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Books on the topic 'Interventional MRI'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Rösel, Peter. Tom Sawyer, der Teufel und seine Grossmutter: Intervention 34, 21. Januar-9. Mai 2004. Hannover [Germany]: Sprengel Museum, 2004.

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2

Andrieu, Gilbert. Les sportifs français dans la grande guerre: D'après les interventions du colloque historique de Verdun de mai 2007. Mont-en-Montois: Fantascope, 2010.

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3

Andrieu, Gilbert. Les sportifs français dans la grande guerre: D'après les interventions du colloque historique de Verdun de mai 2007. Mont-en-Montois: Fantascope, 2010.

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4

Tagung, der ASP (1987 Trier Germany). Sportpsychologische Diagnostik, Intervention und Verantwortung: Bericht über die Tagung der ASP vom 28. bis 30. Mai 1987 in Trier. Köln: BPS-Verlag, 1988.

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5

France. Conseil économique et social. Les interventions de l'Etat en faveur des salariés licenciés âgés de plus de cinquante-cinq ans: Séance du 27 mai 1997. Paris: Direction des journaux officiels, 1997.

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6

France)) Rencontres historiques d'Île-Rousse ((3rd 2012 L'Ile-Rousse. Du roi Théodore à la première intervention française, 1736-1741: Actes des 3es rencontres historiques d'Île-Rousse (18-20 mai 2012). Ajaccio: Albiana, 2013.

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7

Faculté de droit, d'économie et de gestion de l'Université d'Angers. LARAJ. Implications de la guerre d'Irak: Colloque international, 12 et 13 mai 2004 ; dir. Rahim Kherad. Paris: Pédone, 2005.

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8

Conférence internationale sur la santé cardiovasculaire (4e 2001 Osaka, Japon). Déclaration d'Osaka: Une intervention au niveau sanitaire, économique et politique : endiguer la lame de fond planétaire des maladies cardiovasculaires : déclaration du Comité consultatif de la quatrième Conférence internationale sur la santé cardiovasculaire, Osaka, Japon, mai 2001. Ottawa, Ont: Santé Canada, 2001.

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9

Darzi. INTERVENTIONAL MRI. Routledge, 2004.

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10

B, Lufkin Robert, ed. Interventional MRI. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999.

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11

Bhagavatula, Sharath K., Bijal Patel, Kemal Tuncali, Stuart G. Silverman, and Paul B. Shyn. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Interventional Radiology Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0012.

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Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed in clinical practice with increasing frequency and for an increasing number of indications. Ultrasound (US) guidance remains a very common, relatively inexpensive, and versatile option for guiding percutaneous interventions. The need for procedural sedation and anesthesia for minimally invasive procedures continues to grow as the number of procedures and interventional applications increase. This trend will continue as the population ages and the complexity and array of imaging-guided interventional procedures expand. This chapter discusses common interventional procedures that are performed under MRI and US guidance and outlines patient issues, procedural techniques, safety, and other clinical considerations that pertain to both interventionalists and anesthesiologists.
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12

Otto, Rainer. New Developments in Imaging: Sonography, Interventional Sonography, Cine-Ct, Mri, Sonography During Neurosurgery. Thieme Medical Pub, 1986.

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13

Otto, R. Ch, and C. B. Higgins. New Developments in Imaging: Sonography - Interventional Sonography - Cine-CT-MRI-sonography During Neurosurgery. Thieme Publishing Group, 1986.

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14

Dix, Philippa. Anaesthesia for radiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0031.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of patients for computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning or interventional radiology procedures. It describes the particular hazards associated with the CT and MRI scanning rooms and recommends appropriate anaesthetic techniques. Interventional radiology procedures include angioplasty, stenting, embolization, chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, thrombolysis, and vertebroplasty or cementoplasty.
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15

Interventional MR: Techniques and clinical experience. London: Martin Dunitz, 1998.

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16

Jolesz, Ferenc A., and Ian R. Young. Interventional MR: Techniques, Methods and Clinical Experiences. Informa Healthcare, 1997.

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17

Brandt, Sebastian, and Hartmut Gehring. Anaesthesia for medical imaging and bronchoscopic procedures. Edited by Peter F. Mahoney and Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0077.

