To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Interval between two consecutive birth.
Journal articles on the topic 'Interval between two consecutive birth'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Interval between two consecutive birth.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Chandran, P. E. "Biological influence of infant death on fertility." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 2 (1989): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017909.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThis study examines the biological influence of infant death on subsequent fertility in three Asian countries—Indonesia, Nepal and Sri Lanka, comparing the birth interval between two consecutive births up to the sixth birth by survival status of the preceding infant among breast-feeding women not using contraception.There is consistent evidence of biological influence in each of the three countries. Infant death shortens birth intervals by up to 30%, though its influence varies between the countries.
2
Nausheen, Sidrah, Maria Bhura, Kristy Hackett, et al. "Determinants of short birth intervals among married women: a cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (2021): e043786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043786.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionBirth spacing is a critical pathway to improving reproductive health. WHO recommends a minimum of 33-month interval between two consecutive births to reduce maternal, perinatal, infant morbidity and mortality. Our study evaluated factors associated with short birth intervals (SBIs) of less than 33 months between two consecutive births, in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsWe used data from a cross-sectional study among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) who had at least one live birth in the 6 years preceding the survey (N=2394). Information regarding their sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history, fertility preferences, family planning history and a 6-year reproductive calendar were collected. To identify factors associated with SBIs, we fitted simple and multiple Cox proportional hazards models and computed HRs with their 95% CIs.ResultsThe median birth interval was 25 months (IQR: 14–39 months), with 22.9% (833) of births occurring within 33 months of the index birth. Women’s increasing age (25–30 years (aHR 0.63 (0.53 to 0.75), 30+ years (aHR 0.29, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.39) compared with 20-24 years; secondary education (aHR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.88), intermediate education (aHR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.80), higher education (aHR 0.69, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.92) compared with no education, and a male child of the index birth (aHR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.94) reduced the likelihood of SBIs. Women’s younger age <20 years (aHR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24) compared with 20–24 years, and those who did not use contraception within 9 months of the index birth had a higher likelihood for SBIs for succeeding birth compared with those who used contraception (aHR 2.23, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.58).ConclusionStudy shows that birth intervals in the study population are lower than the national average. To optimise birth intervals, programmes should target child spacing strategies and counsel MWRA on the benefits of optimal birth spacing, family planning services and contraceptive utilisation.
3
Kudeva, Rumyana, Beth Halaas, Njeri Kagotho, Guijin Lee, and Bipasha Biswas. "Optimal birth interval and empowerment: a closer look at women's agency in Kenya." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 14, no. 4 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2019.0028.
Full textAbstract:
Background/Aims Birth interval is measured by the number of months between two consecutive births, and is an important factor related to maternal and child health, family planning, and empowerment. A woman's ability to regulate time between pregnancies remains a human rights issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore the impact of autonomous decision making and attitudes about intimate partner violence on birth interval among married/partnered women in Kenya. Methods This study analysed data from fecund women (15 − 49 years old) included in the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Autonomy and intimate partner violence perceptions were explored and analysed. The survey included married and partnered women. Structural equation modelling was used to determine the association between individual characteristics and optimal birth intervals. Results Women with higher permissive attitudes regarding intimate partner violence were more likely to report shorter birth intervals. Specifically, the results demonstrated that each unit increase in permissive attitudes towards domestic violence was associated with a 0.033 increase in the relative log odds of having birth intervals that were shorter than optimal. More than half of surveyed women (56%) reported using modern contraceptive methods, but 55% of them had non-optimal birth intervals. Conclusions Despite the majority of women using contraception, over half of surveyed women had non-optimal birth intervals. This calls for the expansion of education regarding contraceptive use for spacing of births. Equally, a shorter birth interval was associated with more permissive attitudes towards intimate partner violence. As perceptions of intimate partner violence may be socially constructed, targeting structural inequalities to address women's health may help this issue. Investigating data specific to Kenya will benefit the development of women's health and empowerment education strategies and interventions.
4
Kudeva, Rumyana, Beth Halaas, Njeri Kagotho, Guijin Lee, and Bipasha Biswas. "Optimal birth interval and empowerment: a closer look at women's agency in Kenya." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 14, no. 4 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2019.0028.
Full textAbstract:
Background/Aims Birth interval is measured by the number of months between two consecutive births, and is an important factor related to maternal and child health, family planning, and empowerment. A woman's ability to regulate time between pregnancies remains a human rights issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore the impact of autonomous decision making and attitudes about intimate partner violence on birth interval among married/partnered women in Kenya. Methods This study analysed data from fecund women (15 − 49 years old) included in the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Autonomy and intimate partner violence perceptions were explored and analysed. The survey included married and partnered women. Structural equation modelling was used to determine the association between individual characteristics and optimal birth intervals. Results Women with higher permissive attitudes regarding intimate partner violence were more likely to report shorter birth intervals. Specifically, the results demonstrated that each unit increase in permissive attitudes towards domestic violence was associated with a 0.033 increase in the relative log odds of having birth intervals that were shorter than optimal. More than half of surveyed women (56%) reported using modern contraceptive methods, but 55% of them had non-optimal birth intervals. Conclusions Despite the majority of women using contraception, over half of surveyed women had non-optimal birth intervals. This calls for the expansion of education regarding contraceptive use for spacing of births. Equally, a shorter birth interval was associated with more permissive attitudes towards intimate partner violence. As perceptions of intimate partner violence may be socially constructed, targeting structural inequalities to address women's health may help this issue. Investigating data specific to Kenya will benefit the development of women's health and empowerment education strategies and interventions.
5
Sushma, J. "Assessment of birth spacing among married women in Southern Karnataka." International Journal of Preclinical and Clinical Research 1, no. 1 (2020): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51131/ijpccr/v1i1.8.
Full textAbstract:
Several factors influence maternal and child health, one among which is adequate birth spacing. Studies have shown that a recommended duration of birth spacing is not being observed among a larger population of women of childbearing age. The objective of the current study is to assess the pattern of birth spacing among married women of reproductive age group. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tilaknagar, Mysore with a sample size of 180. Descriptive statistics like frequency and proportions for data analysis were calculated using R software. Among 180 subjects, only 36.1% of respondents had adequate birth spacing (≥36months) between the first two consecutive children. Among women having a third child, 52.9% had adequate spacing between the second and the third child. Keywords: Birth interval; Spacing
6
Verbeek, Lianne, Depeng P. Zhao, Arjan B. te Pas, et al. "Hemoglobin Differences in Uncomplicated Monochorionic Twins in Relation to Birth Order and Mode of Delivery." Twin Research and Human Genetics 19, no. 3 (2016): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.23.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: To determine the differences in hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the first 2 days after birth in uncomplicated monochorionic twins in relation to birth order and mode of delivery. Methods: All consecutive uncomplicated monochorionic pregnancies with two live-born twins delivered at our center were included in this retrospective study. We recorded Hb levels at birth and on day 2, and analyzed Hb levels in association with birth order, mode of delivery, and time interval between delivery of twin 1 and 2. Results: A total of 290 monochorionic twin pairs were analyzed, including 171 (59%) twins delivered vaginally and 119 (41%) twins born by cesarean section (CS). In twins delivered vaginally, mean Hb levels at birth and on day 2 were significantly higher in second-born twins compared to first-born twins: 17.8 versus 16.1 g/dL and 18.0 versus 14.8 g/dL, respectively (p < .01). Polycythemia was detected more often in second-born twins (12%, 20/166) compared to first-born twins (1%, 2/166; p < .01). Hb differences within twin pairs delivered by CS were not statistically or clinically significant. We found no association between inter-twin delivery time intervals and Hb differences. Conclusions: Second-born twins after vaginal delivery have higher Hb levels and more often polycythemia than their co-twin, but not when born by CS.
7
Mendola, Pauline, Carrie Nobles, Andrew Williams, et al. "Air Pollution and Preterm Birth: Do Air Pollution Changes over Time Influence Risk in Consecutive Pregnancies among Low-Risk Women?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (2019): 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183365.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 2000s, air pollution has generally continued to decrease in the U.S. To investigate preterm birth (PTB) risk associated with air pollutants in two consecutive pregnancies, we estimated exposures using modified Community Multiscale Air Quality models linked to the NICHD Consecutive Pregnancy Study. Electronic medical records for delivery admissions were available for 50,005 women with singleton births in 20 Utah-based hospitals between 2002–2010. We categorized whole pregnancy average exposures as high (>75th percentile), moderate (25–75) and low (<25). Modified Poisson regression estimated second pregnancy PTB risk associated with persistent high and moderate exposure, and increasing or decreasing exposure, compared to persistent low exposure. Analyses were adjusted for prior PTB, interpregnancy interval and demographic and clinical characteristics. Second pregnancy PTB risk was increased when exposure stayed high for sulfur dioxide (32%), ozone (17%), nitrogen oxides (24%), nitrogen dioxide (43%), carbon monoxide (31%) and for particles < 10 microns (29%) versus consistently low exposure. PTB risk tended to increase to a lesser extent for repeated PTB (19–21%) than for women without a prior PTB (22–79%) when exposure increased or stayed high. Area-level changes in air pollution exposure appear to have important consequences in consecutive pregnancies with increasing exposure associated with higher risk.
8
Ausbeck, Elizabeth B., Christina Blanchard, Alan T. Tita, Jeff M. Szychowski, and Lorie Harper. "Perinatal Outcomes in Women with a History of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss." American Journal of Perinatology 38, no. 01 (2020): 010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713650.
