Academic literature on the topic 'Intertropical convergence zone Ocean-atmosphere interaction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Intertropical convergence zone Ocean-atmosphere interaction"
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Nobre, Paulo, Roberto A. De Almeida, Marta Malagutti, and Emanuel Giarolla. "Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Variations over the South Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Climate 25, no. 18 (April 18, 2012): 6349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00444.1.
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Abstract The impact of ocean–atmosphere interactions on summer rainfall over the South Atlantic Ocean is explored through the use of coupled ocean–atmosphere models. The Brazilian Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies (CPTEC) coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) and its atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) are used to gauge the role of coupled modes of variability of the climate system over the South Atlantic at seasonal time scales. Twenty-six years of summer [December–February (DJF)] simulations were done with the CGCM in ensemble mode and the AGCM forced with both observed sea surface temperature (SST) and SST generated by the CGCM forecasts to investigate the dynamics/thermodynamics of the two major convergence zones in the tropical Atlantic: the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ). The results present both numerical model and observational evidence supporting the hypothesis that the ITCZ is a thermally direct, SST-driven atmospheric circulation, while the SACZ is a thermally indirect atmospheric circulation controlling SST variability underneath—a consequence of ocean–atmosphere interactions not captured by the atmospheric model forced by prescribed ocean temperatures. Six CGCM model results of the Ensemble-based Predictions of Climate Changes and their Impacts (ENSEMBLES) project, NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, and oceanic and atmospheric data from buoys of the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) Project over the tropical Atlantic are used to validate CPTEC’s coupled and uncoupled model simulations.
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Richards, Kelvin J., Shang-Ping Xie, and Toru Miyama. "Vertical Mixing in the Ocean and Its Impact on the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere System in the Eastern Tropical Pacific*." Journal of Climate 22, no. 13 (July 1, 2009): 3703–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2702.1.
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Abstract The zonal and meridional asymmetries in the eastern tropical Pacific (the eastern equatorial cold tongue and the northern intertropical convergence zone) are key aspects of the region that are strongly influenced by ocean–atmosphere interactions. Here the authors investigate the impact of vertical mixing in the ocean on these asymmetries, employing a coupled ocean–atmosphere regional model. Results highlight the need to study the impact of processes such as vertical mixing in the context of the coupled system. Changes to the vertical mixing in the ocean are found to produce large changes in the state of the system, which include changes to the surface properties of the ocean, the ocean currents, the surface wind field, and clouds and precipitation in the atmosphere. Much of the strength of the impact is through interactions between the ocean and atmosphere. Increasing ocean mixing has an opposite effect on the zonal and meridional asymmetries. The zonal asymmetry is increased (i.e., a colder eastern equatorial cold tongue and increased easterly winds), whereas the meridional asymmetry is decreased (a reduced north–south temperature difference and reduced southerlies), with the impact being enhanced by the Bjerknes and wind–evaporation–sea surface temperature feedbacks. Water mass transformations are analyzed by consideration of the diapynic fluxes. Although the general character of the diapycnic transport remains relatively unchanged with a change in ocean mixing, there are changes to the magnitude and location of the transport in density space. Oceanic vertical mixing impacts the balance of terms contributing to the heating of the ocean surface mixed layer. With reduced mixing the advection of heat plays an increased role in areas such as the far eastern tropical Pacific and under the intertropical convergence zone.
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Liu, Yimin, Mengmeng Lu, Haijun Yang, Anmin Duan, Bian He, Song Yang, and Guoxiong Wu. "Land–atmosphere–ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau and its climate impacts." National Science Review 7, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 534–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa011.
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Abstract This paper reviews recent advances regarding land–atmosphere–ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its climatic impacts. Thermal forcing over the TP interacts strongly with that over the Iranian Plateau, forming a coupled heating system that elevates the tropopause, generates a monsoonal meridional circulation over South Asia and creates conditions of large-scale ascent favorable for Asian summer monsoon development. TP heating leads to intensification and westward extension (northward movement) of the South Asian High (Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone), and exerts strong impacts on upstream climate variations from North Atlantic to West Asia. It also affects oceanic circulation and buoyancy fields via atmospheric stationary wave trains and air–sea interaction processes, contributing to formation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The TP thermal state and atmospheric–oceanic conditions are highly interactive and Asian summer monsoon variability is controlled synergistically by internal TP variability and external forcing factors.
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Zhang, Rong, and Thomas L. Delworth. "Simulated Tropical Response to a Substantial Weakening of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation." Journal of Climate 18, no. 12 (June 15, 2005): 1853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3460.1.