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Anaesthesia in ‘remote areas’ is required for medical imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT), angiography, endoscopy, and interventions (stenting, thrombectomy, coiling, laser therapy, biopsies, radiotherapy) in a number of medical disciplines (paediatrics, radiology, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, surgery, cardiac surgery, emergency medicine). The spectrum of anaesthetic techniques is broad. It reaches from standby (monitored anaesthesia care), through analgesia and sedation (with spontaneous breathing), to general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Regional anaesthesia techniques are also required under certain circumstances. In the last few years there has been a move away from open procedures to interventional techniques. The complexity of these interventions has increased (i.e. interventional cardiac valve replacements) and the patients tend to be older and suffer from a multitude of co-morbidities. Many of these interventions are performed in the ‘hostile environment’ of the intervention suite. Intervention suites are typically not designed to offer anaesthetists an ideal working area. The space may be limited and medical equipment impedes access to the patient. The infrastructure may be suboptimal (e.g. no central medical gases supply). Protection for staff and equipment against radiation and high magnetic fields must be considered. Loud noise from machinery and shielded walls, doors, and windows may hinder communication and hearing acoustic alarms. The distance to the operating theatre may be considerable and thus support from senior anaesthetists and supply of additional equipment may take some time to arrive. Anaesthesia outside the operating theatre is sometimes underestimated as trivial. Performing a ‘quick’ interventional case can evolve within seconds into a challenge even for the experienced anaesthesiologist if a surgical or anaesthesiological complication occurs. Non-operating-theatre anaesthesia has a higher severity of injuries and more substandard care than operating theatre anaesthesia. This is not acceptable and anaesthetists must ensure the same high standard of anaesthesia care and patient safety both inside and outside the operating theatre.
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18

Lee, Christoph I., Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett, eds. Breast Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.001.0001.

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This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of breast imaging, a subspecialty of radiology dedicated to breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment management. Overview chapters provide the fundamentals of breast cancer epidemiology, pathophysiology, screening, staging, and treatment, in addition to the fundamentals of mammography, tomosynthesis, breast ultrasound, and breast MRI. The basic medical physics relevant to breast imaging are covered, as are the basics of imaging quality control. The remaining chapters are organized by individual imaging findings, with review of key imaging features, imaging protocols, pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations. Each type of breast imaging-guided interventional procedures are covered in dedicated chapters. This efficient textbook is heavily weighted towards providing multiple imaging examples with short summaries and bullet points, providing an easy, effective overview of the subspecialty for radiologists both in training and in practice.
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19

(Editor), Elizabeth Morris, and Laura Liberman (Editor), eds. Breast MRI: Diagnosis and Intervention. Springer, 2005.

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20

Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Anaesthesia for non-theatre environments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0013.

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This chapter reviews the challenges in providing safe anaesthesia outside of the operating theatre complex and the particular risks this may pose to the elderly. Generic issues with remote sites are discussed, and key points are identified: these include patient assessment, appropriate staffing and support, safety drills, environmental safety, and anaesthetic equipment and drug provision. Sedation in the elderly is identified as an area of risk, and the chapter details the problems of providing safe sedation. The areas where sedation is administered vary from endoscopy and imaging including CT and MRI, to interventional suites such those used for cardiothoracic catheterization and GI stenting. Major advances in technology have allowed the development of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) and transthoracic aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Psychiatric units still prescribe electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for severe suicidal depression, especially in the elderly because of the fast response, and the related challenges for anaesthetists are reviewed.
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21

Nadkarni, Abhijit, Mary J. De Silva, and Vikram Patel. Developing mental health interventions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0003.

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Most mental health interventions are complex as they are made up of a number of interconnected components, acting both independently and interdependently. This inherent complexity makes the development and evaluation of such interventions a complex process. Following a structured approach to the development and evaluation of complex interventions helps ensure that the process is systematic, rigorous, and replicable. In this chapter we demonstrate how systematically conducted formative research, consistent with the MRC framework, will ensure that due consideration is given to the sociocultural and health systems context. We use the case study of an ongoing complex intervention development and evaluation program in India (PREMIUM) to illustrate the application of the development and feasibility/piloting phases of the MRC framework. We describe two complementary frameworks, the Normalization Process Theory and the Theory of Change that can be used to strengthen the MRC framework for the development of mental health interventions.
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22

Mullen, Lisa A. MRI-Guided Core Biopsy. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0057.