Full textAbstract:
Objective This study aimed to evaluate perinatal outcomes in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of singleton and nonanomalous gestations at ≥ 20 weeks who delivered at our academic institution. The exposed group was defined as women with a history of ≥ 2 consecutive spontaneous abortions (SABs) at < 12 weeks. These women were compared with women with a history of ≤ 1 SAB at < 12 weeks. The primary outcome was preterm birth (PTB) at < 37 weeks. Secondary outcomes included gestational age at delivery, gestational diabetes, small for gestational age birth weight, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, fetal demise, cesarean delivery, and a composite of neonatal complications (5-minute Apgar score < 5, perinatal death, and NICU admission). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to adjust for confounders. Results Of 17,670 women included, 235 (1.3%) had a history of ≥ 2 consecutive SABs. Compared with women with a history of ≤ 1 SAB, women with ≥ 2 consecutive SABs were not more likely to have a PTB (19.6 vs. 14.0%, p = 0.01, adjusted odds ratios (AOR): 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62–1.33). However, they were more likely to deliver at an earlier mean gestational age (37.8 ± 3.4 vs. 38.6 ± 2.9 weeks, p < 0.01) and to have gestational diabetes (12.3 vs. 6.6%, p < 0.01, AOR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.10–2.59). Other outcomes were similar between the two groups. Conclusion A history of ≥ 2 consecutive SABs was not associated with an increased incidence of PTB but may be associated with gestational diabetes in a subsequent pregnancy. Key Points
9
Rettaroli, Rosella, and Francesco Scalone. "Reproductive Behavior during the Pre-Transitional Period: Evidence from Rural Bologna." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 4 (2012): 615–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00307.
Full textAbstract:
A longitudinal, micro-level study of the effect of socioeconomic transformations on fertility mechanisms in the rural hinterland of Bologna between 1818 and 1900 (the beginning of the demographic transition) demonstrates that the premature death of a last-born child reduces the interval between two consecutive childbirths. Thus does it confirm the importance of breast-feeding in determining birth spacing. Women living in complex sharecropping households experienced a significantly higher risk of childbirth than did women in families headed by daily wage earners. In addition, the reproductive behavior of sharecroppers seemed to be substantially invariant to short-term fluctuations in prices, whereas the laborers' group experienced a negative price effect. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses indicate a slight and gradual decrease in fertility levels during the period in question.
10
Bender, Whitney, Adi Hirshberg, and Lisa Levine. "Interpregnancy Body Mass Index Changes: Distribution and Impact on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the Subsequent Pregnancy." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 05 (2018): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1670634.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To examine the change in body mass index (BMI) categories between pregnancies and its effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with two consecutive deliveries from 2005 to 2010. Analysis was limited to women with BMI recorded at <24 weeks for both pregnancies. Standard BMI categories were used. Adverse pregnancy outcomes included preterm birth at <37 weeks, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), pregnancy-related hypertension, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Women with increased BMI category between pregnancies were compared with those who remained in the same BMI category. Results In total, 537 women were included, of whom 125 (23%) increased BMI category. There was no association between increase in BMI category and risk of preterm birth, IUGR, or pregnancy-related hypertension. Women who increased BMI category had an increased odds of GDM compared with women who remained in the same BMI category (6.4 vs. 2.2%; p = 0.018). The increased risk remained after controlling for age, history of GDM, and starting BMI (adjusted odds ratio: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.1–32.7; p = 0.003). Conclusion Almost one-quarter of women increased BMI categories between pregnancies. This modifiable risk factor has a significant impact on the risk of GDM.
11
Kiik, Stefanus Mendes, and Muhammad Saleh Nuwa. "Maternal Factors in Stunting Among Vulnerable Children." Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia 24, no. 2 (2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jki.v24i2.1306.
Full textAbstract:
Children with stunting in Indonesia and other low-middle countries remains a serious problem. This study aimed to identify the association between maternal education, maternal age, maternal height, preceding birth interval, and ANC clinic visits and stunting among vulnerable children in Kupang Regency, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted of two villages in Kupang Regency. The study sample comprised female ex-refugees from Timor Leste who had children aged 24–59 months. The subjects were chosen using consecutive sampling, with a total number of 154. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. There was a significant relationship between maternal education (p = 0.014), maternal height (p = 0.003), preceding birth interval (p = 0.001), ANC clinic visits (p = 0.009) and stunting. In contrast, maternal age showed no significant association (p = 0.611). Further studies are needed to help eradicate stunting by intervening in the reduction of risk factors.Abstrak Faktor-faktor Ibu terkait Stunting pada Anak-Anak yang Rentan. Anak-anak yang mengalami stunting di Indonesia dan negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah masih menjadi masalah serius. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi hubungan antara pendidikan ibu, usia ibu, tinggi badan ibu, jarak melahirkan dan kunjungan antenatal care (ANC) dengan stunting pada anak rentan usia 24–59 bulan di Kabupaten Kupang, Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional yang dilakukan di dua desa di Kabupaten Kupang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah para ibu mantan pengungsi Timor Leste yang memiliki anak usia 24–59 bulan. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah consecutive sampling, sebanyak 154 responden. Data diperoleh dari sumber primer dan sekunder. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pendidikan ibu (p = 0,014), tinggi ibu (p = 0,003), jarak kelahiran (p = 0,001), kunjungan ANC (p = 0,009) dengan stunting. Namun tidak ada hubungan antara usia ibu dengan stunting (p = 0,611). Penelitian selanjutnya dibutuhkan untuk memberantas stunting melalui intervensi untuk menurunkan faktor risiko. Kata Kunci: anak, antenatal care, ibu, Indonesia, pengungsi, stunting, usia ibu
12
Lopriore, Enrico, Carolien Sluimers, Suzanne A. Pasman, Johanna M. Middeldorp, Dick Oepkes, and Frans J. Walther. "Neonatal Morbidity in Growth-Discordant Monochorionic Twins: Comparison Between the Larger and the Smaller Twin." Twin Research and Human Genetics 15, no. 4 (2012): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.26.
Full textAbstract:
Fetal growth restriction in singletons has been shown to enhance fetal lung maturation and reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome due to increased endogenous steroid production. However, data on lung maturation in growth-discordant monochorionic (thus, identical) twins are lacking. Our objective was to compare the risk of severe neonatal morbidity between the larger and the smaller twin in monochorionic twins with birth weight discordance (BWD). We included in the study all consecutive monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies with severe BWD (≥25%) and two live-born twins delivered at our center (n = 47 twin pairs). We compared the incidence of neonatal morbidity, particularly respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and cerebral lesions between the larger and the smaller co-twin. The incidence of severe neonatal morbidity in the larger and smaller twin was 38% (18/47) and 19% (9/47), respectively (odds ratio (OR) 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–7.44) and was due primarily to the higher incidence of RDS, 32% (15/47) and 6% (3/47), respectively (OR 6.88, 95% CI 1.66–32.83). In conclusion, this study shows that the larger twin in monochorionic twin pairs with BWD is at increased risk of severe neonatal morbidity, particularly RDS, compared to the smaller twin.
13
Wang, Chen, Jinsong Gao, Ning Liu, Songlin Yu, Ling Qiu, and Danhua Wang. "Maternal factors associated with neonatal vitamin D deficiency." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, no. 2 (2019): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0422.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background An adequate maternal vitamin D (vitD) intake is rarely achieved in actual practice. The aim of this study was to assess maternal factors associated with neonatal vitD deficiency. Methods This is a single-institution prospective case-control study. Consecutive single-birth neonates admitted between September 2014 and February 2015 were prospectively enrolled. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured by spectrometry. The associations between neonatal vitD deficiency (defined as 25(OH)D <15 ng/mL) and several maternal characteristics, including body mass index (BMI) at delivery, education, health insurance status, birth season, sun exposure time, egg consumption, and vitD supplementation during pregnancy, were examined using multivariable logistic regression and their respective odds ratios (ORs) reported. Results A total of 125 mother-infant dyads were enrolled, with a gestational age of 36.8±2.7 weeks. Fifty-six percent (70/125) of the neonates had vitD deficiency. Maternal factors that were significantly associated with vitD deficiency included winter birth, insufficient sun exposure time, high maternal BMI at delivery, insufficient egg consumption, insufficient vitD supplementation during pregnancy, and disadvantaged health insurance. Disadvantaged insurance status and insufficient vitD supplementation during pregnancy were the two most influential factors of neonatal vitD deficiency, with an OR of 7.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0–37.6) and 7.0 (95% CI, 2.7–20.7), respectively. Conclusions Neonatal vitD deficiency is very rampant. An individualized vitD supplementation strategy may be developed by taking into consideration pregnant women’s socioeconomic status and lifestyles.