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Abstract In this study, a mechanism is demonstrated whereby a large reduction in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) can induce global-scale changes in the Tropics that are consistent with paleoevidence of the global synchronization of millennial-scale abrupt climate change. Using GFDL’s newly developed global coupled ocean–atmosphere model (CM2.0), the global response to a sustained addition of freshwater to the model’s North Atlantic is simulated. This freshwater forcing substantially weakens the Atlantic THC, resulting in a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone over the Atlantic and Pacific, an El Niño–like pattern in the southeastern tropical Pacific, and weakened Indian and Asian summer monsoons through air–sea interactions.
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Li, Gen, and Shang-Ping Xie. "Tropical Biases in CMIP5 Multimodel Ensemble: The Excessive Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue and Double ITCZ Problems*." Journal of Climate 27, no. 4 (February 10, 2014): 1765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00337.1.
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Abstract Errors of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) limit their utility for climate prediction and projection. Origins of and feedback for tropical biases are investigated in the historical climate simulations of 18 CGCMs from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), together with the available Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations. Based on an intermodel empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of tropical Pacific precipitation, the excessive equatorial Pacific cold tongue and double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) stand out as the most prominent errors of the current generation of CGCMs. The comparison of CMIP–AMIP pairs enables us to identify whether a given type of errors originates from atmospheric models. The equatorial Pacific cold tongue bias is associated with deficient precipitation and surface easterly wind biases in the western half of the basin in CGCMs, but these errors are absent in atmosphere-only models, indicating that the errors arise from the interaction with the ocean via Bjerknes feedback. For the double ITCZ problem, excessive precipitation south of the equator correlates well with excessive downward solar radiation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) midlatitudes, an error traced back to atmospheric model simulations of cloud during austral spring and summer. This extratropical forcing of the ITCZ displacements is mediated by tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction and is consistent with recent studies of ocean–atmospheric energy transport balance.
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Xie, Shang-Ping, Toru Miyama, Yuqing Wang, Haiming Xu, Simon P. de Szoeke, R. Justin O. Small, Kelvin J. Richards, Takashi Mochizuki, and Toshiyuki Awaji. "A Regional Ocean–Atmosphere Model for Eastern Pacific Climate: Toward Reducing Tropical Biases*." Journal of Climate 20, no. 8 (April 15, 2007): 1504–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4080.1.
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Abstract The tropical Pacific Ocean is a climatically important region, home to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. The simulation of its climate remains a challenge for global coupled ocean–atmosphere models, which suffer large biases especially in reproducing the observed meridional asymmetry across the equator in sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall. A basin ocean general circulation model is coupled with a full-physics regional atmospheric model to study eastern Pacific climate processes. The regional ocean–atmosphere model (ROAM) reproduces salient features of eastern Pacific climate, including a northward-displaced intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) collocated with a zonal band of high SST, a low-cloud deck in the southeastern tropical Pacific, the equatorial cold tongue, and its annual cycle. The simulated low-cloud deck experiences significant seasonal variations in vertical structure and cloudiness; cloud becomes decoupled and separated from the surface mixed layer by a stable layer in March when the ocean warms up, leading to a reduction in cloudiness. The interaction of low cloud and SST is an important internal feedback for the climatic asymmetry between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In an experiment where the cloud radiative effect is turned off, this climatic asymmetry weakens substantially, with the ITCZ migrating back and forth across the equator following the sun. In another experiment where tropical North Atlantic SST is lowered by 2°C—say, in response to a slow-down of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation as during the Younger Dryas—the equatorial Pacific SST decreases by up to 3°C in January–April but changes much less in other seasons, resulting in a weakened equatorial annual cycle. The relatively high resolution (0.5°) of the ROAM enables it to capture mesoscale features, such as tropical instability waves, Central American gap winds, and a thermocline dome off Costa Rica. The implications for tropical biases and paleoclimate research are discussed.
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Wane, Dahirou, Alban Lazar, Malick Wade, and Amadou Thierno Gaye. "A Climatological Study of the Mechanisms Controlling the Seasonal Meridional Migration of the Atlantic Warm Pool in an OGCM." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091224.
