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Journal articles on the topic 'Intertidal organisms – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Altuna, Alvaro. "Bathymetric distribution patterns and biodiversity of benthic Medusozoa (Cnidaria) in the Bay of Biscay (north-eastern Atlantic)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 3 (May 16, 2007): 681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407055920.

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Bathymetric distribution data were compiled on benthic Medusozoa (Cnidaria) of the Bay of Biscay and nearby seas. The area of study extended from 42°N to 48°30′N, and westwards to 10°W. The depth range of each species was traced in a review of the literature. The number of species in each of several depth zones is summarized here: intertidal, intertidal–30 m, 30–100 m, and thereafter at 100 m depth intervals throughout the entire column (0–5000 m). Some 200 species were included (six Scyphozoa, four Staurozoa, 190 Hydrozoa). Of these, 196 could be ascribed to the Coastal Realm (0–200 m) (118 exclusives; 60% of the fauna) and Deep Benthic Realm (200+m) (31 exclusives;16%), with 47 species inhabiting both (24%). Eighty-eight species (45%) were present intertidally. Biodiversity was highest above the summer thermocline (30 m) (133 species, 67%), and no species have been recorded from depths greater than 4706 m. Beyond the thermocline, biodiversity dropped with increasing depth. A significant change occurred in the 30–100 m interval (123 to 78 species; Distinctiveness=51%), although all intervals down to the 300 m isobath exhibited substantial changes. Most species in the Deep Benthic Realm thrive on the upper part of the slope (200–800 m; 50 species). Biodiversity appeared homogeneous across wide bathymetric ranges in deep bathyal and abyssal regions, perhaps due to unique vertical biocenological units. Thus, 15 species are known between 1400 and 2000 m, and four between 3100 and 4300 m. Fifty-four species were considered eurybathic (34%), with some showing impressive bathymetric ranges of over 4000 m, but most species were stenobathic (106, 66%).As with data on benthic medusozoans from South Africa, the north-western Atlantic, the Arctic, and the warm western Atlantic (Bermuda), bathymetric biodiversity was highest in the first 100 m, with a substantial drop below that in species numbers on the shelf and at the beginning of the bathyal. While numbers of species may vary widely from one geographical region to another, such variations are due to differences in biodiversity in the upper 100 m. Hydroid species richness in the deep bathyal and abyssal is similar and always low. Worldwide, benthic medusozoan biodiversity is highest at shallow depths, and these organisms normally seem to be minor components of deep benthos. Very likely, the graph of biodiversity at increasing depth is similar worldwide for the Hydrozoa.

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2

Tychsen, John, Ole Geertz-Hansen, and Jesper Kofoed. "KenSea – development of an environmental sensitivity atlas for coastal areas of Kenya." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 10 (November 29, 2006): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v10.4912.

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The Kenya coastline extends 600 km from the border of Tanzania in the south to the border of Somalia in the north (Fig. 1). The Kenyan coast features a diverse marine environment, including estuaries, mangroves, sea grass beds and intertidal reef platforms and coral reefs, which are vital for the reproduction of marine organisms. These coastal ecosystems are regarded as some of the most valuable in Kenya but face serious threats from the ever increasing human pressure of tourism, industrial pollution, destructive fishing, mangrove logging and other unsustainable uses of marine resources. Another serious threat is the maritime transportation activities along the coast and at the ports. It is estimated that at any given time more than 50 ships operate in the major shipping lanes off the Kenyan coast, of which about nine are oil tankers with capacities ranging from 50 000 to 250 000 tonnes. Furthermore, the harbour of Mombasa serves as the major port for countries in East Africa. In recognition of the risks posed by oil pollution the government of Kenya and the commercial petroleum industry agreed to develop a National Oil Spill Response Contingency Plan (NOSRCP) with the purpose of enabling a speedy and effective response to any oil spill within the territorial waters of Kenya. An important element of this plan was the mapping of the coastal resources and the development of an environmental sensitivity atlas showing the vulnerability of the coast to marine oil spills. In 2004, the Government of Kenya approached the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Kenya for financial support to develop an environmental sensitivity atlas. The project was approved and forwarded for funding by the Danish Consultancy Trust Fund administrated by United Nations Operational Program (UNOPS) in Copenhagen. The project was announced in Denmark, and the KenSea group headed by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) was awarded the contract. The project comprises four phases: (1) data compilation and development of the KenSea database, (2) development of a coastal classification for Kenya, (3) development of the sensitivity index jointly with a group of stakeholders, and (4) compilation of the KenSea environmental sensitivity atlas (Tychsen 2006).

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3

Reinecke, Koot, Werner Schoeman, and Sophié Reinecke. "Cellular biomarker responses of limpets (Mollusca) as measure of sensitivity to cadmiumcontamination." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 2 (September 16, 2008): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i2.86.

