Dissertations / Theses: 'Intra and inter-individual differences'

1

Ditchburn, Graeme Jonathan. "Personality as a determinant of inter-individual differences in intra-individual performance change." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415080.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Nowparast, Rostami Hadiseh. "Biological Mechanisms underlying Inter- and Intra-Individual Variability of Face Cognition." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18077.

Full text

Abstract:

In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich der Gesichterkognition zugrundeliegende biologischen Mechanismen auf der genetischen, neuronalen und verhaltensbasierten Ebene. Die neuronale Aktivität wurde mittels ereigniskorrelierter Potenziale (EKPs) untersucht und ihre Latzenzvariabilität innerhalb der Person wurde durch eine innovative Methode, Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE), gemessen. Die erste Studie demonstriert die Reliabilität von RIDE für die Extraktion von Einzeltrialparametern der P3b Komponente, welche in der zweiten Studie die Basis für die Untersuchung der Innen-Subjekt-Variabilität (ISV) bei der Geschwindigkeit der Gesichterkognition bildet. Die zweite Studie untersucht individuelle Unterschiede in ISV in ihrer genetischen Variation, gemessen an der Verhaltens- und neuronalen Ebene während einer Gesichterkognitionsaufgabe. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ISV nicht nur mit dem COMT Val158Met Polymorphismus zusammenhängt, sondern auch von der geforderten kognitiven Verarbeitung abhängt. Zudem ist die ISV in der Reaktionszeit teilweise durch die ISV in der Geschwindigkeit zentralkognitiver Prozesse erklärbar. Studie 3 liefert neuartige Informationen für die N1/N170 Forschung. Mit einem differentialpsychologischen Ansatz konnten wir nicht nur vorangegangene Ergebnisse zur Vorhersagekraft der N170 für individuelle Unterschiede in der Gesichterkognition replizieren, sondern auch die individuellen Unterschiede in der N170 in einen allgemeinen und einen gesichtsspezifischen Teil mit unterschiedlicher Vorhersagekraft zerlegen. Darüber hinaus konnten wir zeigen, dass top-down Modulationen der N170 unterscheidbare und qualitativ unterschiedliche Beziehungen zu Fähigkeiten der Gesichterkognition aufweisen. Insgesamt zeigen die integrierten Ergebnisse der Studien meiner Dissertation die psychologische Bedeutsamkeit der intra- und interindividuellen Variabilität in der Gesichterkognition für die Erforschung der ihr zugrundeliegenden biologischen Mechanismen.
The biological mechanisms underlying face cognition from an inter- and intra-individual variability perspective at the genetic, neural, and behavioral levels are investigated. The neural activities related to face processing are measured by event-related potentials (ERPs) and their trial-by-trial latency variability are estimated using a novel and well-established method, Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE). Study 1 demonstrates the reliability of RIDE in extracting single-trial parameters of the P3b component. In the Study 2, individual differences in ISV of face processing speed, measured at both behavioral and neural levels during a face processing task, are studied in their genetic variation. The results suggest that individual differences in ISV are related not only to the COMT Val158Met polymorphism, but also to the type of cognitive processing (e.g., memory domain). Moreover, we showed that ISV in reaction time can be partially explained by ISV in the speed of central cognitive processes. Furthermore, the individual differences approach in Study 3, provided valuable and novel information beyond the common group-mean approach applied in the N1/N170-related research. Based on this approach, not only we could replicate previous findings that the N170 predicts individual differences in face cognition abilities, but also we could decompose individual differences in the N170 into a domain-general and a face-specific part with different predictive powers. Moreover, we showed that top-down modulations on the N170 have separable and qualitatively different relationships to face cognition abilities. In summary, the integrated results from different studies in my dissertation demonstrate the psychological importance of the information provided by inter- and intra-individual variability in face processing in the investigation of its underlying biological mechanisms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

D'Alberto, Nicholas C. "Examining Inter- And Intra-Individual Differences In The Neurobiological Mechanisms Associated With Inhibitory Control." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/962.