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The tropical Atlantic Warm Pool is one of the main drivers of the marine intertropical convergence zone and the associated coastal Northeast Brazilian and West-African monsoons. Its meridional displacement is driven by the solar cycle, modulated by the atmosphere and ocean interactions, whose nature and respective proportions are still poorly understood. This paper presents a climatological study of the upper ocean and lower atmosphere contributions to the warm pool seasonal migration, using an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). First, we provide quantitative, albeit simple, pieces of evidence on how the large amplitude of migration in the west, compared to the east, is mainly due to the strong east–west contrast of the background meridional SST gradient intensities, which is maintained by equatorial and eastern tropical upwellings. Our main results consist first in identifying a diagnostic equation for the migration speed of the two meridional boundary isotherms of the Warm Pool, expressed in terms of the various mixed-layer heat fluxes. We then evidence and quantify how, in general, the migration is forced by air–sea fluxes, and damped by ocean circulation. However, remarkable controls by the ocean are identified in some specific regions. In particular, in the northwestern part of the Warm Pool, characterized by a large temperature inversion area, the boreal spring northward movement speed depends on the restitution of the solar heating by the thermocline. Additionally, over the southern part of the Warm Pool, our study quantifies the key role of the equatorial upwelling, which, depending on the longitude, significantly accelerates or slows down the summer poleward migration.
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Seo, Hyodae, Shang-Ping Xie, Raghu Murtugudde, Markus Jochum, and Arthur J. Miller. "Seasonal Effects of Indian Ocean Freshwater Forcing in a Regional Coupled Model*." Journal of Climate 22, no. 24 (December 15, 2009): 6577–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2990.1.
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Abstract Effects of freshwater forcing from river discharge into the Indian Ocean on oceanic vertical structure and the Indian monsoons are investigated using a fully coupled, high-resolution, regional climate model. The effect of river discharge is included in the model by restoring sea surface salinity (SSS) toward observations. The simulations with and without this effect in the coupled model reveal a highly seasonal influence of salinity and the barrier layer (BL) on oceanic vertical density stratification, which is in turn linked to changes in sea surface temperature (SST), surface winds, and precipitation. During both boreal summer and winter, SSS relaxation leads to a more realistic spatial distribution of salinity and the BL in the model. In summer, the BL in the Bay of Bengal enhances the upper-ocean stratification and increases the SST near the river mouths where the freshwater forcing is largest. However, the warming is limited to the coastal ocean and the amplitude is not large enough to give a significant impact on monsoon rainfall. The strengthened BL during boreal winter leads to a shallower mixed layer. Atmospheric heat flux forcing acting on a thin mixed layer results in an extensive reduction of SST over the northern Indian Ocean. Relatively suppressed mixing below the mixed layer warms the subsurface layer, leading to a temperature inversion. The cooling of the sea surface induces a large-scale adjustment in the winter atmosphere with amplified northeasterly winds. This impedes atmospheric convection north of the equator while facilitating it in the austral summer intertropical convergence zone, resulting in a hemispheric-asymmetric response pattern. Overall, the results suggest that freshwater forcing from the river discharges plays an important role during the boreal winter by affecting SST and the coupled ocean–atmosphere interaction, with potential impacts on the broadscale regional climate.
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Abdelkader, Mohamed, Swen Metzger, Benedikt Steil, Klaus Klingmüller, Holger Tost, Andrea Pozzer, Georgiy Stenchikov, Leonard Barrie, and Jos Lelieveld. "Sensitivity of transatlantic dust transport to chemical aging and related atmospheric processes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 6 (March 20, 2017): 3799–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3799-2017.
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Abstract. We present a sensitivity study on transatlantic dust transport, a process which has many implications for the atmosphere, the ocean and the climate. We investigate the impact of key processes that control the dust outflow, i.e., the emission flux, convection schemes and the chemical aging of mineral dust, by using the EMAC model following Abdelkader et al. (2015). To characterize the dust outflow over the Atlantic Ocean, we distinguish two geographic zones: (i) dust interactions within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), or the dust–ITCZ interaction zone (DIZ), and (ii) the adjacent dust transport over the Atlantic Ocean (DTA) zone. In the latter zone, the dust loading shows a steep and linear gradient westward over the Atlantic Ocean since particle sedimentation is the dominant removal process, whereas in the DIZ zone aerosol–cloud interactions, wet deposition and scavenging processes determine the extent of the dust outflow. Generally, the EMAC simulated dust compares well with CALIPSO observations; however, our reference model configuration tends to overestimate the dust extinction at a lower elevation and underestimates it at a higher elevation. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Caribbean responds to the dust emission flux only when the emitted dust mass is significantly increased over the source region in Africa by a factor of 10. These findings point to the dominant role of dust removal (especially wet deposition) in transatlantic dust transport. Experiments with different convection schemes have indeed revealed that the transatlantic dust transport is more sensitive to the convection scheme than to the dust emission flux parameterization. To study the impact of dust chemical aging, we focus on a major dust outflow in July 2009. We use the calcium cation as a proxy for the overall chemical reactive dust fraction and consider the uptake of major inorganic acids (i.e., H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl) and their anions, i.e., sulfate (SO42−), bisulfate (HSO4−), nitrate (NO3−) and chloride (Cl−), on the surface of mineral particles. The subsequent neutralization reactions with the calcium cation form various salt compounds that cause the uptake of water vapor from the atmosphere, i.e., through the chemical aging of dust particles leading to an increase of 0.15 in the AOD under subsaturated conditions (July 2009 monthly mean). As a result of the radiative feedback on surface winds, dust emissions increased regionally. On the other hand, the aged dust particles, compared to the non-aged particles, are more efficiently removed by both wet and dry deposition due to the increased hygroscopicity and particle size (mainly due to water uptake). The enhanced removal of aged particles decreases the dust burden and lifetime, which indirectly reduces the dust AOD by 0.05 (monthly mean). Both processes can be significant (major dust outflow, July 2009), but the net effect depends on the region and level of dust chemical aging.
