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1
Hans P. A. van Dongen. Inter- and intra-individual differences in circadian phase. Leiden: Leiden University, 1998.
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Wassermann, Eric M. Inter- and intra-individual variation in the response to TMS. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0026.
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The variable amplitude of motor cortex is a striking aspect of the muscle response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is easy to produce large motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in some healthy subjects, while others' cortico-muscular pathways seem barely excitable, even by the strongest available stimuli. MEP amplitude and other measures also vary widely within individuals over time. The factors of these differences among and within individuals are age, gross anatomy of the individuals, genetic factors, and physiological differences associated with behavioural and other traits such as personality, conditions like migraine. The MEP varies over time within individuals at rest under laboratory conditions. These variations can be short term or long term. Differences among neurologically normal individuals have important implications for research using TMS. These differences open doors to new fields of study to neurophysiologists in the treatment and etiology of brain disease.
3
Chan, Burton. The intra- and inter-individual variability of nifedipine pa pharmacokinetics. 1995.
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Lemieux, Camille. Inter- and intra- individual variability in acetylation-characterization with caffeine. 1985.
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5
Boswell, James F., Michael J. Constantino, and Lisa M. Anderson. Potential Obstacles to Treatment Success in Adults. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.17.
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Identifying client characteristics that influence negative psychotherapy outcomes is vitally important. This chapter reviews baseline client characteristics that have demonstrated direct relationships with unsuccessful treatment outcomes, as well as client traits that have functioned as moderators of specific treatment effects and process-outcome associations. Throughout this chapter client characteristics are defined as preexisting individual differences or traits that clients bring into the therapy context. Identifying client baseline characteristics that influence, directly or indirectlyc, negative outcomes is vitally important. This review divides such client characteristics into the following categories: demographic variables, expectancies, mental health variables, intra-psychic traits, and interpersonal traits. Implications of reviewed research findings for psychotherapy practice are discussed.
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Deater-Deckard, Kirby, Nan Chen, and Shereen El Mallah. Gene–Environment Interplay in Coercion. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.4.
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Coercive relationship dynamics are established and operate within reactive and regulatory intra- and interpersonal processes in families. These regulatory processes function within complex transactions between genetic and nongenetic processes that are transmitted from parents to children. This chapter highlights examples of gene–environment interplay in several key components of coercive family processes, with a special focus on parent and child self-regulation problems in coercive interactions. These include gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to individual differences in self-regulation and dyadic regulation. These are conceptualized within a framework of ongoing parent and child effects operating within family dyads.
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MacPherson, Sarah E., Celine R. Gillebert, Gail A. Robinson, and Antonino Vallesi, eds. Intra- and Inter-individual Variability of Executive Functions: Determinant and Modulating Factors in Healthy and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers Media SA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-837-0.
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Dillon, Michele. Postsecular American Catholics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693008.003.0002.
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This chapter demonstrates how American Catholics embody the mutual relevance of religious and secular expectations that is the hallmark of postsecularity. It argues that individual interpretive autonomy—the secularization of religious authority—is critical to their construal of Catholicism, and it discusses the ironies this entails. The chapter shows that interpretive autonomy is legitimated in official Church teaching, which in part allows Catholics to disagree with Church teachings on sexual morality and other issues while maintaining loyalty to Catholicism. It is also used by them to advocate for doctrinal changes that would more closely align their secular expectations with their attachment to the sacraments. Interpretive autonomy is thus a crucial mechanism in the preservation of Catholicism as a living tradition open to secular realities. The chapter also discusses how intra-Catholic political differences and a large socioeconomic divide between white and a growing Hispanic Catholic population fracture the notion of Catholic communal solidarity.
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Brown, David. Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration in Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.388.
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In southeast Asia, ethnic tensions and conflicts stem in large part from economic or power rivalries rather than cultural differences. The political relationships between ethnic identities and nation-state identities in southeast Asia can be analyzed based on three different frameworks, each offering important insights into the region’s complexities and variations. The first is the plural society approach, which points to cultural pluralism as the source of political tensions in southeast Asia. The implication of this view is that ethnic violence will tend to take the form of rioting between people of different cultures as they compete for state resources or power. The second framework is a state legitimacy approach, which argues that the national identity strategies adopted by the state elites are the key factor influencing the structure of ethnic politics. In this context, the strategy of state legitimation is employed to promote the migration of highland ethnic minorities out of their ancestral homeland areas so as to facilitate their economic development, but also their assimilation into the ethnic core. The third framework is a globalized disruption approach, which suggests that globalization has three negative impacts relating to economic disparities, the problematical politics of democratization, and fears of international or domestic terrorism. It can be said that the politics of ethnicity and nationalism in southeast Asia arises from the enhanced appeal of ethnic and national stereotypes for people experiencing diverse insecurities, giving rise to inter-ethnic distrust as well as intra-ethnic factionalism.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Relationship-centered versus Individual-centered Human Service Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0013.