Full text

Abstract:

Adolescence is an ideal time to measure the development of the neural mechanisms associated with inhibitory control because this age period is marked by impulsive and risk taking behaviors. Maturational brain changes in the prefrontal cortex that are associated with the emergence of inhibitory control are thought to occur during this age. With knowledge of how this system develops, it may be possible to identify the development of disorders that arise from poor inhibitory control such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use. The goal of the current dissertation is to examine the neurobiological correlates associated with individual differences in inhibitory ability, and examine the age-related changes in neurobiological mechanisms of inhibitory control. This report will be the first of its size (n = 538) to examine within-subject changes longitudinally over five years of adolescent development (age 14 to 19). Furthermore, we supplement the longitudinal data with findings from a split-brain patient on the lateralization of inhibitory control, and we explore a subtle nuance that may have large implications on how to best measure inhibition-related brain activity. In the second chapter of the dissertation, we examine the lateralization of inhibitory control by measuring hemispheric differences in the ability to inhibit a motor response in a split-brain patient. Here, we found patient J.W.’s right hemisphere performed better than his left hemisphere on three different inhibitory control tasks. Interestingly, although inferior to the performance of the right hemisphere, the left hemisphere still performed relatively well on the three tasks, suggesting the left hemisphere can perform response inhibition independently. The third chapter examines both the functional correlates of Stop Signal Task performance, and the age-related differences in the functional mechanisms of response inhibition. At age 14 and age 19, similar patterns of activation were associated with performance, however relatively little overall activity exhibited performance-related effects. Superior performance was associated with greater right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) activation, as well as greater activation in a set of regions potentially involved with a stimulus-detection and attention-orienting system. However, at age 14 performance was also negatively associated with default mode network activity, and at age 19 performance was also positively associated with left amygdala activity. In the absence of within-subject differences in performance between ages 14 to 19, there were significant decreases in functional activation associated with successful inhibition. The potential mechanisms by which activity decreases over time while performance remains stable are discussed. The fourth chapter of the dissertation examines the effect of objective task difficulty on the magnitude of activation associated with successful inhibition. The Stop Signal Task employs an adaptive algorithm that alters task difficulty to meet participants’ abilities. Typically, when capturing functional activation associated with response inhibition, activation is extracted from all successful trials. Here, we find that individual differences in activation are expanded when using the activation from the extreme, rather than average, aspects of task performance variables. Individual differences in performance may best be captured by examining the maximum difficultly at which a participant is able to inhibit a response, rather than the average of all successful inhibitions. These results also lend support to the minimal activity associated with performance in Chapter 3, and we discuss how improving the measure of stop-related activity may help explain both inter- and intra-individual differences in inhibitory control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Dykiert, Dominika. "Determinants and correlates of intra-individual variability in reaction time." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5919.

Full text

Abstract:

Traditionally, reaction time (RT) was conceived of as an average speed of a number of responses made by an individual, or mean RT. Increasingly, however, intraindividual variability in reaction time (RT IIV) – the consistency of responses by a single person across trials – is used as an additional or even alternative measure. RT IIV is often found to be elevated in a number of conditions that affect the central nervous system functioning, such as traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases. It can predict change in cognitive performance in ageing, progression from normal ageing to mild cognitive impairment, and even death. Therefore, RT IIV may be of great practical importance. However, RT IIV and mean RT are correlated; therefore it is often problematic to draw conclusions about unique associations between these and other variables. One objective of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate determinants and correlates of simple and choice RT IIV and to test which associations may be accounted for by the individual differences in mean RT. The first investigation was concerned with age differences in RT IIV. Following a systematic review of literature, a series of meta-analyses demonstrated that older individuals (aged 60 years and above) have greater RT IIV than young or middle-aged adults in simple and choice RT tasks. The effects were reduced but still significant when RT IIV was adjusted for mean RT. The next study was a cross-sectional investigation of the associations between age and RT IIV, as well as of sex differences in RT IIV, across the lifespan in participants ranging in age from 4 to 75. Non-linear effects of age were found for RT IIV measures, such that variability decreased with age in children and increased with age in older adults. A novel finding from this study was that sex differences in RT IIV were present among adults but not children, suggesting that there might be an age threshold at which sexes diverge in their RT IIV trajectories. The results also indicated that findings regarding RT IIV may differ depending on the variability measure used (that is, whether and how mean RT is controlled). The second study on the same sample investigated variability on a trial-by-trial basis. Specifically, it tested the hypothesis that sex differences in variability are due to females being disproportionately slower at the first trial which inflates their overall RT IIV. This hypothesis was not supported. Another investigation used longitudinal data from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 study. Three cohorts of individuals aged approximately 15, 35 and 55, were followed up for 20 years and had RT data collected at four occasions. Analyses confirmed non-linear effects of age on RT IIV found in the earlier cross-sectional investigation. The final study investigated the effect of high altitude on RT IIV. It found that altitude-related increase in RT IIV is fully accounted for by general slowing of RT at high altitude. The overall pattern of results obtained from the investigations suggests that RT IIV increases with age in adults and that not all of the increase is due to general slowing. Moreover, the results show that sex differences in RT IIV are not uniform across the lifespan. Finally, whereas associations of RT IIV with some variables, for example age, are relatively robust to controlling for mean RT, others are fully attenuated by such practice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Conforti, Kelly. "Heart to heart : individual differences in emotion regulation as predictors of intra-dyadic cardiological relationships /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924876.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Puentes, Katerina. "On the effects of preservation , blade angle and intra- and inter-individual differences on the identification of tool class characteristics retained on human costal cartilage in cut marks analysis." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63789.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Puentes, Katerina. "On the effects of preservation , blade angle and intra- and inter-individual differences on the identification of tool class characteristics retained on human costal cartilage in cut marks analysis." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63789.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Wo, Sarah. "Intra and inter-cohort differences in private and personal pension contributions for men and women in the UK from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/426343/.

Full text

Abstract:

Using data from the Family Resources Survey from 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-2010, this research investigates intra- and inter-cohort differences in men and women relating to their propensity to make private and personal pension contributions. It investigates the extent of differentials associated with key demographic and socio-economic characteristics including gender, marital status, education, housing tenure, economic activity, employment sector, gross weekly income and care roles and responsibilities. The findings can help to inform future legislative changes made to address the particular circumstances of those most likely to be at risk of financial under-provision at old age. Bivariate analyses using age, period and cohort perspectives indicate a downward trend in men’s private pension participation, within and across cohorts over time. Women, in contrast, have maintained similar levels of contribution rates during the same period, although these levels are consistently lower than for men. Further bivariate and logistic regression analyses also show notable variations between men and women for each of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics listed above. For example, single individuals across all cohorts are less likely to make private pension provision, even as they approach old age. Results also show that men with young children are as likely as men without children to make private pension contributions whereas having young children is negatively associated with women’s pension participation, although this difference between men and women reduces for younger cohorts. There are distinct patterns of contribution behaviour depending on the angle of analysis adopted, for example, proportions of people making private pension contributions do not fall so dramatically within cohorts compared with age groups over time. This emphasises the importance of interpreting the results according to both actual age and cohort, as it suggests that behaviour not only varies with an individual’s age but also reflects each cohort’s unique lifecourse exposure to different social trends and pension regimes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Muratov, Askar. "Intra - Organizational Purchasing Synergy : Reengineering of Periodic Price Adjustment (PPA) Process." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77237.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose is to investigate and analyse the impact of intra-organizational purchasing synergy on periodic price adjustment (PPA) process. Specifically, paper provides a view on how purchasing process synergy through an operational IT platform can increase process reengineering opportunities within PPA. Methodology: So, to fulfil the purpose of the research, the in-depth case study approach is chosen as a strategy that goes along with exploratory nature of the study, aimed at gaining rich insights in the context in which the phenomenon happens. Findings: The findings emphasize the importance of global process standardization and balanced governance among regional affiliates in successful implementation of PPA process synergy. We also identify a set of specific process reengineering needs in PPA such as company wide information sharing, standardization of part specifications and cost bases, and joint world-wide cost reduction activity within global buyer community (BGC). Then it is observed that all these process reengineering initiatives will not be possible without solid and flexible IT infrastructure to improve buyer productivity and support their further development. Research limitations/implications: Primarily, this study was conducted on single in-depth case study which makes it difficult to completely generalize the findings. Next, there are many factors impacting intra-organizational pricing processes besides global synergy projects. In fact, regional and organizational contexts are of high importance, which are addressed but not analysed in detail in the current study. Practical implications: Together, the findings contribute to our understanding of the step-by-step pricing activity from industrial customer perspective and how buyers can improve cost competitiveness through various tangible and commercial part cost reduction activities. Originality/value: Current study has addressed the pricing process from industrial customer perspective. It has two main theoretical contributions: (1) Detailed step-by-step description of PPA process between OEMs and their suppliers happening after SOP; and (2) groundwork for implementation guidance on intra-organizational price revision process synergy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Glas, Ludivine. "Développement du lexique précoce chez des enfants français monolingues : analyse des différences inter-individuelles via des approches complémentaires et une prise en compte des contextes de production." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2098.