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Due to the availability and chemical nature of some heavy metals, sub-lethal toxicant levels may persist in the ocean waters and may cause physiological problems and toxicity in invertebrates and other marine organisms. Although studies of metal concentrations in False Bay showed relatively low mean concentrations of Cd, invertebrates such as molluscs, crustaceans and many other groups are able to accumulate high levels of heavy metals in their tissues and still survive in the heaviest polluted areas. They can accumulate numerous pollutants from natural waters in quantities that are many orders of magnitude higher than background levels. Bioaccumulation ofcadmium in intertidal species could cause stress which may be measurable at the cellular level. A variety of limpet species that may serve as suitable ecotoxicological monitoring species occur in abundance on rocky shores along the South African coastline. The aim of this study was to obtain sensitivity data which could contribute to the selection of a suitable monitoring species and the eventual establishment of a species sensitivity distribution model (SSD) with a biomarker responseas endpoint. The limpets Cymbula oculus, Scutellastra longicosta, Cymbula granatina and Scutellastragranularis as well as water samples were collected at two localities in False Bay, South Africa. Analysis of water and biological samples were done by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposures were done to three different sublethal concentrations of cadmium in the laboratory in static flow tanks over three days. There was a moderate increase in cadmium body concentrations over time. Results obtained at three exposure concentrations showed no significant differences in metal concentrations between the different C. oculus samples. Significant differences were obtained between the control and the exposure groups for each exposure time except between the control and the 1mg/L CdCl2 exposure group after 24 and 72 hours of exposure. Cd body concentrations(soft tissue) varied between 4.56 and 21.41µg/g (wet mass).Mean Cd concentrations in soft tissue of S. longicosta was considerably lower (varying between 1.18 and 19.58 µg/g Cd ) than in the tissues of C. oculus. The control group differed significantly from the 0.8 and 1 mg/L CdCl2 exposures after 48 and 72 hours. Mean Cd body concentrations in S. granular is were the highest of all exposed species, reaching a level of 148 µg/g Cd at the highest exposure concentration and differed significantly from the means of the other samples of the 0.8 mg/L CdCl2 exposure group after 72 hours and from the 1 mg/L CdCl2 group after 24 hours. Significant differences were also obtained between theCd body concentrations of C. granatina for the three exposure concentrations and three exposure times. Lysosomal membrane integrity was determined for both exposed and control animals, using the neutral red retention assay. Three of the four species showed a significant decrease in retention times with an increase in Cd concentration. Inter-species differences in sensitivity to environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations were reflected in the biomarker responses. Based on reduction of NRR times, the order of relative sensitivity to cadmium was S. granularis >C. oculus> S. longicosta.> C.granatina.

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4

Oosthuizen, A., and M. J. Smale. "Population biology of Octopus vulgaris on the temperate south-eastern coast of South Africa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 3 (April 9, 2003): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007458h.

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Population structure and biology of Octopus vulgaris was investigated along the south-eastern coast of South Africa. Samples were collected inter- and sub-tidally as a precursor to the establishment of an experimental octopus fishery in the region. In total, 300 (intertidal) and 147 (subtidal) O. vulgaris were collected over a two year period. Females were found to dominate the intertidal area (sex ratio 2:1), while no difference was found subtidally (sex ratio 1:1). Of those collected intertidally, immature females were most prevalent while males ranged from immature to mature. Mature females were only found subtidally. A marked size difference was apparent, with the subtidal octopus being substantially larger. Although brooding females were found throughout the year, numbers peaked in summer. Individual fecundity ranged between 42,000–790,000 eggs. The total number of eggs produced and the number of eggs per egg string were correlated to female size. Diet did not vary greatly between the inter- and sub-tidal areas, with the main prey items being crustaceans, teleosts and octopus. It appears that the immature females use the intertidal area to feed and grow, before migrating to deeper areas to mature and spawn.

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5

HADFIELD, KERRY A., NICO J. SMIT, and ANNEMARIÉ AVENANT-OLDEWAGE. "Gnathia pilosus sp. nov. (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) from the East Coast of South Africa." Zootaxa 1894, no. 1 (October 8, 2008): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1894.1.2.

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The larvae of gnathiid isopods are known to parasitise a large variety of intertidal fish worldwide. In South Africa, the larvae of Gnathia africana Barnard, 1914, have been recorded from various intertidal fish hosts along the cold West and South Coasts. The warmer East Coast, however, has not previously been sampled for gnathiids. From March 2006 to February 2007, intertidal fishes were collected on the East Coast using hand held nets and kept in aerated tanks until the gnathiids completed their feeding. Once fed, the gnathiids were kept alive in 50 ml bottles with fresh sea water till moulting occurred. Results indicated that all the East Coast intertidal gnathiids were from the same species and new to science, and subsequently described as Gnathia pilosus sp. nov. The G. pilosus male and female can be clearly distinguished from other South African species in having numerous tubercles and setae covering the cephalosome and pereon which are not as pronounced in the other species. The G. pilosus larva can also be distinguished from the other South African species by the triangular-shaped cephalosome and numerous sensory pits covering the body.

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6

Kruger, Lisa M., and Charles L. Griffiths. "Sources of nutrition in intertidal sea anemones from the south-western Cape, South Africa." South African Journal of Zoology 31, no. 3 (January 1996): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1996.11448402.