14
Barbagallo, Federica, Aldo E. Calogero, Rosita A. Condorelli, et al. "Does a Very Short Length of Abstinence Improve Assisted Reproductive Technique Outcomes in Infertile Patients with Severe Oligo-Asthenozoospermia?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (2021): 4399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194399.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, a growing number of studies seem to support the beneficial effects of a very short abstinence period on sperm parameters, especially in patients with oligo-asthenozoospermia (OA). On this basis, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short period of abstinence (1 h) on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes in infertile patients with severe OA. We performed a retrospective study on 313 ICSI cycles in which couples were divided into two different groups based on sperm parameters of the male partners. Group 1 included normozoospermic men or male partners with a mild OA (n = 223). Group 2 included male partners with severe OA (n = 90). They were asked to provide a second consecutive ejaculation after 1 h from the first one. The best ejaculate was used to perform ICSI. We found a significant increase of total (p < 0.001) and progressive motility (p < 0.001) in the second ejaculate of patients of Group 2 compared with those of the first one. Spermatozoa of the second ejaculate were chosen for ICSI for all patients in Group 2. We found statistically significant improvement of clinical pregnancy rate (p = 0.001) and embryo quality (p = 0.003) in couples in Group 2 compared to those of Group 1. No statistically significant difference was found in fertilization, implantation, live birth delivery, and miscarriage rates between the two groups. Therefore, a second semen sample collected after a very short time-interval in patients with severe OA allowed us to obtain significantly higher clinical pregnancy rate with improved embryo quality compared to normozoospermic men or patients with mild OA. Fertilization, implantation, live birth delivery, and miscarriage rates were similar between the two groups. The present study shows that a second consecutive ejaculate could represent a simple strategy to obtain better sperm parameters and assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes in infertile patients with mild-severe OA.
15
AHUNU, B., and M. MAKARECHIAN. "PREWEANING PATTERNS OF GROWTH IN THREE BREED GROUPS OF ANGE BEEF CALVES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 3 (1987): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-069.
Full textAbstract:
Preweaning weight records of 2856 spring-born calves raised at the University of Alberta cattle ranch during a 15-yr period were used in this study. Calving occurred mainly in April and May every year. Calves from three breed groups: Hereford (HE), Beef Synthetic (SY) and Beef Crossbred (XB) were weighed at birth, and in late June, July and August and at weaning in mid-October. They were classified as early, mid-season and late-born according to their birth dates. Average daily gain (ADG) between two consecutive weighings and relative growth rate (RGR) at each interval were analyzed by the least squares method and the adjusted means were plotted against the mean ages of the calves classified at 2-wk intervals to determine the pattern of changes in ADG and RGR with the increase in age of the calf. The SY calves had the highest ADG and RGR followed by the XB and HE (P < 0.05). Bull calves exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) absolute growth rate than heifer calves but the sexes were not different in RGR. Preweaning ADG reached a peak when calves were between 110 and 120 d old and declined thereafter. The decline in RGR was linear during the preweaning period. The mean growth rates of the early and mid-season calves were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the late-born calves, and early-born calves showed more consistent gain than the mid-season and late-born calves. A pronounced decline in gain was observed for mid-season and late-born calves in late summer when pasture condition deteriorated indicating that early weaning and supplementation of calves' diet at that stage might be beneficial in sustaining growth rate of the calves. Key words: Cattle (beef), preweaning growth, calf (beef)
16
Cheng, Qu, Robert Trangucci, Kristin N. Nelson, et al. "Prenatal and early-life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine increased the risk of tuberculosis in adulthood across two generations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 44 (2020): 27549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008336117.
Full textAbstract:
Global food security is a major driver of population health, and food system collapse may have complex and long-lasting effects on health outcomes. We examined the effect of prenatal exposure to the Great Chinese Famine (1958–1962)—the largest famine in human history—on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) across consecutive generations in a major center of ongoing transmission in China. We analyzed >1 million PTB cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2018 in Sichuan Province using age–period–cohort analysis and mixed-effects metaregression to estimate the effect of the famine on PTB risk in the directly affected birth cohort (F1) and their likely offspring (F2). The analysis was repeated on certain sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) to explore potential mechanisms of the intergenerational effects. A substantial burden of active PTB in the exposed F1 cohort and their offspring was attributable to the Great Chinese Famine, with more than 12,000 famine-attributable active PTB cases (>1.23% of all cases reported between 2005 and 2018). An interquartile range increase in famine intensity resulted in a 6.53% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–12.14%) increase in the ratio of observed to expected incidence rate (incidence rate ratio, IRR) in the absence of famine in F1, and an 8.32% (95% CI: 0.59–16.6%) increase in F2 IRR. Increased risk of STBBI was also observed in F2. Prenatal and early-life exposure to malnutrition may increase the risk of active PTB in the exposed generation and their offspring, with the intergenerational effect potentially due to both within-household transmission and increases in host susceptibility.
17
Dude, Annie M., Ashley Battarbee, and Lynn M. Yee. "Interdelivery Interval and Diabetes Mellitus in a Subsequent Pregnancy." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 10 (2018): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676114.
Full textAbstract:
Objective We determined whether time between deliveries is associated with developing diabetes at the time of a subsequent delivery. Study Design This is a case–control study of women who had two consecutive singleton births at the same institution with no pregestational diabetes in the baseline pregnancy. Cases were defined as women who were diagnosed with any type of diabetes at the time of the subsequent delivery. Controls were defined as women who had no diagnosis of diabetes at the time of the subsequent delivery. Interdelivery interval (IDI) was categorized as < 18, 18 to 60, or > 60 months. Results Of 12,263 women, 4.1% (N = 501) were diagnosed with diabetes at the subsequent delivery. Women with diabetes were more likely to have an IDI of >60 months than women without diabetes (9.0 vs. 4.2%, p < 0.001). After controlling for confounding factors, an IDI > 60 months remained associated with development of pregestational or gestational diabetes by the conclusion of the subsequent pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 2.13 compared with an IDI of 18–60 months, 95% confidence interval 1.44–3.15). Conclusion A longer IDI is an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes at the time of a subsequent delivery.
18
Dude, Annie, and Emily S. Miller. "Change in Cervical Length across Pregnancies and Preterm Delivery." American Journal of Perinatology 37, no. 06 (2019): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685444.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine whether a decrease in midtrimester cervical length across pregnancies is associated with preterm delivery in a subsequent pregnancy. Study Design This is a cohort study of women who had two consecutive singleton births at the same institution. Midtrimester cervical length change across pregnancies was measured as the difference in centimeters (cm) between cervical lengths using the measurement taken closest to 200/7 weeks' gestation in each pregnancy. Cervical length shortening was defined as present if the cervical length decreased by at least one standard deviation in the subsequent pregnancy. Results Among 1,552 women, 114 (7.4%) experienced a preterm delivery in the subsequent pregnancy. Compared with women whose subsequent pregnancy cervical length remained stable or increased, women whose cervical length shortened were more likely to experience a preterm delivery (10.3 vs. 6.7%; p = 0.04). Cervical length shortening remained associated with preterm delivery even when accounting for a woman's prior preterm delivery, prior pregnancy short cervix, interdelivery interval, progesterone use, and cervical length in the subsequent pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 1.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.11–3.20). Conclusion Midtrimester cervical length shortening across pregnancies is independently associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery.
19
Lestari, Wanda, Ani Margawati, and Zen Rahfiludin. "Faktor risiko stunting pada anak umur 6-24 bulan di kecamatan Penanggalan kota Subulussalam provinsi Aceh." Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition) 3, no. 1 (2014): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jgi.3.1.126-134.
Full textAbstract:
Background : Aceh is one of the province in Indonesia with high prevalence of stunting that is 39% compared withnational 35,6%. Subulussalam has a highly proportion of stunting.Objective : This study was aimed to analyze the risk factors for stunting among children between 6-24 months old.Methods : The design was case-control study, the subjects were children between 6-24 months with 55 stunted and 55normal. The subjects chosen by consecutive sampling. The risk factors were education levels and employment of parent,family income, suffering from diarrhea and URTI, energy and protein intake, height of the parent, birth weight,exclusive breastfeeding, the time of complementary feeding, parenting style and source of clean water. Data analysisusing the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and regression analysis.Results : The risk factors for stunting were low income of family (OR=8,5, 95%CI: 2,68-26,89), suffering from diarrhea(OR=5,04, 95%CI: 1,84-13,81) and URTI (OR=5,71, 95%CI: 1,95-16,67), inadequate of energy (OR=3,09, 95%CI:1,02-9,39) and protein intake (OR=5,54, 95%CI: 2,43-12,63), short stature of the parent (OR=11,13, 95%CI: 4,37-28,3), low birth weight (OR=3,26, 95%CI: 1,46-7,31), not exclusively breastfeeding (OR=6,54, 95%CI: 2,84-15,06),giving complementary feeding too early (OR=6,54, 95%CI: 2,84-15,06), and poor parenting style of feeding practices(OR=4,59, 95%CI: 2,05-10,25), child hygiene practices (OR=3,26, 95%CI: 1,46-7,31) and treatment of childrenpractices (OR=2,46, 95%CI: 1,13-5,34). Regression analysis showed that the dominant risk factor for stunting wasshort stature of the parent (OR=13,16, 95%CI: 3,72-46,52).Conclusions : The dominant risk factor for stunting was short stature of the parent.
20
Penders, John, Carel Thijs, Monique Mommers, et al. "Intestinal lactobacilli and the DC-SIGN gene for their recognition by dendritic cells play a role in the aetiology of allergic manifestations." Microbiology 156, no. 11 (2010): 3298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.042069-0.