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The chapter explains that relationship-centered organizations place a priority on developing and sustaining a network of inter-organizational and intra-organizational relationships to serve clients. Case studies drawn from the authors’ experiences in human service organizations illustrate the application of this principle, including ensuring that strong networks are in place to serve clients and maintaining underlying beliefs, assumptions, and mindsets of service providers that support network development. Research and examples illustrate the importance of establishing effective relationships among service providers, between service providers and clients, and throughout the network of stakeholders associated with clients. A case study illustrates how the ARC process fosters a relationship-centered approach with external stakeholders to achieve client success.
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Oruc, Firat, ed. Sites of Pluralism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190052713.001.0001.
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Scholars and policymakers, struggling to make sense of the ongoing chaos in the Middle East, have focused on the possible causes of the escalation in both inter-state and intra-state conflict. But the Arab Spring has shown the urgent need for new ways to frame difference, both practically and theoretically. For some, a fundamental incompatibility between different ethno-linguistic and religious communities lies at the root of these conflicts; these divisions are thought to impede any form of political resolution or social cohesion. But little work has been done to explore how these tensions manifest themselves in the communities of the Middle East. Sites of Pluralism fills this significant gap, going beyond a narrow focus on 'minorities' to examine the larger canvas of community politics in the Middle East. Through eight case studies from esteemed experts in law, education, history, architecture, anthropology and political science, this multi-disciplinary volume offers a critical view of the Middle East's diverse, pluralistic fabric: how it has evolved throughout history; how it influences current political, economic and social dynamics; and what possibilities it offers for the future.
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Defila, Rico, and Antonietta di Giulio. Managing Consensus in Inter- and Transdisciplinary Teams: Tasks and Expertise. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.27.
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Collaborative problem framing is crucial to arrive at integrated results in inter- and transdisciplinary research projects. Its significance is supported by empirical evidence gained in a survey, which shows significant differences concerning common goals, language, and theoretical basis between teams who had achieved a synthesis and those that had not. A shared view of a problem and of how to deal with it is the starting point for inquiries of individuals and/or subprojects, and the point to return to after their results are available. Thus, balancing collaborative and individual work is crucial in managing such projects. Managing inter- or transdisciplinary projects covers a number of highly demanding processes taking place during their life span. It is a complex and demanding scientific task that could be called “content-rich moderation” (following the German “Inhaltsreiche Moderation”) to express its nature. To succeed, managers of inter- or transdisciplinary projects need different kinds of expertise.
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Buesching, Christina D., and Theodore Stankowich. Communication amongst the musteloids: signs, signals, and cues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0005.
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Most intentional communication is intra-specific and benefits both sender and receiver. Typically, the more complex a species’ social system, the more complex is its communication. Because only ca. 10% of musteloid species are truly social, their communication is generally quite basic, while their solitary, nocturnal lifestyle is reflected in a predominance of olfactory signals. This chapter first discusses the properties of different signal modalities (visual, acoustic, olfactory and tactile), and then provides a review of musteloid communication in the context of signal functionality, starting with a section on defensive signals (warning-, alarm-, and distress signals), proceeding to other modes of inter-specific communication, such as eavesdropping on predator cues by smaller prey species (odours increasingly applied in conservation management), before moving on to more specialised intra-specific communication. It discusses resource defence and territorial marking, before concluding with a section on individual advertisement, including recognition of individuals and group-membership, and fitness advertisement.
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Zamarian, L., and Margarete Delazer. Arithmetic Learning in Adults. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.007.
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Neuroimaging has significantly contributed to our understanding of human learning by tracking the neural correlates underlying the acquisition of new expertise. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest that the acquisition of arithmetic competence is reflected in a decrease of activation in frontal brain regions and a relative increase of activation in parietal brain regions that are important for arithmetic processing. Activation of the angular gyrus (AG) is related to fact learning, skilled retrieval, and level of automatization. fMRI investigations extend the findings of cognitive studies showing that behavioural differences between trained and untrained sets of items, between different arithmetic operations, and between different training strategies are reflected by specific activation patterns. fMRI studies also reveal inter-individual differences related to arithmetic competence, with low performing individuals showing lower AG activation when answering calculation problems. Importantly, training attenuates inter-individual differences in AG activation. Studies with calculation experts suggest that different strategies may be used to achieve extraordinary performance. While some experts recruit a more extended cerebral network compared with the average population, others use the same frontoparietal network, but more efficiently. In conclusion, brain imaging studies on arithmetic learning and expertise offer a promising view on the adaptivity of the human brain. Although evidence on functional or structural modifications following intervention in dyscalculic patients is still scarce, future studies may contribute to the development of more efficient and targeted rehabilitation programmes after brain damage or in cases of atypical numerical development.