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7

Sink, KJ, GM Branch, and JM Harris. "Biogeographic patterns in rocky intertidal communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." African Journal of Marine Science 27, no. 1 (January 2005): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504070.

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8

Prochazka, K. "The reproductive biology of intertidal klipfish (Perciformes: Clinidae) in South Africa." South African Journal of Zoology 29, no. 4 (January 1994): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1994.11448358.

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9

Bremec, Claudia, Cecilia Carcedo, M. Cintia Piccolo, Eder dos Santos, and Sandra Fiori. "Sabellaria nanella(Sabellariidae): from solitary subtidal to intertidal reef-building worm at Monte Hermoso, Argentina (39°S, south-west Atlantic)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 1 (September 4, 2012): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000550.

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This contribution reports the first record of intertidal reefs built by the sabellariid wormSabellaria nanellain the lower intertidal at Monte Hermoso beach, Argentina (39°S). All previous records ofS. nanellain the study area correspond to solitary individuals from shallow subtidal depths in coastal environments, while the present findings refer to well established reefs on stony rocks. Worms sort medium size sand grains to build the reefs, which contain higher amount of organic matter than the surrounding sediments. Size structure of worms shows multiple size cohorts that include recent recruits and mature adults. Many invertebrates, i.e. various annelids, arthropods, molluscs, nemerteans and nematodes, are the frequent organisms living within the reef, some of them already recorded in the area. The presence of intertidal reefs ofS. nanellaindicates that the species has plasticity to adapt to environments with different physical conditions (subtidal–intertidal areas).

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10

Boland, J. M. "The horizontal zonation of two species of intertidal barnacle in South Africa." South African Journal of Marine Science 18, no. 1 (June 1997): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776197784161081.

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11

Shone, Russell W. "A new ophiuroid from the Sundays River Formation (Lower Cretaceous), South Africa." Journal of Paleontology 60, no. 4 (July 1986): 904–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000043067.

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Ophiolancea swartkopensis n. gen. and sp. is the first ophiuroid to be described from the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) Sundays River Formation, South Africa. Ophiolancea is distinguished by lanceolate lateral arm shields which occur on the distal portions of the arms. Associated fauna and stratigraphic evidence suggest that the specimen was buried in an intertidal mud flat.

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12

Welicky, Rachel L., Maryke L. Ferreira, Paul Sikkel, and Nico J. Smit. "Diurnal activity patterns of the temporary fish ectoparasite,Gnathia africanaBarnard, 1914 (Isopoda, Gnathiidae), from the southern coast of South Africa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 7 (August 23, 2017): 1715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417001369.

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Gnathiid isopods are one of the most common fish ectoparasites, and are found in both temperate and tropical oceans. On coral reefs, gnathiids are most active at dusk and dawn, and contribute significantly to trophic dynamics, as they are a prey resource for cleaner fish and parasitize numerous fishes. Gnathiids also inhabit temperate intertidal waters, but their activity patterns and contribution to intertidal trophic dynamics remain unstudied. To provide the first ecological data on temperate intertidal gnathiid activity patterns, 172 gnathiid-freeClinus superciliosuswere set in an intertidal system in Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa, during early morning, morning, afternoon, early evening, and evening, high and low tide, and within the inter- and infra-tidal zone to examine gnathiid infestation levels. After exposure, gnathiids from each fish were identified to the species level, counted, and their developmental stage was recorded. All gnathiids were identified asGnathiia africana. On average, 1 ± 5SD gnathiids were collected from each fish, and the majority of gnathiids collected were stage 1. Significantly more gnathiids were collected during morning and afternoon compared with all other time periods. The number of gnathiids collected was not influenced by the fish's exposure to high or low tide, or placement within the tide zone. AlthoughG. africanais free from cleaner fish predation because cleaner fish do not reside in temperate intertidal habitat,G. africanaabundance is surprisingly small. Future studies should examine what regulatesG. africanapopulation size and the role they play in temperate intertidal food webs.

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13

Masi, Bruno Pereira, Isabela Maria Macedo, and Ilana Rosental Zalmon. "Annual and spatial variation of intertidal benthic community zonation in a breakwater off the Rio de Janeiro coast, south-eastern Brazil." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 2 (March 2009): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408003032.

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The present study aims to evaluate the vertical distribution of intertidal benthic organisms in different periods of the year, relating them to tide, air temperature, height and wave periodicity in breakwaters off the northern Rio de Janeiro State, and to compare the zonation at two sites (Pier and Barra) with distinct hydrodynamics, due to different wave swell. Quadrats of 400 cm2 were sampled by a photoquadrat method. The upper limit of the marine organisms was higher at the Barra site (intertidal zone of 3.8 m) than at the Pier site (intertidal zone of 2.2 m). The littoral fringe assemblage did not show significant differences between sites, but a larger range of this fringe and the upper eulittoral band at Barra was quite evident. This site was mostly characterized by species of more exposed areas such as Chaetomorpha sp. and Perna perna in the upper and lower eulittoral bands, and by C. teedii and Ulva fasciata in the sublittoral fringe. A seasonal difference was identified in the air exposure degree at the Pier site, which was higher in October 2005 and February 2006. The air temperature and wave height and periodicity differed significantly among the four studied periods. The typical seasonal species were F. clenchi (July 2005 and October 2005), Gigartina domingensis (July 2005), Grateloupia sp. (October 2005) and Porphyra acanthophora (October 2005 and February 2006). The intermediate benthic band of the intertidal zone occupied a narrow zone, changing its spatial location according to the season of the year. The hypothesis of annual variation of the benthic community zonation according to the seasonal variability of tides, air temperatures and wave's height and periodicity was accepted for the intermediate band of the intertidal zone, due to the taxonomic differences and the abundance of dominant species in the four seasons. The difference in the vertical distribution of the intertidal benthic assemblages of both breakwaters highlights a distinct wave exposure condition, and reflects the breakwaters' orientation and the wave swell at each site.