Full textAbstract:
Diminished exposure to harmless micro-organisms, such as lactobacilli, has been suggested to play a role in the increased prevalence of allergic disorders in Westernized communities. The development of allergies depends on both environmental factors and genetic variations, including polymorphisms in genes encoding pattern recognition receptors. The present study examines the effects of both colonization with specific Lactobacillus species and genetic variations in DC-SIGN, a pattern recognition receptor on dendritic cells that recognizes lactobacilli, on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) and sensitization in infancy. Within the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, faecal samples of 681 one-month-old infants were collected and quantitatively screened for five Lactobacillus species: L. casei, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and L. reuteri. Eleven haplotype-tagging polymorphisms in the DC-SIGN gene were genotyped in these children. Allergic outcomes were a clinical diagnosis of AD and sensitization (specific IgE) at age 2 years. L. rhamnosus (31.5 %), L. paracasei (31.3 %) and L. acidophilus (14.4 %) were frequently detected in the faecal samples of one-month-old infants, whereas L. casei (2.5 %) and L. reuteri (<1 %) were rare. Colonization with L. paracasei decreased the risk of AD significantly (odds ratio 0.57, 95 % confidence interval 0.32–0.99), whereas effects of L. acidophilus were of borderline statistical significance (0.46, 0.20–1.04). Two DC-SIGN polymorphisms, rs11465413 and rs8112555, were statistically significantly associated with atopic sensitization. The present study supports the ‘old friends’ hypothesis suggesting that certain health-beneficial micro-organisms protect us from developing allergies and that these protective effects are species-dependent. Firm conclusions on the potential interaction between lactobacillus colonization and genetic variations in DC-SIGN in association with the development of allergic disorders cannot be drawn, given the limited power of our study. Therefore, incorporation of consecutive faecal sampling in newly started (birth) cohort studies would be a first requisite to further increase our understanding of host–microbial interactions in health and disease.
21
McLean, Natasha, and Kathrine A. Handasyde. "Sexual maturity, factors affecting the breeding season and breeding in consecutive seasons in populations of overabundant Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 6 (2006): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06015.
Full textAbstract:
It is important to have knowledge of basic population parameters to understand how these vary geographically and temporally and how they contribute to population dynamics. This paper investigates three of these parameters in Victorian koala populations: sexual maturity, aspects of the breeding season, and the continuity of individuals’ breeding. The investigation was carried out in koalas of known-age in two free-living (Redbill Creek on French Island and Brisbane Ranges) and one semi-captive (the Koala Conservation Centre on Phillip Island) population as well as koalas of unknown age in four Victorian populations of overabundant koalas: Mt Eccles and Framlingham in south-west Victoria, French Island in Western Port and Snake Island in south Gippsland. At sexual maturity, female koalas had a mean age (±95% confidence interval) of 24.4 months (23.5–25.3 months), a mean head length of 125 mm (124–127 mm) and a mean body mass of 6.6 kg (6.3–6.8 kg). Only 7.4% of independent females (of unknown age) were carrying young when they weighed less than 6 kg. The breeding season was more restricted in the south-west populations. At Framlingham and Mt Eccles 85% and 91% of births, respectively, occurred between December and March. At Snake and French Islands only 46% and 53% of births, respectively, were recorded in the same period. In the Chlamydia-free population (Red Bill Creek) none of the koalas that were monitored stopped breeding and then resumed breeding in a subsequent season whereas many females from Chlamydia-infected populations (Brisbane Ranges and the Koala Conservation Centre) did so. This variation in reproductive patterns is likely to make an important contribution to the variation in the demography observed in different koala populations.
22
Dorling, Jon, Oliver Hewer, Madeleine Hurd, et al. "Two speeds of increasing milk feeds for very preterm or very low-birthweight infants: the SIFT RCT." Health Technology Assessment 24, no. 18 (2020): 1–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta24180.
Full textAbstract:
Background Observational data suggest that slowly advancing enteral feeds in preterm infants may reduce necrotising enterocolitis but increase late-onset sepsis. The Speed of Increasing milk Feeds Trial (SIFT) compared two rates of feed advancement. Objective To determine if faster (30 ml/kg/day) or slower (18 ml/kg/day) daily feed increments improve survival without moderate or severe disability and other morbidities in very preterm or very low-birthweight infants. Design This was a multicentre, two-arm, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Randomisation was via a web-hosted minimisation algorithm. It was not possible to safely and completely blind caregivers and parents. Setting The setting was 55 UK neonatal units, from May 2013 to June 2015. Participants The participants were infants born at < 32 weeks’ gestation or a weight of < 1500 g, who were receiving < 30 ml/kg/day of milk at trial enrolment. Interventions When clinicians were ready to start advancing feed volumes, the infant was randomised to receive daily feed increments of either 30 ml/kg/day or 18 ml/kg/day. In total, 1400 infants were allocated to fast feeds and 1404 infants were allocated to slow feeds. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was survival without moderate or severe neurodevelopmental disability at 24 months of age, corrected for gestational age. The secondary outcomes were mortality; moderate or severe neurodevelopmental disability at 24 months corrected for gestational age; death before discharge home; microbiologically confirmed or clinically suspected late-onset sepsis; necrotising enterocolitis (Bell’s stage 2 or 3); time taken to reach full milk feeds (tolerating 150 ml/kg/day for 3 consecutive days); growth from birth to discharge; duration of parenteral feeding; time in intensive care; duration of hospital stay; diagnosis of cerebral palsy by a doctor or other health professional; and individual components of the definition of moderate or severe neurodevelopmental disability. Results The results showed that survival without moderate or severe neurodevelopmental disability at 24 months occurred in 802 out of 1224 (65.5%) infants allocated to faster increments and 848 out of 1246 (68.1%) infants allocated to slower increments (adjusted risk ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.01). There was no significant difference between groups in the risk of the individual components of the primary outcome or in the important hospital outcomes: late-onset sepsis (adjusted risk ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.86 to 1.07) or necrotising enterocolitis (adjusted risk ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.68 to 1.16). Cost–consequence analysis showed that the faster feed increment rate was less costly but also less effective than the slower rate in terms of achieving the primary outcome, so was therefore found to not be cost-effective. Four unexpected serious adverse events were reported, two in each group. None was assessed as being causally related to the intervention. Limitations The study could not be blinded, so care may have been affected by knowledge of allocation. Although well powered for comparisons of all infants, subgroup comparisons were underpowered. Conclusions No clear advantage was identified for the important outcomes in very preterm or very low-birthweight infants when milk feeds were advanced in daily volume increments of 30 ml/kg/day or 18 ml/kg/day. In terms of future work, the interaction of different milk types with increments merits further examination, as may different increments in infants at the extremes of gestation or birthweight. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN76463425. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 18. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
23
Conforti, V. A., C. H. Adania, P. G. Gonzalez, C. de Oliveira, and W. F. Swanson. "155 NOVEL RECIPIENT SYNCHRONIZATION REGIMENS FOR SUCCESSFUL EMBRYO TRANSFER IN THE BRAZILIAN OCELOT FOLLOWING LONG-TERM FROZEN EMBRYO STORAGE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab155.
Full textAbstract:
The Brazilian ocelot (Leopardus pardalis mitis) is threatened with extinction in southern Brazil due to habitat loss and poaching. As one component of a bi-national conservation program, efforts have been initiated to establish a Brazilian ocelot population in North American zoos through a combination of natural breeding and assisted reproduction. With improved efficiency, embryo freezing and transfer might be useful as a management tool to help achieve this conservation goal. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare two novel ovarian stimulation regimens for embryo recipient synchronization in ocelots and (2) assess embryo transfer success following long-term (7 yrs) storage of frozen ocelot embryos. Adult female ocelots (n = 8), housed individually at a breeding facility in southern Brazil, were used as recipients. Ovarian activity was monitored noninvasively by assessing fecal estrone metabolite concentrations via a validated enzyme immunoassay. Initial fecal monitoring indicated that all females displayed active ovarian cyclicity. For embryo transfer, fecal samples were collected from each cat and assayed daily over a three week period. Females (n = 4) showing two or more consecutive days of increasing estrone were classified as estrual and treated (Trt 1) with two injections of porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH, 3000 IU dose–1, IM, 13 h interval). Females (n = 4) exhibiting consecutive days of basal estrone levels were considered interestrual and received a combination regimen (Trt 2) of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG, 400 IU, IM) followed 85 h later by pLH (3000 IU, IM). Females were anesthetized 50 h after the second hormone injection and evaluated laparoscopically to assess ovarian response. All females exhibited at least one fresh corpus luteum (CL) indicating proper timing of ovulation induction. The number (mean ± SEM) of ovarian follicles (0 v. 3.0 ± 1.5) and CLs (1.0 ± 0.0 v. 3.8 ± 1.8) did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Upon confirmation of ovulation, 3 or 4 frozen embryos (24 embryos total), produced by IVF and frozen in ethylene glycol for liquid nitrogen storage 7 years earlier, were immediately thawed and transferred laparoscopically into one oviduct of each female. At 83 to 84 days post-transfer, two females (one per Trt) each gave birth to one healthy kitten, whereas a third female (Trt 2) experienced dystocia, requiring a C-section to deliver a single healthy offspring. Overall, 38% (3/8) of recipients became pregnant with 33% (3/9) of transferred embryos in pregnant females developing to term. Results indicate that these novel recipient synchronization regimens produce consistent ovulation and a suitable maternal environment for ocelot embryo transfer and that frozen ocelot embryos retain developmental competence after years of storage. Our findings suggest that frozen embryo transfer in ocelots has adequate efficiency for applied usage, allowing international shipment of frozen embryos to be used as a viable alternative to the transport of living ocelots for genetic management (NCRR 015338).