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Morell-Ducos, Fausto. COMT and morphine use in cancer pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0082.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Genetic variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and morphine requirements in cancer patients with pain’, published by Rakvåg et al. in 2008. Genetic variation contributes to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. Catecholamines are involved in the modulation of pain and are metabolized by catchol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Genetic variability in the COMT gene may therefore contribute to differences in pain sensitivity and response to analgesics. It has been shown that a polymorphism in the COMT gene, Rs4680 (val158met), influences pain sensitivity and efficacy for morphine in cancer pain treatment. This study investigated whether the variability in other regions in the COMT gene also contributes to the inter-individual variability of morphine efficacy by mapping 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms, constructing haplotypes from them, and then comparing genotypes and haplotypes against pharmacological, demographic, and patient symptom measurements in patients receiving morphine for cancer pain.
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Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Measuring change. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0011.
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Although the goal of many clinical assessments and research studies is to measure how much people change between two occasions, the measurement of change is fraught with conceptual and methodological difficulties. One of the difficulties is that there are (at least) two different reasons to measure change: to determine if intervention had any effect, and to identify the correlates of change. These two goals work against each other, because the former requires there to be little difference in the amount of change among people in the same group, while the latter depends on inter-individual differences. The chapter also discusses various biases that exist when people are asked directly how much they think they have changed. This chapter addresses the issues of the relationship of change to the reliability of the scale, difficulties of measuring change in experimental and quasi-experimental studies, and new approaches to measuring change, such as growth curve analysis.
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Cascorbi, Ingolf. Polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 as the responsible enzyme of activation. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0079.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Bioactivation of the narcotic drug codeine in human liver is mediated by the polymorphic monooxygenase catalyzing debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation (cytochrome P-450 dbl/bufI)’, published by Dayer et al. in 1988. Codeine is an old but frequently prescribed drug used for the treatment of mild-to-moderate pain. However, its use is nowadays restricted after observations of partly fatal respiratory repression in children. Codeine itself exhibits no analgesic effect, but is partly activated by O-demethylation to morphine by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). The identification of the polymorphic CYP2D6 as the enzyme responsible for activation was achieved by Dayer et al. in 1998 and was an important milestone contributing to the widely observed inter-individual differences of drug action and side effects of codeine. Translating the pharmacogenetics of codeine into clinical practice is currently underway in clinical trials, to identify ineffective analgesics and, in particular, avoid severe adverse events.
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Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Chronic abdominal pain. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0024.
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Separating chronic and acute abdominal pain is often difficult, and an arbitrary time limit of 4 weeks is often used. However, many chronic conditions (e.g. chronic pancreatitis) can cause relapsing symptoms, which may be acute during each episode. Pain receptors in the abdomen respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Stretch is the commonest mechanical stimulus to the viscera, although distension, torsion, and contraction are also sensed. Chemical receptors are stimulated by inflammation and infection, and this stimulation leads to the production of various substances, including serotonin, bradykinin, substance P, prostaglandins, and histamine. There are inter-individual differences in pain perception, with some people (e.g. patients with irritable bowel syndrome) being more sensitive to painful stimuli. Chronic abdominal pain occurs in 9%–15% of all children, and is present on questioning in 75% of adolescents and 50% of adults who are otherwise healthy. It is often a non-specific symptom that alone has a poor sensitivity for organic disease. Usually, it is the associated symptoms, and/or abnormal blood tests, that direct the doctor to a diagnosis. This chapter covers the approach to the diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain, key diagnostic tests, therapies, prognosis, and dealing with uncertainty.
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Kühn, Wolfgang, and Gerd Walz. The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0303.
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Abnormalities of the cilium, termed ‘ciliopathies’, are the prime suspect in the pathogenesis of renal cyst formation because the gene products of cystic disease-causing genes localize to them, or near them. However, we only partially understand how cilia maintain the geometry of kidney tubules, and how abnormal cilia lead to renal cysts, and the diverse range of diseases attributed to them. Some non-cystic diseases share pathology of the same structures. Although still incompletely understood, cilia appear to orient cells in response to extracellular cues to maintain the overall geometry of a tissue, thereby intersecting with the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the actin cytoskeleton. The PCP pathway controls two morphogenetic programmes, oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) through cell intercalation that both seem to play a critical role in cyst formation. The two-hit theory of cystogenesis, by which loss of the second normal allele causes tubular epithelial cells to form kidney cysts, has been largely borne out. Additional hits and influences may better explain the rate of cyst formation and inter-individual differences in disease progression. Ciliary defects appear to converge on overlapping signalling modules, including mammalian target of rapamycin and cAMP pathways, which can be targeted to treat human cystic kidney disease irrespective of the underlying gene mutation.