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14

Bolton, J. J., M. T. Davies-Coleman, and V. E. Coyne. "Innovative processes and products involving marine organisms in South Africa." African Journal of Marine Science 35, no. 3 (September 2013): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2013.830990.

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15

Demello, Rahul, and Nicole E. Phillips. "Variation in mussel and barnacle recruitment parallels a shift in intertidal community structure in the Cook Strait region of New Zealand." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 10 (2011): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11053.

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Recruitment influences populations and communities of marine organisms to varying degrees and across a range of spatial scales. We hypothesised that recruitment plays a role in maintaining different intertidal invertebrate assemblages between two nearby locations in New Zealand (Wellington Harbour and the south coast), long reported to have dramatically different communities (with greater cover of sessile invertebrates in the Harbour). Sites in Wellington Harbour were hypothesised to have higher monthly recruitment rates of mussels and barnacles and greater barnacle colonisation after 1 year. Surveys were conducted to quantify community differences. In Wellington Harbour, the mid-intertidal zone was dominated by the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the barnacle Chamaesipho columna and the high intertidal zone by C. columna. In contrast, on the south coast mussels were almost completely absent from both tidal heights and barnacles (predominantly Chamaesipho brunnea) were sparse. In the high zone, monthly recruitment and long term colonisation (over 1 year) of barnacles was much greater in the Harbour; in the mid-intertidal zone, mussel recruitment was up to two orders of magnitude greater in the Harbour than the south coast. Species-specific recruitment patterns differed between the locations, however and were consistent with those of adult abundance.

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16

Kruger, Lisa M., and Charles L. Griffiths. "Digestion rates of prey eaten by intertidal sea anemones from the south-western Cape, South Africa." South African Journal of Zoology 32, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1997.11448439.

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17

Hodgson, Alan N., Frances Smith, Peter Smith, and Louw Claassens. "Macrofauna associated with intertidal mussel beds in the Knysna estuarine embayment, South Africa." African Zoology 56, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2020.1848457.

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18

Bustamante, R. H., G. M. Branch, and S. Eekhout. "Maintenance of an Exceptional Intertidal Grazer Biomass in South Africa: Subsidy by Subtidal Kelps." Ecology 76, no. 7 (October 1995): 2314–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941704.

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19

Reed, Cecile C., Linda Basson, Liesl L. Van As, and Iva Dykova. "Four new myxozoans (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) from intertidal fishes along the south coast of Africa." Folia Parasitologica 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2007.037.

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20

Farrell, E. G., A. T. Critchley, and M. E. Aken. "The intertidal algal flora of Isipingo Beach, Natal, South Africa, and its phycogeographical affinities." Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 47, no. 2 (June 1993): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02430355.

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21

Fairweather, Peter G. "Differential predation on alternative prey, and the survival of rocky intertidal organisms in New South Wales." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 89, no. 2-3 (July 1985): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(85)90123-6.

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22

Regueiras, A., A. Alex, M. S. Costa, S. Pereira, and V. Vasconcelos. "Diversity of intertidal marine sponges from the western coast of Portugal (North-east Atlantic)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 06 (June 7, 2019): 1253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000420.

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AbstractSponges are important components of intertidal marine communities. There is a lack of information about intertidal marine sponge diversity in the western coast of Portugal (North-east Atlantic). In the present work we identified the most common intertidal sponges of the western coast of Portugal, and made a comprehensive list of the intertidal species described so far for this region. Sponges belonging to the Classes Calcarea and Demospongiae were identified, the former class for the first time at these locations. Demospongiae are the most common intertidal sponges, present in all sampling locations. We used an integrative approach for Demospongiae identification, using both morphological and molecular characters. Molecular identification, using a CO1 marker proved to be helpful in the identification to the genus level, despite some limitations, such as difficulty in amplification experienced for sponges as well as non-target organisms. A total of 170 specimens were collected. Seven specimens (five species) belonged to the Class Calcarea and 163 specimens (23 species) to the Class Demospongiae. The demosponge Hymeniacidon perlevis was present at all sample locations. Calcarean species were primarily found in samples taken along the south-western coast.

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23

Menge, B. "Joint 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' regulation of rocky intertidal algal beds in South Africa." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 11 (November 1995): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89172-7.