24
Peixoto, M. G. C. D., J. A. G. Bergmann, C. G. Fonseca, V. M. Penna, and C. S. Pereira. "Effects of environmental factors on multiple ovulation of zebu donors." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 58, no. 4 (2006): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352006000400019.
Full textAbstract:
Data on 1,294 superovulations of Brahman, Gyr, Guzerat and Nellore females were used to evaluate the effects of: breed; herd; year of birth; inbreeding coefficient and age at superovulation of the donor; month, season and year of superovulation; hormone source and dose; and the number of previous treatments on the superovulation results. Four data sets were considered to study the influence of donors’ elimination effect after each consecutive superovulation. Each one contained only records of the first, or of the two firsts, or three firsts or all superovulations. The average number of palpated corpora lutea per superovulation varied from 8.6 to 12.6. The total number of recovered structures and viable embryos ranged from 4.1 to 7.3 and from 7.3 to 13.8, respectively. Least squares means of the number of viable embryos at first superovulation were 7.8 ± 6.6 (Brahman), 3.7 ± 4.5 (Gyr), 6.1 ± 5.9 (Guzerat) and 5.2 ± 5.9 (Nellore). The numbers of viable embryos of the second and the third superovulations were not different from those of the first superovulation. The mean intervals between first and second superovulations were 91.8 days for Brahman, 101.8 days for Gyr, 93.1 days for Guzerat and 111.3 days for Nellore donors. Intervals between the second and the third superovulations were 134.3, 110.3, 116.4 and 108.5 days for Brahman, Gyr, Guzerat and Nellore donors, respectively. Effects of herd nested within breed and dose nested within hormone affected all traits. For some data sets, the effects of month and order of superovulation on three traits were importants. The maximum number of viable embryos was observed for 7-8 year-old donors. The best responses for corpora lutea and recovered structures were observed for 4-5 year-old donors. Inbreeding coefficient was positively associated to the number of recovered structures when data set on all superovulations was considered.
25
Eskola, Mikko, Sari Juutistenaho, Kari Aranko, Susanna Sainio, and Riitta Kekomäki. "Association of Hemoglobin Concentration and Cord Blood Cell Characteristics in Healthy Newborn Infants." Blood 114, no. 22 (2009): 5092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.5092.5092.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Abstract 5092 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cord blood (CB), used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, is readily available from CB banks, and the banking processes are widely standardized. The data collected in CB banks have been utilized to characterize the contents of CB units and, to some extent, the physiological phenomena of healthy newborn infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the hemoglobin concentration (Hb), whose measurement is independent of the cell counts, with CB cell characteristics (red blood cells, RBC, hematocrit, Hct, mean platelet volume, MPV, platelets, PLT and white blood cells, WBC). The internal associations of cell counts were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised 167 consecutive ex utero CB collections accepted for processing. All the infants (52% male) were healthy and delivered at term. Of the deliveries 104 (62%) were by Cesarean section. Perinatal data were obtained from the maternity hospital records. The relative birth weight was expressed as a birth weight z-score to normalize the birth weight for gestational age and gender. The median birth weight was 3784 g (range 2490 – 4975) and the median relative birth weight 0.49 SD (-2.41 – 3.37). The mode of delivery did not significantly influence these values. Umbilical artery (UA) pH samples were drawn after delivery as part of routine hospital care. A hematology analyzer utilizing the electronic resistance detection method coupled with volumetric (cell analysis) and colorimetric (Hb) principles was used for cell counting (Sysmex K1000, Sysmex Corp., Kobe, Japan). All the concentrations were standardized to exclude the effect of the varying blood-to-anticoagulant ratio. (Aroviita et al. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:1323-1329) CD34+ cell analysis was performed with a flow cytometer based on ISHAGE guidelines. Two-sided p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The CB banking program was approved by the ethical committees of the institutes. RESULTS The hematological values and their distributions were within the published ranges. (Nathan and Oski's Hematology of infancy and childhood, 7th ed. 2009) Hb (median 174 g/L, range 130 – 234) correlated with the RBC concentration (4.70 ×1012/L, 3.46 – 6.62; r = 0.96, p < 0.0001), as expected. Interestingly, MPV (8.7 fL, 7.5 – 11.5) correlated with Hb (r = 0.22, p = 0.0043), RBC concentration (r = 0.26, p = 0.0008), and Hct (53.6%, 40.1 – 73.1; r = 0.26, p = 0.0008). The PLT concentration (270 × 109/L, 161 – 607) and plateletcrit (defined as PLT concentration x MPV; 0.24%, 0.15 – 0.48) correlated negatively with Hb (r = -0.31, p < 0.0001 and r = -0.26, p = 0.0008, respectively). Hb also correlated with the WBC concentration (15.1 ×109/L, 5.54 – 39.7; r = 0.23, p = 0.0024). No correlation was observed between UA pH (7.28, 7.04 – 7.4) and the CB cell counts, except for the WBC concentration (r = -0.36, p < 0.0001) and CD34+ cell concentration (43.9 ×106/L, 7.14 - 253; r = -0.37, p < 0.0001). The CB PLT concentration and UA pH differed significantly between vaginal delivery and Cesarean section (p = 0.0053 and p = 0.0002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Valuable information about neonatal hematology can be obtained through careful analysis of perinatal and CB banking data. Hb and the cell characteristics of CB reveal strictly controlled internal associations which seem to reflect the general activity of hematopoiesis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
26
Thapaliya, Rajeeb, BK Rai, R. Bhandari, P. Rijal, and PP Gupta. "The effect of birth interval on fetal outcomes." Health Renaissance 13, no. 3 (2016): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v13i3.17965.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Perinatal mortality includes both deaths in the first week of life and fetal deaths (stillbirths). Over 130 million babies are born every year, and more than 10 million infants die before their fifth birthday and almost 8 million before their first birthday.Objectives: To make an effort to find out impact of birth interval on fetal outcomes like, low birth weight (weight less than 2500 grams regardless of gestational age), perinatal death (death within 28 weeks of gestation to 7 days of birth) in subsequent pregnancies.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in BPKIHS, Dharan in 2011. Patients included were women of second gravida between age group 20 -35 years .The consecutive convenience sampling method was used to collect the data. Study population was divided into three birth interval groups of <18, 18-59,>59 months respectively and fetal outcomes (low birth weight, gestational age, early neonatal death, Apgar score) were compared.Results: Out of included population majority (55.63%) of the women had age range of 20-25 years with the mean age of 25.30. Among the total 168 who were included 20(11.91%) were belongs to birth interval <18 months, 113(67.26%) were found in 18-59 months group and 35(20.83%) were in >59 months group.Conclusion: There was increased risk of preterm and low birth weight and perinatal death in women with birth interval <18 months as compared to women with birth interval 18-59 months and groups >59 months. Health Renaissance 2015;13(3): 169-176
27
Saaka, Mahama, and Benjamin Aggrey. "Effect of Birth Interval on Foetal and Postnatal Child Growth." Scientifica 2021 (August 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624184.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Although available evidence suggests short birth intervals are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, little is known about the extent to which birth spacing affects postnatal child growth. The present study assessed the independent association of birth interval with birth weight and subsequent postnatal growth indices. Methods. This retrospective cohort study carried out in the rural areas of Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana compared postnatal growth across different categories of birth intervals. Birth intervals were calculated as month difference between consecutive births of a woman. The study population comprised 530 postpartum women who had delivered a live baby in the past 24 months prior to the study. Results. Using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) that adjusted for age of the child, gender of the child, weight-for-length z-score (WLZ), birth weight, adequacy of antenatal care (ANC) attendance, and dietary diversity of the child, the mean length-for-age z-score (LAZ) among children of short preceding birth interval (<24 months) was significantly higher than among children of long birth interval (that is, at least 24 months) ((0.51 versus −0.04) (95% CI: 0.24–0.87), p = 0.001). The adjusted mean birth weight of children born to mothers of longer birth interval was 74.0 g more than children born to mothers of shorter birth interval (CI: 5.89–142.0, p < 0.03). Conclusions. The results suggest that a short birth interval is associated positively with an increased risk of low birth weight (an indicator of foetal growth), but birth spacing is associated negatively with the LAZ (an indicator of postnatal growth).
28
Marzo, Antonio. "Open Questions on Bioequivalence: What about the Time Interval between Two Consecutive Trials?" Arzneimittelforschung 57, no. 07 (2011): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1296638.
Full text
29
Assefaw, Mandefro, Getnet Azanew, Ayenew Engida, Zenebe Tefera, and Wondimnew Gashaw. "Determinants of Postpartum Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Uptake among Women Delivering in Public Hospitals of South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019: An Unmatched Case-Control Study." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2021 (February 22, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1757401.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Integrated use of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices with delivery service during the immediate postpartum period is ideal for both women and health-care providers. However, utilization of intrauterine contraceptive devices during the postpartum period was rare and in Ethiopia, with information regarding uptake of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices limited. Objective. Identify determinants of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices uptake among women delivering in public hospitals of South Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Methods. An unmatched case-control study was conducted in public hospitals of South Gondar, Ethiopia, from August 1, 2019, to November 10, 2019. A total of 140 cases and 280 controls have actively participated in the study. Five hospitals were selected by simple random sampling. Cases were selected consecutively, whereas two controls for each case were recruited by the lottery method. Pretested questionnaires were used to collect data and it was entered into Epidata version 4.4.2. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with the use of outcome and adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to determine the association between independent and outcome variables. Results. Completing secondary education (AOR = 4.5, 95%CI 2.3–8.85), having a total number of children of 3–4 (AOR = 3.6, 95%CI 1.25–10.2), having ≥ 5 (AOR = 4.7, 95%CI 1.5–15.3), attending 3 antenatal care (AOR = 2.8, 95%CI 1.44–5.6), ever hearing about postpartum IUCD (AOR = 6.6, 95%CI 2.7–16.1), and having counseling from health-care provider about a postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (AOR = 6.2, 95%CI 2.99–12.8) were significantly associated with uptake of the postpartum intrauterine contraceptive. Conclusion and Recommendation. Completing secondary education, having 3–4 and ≥5 children, attending three antenatal care, ever hearing about postpartum IUCD, and having counseling from health-care providers about the postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device among women were significantly associated with uptake of an intrauterine contraceptive device after birth. Therefore, it is better to advise women to strictly follow their antenatal care, access to information, and provide counseling.
