relationship of head morphology and diet among three sympatric watersnake species." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 1 (2019): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181042.

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Abstract Investigating dietary resource utilization and head morphology of gape-limited predators can provide a basis for understanding interspecific competition and species coexistence. For sympatric species, convergence of head morphology can indicate similar prey or foraging strategies while divergence can suggest competition, resource partitioning or expansion into new habitats. Sexual dimorphism can further complicate the head morphology-diet relationship by potentially reducing intraspecific competition. To understand the relationship between head morphology and diet, we studied three sympatric species, the plain-bellied (Nerodia erythrogaster), diamondback (N. rhombifer), and northern (N. sipedon) watersnakes in western Kentucky. All three species inhabit similar wetlands and feed on amphibians and fishes. The anurophagous plain-bellied watersnakes had longer, narrower heads that likely allow snakes to capture anuran metamorphs and froglets while facilitating movement through dense vegetation. The piscivorous diamondback watersnake had a wider head, which would enhance contact with prey in this open-mouth forager, and smaller interocular distance, resulting in dorsally placed eyes that facilitate seeing fish prey from below. The mostly piscivorous northern watersnake had an intermediate, generalized head shape, which may reflect the typically wide diet range of this species. Head shape did not differ between snake sexes but diamondback and northern females had larger heads than males and fed more frequently on fishes. The relationship between head morphology and diet highlights potential interspecific and intersexual competition and aids in the understanding of species coexistence patterns.

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Morgan, W. G., Hugh Thomas, M. Evans, and M. Borrill. "Cytogenetic studies of interspecific hybrids between diploid species of Festuca." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-128.

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Chromosome pairing in hybrids between diploid species of Festuca is described. The chromosome complements of the species from different taxonomic sections vary in chromosome size and DNA content. In interspecific hybrids involving species of the section Montanae there was a relationship between the difference in DNA content of the parental species and chromosome pairing in the F1 hybrids. The larger the difference between the DNA content of the parental species, the more pronounced the failure of chromosome pairing in the F1 hybrids. Factors other than divergence in genome size were also shown to have an effect on chromosome pairing in other hybrid combinations.Key words: chromosome pairing, DNA content, Festuca, hybrids (interspecific).

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Gianinazzi-Pearson, Vivienne, and Silvio Gianinazzi. "Cellular and genetical aspects of interactions between hosts and fungal symbionts in mycorrhizae." Genome 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-051.

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Contact between appropriate mycorrhizal symbionts initiates a cascade of events that leads to modifications in the behaviour of both organisms at cell and tissue levels and the establishment of a functionally compatible relationship. Mechanisms that regulate the outcome of the symbiosis must involve a complex interchange of signals that triggers changes in genome expression in either symbiont. Analysis of symbiosis-specific proteins, interspecific grafting experiments, and the obtention of fungal and plant variants with phenotypes deficient for mycorrhiza formation provide information to help unravel the molecular and genetical puzzles of fungus–host interactions in mycorrhizal associations.Key words: mycorrhiza, cellular relations, host mutants, fungal strains, interspecific grafting.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Interspecific relationship'

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