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24

Paterson, A. W., and A. K. Whitfield. "THE FISHES ASSOCIATED WITH AN INTERTIDAL SALT MARSH CREEK IN THE KAREGA ESTUARY, SOUTH AFRICA." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 51, no. 1 (January 1996): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359199609520606.

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25

Prochazka, Kim. "Seasonal patterns in a temperate intertidal fish community on the west coast of South Africa." Environmental Biology of Fishes 45, no. 2 (February 1996): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005226.

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26

Christofoletti, Ronaldo A., Camila K. Takahashi, Diogo N. Oliveira, and Augusto A. V. Flores. "Abundance of sedentary consumers and sessile organisms along the wave exposure gradient of subtropical rocky shores of the south-west Atlantic." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 5 (December 16, 2010): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001992.

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Sedentary consumers play an important role on populations of prey and, hence, their patterns of abundance, distribution and coexistence on shores are important to evaluate their potential influence on ecosystem dynamics. Here, we aimed to describe their spatio-temporal distribution and abundance in relation to wave exposure in the intertidal rocky shores of the south-west Atlantic to provide a basis for further understanding of ecological processes in this system. The abundance and composition of the functional groups of sessile organisms and sedentary consumers were taken by sampling the intertidal of sheltered and moderately exposed shores during a period of one year. The sublittoral fringe of sheltered areas was dominated by macroalgae, while the low midlittoral was dominated by bare rock and barnacles. In contrast, filter-feeding animals prevailed at exposed shores, probably explaining the higher abundance of the predator Stramonita haemastoma at these locations. Limpets were more abundant at the midlittoral zone of all shores while sea urchins were exclusively found at the sublittoral fringe of moderately exposed shores, therefore, adding grazing pressure on these areas. The results showed patterns of coexistence, distribution and abundance of those organisms in this subtropical area, presumably as a result of wave action, competition and prey availability. It also brought insights on the influence of top-down and bottom-up processes in this area.

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27

Smith, J. M. B., P. Rudall, and P. L. Keage. "Driftwood on Heard Island." Polar Record 25, no. 154 (July 1989): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400010834.

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AbstractSamples from 73 pieces of non-structural driftwood on Heard Island (53°06′S, 73°30′E) were identified to genus or species. Thirty-one belonged to South American species of Nothofagus. The remainder, consisting mostly of conifers especially Picea and Larix, probably came from ships' cargoes. The assemblage is similar to those reported, from smaller samples, on other southern islands. Other items of flotsam, including fishing buoys and drift-cards, are also reported from Heard Island. The significance of driftwood transport from South America to the island in accounting for long-distance dispersal of terrestrial and intertidal organisms is discussed.

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28

VORSTER, SANTI M., RIAN A. P. GREEBE, and GERHARD L. NORTJÉ. "The Incidence of Listeria in Processed Meats in South Africa." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.2.169.

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Three types of processed meats, vienna sausages, ham, and cervelat, were purchased from 17 supermarkets on three occasions in the Pretoria area (South Africa) during spring 1990. The 134 samples were monitored for Listeria, with total plate counts also being determined. Listeria occurred in 11 (8.2%) of all the samples, with the highest incidence in ham (14.0% of all ham samples). Except for one vienna sausage sample, all the samples containing Listeria had total plate counts of between 105 and 107 organisms per g sample.

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29

Molokwanne, P. E., and E. M. N. Chirwa. "Biological Cr(VI) reduction in indigenous sludge cultures from Gauteng, South Africa." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 10 (November 1, 2006): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.880.

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The Cr(VI) reducing capability of an acclimated indigenous culture cultivated from primary sludge was evaluated in batch and packed-bed bioreactor systems. Performance evaluation was carried out in unmodified cultures, cultures modified by substituting terminal organisms in the consortium by a known Cr(VI)-reducing organism (Escherichia coli ATCC 33456), and pure cultures of Cr(VI)-reducing organisms. A high Cr(VI) reduction rate was observed in modified cultures and in the pure culture of the Cr(VI)-reducing bacteria (Bacillus sp.). Furthermore, the Bacillus sp. pure culture outperformed both the unmodified and modified consortium cultures in reducing Cr(VI). Abiotic Cr(VI) reduction activity was evaluated in heat-killed and azide (N3−) inactivated control cultures. No significant Cr(VI) reduction was observed in the controls. This study is part of the continuing research to identify synergistic culture systems for treating toxic compounds from polluted environments.

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Prochazka, K., and C. L. Griffiths. "The Intertidal fish fauna of the west coast of South Africa — species, community and biogeographic patterns." South African Journal of Zoology 27, no. 3 (January 1992): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1992.11448271.

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Kinge, Tonjock Rosemary, Gary Goldman, Adriaana Jacobs, George Gatere Ndiritu, and Marieka Gryzenhout. "A first checklist of macrofungi for South Africa." MycoKeys 63 (February 5, 2020): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.63.36566.