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Xie, Shang-Ping, Haiming Xu, William S. Kessler, and Masami Nonaka. "Air–Sea Interaction over the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool: Gap Winds, Thermocline Dome, and Atmospheric Convection*." Journal of Climate 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3249.1.
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Abstract High-resolution satellite observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction over the eastern Pacific warm pool. In winter, strong wind jets develop over the Gulfs of Tehuantepec, Papagayo, and Panama, accelerated by the pressure gradients between the Atlantic and Pacific across narrow passes of Central American cordillera. Patches of cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and high chlorophyll develop under these wind jets as a result of increased turbulent heat flux from the ocean and enhanced mixing across the base of the ocean mixed layer. Despite a large decrease in SST (exceeding 3°C in seasonal means), the cold patches associated with the Tehuantepec and Papagayo jets do not have an obvious effect on local atmospheric convection in winter since the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is located farther south. The cold patch of the Panama jet to the south, on the other hand, cuts through the winter ITCZ and breaks it into two parts. A pronounced thermocline dome develops west of the Gulf of Papagayo, with the 20°C isotherm only 30 m deep throughout the year. In summer when the Panama jet disappears and the other two wind jets weaken, SST is 0.5°C lower over this Costa Rica Dome than the background. This cold spot reduces local precipitation by half, punching a hole of 500 km in diameter in the summer ITCZ. The dome underlies a patch of open-ocean high chlorophyll. This thermocline dome is an ocean dynamic response to the positive wind curls south of the Papagayo jet, which is optimally oriented to excite ocean Rossby waves that remotely affect the ocean to the west. The meridionally oriented Tehuantepec and Panama jets, by contrast, only influence the local thermocline depth with few remote effects on SST and the atmosphere. The orographical-triggered air–sea interaction described here is a good benchmark for testing high-resolution climate models now under development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Intertropical convergence zone Ocean-atmosphere interaction"
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Biasutti, Michela. "On the annual cycle over the atlantic sector : the relative role of land and ocean. /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10016.
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Leech, Peter Joseph. "Paleo-proxies for the thermocline and lysocline over the last glacial cycle in the Western Tropical Pacific." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49029.
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The shape of the thermocline and the depth of the lysoline in the western tropical Pacific are both influenced by the overlying atmosphere, and both the shape of thermocline and the depth of the lysocline can be reconstructed from foraminifera-based paleo-proxies. Paleoclimate proxy evidence suggests a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during times of Northern Hemisphere cooling, including the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 19-23 ka before present. However, evidence for movement over the Pacific has mainly been limited to precipitation reconstructions near the continents, and the position of the Pacific marine ITCZ is less well constrained. In this study, I address this problem by taking advantage of the fact that the upper ocean density structure reflects the overlying wind field. I reconstruct changes in the upper ocean density structure during the LGM using oxygen isotope measurements on the planktonic foraminifera G. ruber and G. tumida in a transect of sediment cores from the Western Tropical Pacific. The data suggest a ridge in the thermocline just north of the present-day ITCZ persists for at least part of the LGM, and a structure in the Southern Hemisphere that differs from today. The reconstructed structure is consistent with that produced in a General Circulation Model with both a Northern and Southern Hemisphere ITCZ. I also attempt to reconstruct the upper ocean density structure for Marine Isotope Stages 5e and 6, the interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, previous to the LGM. The data show a Northern Hemisphere thermocline ridge for both of these periods. There is insufficient data to draw any conclusions about the Southern Hemisphere thermocline.