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MRI-guided breast biopsy techniques were developed to sample indeterminate and suspicious breast lesions visible only on MRI. Breast MRI performed for high-risk screening, problem solving, or assessment of extent of disease in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer may demonstrate indeterminate findings, such as enhancing foci, masses or non-mass enhancement. If the lesion is not visible by mammography or ultrasound, and MRI follow-up is not appropriate, then MRI-guided biopsy is indicated. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews the key points and procedural protocols and pitfalls for performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–guided breast core biopsy. Pre-, peri-, and post-procedure clinical management, radiology–pathology correlation, and imaging follow-up are also reviewed.
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23

Rosenberg, Paul B. What are the First Signs and Symptoms of Dementia? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0003.

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a syndrome where persons have mild cognitive complaints and deficits on exam but are still functioning well in their daily lives. Persons with MCI are at markedly increased risk of developing dementia in the near-term and thus are an important target for preventive interventions. In the office it is crucial to take a careful history and to have an informant (usually a family member). Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease is typified by problems in short-term recall likely due to hippocampal dysfunction, and depression and anxiety are relatively common. Brief cognitive tests such as the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) or Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are useful. A thorough physical/neurological exam and laboratory screening are important for ruling out other neurologic illnesses such as Parkinsons’ or stroke and for screening for treatable causes of cognitive impairment such as hypothyroidism or vitamin B12 deficiency. Biomarkers are gradually becoming more useful for diagnosis including MRI and amyloid PET scan.
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24

Hunter, David J., Frank W. Roemer, and Ed Riordan. Imaging: magnetic resonance imaging. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0018.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) overcomes many of the limitations associated with conventional radiography, the technique historically regarded as the gold standard in imaging of osteoarthritis (OA). MRI allows visualization of changes and pathologies in joint tissues including cartilage and the menisci, the two tissue components responsible for the indirect radiographic marker of joint space narrowing, decreasing the length of time that must elapse before disease progression can be detected. Other elements of the joint can also be analysed simultaneously: a key development in the understanding of OA. This chapter focuses on the utility of MRI in observational studies and clinical trials, detailing the available MRI techniques and quantitative/qualitative measurements, and their correlation with tissue damage. The possible future directions of MRI in OA are also discussed, with a view to its potential utility in identifying disease-modifying interventions.
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25

Melikyan, Zara, Heather Romero, and Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer. Cognitive Enhancement at the Mild Cognitive Impairment Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0008.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in aging. Currently, therapeutic interventions are being initiated earlier in the disease course. The rationale of this strategy is to take advantage of the still healthy neuronal systems to optimize function, slow cognitive decline, and facilitate adaptive compensation in deficient brain networks. This chapter provides an overview and critique of the evidence supporting the enhancement of cognitive function at the early symptomatic stage of AD, so-called mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD). It reviews the clinical diagnosis of MCI-AD, underscoring the differences between this condition and healthy brain aging and highlighting the importance of fluid and imaging biomarkers in ensuring reliable diagnosis and providing targets for therapeutic modification. Next, it discusses techniques to enhance cognition in MCI, with an emphasis on nonpharmacological interventional approaches. It concludes with a discussion of future challenges and opportunities in the treatment of MCI-AD.
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26

Chappell, Michael, Bradley MacIntosh, and Thomas Okell. Using ASL to Measure Perfusion Changes in an Individual: Task-Based ASL and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793816.003.0007.

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Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI measurements of perfusion provide a flexible and unique way to study the brain’s physiology and function. They enable experimental designs in neuroimaging that can complement widely used blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI (BOLD fMRI) experiments, or even enable experiments not possible with BOLD fMRI. This chapter explores ways in which ASL can be used to detect changes in perfusion in an individual, including those that involve stimulation of neuronal activity or pharmacological intervention.
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27

Shulman, Ryan, Adrian Wilson, and Delia Peppercorn. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008003.

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♦ ACL tear: abnormal fibres, tibial translation, PCL/patella tendon buckling, bone bruising♦ Meniscal tear: signal change to free edge♦ Bone bruising:• Reticular—not continuous subarticular bone• Geographic—extends to subarticular bone♦ Posterolateral corner:• Oblique slices through fibular head• Consists of lateral collateral ligament, popliteus, popliteofibular ligament, and arcuate complex.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the investigation and treatment of the painful knee. It is non-invasive and avoids patient exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI has the advantage of establishing diagnoses in a painful knee without the morbidity of surgical intervention. It is now widely available and has moved from a simple diagnostic adjunct into a key planning tool. It offers improved management of theatre resources and it allows for more accurate planning of postoperative rehabilitation.The role of MRI in management of the injured knee is determined by its cost-effectiveness and its ability to augment the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination. Accuracy of clinical examination by specialist orthopaedic surgeons is comparable to MRI when interpreted by specialist radiologists (Table 8.3.1). Increasingly, MRI has been shown to be cost neutral. Whilst costs are high, diagnostic information reduces the need for unnecessary surgery.
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28

Lee, Christoph I. Incidental Meniscal Findings on Knee MRI. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0033.