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Macrofungi are considered as organisms that form large fruiting bodies above or below the ground that are visible without the aid of a microscope. These fungi include most basidiomycetes and a small number of ascomycetes. Macrofungi have different ecological roles and uses, where some are edible, medicinal, poisonous, decomposers, saprotrophs, predators and pathogens, and they are often used for innovative biotechnological, medicinal and ecological applications. However, comprehensive checklists, and compilations on the diversity and distribution of mushrooms are lacking for South Africa, which makes regulation, conservation and inclusion in national biodiversity initiatives difficult. In this review, we compiled a checklist of macrofungi for the first time (excluding lichens). Data were compiled based on available literature in journals, books and fungorium records from the National Collection of Fungi. Even if the list is not complete due to numerous unreported species present in South Africa, it still represents an overview of the current knowledge of the macromycetes of South Africa. The list of names enables the assessment of gaps in collections and knowledge on the fungal biodiversity of South Africa, and downstream applications such as defining residency status of species. It provides a foundation for new names to be added in future towards developing a list that will be as complete as possible, and that can be used by a wide audience including scientists, authorities and the public.

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Zardi, G. I., C. D. McQuaid, R. Jacinto, C. R. Lourenço, E. A. Serrão, and K. R. Nicastro. "Re-assessing the origins of the invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in southern Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 4 (2018): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17132.

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Retracing the origins of invasive species is a first critical step in identifying potential mechanisms of introduction, implementation of management strategies and forecasting the spread of the invader. Mytilus galloprovincialis is an intertidal mussel that is widely distributed in many temperate and subtropical regions. It is invasive worldwide and the most successful invasive marine species in southern Africa. Previous studies have examined genetic relationships between a few South African populations from the south-western coast and other worldwide populations, presenting evidence of a north-eastern Atlantic origin of the invasion. Here, a combination of nuclear (Me15/16 PCR-based) and mitochondrial (16S restriction fragment-length polymorphism; 16S RFLP) DNA assays was applied to infer the origin of this strong invader across its entire southern African distribution (South Africa and Namibia). The 16S RFLP confirmed the northern hemisphere as being the likely sole source of invasion. Additionally, the frequencies of haplotypes at the 16S marker and alleles at the Me15/16 locus point to north-eastern Atlantic shores as the most likely origin throughout the Namibian and South African distribution of the species.

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Brokensha, Rouane, Jannes Landschoff, Anton du Plessis, and Charles L. Griffiths. "Redescription and notes on the ecology of Pagurapseudes dentatus (Brown, 1956) (Peracarida: Tanaidacea), a shell-inhabiting tanaid from South Africa." Journal of Crustacean Biology 40, no. 6 (September 24, 2020): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa074.

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Abstract The tanaid Pagurapseudes dentatus was described from a male collected from the intertidal zone at False Bay, South Africa. The description was poorly illustrated, incomplete, did not describe the female or juvenile stages, and gave no information on its habitat. The species was rediscovered and found to be locally abundant at locations in South Africa, where it inhabits vacant gastropod shells. We redescribe P. dentatus by fully illustrating and describing its morphological characters, including the copulatory female and manca II stages. Pagurapseudes dentatus differs from similar species by a long seta on the basis of the characteristically elongated pereopod-1, as well as its singular distal pectinate setae on the propodus and adjacent to the dactylus of pereopod 6. Nano-CT scanning was used to illustrate and document the unusual mode of occupation of empty gastropod shells by the species. It was found (N = 139) occupying shells of 19 gastropod species from 10 different genera, occurring most abundantly in shells of Tricolia Risso, 1826, Burnupena Iredale, 1918, Assiminea Fleming, 1828, and Gibbula Risso, 1826. It forms dense populations under intertidal boulders, where it co-occurs with, and may compete for empty shells, with at least two common species of hermit crabs.

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Faulkner, Katelyn T., Mark P. Robertson, Mathieu Rouget, and John R. U. Wilson. "Prioritising surveillance for alien organisms transported as stowaways on ships travelling to South Africa." PLOS ONE 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2017): e0173340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173340.

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ANELICH, L. E., and L. KORSTEN. "Survey of micro-organisms associated with spoilage of cosmetic creams manufactured in South Africa." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 18, no. 1 (February 1996): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1996.tb00133.x.

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Reinecke, A. J., N. P. Mdzeke, and S. A. Reinecke. "Spatial and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa." African Zoology 47, no. 1 (April 2012): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3377/004.047.0121.

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Erasmus, Anja, Yoshinori Ikenaka, Shouta M. M. Nakayama, Mayumi Ishizuka, Nico J. Smit, and Victor Wepener. "Trophic transfer of pollutants within two intertidal rocky shore ecosystems in different biogeographic regions of South Africa." Marine Pollution Bulletin 157 (August 2020): 111309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111309.

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Reinecke, A. J., N. P. Mdzeke, and S. A. Reinecke. "Spatial and temporal variation in cadmium body loads of four intertidal invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa." African Zoology 47, no. 1 (April 2012): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2012.11407518.

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Bustamante, Rodrigo H., and George M. Branch. "The dependence of intertidal consumers on kelp-derived organic matter on the west coast of South Africa." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 196, no. 1-2 (March 1996): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)00093-3.