30
Hailu, Desta, and Teklemariam Gulte. "Determinants of Short Interbirth Interval among Reproductive Age Mothers in Arba Minch District, Ethiopia." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6072437.
Full textAbstract:
Background. One of the key strategies to reduce fertility and promote the health status of mothers and their children is adhering to optimal birth spacing. However, women still have shorter birth intervals and studies addressing their determinants were scarce. The objective of this study, therefore, was to assess determinants of birth interval among women who had at least two consecutive live births.Methods. Case control study was conducted from February to April 2014. Cases were women with short birth intervals (<3 years), whereas controls were women having history of optimal birth intervals (3 to 5 years). Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed.Result. Having no formal education (AOR = 2.36, 95% CL: [1.23–4.52]), duration of breast feeding for less than 24 months (AOR: 66.03, 95% CI; [34.60–126]), preceding child being female (AOR: 5.73, 95% CI; [3.18–10.310]), modern contraceptive use (AOR: 2.79, 95% CI: [1.58–4.940]), and poor wealth index (AOR: 4.89, 95% CI; [1.81–13.25]) of respondents were independent predictors of short birth interval.Conclusion. In equalities in education, duration of breast feeding, sex of the preceding child, contraceptive method use, and wealth index were markers of unequal distribution of inter birth intervals. Thus, to optimize birth spacing, strategies of providing information, education and communication targeting predictor variables should be improved.
31
Klufio, Cecil A., Apeawusu B. Amoa, and Grace Kariwiga. "A Survey of Papua New Guinean Parturients at the Port Moresby General Hospital: Family Planning." Journal of Biosocial Science 27, no. 1 (1995): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006969.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryA survey of 673 consecutive Papua New Guinean parturients at the Port Moresby General Hospital, in May and June 1990, showed that 28% had ever used a family planning (FP) method, chiefly a hormonal method (93% of ever-users). Only seventeen of 239 (7·1%) nulliparae had ever used an FP method, compared with 170 of 434 (39·2%) parous subjects. Education of mother and of husband were independently and significantly associated with FP ever-use. Seventeen (4·9%) of 347 women who had a surviving child, had not breast-fed the child. The interval between the birth of the surviving child and the start of the index pregnancy was significantly associated with the duration of breast-feeding; the longer the duration of breast-feeding, the longer the inter birth interval.
32
Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn, Misganaw Gebrie Worku, and Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale. "Duration of birth interval and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Gompertz gamma shared frailty modeling." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247091.
Full textAbstract:
Background The World Health Organization recommended a minimum of 33 months between consecutive live births to reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Poorly spaced pregnancies are associated with poor maternal and child health outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, uterine rupture, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality, child malnutrition, and maternal hemorrhage. However, there was limited evidence on the duration of birth interval and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the duration of birth interval and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. A total weighted sample of 11022 reproductive-age women who gave birth within five years preceding the survey was included for analysis. To identify the predictors, the Gompertz gamma shared frailty model was fitted. The theta value, Akakie Information Criteria (AIC), Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), and deviance was used for model selection. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.2 in the bi-variable analysis were considered for the multivariable analysis. In the multivariable Gompertz gamma shared frailty analysis, the Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was reported to show the strength and statistical significance of the association. Results The median inter-birth interval in Ethiopia was 38 months (95% CI: 37.58, 38.42). Being living in Addis Ababa (AHR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.70), being rural resident (AHR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.23), being Muslim religious follower (AHR = 6.53, 95% CI: 2.35, 18.18), having three birth (AHR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.83), having four birth (AHR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.74), five and above births (AHR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.41), and using contraceptive (AHR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.16, 4.77) were found significant predictors of duration of birth interval. Conclusion The length of the inter-birth interval was consistent with the World Health Organization recommendation. Therefore, health care interventions that enhance modern contraceptive utilization among women in rural areas and Muslim religious followers would be helpful to optimize birth interval.
33
Aviram, Amir, Rami Aviram, Kinneret Tenenbaum-Gavish, et al. "Deviation of Sonographic Estimated Fetal Weight from Actual Birth Weight in Two Consecutive Pregnancies of the Same Parturients." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 37, no. 1 (2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000363601.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To determine whether maternal features affect the accuracy of sonographic estimated fetal weight (SEFW) by evaluating the consistency of the systematic error of SEFW with regards to the birth weight (BW) in two consecutive pregnancies of the same gravida. Methods: The cohort included women with SEFW within 1 week of delivery (32-42 weeks' gestation) in two consecutive singleton pregnancies from 2007 to 2012. The systematic error was calculated as (SEFW - BW)/BW × 100 and expressed as a percentage of the BW. Results: A total of 636 pregnancies (318 gravidas) were eligible for analysis. The BW and SEFW were correlated in both first examined (r = 0.873, p < 0.001) and consecutive (r = 0.843, p < 0.001) pregnancies. There was a significant difference in mean systematic error between first examined and consecutive pregnancies (3.13 ± 8.95 vs. 0.34 ± 8.75%, p < 0.001), with a very weak correlation between the two (r = 0.135, p = 0.16). Nulliparity or multiparity at the first examined pregnancy was not found to be a significant factor, and in both groups the error was higher in the first examined pregnancy. There were no significant differences between parturients with a minor (10% and below) or major (>10%) difference in the systematic error between the two pregnancies. Conclusion: The systematic error between the SEFW and BW in two consecutive pregnancies is inconsistent, suggesting that it is unaffected by maternal biometric features.
34
ROSERO-BIXBY, L. "ASSESSING AND INTERPRETING BIRTH SPACING GOALS IN COSTA RICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 30, no. 2 (1998): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932098001813.
Full textAbstract:
A procedure for assessing birth spacing goals, an important component of fertility preferences, is proposed and applied to 1993 Costa Rican data. Based on a reverse or backward survival analysis, preferred birth intervals are estimated to range between 3·5 and 4·5 years (1·5 years for the interval union to first birth). These intervals are 2 or 3 years shorter than crude estimates from data on open or last closed intervals, which are upwardly biased by selection and left censoring effects. To achieve these spacing preferences, a cohort must spend about two-thirds of the time using contraception (one-third in the interval union to first birth). An inverse association between desired family size and desired birth interval is evident only in parity-specific analyses.
35
Pahari, Sirjana Pandit, and Tulashi Adhikari Mishra. "Factors associated with low birth weight among the babies delivered at maternity hospital." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 3, no. 4 (2015): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i4.13372.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Neonates with a birth weight of less than 2500 g have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than the babies of normal birth weight. Various factors may play the role in the incidence of low birth weight babies.Objectives: The objective of the study was to fi nd out the factors associated with low birth weight in a maternity hospital.Methods: A case control study was conducted at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital Kathmandu. Non probability consecutive sampling method was applied in which the total study sample was 136. Among them 68 full term low birth weight babies as case and equal number of full term normal birth weight babies were included as control. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.Results: Half (50.0%) of the case mothers had history of previous low birth weight babies in comparision to 3.0% of the control mothers who had history of previous low birth weight babies. In regards to history of previous birth interval, 25.0% of cases and 3.0% of control mothers had history of previous birth interval of less than two years. Among those who had ANC visits, 40.0% of cases and 14.3% of controls had inadequate Antenatal visit during their last pregnancy. Study found a signifi cant association of low birth weight with smoking during pregnancy (p = 0.029) history of previouschild with term LBW (p= 0.001), birth spacing (p = 0.009) and antenatal visit during pregnancy (p =0.001) among the case mothers.Conclusions: The study concludes that the incidence of low birth weight babies tends to be higher among the mothers with history of smoking during pregnancy, with birth spacing of less than two years, and who had less than four antenatal visits.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, 2014Page: 153-157
36
Taisir, Radia, Most Fatima Tuz Zahura, and Wasimul Bari. "Effect of Birth Interval on Neonatal and Post Neonatal Mortality in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 65, no. 1 (2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v65i1.54503.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the relationship between previous birth interval and infant mortality using the data extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2011. For the purpose of regression analysis, the Cox proportional hazard model has been used. Results demonstrate significant effects of previous birth interval on neonatal mortality, but not on post neonatal mortality. If the previous birth interval is less than two years or greater than three years, the index child experiences high risk of neonatal mortality.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 65(1): 35-39, 2017 (January)
37
Park, Jeong Woo, Seung Mi Lee, Hye-Sim Kang, Soon-Sup Shim, and Jong Kwan Jun. "Spontaneous Version of Fetal Presentation in Twin Pregnancies During Third Trimester: Longitudinal Assessment." Twin Research and Human Genetics 21, no. 3 (2018): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2018.24.