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This chapter, found in the bone, joint, and extremity pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the frequency of incidental findings on knee magnetic resonance imaging. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Incidental meniscal damage on MRI was shown to be common in the general population, especially among the elderly, and is not necessarily attributable to patients’ knee symptoms. Authors advise those interpreting MRI reports and planning interventions that there is a high prevalence of incidental tears even among those without knee symptoms. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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29

Loving, Vilert A. Pre-Operative Localization. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0059.

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Non-palpable, surgical breast lesions require image guidance to direct the site of excision. With the widespread adoption of screening mammography and increased identification of non-palpable breast cancers, image guidance is critical to support the surgeon in successful breast-conserving surgery. Pre-operative localization procedures are typically performed under mammography guidance or ultrasound guidance, and less commonly under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews protocols and pitfalls, pre-/peri-/post-procedure clinical management, and imaging follow-up of pre-operative localization procedures. Topics discussed include mammography-guided, ultrasound-guided, and MRI-guided localization procedures. This chapter also introduces the radioactive seed and radiofrequency identification localization procedures and discusses post-operative specimen radiographs.
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30

Chappell, Michael, Bradley MacIntosh, and Thomas Okell. Introduction to Perfusion Quantification using Arterial Spin Labelling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793816.001.0001.

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Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unique in being a completely non-invasive method for imaging perfusion in the brain. Relying upon a blood-borne tracer that is created by the MRI scanner itself, ASL is becoming a popular tool to study cerebral perfusion, as well as how this perfusion changes in response to neuronal activity or in disease. This primer provides an introduction to perfusion quantification using ASL MRI, focusing both on the methods needed to extract perfusion-weighted images and on how to quantify perfusion and other hemodynamic parameters. Starting with the simplest implementation of ASL, the primer details all the common acquisition methods, as well as the subsequent analysis steps required to quantify perfusion in an individual, detect changes in perfusion in response to neural activity or pharmacological intervention, and examine perfusion variations across groups of individuals. This is supported with examples from real data illustrating all the major steps in the analysis process, linked to online material where the reader can undertake the same analysis for themselves.
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31

Fillion, Lise, Mélanie Vachon, and Pierre Gagnon. Enhancing Meaning at Work and Preventing Burnout. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837229.003.0014.

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Working in palliative care (PC) can be challenging, distressing, and rewarding. This chapter discusses and presents some suggestions to deal with particular challenges in introducing the meaning-centered intervention (MCI) for PC clinicians. Its format and content are founded on the meaning-centered psychotherapy developed for cancer patients. Frankl’s existential therapeutic approach, called logotherapy, serves as the underlying theoretical framework. The chapter describes the intervention, the purpose of which is to create strategies for enhancing meaning at work and for preventing burnout. The chapter provides an understanding of workplace stress, stressors specific to PC, psychosocial risk factors that may lead to burnout, and key ingredients retained for intervention. Elaboration and content of the MCI-PC are described. Quantitative and qualitative studies conducted with PC nurses are presented. Results support the assumption that the MCI-PC can enhance meaning at work by increasing perceived benefits and by linking coherently values and intention, choices and actions.
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32

Lee, Christoph I. Abnormal MRI of the Lumbar Spine without Back Pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0013.

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This chapter, found in the back pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine in patients without back pain. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that many people without back pain have disk bulges or protrusions on imaging of the lumbar spine, but that these findings are frequently coincidental and should not necessarily lead to further tests or interventions. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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33

Fairall, Lara, Merrick Zwarenstein, and Graham Thornicroft. The applicability of trials of complex mental health interventions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0002.