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Bustamante, Rodrigo H., George M. Branch, Sean Eekhout, Bruce Robertson, Peter Zoutendyk, Michael Schleyer, Arthur Dye, et al. "Gradients of intertidal primary productivity around the coast of South Africa and their relationships with consumer biomass." Oecologia 102, no. 2 (May 1995): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00333251.

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David, Andrew A., Jason D. Williams, and Carol A. Simon. "A new record of a cryptogenic Dipolydora species (Annelida: Spionidae) in South Africa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 101, no. 2 (March 2021): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315421000163.

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AbstractIn this study we report a new record of a cryptogenic polychaete from southern Africa. The species was found inhabiting sand tubes in intertidal sand flats in the Knysna Estuary on the southern coast of South Africa. Morphological comparisons using light and scanning electron microscopy showed extensive taxonomic similarities with Dipolydora socialis described from other localities and from museum vouchers. In addition, 18S rRNA and COI barcodes were generated for the species. Genetic analysis of the assembled polydorid dataset corroborated the morphological data in delineating the species as a taxonomic unit with >99% genetic similarity to available sequences of D. socialis in the GenBank database. Dipolydora socialis has been reported as having a widespread distribution, and since it can reside within tubes associated with fouling communities or as a shell borer, several vectors may have been responsible for its global spread and introduction to southern Africa. Finally, considering the many cryptic complexes that are currently being uncovered within polychaetes, including spionids, future taxonomic studies should incorporate additional genetic data from other regions of the world to determine whether D. socialis may also be part of a larger species complex.

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Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, Jolanta, and Wojciech J. Przybyłowicz. "Ecophysiology of nickel hyperaccumulating plants from South Africa – from ultramafic soil and mycorrhiza to plants and insects." Metallomics 12, no. 7 (2020): 1018–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mt00282k.

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Shepherd, A. J., P. A. Leman, and D. E. Hummitzsch. "Experimental plague infection in South African wild rodents." Journal of Hygiene 96, no. 2 (April 1986): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400065943.

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SUMMARYSusceptibility studies were undertaken to determine the response of some South African wild rodent species to experimental plague (Yersinia pestis) infection.A degree of plague resistance was found in three gerbil species captured in the plague enzootic region of the northern Cape Province, these being the Namaqua gerbil, Desmodillus auricularis, (LD50 1 × 106 organisms), the bushveld gerbil, Tatera leucogaster, (LD50 9·1 × 105) and the highveld gerbil, T. brantsii (LD50 4 × 102). Animals from a population of the four-striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, captured in the plague area of Port Elizabeth, proved moderately resistant to experimental plague infection (LD 50 1·3 × 104) while those from another population of the same species captured in a plague-free area of the Orange Free State were extremely susceptible (LD50, 5 organisms). The response of both populations however was a heterogeneous one. Marked differences in susceptibility were also found between two populations of multimammate mice, Mastomys natalensis (2n = 32) although both originated from areas outwith the known distribution of plague in southern Africa.The 50% infectious dose was relatively high in T. leucogaster (3·2 × 102) and D. auricularis (1·7 × 103), but was low (2–16 organisms) in the other rodent species tested.The plague antibody response, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was extremely short-lived in T. leucogaster, only 10% of inoculated animals remaining seropositive at low titres after 11 weeks. Antibodies persisted for only slightly longer in the sera of T. brantsii which were reinoculated with 2 × 103 plague organisms 6 weeks after initial challenge.The demonstration of the existence of both susceptible and resistant populations of R. pumilio and M. natalensis indicates that these species must be considered as potential plague reservoir hosts in parts of South Africa.The results suggest that resistance to plague infection in previously epizootic hosts in the northern Cape Province such as Tatera sp. and D. auricularis has arisen through continual selective pressure of the organism. If the findings are applicable to gerbil populations in other plague enzootic regions of South Africa it is probable that acquired plague resistance has been responsible for the absence of gerbil epizootics and consequently for the dramatic decline in human plague outbreaks in South Africa since 1950.

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Samaai, Toufiek, Mark J. Gibbons, and Michelle Kelly. "A revision of the genus Strongylodesma Lévi (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of four new species." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (June 5, 2009): 1689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000101.

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The sponge genus Strongylodesma is reviewed and redefined, and now accommodates eight closely related species. The type species of Strongylodesma Lévi is redescribed and an additional two new species are described from the Indo-Pacific: S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and S. tongaensis sp. nov. Several specimens previously identified as species of Batzella (Poecilosclerida: Chondropsidae) have been re-assigned to Strongylodesma, as the new species S. purpureus sp. nov. and S. nigra sp. nov. With the description here of new species from the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Atlantic, the biogeographical distribution of Strongylodesma now appears to be generally tropical with a subtropical South African component, whereas previously it was only known from South Africa. Although species of Strongylodesma have not previously been recorded from the intermediate locations (Western Indian Ocean, South-east Asia, central west Pacific, and New Zealand), re-evaluation here will facilitate more readily the recognition of taxa in these intermediate regions, if they exist, in the future. The species are not widespread, except perhaps along the south-east coast of South Africa, and where they occur they are not abundant. Species occur over a wide depth range, from the intertidal in Tsitsikamma, South Africa, to 140 m in the Caribbean.