Full text

Abstract:

L’acquisition du lexique précoce est très importante dans le développement du langage dans la mesure où les mots sont constitutifs des énoncés signifiants de l’enfant mais également car leur développement préfigure dans une certaine mesure les habiletés langagières ultérieures. Il est aujourd’hui admis que l’acquisition du lexique se fait sur la base d’étapes communes mais au sein desquelles il existe de fortes variations inter-individuelles, qui selon les chercheurs seraient d’ordre linguistiques, sociales ou idiosyncrasiques. Cependant, il reste encore des zones d’ombre, notamment sur l’influence possible des méthodes d’évaluation sur les résultats ; et malgré le fait que certains chercheurs conseillent l’utilisation conjointe de plusieurs méthodes de collecte pour éviter cette influence liée à la méthodologie, cette préconisation est peu suivie.Cette thèse vise à étudier les trajectoires développementales du lexique en production et leurs variations selon les enfants ; plus spécifiquement, il s’agit de montrer l’apport de méthodes complémentaires et l’importance de l’exploration du contexte de production des mots lors des observations spontanées en milieu naturel pour mieux interpréter les différences inter-individuelles.Des questionnaires parentaux ont été remplis pour 10 enfants français monolingues de 8;16 à 32;27 mois, que nous avons régulièrement filmé en milieu naturel (corpus TOTAL). Globalement, le développement et la composition du vocabulaire des 10 enfants évalués par l’IFDC suivent les tendances observées dans la littérature. Nous nous sommes ensuite focalisés sur 4 de ces enfants pour les stades linguistiques 15-25 ; 50 ; 70-120 mots (corpus CIBLÉ). L’utilisation des deux méthodes – questionnaires parentaux et données spontanées – a permis d’évaluer le développement lexical de manière plus fiable et complète, les avantages d’une méthode permettant de combler les limites de l’autre. Afin de mieux comprendre les divergences de certains résultats entre ces deux méthodes, nous avons poursuivi nos investigations sur les données spontanées des 4 enfants en examinant les contextes situationnels et interactionnels. Nous avons défini et catégorisé les situations présentes dans les enregistrements du corpus TOTAL. Une variation dans les durées de ces diverses situations a été trouvée entre stades linguistiques et entre enfants du corpus CIBLÉ. Des analyses croisées sur la production du vocabulaire en fonction des situations ont permis de réinterpréter les différences inter-individuelles des 4 enfants du corpus CIBLÉ. Par exemple, il est apparu que les deux enfants dont les effectifs de mots sont les moins élevés au niveau des données spontanées ont été davantage filmés en situation ludique solitaire ; situation où les analyses révèlent que le nombre d’unités lexicales produites est le plus faible. Ensuite, un autre travail a consisté à décrire le contexte interactionnel et plus précisément à comprendre les implications des enfants dans les échanges interactionnels. Beaucoup de différences inter-individuelles sont apparues, dont certaines nous permettent de clarifier les données des enfants. Ainsi, chaque analyse apporte des informations complémentaires – du vocabulaire estimé des questionnaires parentaux, au vocabulaire en usage enregistré en milieu naturel. En dépit du nombre restreint d’enfants qui composent cet échantillon, ces résultats encouragent l’utilisation de méthodes complémentaires. L’analyse des contextes situationnels et interactionnels nous semble aussi cruciale pour comprendre les mesures lexicales des enfants et mieux interpréter les différences intra et inter-individuelles
The acquisition of early lexicon is very important for the development of language considering that it is the early lexicon that builds infants’ first significant utterances and that it prefigures to a certain extent infants’ future language skills. It is well established that lexical acquisition presents common developmental trends and milestones, nevertheless a great amount of individual variation exists. This variation comes from linguistic, social and/or idiosyncratic factors. Further research should be done to investigate the possible influence of evaluation procedures on the results. Although the use of a complementary approach could limit this bias, it has rarely been used in lexical acquisition research. This work aims at describing not only the common developmental trajectories of early lexicon in French monolingual children, but also the inter-individual differences. More specifically, we want to show the importance of applying a complementary approach and of exploring word production during spontaneous interactions in real-life settings to better interpret inter-individual differences. The parents of 10 French monolingual children aged from 8;16 to 32;27 months filled out a questionnaire (IFDC) regarding their child’s vocabulary. The same children were video-recorded at home (corpus TOTAL). Overall, the development and the composition of individual lexicon, evaluated through the IFDC, follow the trends already reported in the literature. As for the spontaneous vocabulary, we focused our study on 4 children at the 15-52; 50; 70-120 word linguistic stages (corpus CIBLÉ). The integration of two complementary approaches, i.e. parental questionnaires and spontaneous observations, proved to be efficient and allowed us to reliably evaluate the lexical development and to avoid the bias linked to the use of a single method. To better understand the results variations between the two methods, we explored the situational and interactional context on the corpus CIBLÉ. We defined and categorized the different situations in the corpus TOTAL, then we focused on the corpus CIBLÉ to calculate their duration and we found variations between situations. A Cross-analysis on word production as a function of the situation helped to understand the lexical measure on linguistic stages and enabled the reinterpretation of individual variations. For example, the two children with the smallest lexicon had the longest duration of solitary play. During this activity, the number of produced words was generally very low. Next, we describe the interactional context, and more particularly, the rate and the nature of the children exchanges. The analyses revealed an important variation between measures and differences in the exchange rate among children. To a certain degree, for some children the interactional measures provide a richer interpretation of lexical measures.Our work clearly shows the advantages of combining several types of data to evaluate the early lexical development and the differences between individuals and encourages this approach. The analysis of situational and interactional contexts shows that these are crucial for understanding children lexical measures and better interpreting intra- and inter-individual differences