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The evidence on what interventions are currently known to be effective in mental health is summarized in the 2009 PLoS Medicine series on packages of care for mental, neurological, and substance-use disorders in LAMIC and the WHO mhGAP guidelines published in 2010. But far less is known about how best to deliver and scale-up these interventions in real-life settings. How to translate this evidence into practice, in ways that are culturally appropriate and sensitive has been identified as the key research priority in global mental health. This chapter discusses the potential contribution of trials to the genesis of interventions that are both effective and highly applicable to real-world settings by considering two frameworks : the development–evaluation–implementation process proposed by the Medical Research Council (MRC) in Britain in their 2000 and 2008 guidance on developing and evaluating complex interventions and the PRagmatic Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary (PRECIS) tool.
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34

AlJaroudi, Wael. Risk Assessment Before Noncardiac Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0014.

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Perioperative risk assessment is essential in screening patients before noncardiac surgery. Cardiovascular complications such as fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), ventricular arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, and stroke are important in-hospital causes of morbidity and mortality intra and post-operatively. The optimal approach is to identify patients at increased risk so that appropriate testing and therapeutic interventions are undertaken a priori to minimize such risk. The initial preoperative evaluation includes identification of surgery-specific risk, patient exercise functional capacity and clinical risk profile. Patients with major predictors of events such as acute coronary syndromes, recent MI, unstable arrhythmia, and severe valvular disease warrant further management and optimization that often lead to delaying surgery. Those with three or more predictors (history of ischemic heart disease, compensated heart failure, diabetes, renal insufficiency, or history of cerebrovascular disease) undergoing high- risk surgery often require stress testing. Although data from randomized prospective trials are lacking, numerous studies have demonstrated the utility of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for determination of perioperative cardiac risk. The goal of this chapter is to review the use of MPI for preoperative risk assessment and the recommendations from the current guidelines. The focus will be on short-term and long-term prognosis including special groups such as after coronary stenting and before vascular surgery, liver and renal transplantation.
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35

Schrifl, Ulrike, SakkuBai Naidu, and Ali Fatemi. Leukodystrophies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0070.

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The term “leukodystrophies” refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system. Depending on the type of leukodystrophy, the phenotype can range from early infantile-onset, rapid, progressive forms to adult-onset slowly progressive variants. The understanding, definition, and classification have been enhanced greatly by the combined use of neuroimaging, especially MRI, and genetic techniques. The window for targeted therapeutic interventions remains brief and management is often limited to symptomatic, supportive, and palliative care, and new approaches for treatment remain a great task for future research.
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36

Institut nauchnoĭ informat︠s︡ii po obshchestvennym naukam (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk), ed. Mir posle Kosovo =: The World after [the] Kosovo crisis. Moskva: Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk, In-t nauchnoĭ informat︠s︡ii po obshchestvennym naukam, 2001.

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37

McCabe, Sam, Christopher Harnain, and Grigory Rozenblit. Use of a Mushroom-Retained Gastrostomy Tube for Stenting Benign Esophageal Stricture. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0092.

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This chapter describes the use of a standard mushroom-retained gastrostomy (MRG) tube for stenting benign esophageal strictures. For effective long-term management, an esophageal stent should be easily placed, repositioned, and retrieved and also resistant to migration. An MRG tube can be used as a replaceable stent to allow oral feeding in the setting of benign esophageal stricture. The tube is readily available, easily adjustable, and an easily removable option. Using standard interventional techniques, the strictured segment is first dilated with a balloon catheter. The gastrostomy tube is then deployed over a guidewire. The tube spans the stricture, allowing for oral feeding.
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38

Gattringer, Thomas, Christian Enzinger, Stefan Ropele, and Franz Fazekas. Vascular imaging (CTA/MRA). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0008.

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Non-invasive computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) constitute an integral part of the diagnostic workup of stroke patients, which—among the various techniques to image the complex cerebrovascular tree—can be conceptually placed between duplex sonography and digital subtraction angiography. CTA and especially MRA can be performed with different techniques and protocols that need to be used according to the clinical questions. In the setting of acute ischaemic stroke with the therapeutic option of endovascular thrombectomy, the rapid and reliable detection of large vessel occlusion has become of paramount importance. Both CTA and MRA can accomplish this and there is no need for contrast material when performing intracranial MRA. Vascular imaging is also essential to identify vessel-related causes of stroke such as large artery atherosclerosis, dissection, and some forms of arteritis mandating specific management or therapeutic intervention to avoid recurrence. Considering these aspects, frequent and targeted use of CTA or MRA is highly encouraged and especially relevant in young patients with stroke.
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39

Visser, Frans, and Maarten Simoons. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Thrombolysis in AMI & other ACS. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0003.