Using the same set of sediment cores, I also attempt to reconstruct lysocline depth over the last 23,000 years using benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios, planktonic foraminiferal masses, and sediment coarse fraction percentage. Paleoclimate proxy evidence and modeling studies suggest that the deglaciation following the LGM is associated with a deepening of the lysocline and an increase in sedimentary calcite preservation. Although my data lack the resolution to constrain the depth of the lysocline, they do show an increase in calcite preservation during the last deglaciation, consistent with lysocline deepening as carbon moves from the deep ocean to the atmosphere.
Books on the topic "Intertropical convergence zone Ocean-atmosphere interaction"
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.
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Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.
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Dunlop, Storm. 2. The circulation of the atmosphere. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199571314.003.0002.
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‘The circulation of the atmosphere’ outlines the general model of the movement of air around the Earth. There are three circulation cells either side of the equator: the Hadley cell (nearest to the equator) and the polar cell, driven by specific temperature and pressure gradients, and the Ferrel cell between them. It describes global pressure patterns and the Coriolis effect, which results in south-westerly trade winds in the northern hemisphere and north-westerly trade winds in the southern. Also described are the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the polar easterlies, the westerlies, and how air moves around high- and low-pressure regions. The action of the surface winds also produces the various ocean currents.
Book chapters on the topic "Intertropical convergence zone Ocean-atmosphere interaction"
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Dajuma, Alima, Siélé Silué, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, Heike Vogel, Evelyne Touré N’Datchoh, Véronique Yoboué, Arona Diedhiou, and Bernhard Vogel. "Biomass Burning Effects on the Climate over Southern West Africa During the Summer Monsoon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1515–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_86.
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AbstractBiomass Burning (BB) aerosol has attracted considerable attention due to its detrimental effects on climate through its radiative properties. In Africa, fire patterns are anticorrelated with the southward-northward movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Each year between June and September, BB occurs in the southern hemisphere of Africa, and aerosols are carried westward by the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and advected at an altitude of between 2 and 4 km. Observations made during a field campaign of Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) (Knippertz et al., Bull Am Meteorol Soc 96:1451–1460, 2015) during the West African Monsoon (WAM) of June–July 2016 have revealed large quantities of BB aerosols in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) over southern West Africa (SWA).This chapter examines the effects of the long-range transport of BB aerosols on the climate over SWA by means of a modeling study, and proposes several adaptation and mitigation strategies for policy makers regarding this phenomenon. A high-resolution regional climate model, known as the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling – Aerosols and Reactive Traces (COSMO-ART) gases, was used to conduct two set of experiments, with and without BB emissions, to quantify their impacts on the SWA atmosphere. Results revealed a reduction in surface shortwave (SW) radiation of up to about 6.5 W m−2 and an 11% increase of Cloud Droplets Number Concentration (CDNC) over the SWA domain. Also, an increase of 12.45% in Particulate Matter (PM25) surface concentration was observed in Abidjan (9.75 μg m−3), Accra (10.7 μg m−3), Cotonou (10.7 μg m−3), and Lagos (8 μg m−3), while the carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio increased by 90 ppb in Abidjan and Accra due to BB. Moreover, BB aerosols were found to contribute to a 70% increase of organic carbon (OC) below 1 km in the PBL, followed by black carbon (BC) with 24.5%. This work highlights the contribution of the long-range transport of BB pollutants to pollution levels in SWA and their effects on the climate. It focuses on a case study of 3 days (5–7 July 2016). However, more research on a longer time period is necessary to inform decision making properly.This study emphasizes the need to implement a long-term air quality monitoring system in SWA as a method of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Araya-Vergara, José. "Ocean Coasts and Continental Shelves." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0023.