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Kefford, Ben J., Carolyn G. Palmer, and Dayanthi Nugegoda. "Relative salinity tolerance of freshwater macroinvertebrates from the south-east Eastern Cape, South Africa compared with the Barwon Catchment, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 2 (2005): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04098.

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Salinity is rising in many southern African and Australian rivers with unknown effects on aquatic organisms. The extent of spatial variation, at any scale, in salt tolerances of aquatic organisms is unknown, so whether data from one location is applicable elsewhere is also unknown. The acute tolerances (72-h median lethal concentration (LC50)) to sea salt of 49 macroinvertebrate taxa from the south-east Eastern Cape (SEEC), South Africa were compared with those of 57 species from the Barwon Catchment, Victoria, Australia. The mean LC50 values from both locations were similar (Barwon: 31 and SEEC: 32 mS cm−1) and less abundant (rare) taxa tended to be more tolerant than more abundant (common) taxa. There was, however, a greater range of LC50 values (5.5–76 mS cm−1) in the Barwon Catchment than in the SEEC (11–47 mS cm−1). The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for SEEC taxa was bimodal whereas the Barwon Catchment’s SSD had a single peak. With few exceptions, members of an order had similar tolerances in both locations. The differences in SSD between locations were related to crustacean, odonate and non-arthropod relative richness. Although it is not ideal to extrapolate SSDs from one location to another, it may be reasonable to assume similar salinity tolerances among related taxa.

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Tagliarolo, M., V. Montalto, G. Sarà, JA Lathlean, and CD McQuaid. "Low temperature trumps high food availability to determine the distribution of intertidal mussels Perna perna in South Africa." Marine Ecology Progress Series 558 (October 25, 2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11876.

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Bornman, T. G., J. Schmidt, J. B. Adams, A. N. Mfikili, R. E. Farre, and A. J. Smit. "Relative sea-level rise and the potential for subsidence of the Swartkops Estuary intertidal salt marshes, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 107 (November 2016): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.05.003.

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Mustamu, Grace, Lawrence J. L. Lumingas, and Anneke V. Lohoo. "Diversity, Distribution Pattern, Morphometric of Box Mussel Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Reef Flat in Cape Lampangi, South Minahasa." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 2, no. 1 (April 24, 2014): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.2.1.2014.4402.

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Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758) is a suspension feeder organisms which are found live clustered on dead coral . This study aims to estimate the average density, analyzes the distribution patterns and analyze morphometric aspects of a long-high (thick) relation, length-total weight relation and length-weight index without shell relation of S. bilocularis at that location. Sampling method using transect squares method, with the length of each line is 50m, on each transect placed 10 squares (measuring 1m x 1m). Based on the data analysis of the average density in both transect was 214 individuals with a clustered deployment pattern, with a maximum shell length of 29,64mm. The relation between length and high of shell shows that the growth is allometri negative, length and total weight shell relationships is allometri negative, where the contents of the weight index does not increase with increasing length but declined. Box mussel Septifier bilocularis live clustered with very dense aggregations in intertidal reef flat area on the intertidal zone are exposed at the lowest tide at Cape Lampangi. Keywords : box mussel, morphometric, Cape Lampangi, South Minahasa ABSTRAK Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758) merupakan organisme pemakan suspensi yang banyak ditemukan hidup secara mengelompok pada rataan terumbu karang mati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menduga kepadatan rata-rata, menganalisis indeks dispersi atau pola sebaran dan menganalisis aspek morfometrik berupa hubungan panjang-tinggi (tebal), panjang-berat dan panjang-indeks berat tubuh tanpa cangkang dari S. bilocularis di lokasi tersebut. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode transek kuadrat, dengan panjang setiap garis 50 meter, pada masing-masing transek diletakkan 10 kuadrat (berukuran 1m x 1m). Berdasarkan analisis data kepadatan rata-rata secara keseluruhan (kedua transek) adalah 214 individu dengan pola penyebaran mengelompok, dengan panjang cangkang maksimum 29,64mm. Hubungan pertumbuhan panjang dan tinggi cangkang ‘allometri negatif’, hubungan panjang cangkang dan berat total ‘allometri negatif’, di mana pertambahan indeks isi tidak sejalan dengan pertambahan panjang tetapi menurun. Kerang kotak Septifier bilocularis hidup mengelompok dengan agregasi yang sangat padat di daerah intertidal rataan terumbu pada zona intertidal yang terekspos pada saat surut terendah di Tanjung Lampangi. Kata kunci : karang kotak, morfometrik, Tanjung Lampangi, Minahasa Selatan

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Lewis, David A., Lindy Y. E. Gumede, Louis A. Van der Hoven, Gloria N. De Gita, Elsabe J. E. De Kock, Telsa De Lange, Venessa Maseko, Valentia Kekana, Francois P. Smuts, and Olga Perovic. "Antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa." South African Medical Journal 103, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.6722.

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Nel, L., N. A. Strydom, and H. Bouwman. "Preliminary assessment of contaminants in the sediment and organisms of the Swartkops Estuary, South Africa." Marine Pollution Bulletin 101, no. 2 (December 2015): 878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.015.

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