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• Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) comprise an evolving acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presenting with or without ST-elevation and unstable angina• Patients presenting with an ST-elevation MI require immediate reperfusion therapy by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or, if such is not available, thrombolysis• Cardiologists, emergency care physicians, general practictioners and ambulance services should collaborate to develop a national or regional system to optimise AMI therapy, given the national or local facilities and available resources• A subgroup of high-risk patients presenting with ACS without ST-elevation benefit from PCI or coronary artery bypass graft surgery• In all patients with ACS intensive anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic therapy is warranted, as well as B-blockers, ACE-inhibitors and statins.
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40

Harvey, Susan C. Ductography. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0054.

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Ductography or galactography is a technique used in the diagnostic workup of unilateral, single duct, spontaneous, and bloody or clear nipple discharge. Mammographic imaging with magnification may reveal the source of the discharge. The technique is challenging, yet it can be mastered with attention to detail, a well thought-out protocol, and practice. Imaging findings can be non-specific, yet may guide biopsy or surgical excision. Now with the wide use of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has been shown to be more sensitive for lesion detection, ductography is used less frequently. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews the indications, procedure protocols, and pitfalls, as well as the management and imaging follow-up for ductography or galactography.
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41

Kropf, Nancy P., and Sherry M. Cummings. Motivational Interviewing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0008.

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In Chapter 8, “Motivational Interviewing: Evidence-Based Practice,” the research on the efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI) for achieving behavioral change in older adults is summarized and evaluated. Only meta-analyses and randomized controlled trails (RCTs) were included in the review. Fifteen RCTs were found that investigated the use of MI for enhancing behavioral change in older adults related to substance abuse/misuse, exercise, diet, and smoking. Beginning research on the use of MI with older clients suggests its efficacy for promoting behavioral change in this population. Results of randomized control trials reveal that MI is as effective as, or more effective than, other psychosocial interventions in fostering healthier behavior and improved mood. The studies discussed in this review were conducted in differing formats—face-to-face, telephone, and a combination of the two. The success of the telephone-based format, as well as the face-to-face approach, reveals the utility of MI interventions with homebound elders.
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42

Di Carlo, Philip A. Ultrasound-Guided Core Biopsy. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0056.

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Prior to 1993, when ultrasound-guided core breast biopsy was first described by Parker and colleagues, surgery following image-guided needle localization was necessary to obtain a histological diagnosis of breast lesions. But there are many financial, practical, and clinical advantages of image-guided core biopsy over surgical excisional biopsy. There are also many advantages to ultrasound-guided biopsy over stereotactic- or MRI-guided biopsy, detailed in this chapter. Ultrasound is now usually the modality of choice by which to perform core biopsies if the lesion is visualized by multiple imaging modalities. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews the key points of performing ultrasound-guided core biopsy. Topics discussed include protocols for both spring-loaded and vacuum-assisted devices; pre-procedure and post-procedure management, and imaging follow-up.
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43

Alshaikh, Jumana T., Shaan Sudhakaran, and Helene Rubeiz. Trigeminal Neuralgia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0002.

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Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by severe, unilateral, paroxysmal stabbing pain affecting the face in the distribution of one of the divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The episodes of pain are brief and are triggered by innocuous physical stimuli. Typical age of onset is the sixth decade, with a female predominance. The most common cause is neurovascular compression. Other causes include multiple sclerosis and structural abnormalities in the cerebellopontine angle. The diagnosis is made clinically, but MRI can be useful in evaluation of the underlying etiology. First-line pharmacotherapy is carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. If medical therapy fails, procedural interventions should be considered. From ablations to craniotomy, there is an array of procedural treatments available for trigeminal neuralgia. Patients should be educated on the risks and benefits of each procedure prior to pursuing treatment.
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44

Courtney, Lauren, Emily Warmoth, Margaret Rodan, and Kathy Katz. New technologies and tools for study management: Lessons learned from designing and implementing a web-based data management system for a multisite longitudinal intervention study. RTI International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2008.mr.0005.0812.

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45

AlJaroudi, Wael. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Before and After Cardiac Revascularization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0015.