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Suess (1900) provided the first scientific treatment of the South American coast from a tectonic perspective when he distinguished between the Atlantic and Pacific structural styles on opposite sides of the continent. Inman and Nordstrom (1971) later complemented this approach by relating these styles to the concepts of plate tectonics that had emerged during the 1960s. Useful keys to understanding South American coastal processes and sediment supplies were then offered by Davies (1977) and Potter (1994), respectively, while regional accounts of South American coastal landforms were made by specialists in books edited by Bird and Schwartz (1985) and Schwartz (2005). Clapperton (1993) reviewed Quaternary coastal morphogenesis. Coastal sites of scientific importance and historical coastline changes were discussed by Bird and Koike (1981) and Bird (1985). This chapter focuses on the principal factors involved in coastal evolution and morphogenesis, describes key regional landforms, and proposes a new analytical perspective for South America’s coasts by introducing a hierarchical system within coastal groups. The main coastline of South America is approximately 31,100 km long, of which 10,400 km face the Pacific Ocean, 16,700 the open Atlantic Ocean, and the remaining 4,000 km the more sheltered Caribbean Sea. Of the total length, approximately two-thirds lie within the tropics, ensuring that physical and ecological responses to ocean-atmosphere circulation systems involving the Intertropical Convergence Zone dominate these coasts. The remaining one third of the coast beyond the tropics is dominated during part or all of the year by temperate westerly conditions, which become increasingly cool and stormy toward the continent’s southern tip. The origins of the present coast reflect the tectonic forces that have affected the South American plate over the past 200 million years, augmented by relative sea-level changes associated with changing global (eustatic) ocean volume and regional (isostatic) crustal adjustments. The Atlantic coast of South America owes its broad outline to the separation of the continent from neighboring parts of Gondwana that began more than 200 Ma (million years ago). The Pacific and Caribbean coasts have a more complex history, related to the progressive interaction of the westwardmoving South American plate with four oceanic plates with which it has come into contact).
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Woodward, Jamie. "Editorial Introduction." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0010.
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By examining both contemporary processes and long-term records of change, this volume explores the climates, landscapes, ecosystems, and hazards that comprise the Mediterranean world. This is the only region on Earth where three continents meet and their interaction has produced a very distinctive physical geography. This book examines the landscapes and processes at the margins of the three continents and the distinctive marine environment between them. In broad terms, the physical geography of the Mediterranean is a product of long-term interplay between tectonic forces, climate change, river basin and marine processes, and biosphere dynamics, as well as the action of humans during the course of the Holocene. From the outset, it is important to keep in mind that this physical geography is an integration of energy, materials, and processes within a much wider global system. The Mediterranean is a zone of convergence and interaction. It is a meeting place not only for tectonic plates, but also for air masses, energy, and river flows from both temperate and tropical latitudes. The region also interacts directly with the global ocean, receiving cool North Atlantic waters in exchange for the warmer and saltier waters produced in the basins of the Mediterranean Sea. It is also a biodiversity hotspot; the Mediterranean has been a meeting place for plants, animals, and humans from three continents throughout much of its history. The chapters in Part I set out the physical and biological framework for the rest of the book and examine key debates about the evolution of the Mediterranean environment. They explore fundamental interactions between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere across a range of spatial and temporal scales. The scene is set for later chapters that focus more closely on particular aspects of the Mediterranean environment such as ecosystem dynamics, river basin systems, karst environments, natural hazards, and land degradation. Chapter 1 examines the role of tectonic processes in the development of the Mediterranean landscape and its marine basins. Also highlighted are the dramatic environmental changes and the geomorphological legacy associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis of the Late Miocene. Chapter 2 focuses on the marine environment, both ancient and modern.
Conference papers on the topic "Intertropical convergence zone Ocean-atmosphere interaction"
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Aristizabal, Jaime, Carlos Motta, Nelson Obregon, Carlos Capachero, Leonardo Real, and Julian Chaves. "Supervised Learning Algorithms Applied in the Zoning of Susceptibility by Hydroclimatological Geohazards." In ASME-ARPEL 2021 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2021-65003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Cenit Transporte y Logística de Hidrocarburos (CENIT), operator of about 7000 km of hydrocarbon transport systems, which constitutes it the largest operator in Colombia, has developed a strategic alliance to structure an adaptive geotechnical susceptibility zoning using supervised learning algorithms. Through this exercise, has been implemented operational decision inferences with simple linguistic values. The difficulties proposed by the method considers the hydroclimatology of Colombia, which is conditioned by several phenomena of Climate Variability that affect the atmosphere at different scales such as the Oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ (seasonal scale) and the occurrence of macroclimatic phenomena such as El Niño-La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (interannual scale). Likewise, it considers the geotechnical complexity derived from the different geological formation environments, the extension and geographical dispersion of the infrastructure, and its interaction with the climatic regimes, to differentiate areas of interest based on the geohazards of hydrometeorological origin, when grouped into five clusters. The results of this exercise stand out the importance of keep a robust record of the events that affect the infrastructure of hydrocarbon transportation systems and using data-guided intelligence techniques to improve the tools that support decision-making in asset management.