Full textAbstract:
Little is known about longitudinal changes of the first twin presentation in twin gestations. This is a retrospective cohort study including 411 women who were admitted consecutively and delivered live-born twins at 36 weeks of gestation or more. Longitudinal assessment of the first twin presentation was conducted during gestation and at birth in all cases. Gestational age at antenatal assessment was divided into two intervals: early-third trimester (28–31 weeks) and mid-third trimester (32–35 weeks). Fetal presentation was categorized as vertex or non-vertex. We analyzed change of fetal presentation between antepartum intervals and birth. First twin presentation at early-third trimester had the same presentation at birth in 87.6% (360/411) of the study population. In this ‘no change’ group, vertex presentation was seen in 95.6% (283/296) and non-vertex was seen in 67.0% (77/115) of cases. In total, 96.1% (395/411) of the study population maintained their presentation between mid-third trimester and birth. Vertex presentation was seen in 98.4% (310/315) and non-vertex was seen in 88.5% (85/96) of cases. When comparing vertex with non-vertex, vertex presentation during third trimester was a more reliable predictor of presentation at birth (p < .001). The only factor that contributed significantly to spontaneous version of the first twin during mid-third trimester and birth was a lower birth weight of the first twin compared with the second twin. In conclusion, first twin presentation with vertex during third trimester is not likely to change into non-vertex at birth. We concluded that vertex presentation in twin gestations at early- and mid-third trimester is very predictable. In contrast, a non-vertex first twin presentation is relatively unstable.
38
Yu, Xinghao, Zhongshang Yuan, Haojie Lu, et al. "Relationship between birth weight and chronic kidney disease: evidence from systematics review and two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis." Human Molecular Genetics 29, no. 13 (2020): 2261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddaa074.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Observational studies showed an inverse association between birth weight and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adulthood existed. However, whether such an association is causal remains fully elusive. Moreover, none of prior studies distinguished the direct fetal effect from the indirect maternal effect. Herein, we aimed to investigate the causal relationship between birth weight and CKD and to understand the relative fetal and maternal contributions. Meta-analysis (n = ~22 million) showed that low birth weight led to ~83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 37–146%) higher risk of CKD in late life. With summary statistics from large scale GWASs (n = ~300 000 for birth weight and ~481 000 for CKD), linkage disequilibrium score regression demonstrated birth weight had a negative maternal, but not fetal, genetic correlation with CKD and several other kidney-function related phenotypes. Furthermore, with multiple instruments of birth weight, Mendelian randomization showed there existed a negative fetal casual association (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.16) between birth weight and CKD; a negative but non-significant maternal casual association (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.98–1.21) was also identified. Those associations were robust against various sensitivity analyses. However, no maternal/fetal casual effects of birth weight were significant for other kidney-function related phenotypes. Overall, our study confirmed the inverse association between birth weight and CKD observed in prior studies, and further revealed the shared maternal genetic foundation between low birth weight and CKD, and the direct fetal and indirect maternal causal effects of birth weight may commonly drive this negative relationship.
39
Shimels Hailemeskel, Habtamu, Tesfaye Assebe, Tadesse Alemayehu, et al. "Determinants of short birth interval among ever married reproductive age women: A community based unmatched case control study at Dessie city administration, Northern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0243046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243046.
Full textAbstract:
Background Short birth interval is a universal public health problem resulting in adverse fetal, neonatal, child and maternal outcomes. In Ethiopia, more than 50% of the overall inter birth spacing is short. However, prior scientific evidence on its determinants is limited and even then findings are inconsistent. Methods A community -based unmatched case-control study was employed on 218 cases and 436 controls. Cases were ever married reproductive age women whose last delivery has been in the past five years with birth interval of less than 3 years between the latest two successive live births whereas those women with birth interval of 3–5 years were taken as controls. A multistage sampling technique was employed on 30% of the kebeles in Dessie city administration. A pre-tested interviewer based questionnaire was used to collect data by 16 trained diploma nurses and 8 health extension workers supervised by 4 BSc nurses. The collected data were cleaned, coded and double entered into Epi-data version 4.2 and exported to SPSS version 22. Binary logistic regression model was considered and those variables with P<0.25 in the bivariable analysis were entered in to final model after which statistical significance was declared at P< 0.05 using adjusted odds ratio at 95% CI. Result In this study, contraceptive use (AOR = 11.2, 95% CI: 5.95–21.15), optimal breast feeding for at least 2 years (AOR = 0.098, 95% CI:0.047–0.208), age at first birth <25 years (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.282–0.761), having male preceding child (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.166–0.793) and knowing the duration of optimum birth interval correctly (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.245–0.811) were significant determinants of short birth interval. Conclusion Contraceptive use, duration of breast feeding, age at first birth, preceding child sex and correct understanding of the duration of birth interval were significant determinants of short birth interval. Fortunately, all these significant factors are likely modifiable. Thus, the existing efforts of optimizing birth interval should be enhanced through proper designation and implementation of different strategies on safe breastfeeding practice, modern contraceptive use and maternal awareness about the health merits of optimum birth interval.
40
Zork, N., A. Merriam, C. Gyamfi-Bannerman, and S. Govindappagari. "Is the Relationship between Short Interpregnancy Interval and Preterm Birth Related to a Short Cervix?" American Journal of Perinatology 34, no. 09 (2017): 922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1601310.
Full textAbstract:
Objective Our objective was to determine if the relationship between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and preterm delivery was related to cervical shortening. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study designed to assess the relationship between cervical length (CL) and preterm delivery. Multiparous patients, who had transvaginal CLs obtained at 22 to 24 weeks and complete pregnancy outcome data available were included. The women were divided into two groups: Group 1 with an IPI of ≤ 1 year and Group 2 with an IPI of > 1 year. The primary outcome was short cervix (CL < 2.5 cm) at 24 weeks. The secondary outcome was the incidence of preterm delivery < 37 weeks. Interaction between short cervix and IPI was examined in a regression model. Results There were 155 women in Group 1 and 328 women in Group 2. There was no difference in the incidence of short cervix between groups (10.0% in Group 1 and 12.9% in Group 2, p = 0.35). In a logistic regression model, short IPI and short cervix were independently associated with preterm birth. Conclusion The relationship between short IPI and preterm birth is not explained by a short cervix. They remain independent risk factors for preterm birth.
41
FOTSO, JEAN CHRISTOPHE, JOHN CLELAND, BLESSING MBERU, MICHAEL MUTUA, and PATRICIA ELUNGATA. "BIRTH SPACING AND CHILD MORTALITY: AN ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE DATA FROM THE NAIROBI URBAN HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 6 (2012): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000570.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe majority of studies of the birth spacing–child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is re-assessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher order births were delivered within 24 months of an elder sibling, including 9% with a very short preceding interval of less than 18 months. After adjustment for potential confounders, the length of the preceding birth interval is a major determinant of infant and early childhood mortality. In infancy, a preceding birth interval of less than 18 months is associated with a two-fold increase in mortality risks (compared with lengthened intervals of 36 months or longer), while an interval of 18–23 months is associated with an increase of 18%. During the early childhood period, children born within 18 months of an elder sibling are more than twice as likely to die as those born after an interval of 36 months or more. Only 592 children experienced the birth of a younger sibling within 20 months; their second-year mortality was about twice as high as that of other children. These results support the findings based on retrospective data.
42
Bebić, Dragan, Ladislav Stazić, Antonija Mišura, and Ivan Komar. "EDD – Economic Benefit Analysis of Extending Dry Docking Interval." Transactions on Maritime Science 7, no. 02 (2018): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v07.n02.006.
Full textAbstract:
The possibility of interval extension between two dry docking is alternatively offered to the shipowners by classification societies. Although, for now, such a possibility is limited only to certain types of ships, a significant shift has been accomplished in accordance with today's technical and technological capacities. It is quite clear that not all shipowners will accept this option, as either five-year or even mid-interval might suit them well. The option introduces an economic benefit, but requires additional preparation to withstand the full interval without negative consequences, primarily related to the protection of underwater part of the hull. The relationship of economic benefits and the cost of investment to successfully pass the complete period gives a clear view to the shipowner for the decision of accepting an extended dry docking period between two consecutive dry dockings. This paper is presenting one of the approaches to calculate feasibility of prolonging dry docking interval. Calculation example represents an economic indicator, crucial for shipowner’s decision to accept prolonged dry docking interval. The paper presents an analysis of underwater hull condition for the vessel with a composite coating. It is based on a collection of actual data registered in the period of seven years. Significant data have been derived from the analysis, allowing basic set up for theoretical assessment as well as the real justification of extended dry docking period between two consecutive dry dockings of the vessel. Some of the presented facts, related to underwater composite coating, might be used for similar calculations.