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the burden of the disease remains high, the rates of death attributable to CAD have declined by almost a third between 1998 and 2008. In patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), data supporting survival benefit from coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus no revascularization are outdated with the recent advancement in medical therapy. Over the years, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has played a significant role in detecting ischemic burden, risk stratifying patients and guiding physicians to the best treatment strategy. Contrary to data from other trials, the role of stress MPI has been downplayed in more contemporary randomized clinical trial that failed to show that ischemic burden identifies the ideal candidate for revascularization or carries incremental prognostic value. Hence, there is an equipoise on the role of MPI in the management of patients prior to revascularization. The role of stress MPI post-revascularization has also been evaluated in multiple studies, mostly done in the last decade or prior. The guidelines advocate against routine stress MPI in asymptomatic patients (unless 5 years or more post-CABG), but allows it in the presence or recurrence of symptoms. The current chapter will review the data on survival benefit from revascularization, complementary role of stress MPI in selecting the appropriate candidate for revascularization, prognostic value of ischemic versus atherosclerotic burden, role of MPI post revascularization, updated guidelines and proposed algorithms to guide the treating physicians.
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46

Stogicza, Agnes, Bartha Peter Tohotom, Edit Racz, Andrea Trescot, and Alan Berkman. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Upper and Lower Extremity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0011.

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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic debilitating pain condition of the extremities; it can affect, less commonly, other areas of the body (face, pelvis, abdomen). Its early presentation—pain disproportionate to the injury, skin temperature changes, hyperalgesia, allodynia—is often not recognized, delaying treatment. In later phases, with sympathetic nervous system involvement, it presents with skin and muscle atrophy, hair loss, allodynia, loss of function, and decreased range of motion. In severe cases, it can spread from one area to the other. Imaging findings (X-ray, MRI, bone scintigraphy) are nonspecific. They are used to support the diagnosis, and to exclude conditions that can present similarly. Treatment is challenging and includes physical therapy, psychologic support, medication management, and minimally invasive interventions to decrease pain, to positively influence the sympathetic nervous system, and to preserve function. A multidisciplinary approach is likely to be the most beneficial.
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47

Lee, Amie Y., and Bonnie N. Joe. Post-Lumpectomy/Post-Radiation Breast. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0062.

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Mammography is currently the primary imaging modality for post-operative evaluation and surveillance of the conservatively treated breast. Tumor recurrence has been shown to occur at a rate of approximately 1–2% per year, and the goal of imaging surveillance is to detect recurrent and new cancers at the earliest stages while avoiding unnecessary biopsies for characteristically benign findings. The radiologist should be familiar with the expected mammographic appearance and evolution of benign post-lumpectomy/post-radiation change, while also recognizing findings suspicious for residual and recurrent disease. This chapter, appearing in the section on intervention and surgical changes, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, and clinical recommendations for the post-lumpectomy and post-radiation breast. Topics discussed include the evolution of benign post-surgical/post-radiation findings and the detection of suspicious lesions. The primary emphasis will be on mammographic surveillance. The role of ultrasound and MRI will also be discussed.
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Ramrakha, Punit, and Jonathan Hill, eds. Cardiovascular emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199643219.003.0017.

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Adult basic life support 710Adult advanced life support 712Universal treatment algorithm 716Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 718Acute MI: thrombolysis protocol 719Acute myocardial infarction 720Treatment options in tachyarrhythmias 721Ventricular tachycardia: drugs 722Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias ...
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Hart, Nicholas, and Tarek Sharshar. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of ICU-acquired weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0248.

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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is the term applied to generalized skeletal muscle weakness developed as a result of critical illness. This condition adversely affects up to three-quarters of patients admitted to the intensive care unit and it is associated with risk factors such as illness severity and duration of mechanical ventilation. Using detailed electrophysiological tests and histological muscle sampling, ICU-AW can be classified as a neuropathy, myopathy, or a neuromyopathy. However, this detailed approach is generally only required when there is diagnostic uncertainty and a simple test to diagnose ICU-AW utilizing manual muscle testing and the Medical Research Council (MRC) sumscore are more commonly employed. Nonetheless, short- and long-term outcomes associated with developing ICU-AW using MRC sumscore, have been reported. Intervention exercise therapy and rehabilitation strategies are required to minimize the effects of developing of skeletal muscle wasting.
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50

Foundation, Ford, ed. Community-based AIDS intervention, Mae Aye District, Chiang Mai Province, and Hang Chat District, Lampang Province: Final report. [Chiang Mai: The Institute], 1995.

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