43
Agrawal, M., L. Tarassishin, A. Rendon, et al. "P065 Conservation of breast milk cytokine profiles in consecutive pregnancies of women with inflammatory bowel disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (2021): S170—S171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.194.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Preliminary evidence suggests changes in breast milk cytokines in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) compared to healthy controls, with potential implications toward offspring immunological development. However, changes in breast milk cytokine profiles in consecutive pregnancies are not known. Methods In this pilot study, we prospectively enrolled 11 pregnant women with, and 10 without IBD during two consecutive pregnancies and collected clinical data during each pregnancy and post birth. We collected breast milk samples at two weeks post birth and obtained the expression levels of 92 cytokines using the Olink proteomic platform. We further analyzed the correlation of cytokine profiles within each sample, in paired breast milk samples from consecutive pregnancies, and in random two unpaired breast milk samples, of women with and without IBD. Results The baseline characteristics of women with and without IBD were comparable (Table). The cytokine profiles were significantly correlated between paired breast milk samples from consecutive pregnancies compared to unpaired breast milk samples from women with or without IBD. The overall correlations of cytokine profiles in paired IBD pregnancies were significantly higher than the controls (Figure). Conclusion Our pilot study results suggest that the breast milk cytokine signatures are more conserved in consecutive pregnancies of women with IBD compared to those without IBD. Future analysis will test if our findings have implications toward familial clustering of immune functions in offspring.
44
Kenny, Samantha, Émilie M. Lannes, Karine Dubois-Comtois, Marie-Julie Beliveau, and Marie-Helene Pennestri. "604 The Relationship between Birth Order and Sleep Patterns in 6-Month-Olds." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (2021): A237—A238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.602.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction The influence of birth order has been investigated in many areas of child development, but few studies have examined its relationship with infant sleep; those that have yield contradictory findings. Moreover, nocturnal parental practices may differ depending on the number of children, but these characteristics are rarely studied. This study aimed to compare nocturnal parental practices and sleep patterns of first-born to non-first-born 6-month-olds. Methods The mothers of fifty-two 6-month-olds completed a 14-day sleep diary to record their infant’s sleep. The following variables were averaged: total nocturnal sleep duration (in minutes), longest consecutive sleep duration (without interruption; in minutes) and number of nocturnal awakenings. Independent t-tests were used to compare each sleep variable between first-borns (n = 21) and non-first-borns (2nd, 3rd or 4th born, n = 31). Chi-square tests were used to compare parental sleep practices (breastfeeding frequency and infant sleep location) between first-borns and non-first-borns. Results First-borns had a longer consecutive nocturnal sleep duration (417.83 ± 142.42 vs. 310.08 ± 118.23; p &lt; .01) and fewer nocturnal awakenings (1.69 ± 1.07 vs. 2.57 ± 1.09; p &lt; .01) than non-first-borns. However, first-born and non-first-born infants did not differ in terms of total nocturnal sleep duration (p &gt; .05). Breastfeeding frequency and sleep location differed as a function of birth order: 57.9% of first-born infants were exclusively breastfed, compared to 89.7% of non-firstborn infants (χ2 (1, N = 52) = 6.56; p &lt; .05). Furthermore, 20.0% of first-borns slept in the parents’ room, compared to 56.7% of non-first-borns (χ2 (1, N = 50) = 6.62; p &lt; .05). Conclusion First-born infants had longer periods of consecutive sleep and fewer nocturnal awakenings than non-first-borns; however, birth order was not associated with maternal reports of total nocturnal sleep duration. These results suggest that non-first-borns have more fragmented sleep. Moreover, sleep-related practices also differed between mothers of first-born and non-first-born infants. A study conducted in a larger sample and using objective sleep measures could clarify whether these different sleep patterns reflect specific nocturnal parental sleep-related practices, or if the presence of other children in the home play a role in infant sleep consolidation. Support (if any) SSHRC, FRQS
45
Ulijaszek, Stanley J. "Influence of birth interval and child labour on family energy requirements and dependency ratios in two traditional subsistence economics in Africa." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 1 (1993): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000020320.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe consequences of different birth intervals on dietary energy requirements and dependency ratios at different stages of the family lifecycle are modelled for Gambian agriculturalists and !Kung hunter–gatherers. Energy requirements reach a peak at between 20 and 30 years after starting a family for the Gambians, and between 15 and 20 years for the !Kung. For the Gambians, shorter birth interval of 30 months. For the !Kung, the lack of participation in subsistence activities by children gives an output:input ratio in excess of that reported in other studies, suggesting that they are in a state of chronic energy deficiency.
46
Fong, Kelvin C., Maayan Yitshak-Sade, Kevin J. Lane, et al. "Racial Disparities in Associations between Neighborhood Demographic Polarization and Birth Weight." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (2020): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093076.
Full textAbstract:
Neighborhood demographic polarization, or the extent to which a privileged population group outnumbers a deprived group, can affect health by influencing social dynamics. While using birth records from 2001 to 2013 in Massachusetts (n = 629,675), we estimated the effect of two demographic indices, racial residential polarization (RRP) and economic residential polarization (ERP), on birth weight outcomes, which are established predictors of the newborn’s future morbidity and mortality risk. Higher RRP and ERP was each associated with higher continuous birth weight and lower odds for low birth weight and small for gestational age, with evidence for effect modification by maternal race. On average, per interquartile range increase in RRP, the birth weight was 10.0 g (95% confidence interval: 8.0, 12.0) higher among babies born to white mothers versus 6.9 g (95% CI: 4.8, 9.0) higher among those born to black mothers. For ERP, it was 18.6 g (95% CI: 15.7, 21.5) higher among those that were born to white mothers versus 1.8 g (95% CI: −4.2, 7.8) higher among those born to black mothers. Racial and economic polarization towards more privileged groups was associated with healthier birth weight outcomes, with greater estimated effects in babies that were born to white mothers than those born to black mothers.
47
Poursaeed, Mohammad Hossein. "Reliability analysis of an extended shock model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 235, no. 5 (2021): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x20987794.
Full textAbstract:
Suppose that a system is subject to a sequence of shocks which occur with probability p in any period of time [Formula: see text], and suppose that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are two critical levels ([Formula: see text]). The system fails when the time interval between two consecutive shocks is less than [Formula: see text], and the time interval bigger than [Formula: see text] has no effect on the system activity. In addition, the system fails with a probability of, say, [Formula: see text], when the time interval varies between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Therefore, this model can be regarded as an extension of discrete time version of [Formula: see text]-shock model, and such an idea can be also applied in the extension of other shock models. The present study obtains the reliability function and the probability generating function of the system’s lifetime under this model. The present study offers some properties of the system and refers to a generalization of the new model. In addition, the mean time of the system’s failure is obtained under reduced efficiency which is created when the time between two consecutive shocks varies between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the first time.
48
Goisis, Alice, Berkay Özcan, and Mikko Myrskylä. "Decline in the negative association between low birth weight and cognitive ability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 1 (2016): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605544114.
Full textAbstract:
Low birth weight predicts compromised cognitive ability. We used data from the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS), the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS), and the 2000–2002 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) to analyze how this association has changed over time. Birth weight was divided into two categories, <2,500 g (low) and 2,500–4,500 g (normal) and verbal cognitive ability was measured at the age of 10 or 11 y. A range of maternal and family characteristics collected at or soon after the time of birth were considered. Linear regression was used to analyze the association between birth weight and cognitive ability in a baseline model and in a model that adjusted for family characteristics. The standardized difference (SD) in cognitive scores between low-birth-weight and normal-birth-weight children was large in the NCDS [−0.37 SD, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.46, −0.27] and in the BCS (−0.34, 95% CI: −0.43, −0.25) cohorts, and it was more than halved for children born in the MCS cohort (−0.14, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.06). The adjustment for family characteristics did not explain the cross-cohort differences. The results show that the association between low birth weight and decreased cognitive ability has declined between the 1950s and 1970s birth cohorts and the 2000--2002 birth cohort, despite a higher proportion of the low-birth-weight babies having a very low birth weight (<1,500 g) in the more recent birth cohort. Advancements in obstetric and neonatal care may have attenuated the negative consequences associated with being born small.
49
Ball, S. J., G. Pereira, P. Jacoby, N. de Klerk, and F. J. Stanley. "Re-evaluation of link between interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes: retrospective cohort study matching two intervals per mother." BMJ 349, jul23 1 (2014): g4333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4333.
Full text
50
van Kempen, Liselotte E. M., Depeng Zhao, Sylke J. Steggerda, et al. "Increased Risk Of Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis After Laser Surgery For Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome." Twin Research and Human Genetics 19, no. 3 (2016): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.21.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To investigate the occurrence of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) in twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) managed with laser surgery.Study design: We performed a prospective cohort study of all consecutive TTTS cases treated with laser surgery (TTTS group) delivered at the Leiden University Medical Center. We recorded the occurrence of EOS, defined as a positive blood culture ≤72 hours postpartum (proven sepsis) or administration of a full course of antibiotics due to risk factors or signs of sepsis, in the absence of a positive blood culture (suspected sepsis). Perinatal variables in the TTTS group were compared with uncomplicated monochorionic twins (no-TTTS group). A multivariate model was generated, examining the association between EOS and gestational age at birth, interval between laser surgery and birth, anterior placenta, laser period (first study period: 2002–2008; second study period: 2009–2015), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).Results: The rates of combined suspected and proven EOS in the TTTS group and no-TTTS group were 16% (68/416) and 10% (55/542), respectively (relative ratio [RR] 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–2.55). Multivariate analysis showed that EOS in the TTTS group was independently associated with lower gestational age at birth (odds ratio [OR] 0.75, 95% CI 0.63–0.88), first study period (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.08–4.67) and PPROM (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.28–4.75).Conclusion: The rate of EOS in the TTTS group is low, but increased compared to the no-TTTS group. EOS in TTTS is independently associated with premature delivery, earlier laser period, and PPROM.