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Barlow, Rebecca Louise. "Neural mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences in behavioural flexibility." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708690.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Nowparast, Rostami Hadiseh. "Biological mechanisms underlying inter- and intra- individual variability of face cognition." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/444.

Full text

Abstract:

Given the importance of correctly perceiving and remembering faces for successful social interaction, face processing is one of the most widely studied cognitive domain in behavioral, neurophysiological and neuroimaging research, particularly, based on a group-mean approach. However, above mean differences, inter- and intra-individual variability in face processing provide valuable information for investigating the underlying mechanisms and binding the behavioral and neural substrates for better understanding of face processing.. In my dissertation I investigated the biological mechanisms underlying face cognition from an inter- and intra-individual variability perspective at the genetic, neural, and behavioral levels. The neural activities related to face processing are measured by event-related potentials (ERPs) and their trial-by-trial latency variability are estimated using a novel and well-established method, Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE).. Study 1 demonstrates the reliability of RIDE in extracting single-trial parameters of the P3b component, which is used in the investigation of the neural basis of intra-subject variability (ISV) in face processing speed in Study 2. In the Study 2, individual differences in ISV of face processing speed, measured at both behavioral and neural levels during a face processing task, are studied in their genetic variation. The results suggest that individual differences in ISV are related not only to the COMT Val158Met polymorphism, but also to the type of cognitive processing (e.g., memory domain). Moreover, we showed that ISV in reaction time can be partially explained by ISV in the speed of central cognitive processes.. Furthermore, the individual differences approach in Study 3, provided valuable and novel information beyond the common group-mean approach applied in the N1/N170-related research. Based on this approach, not only we could replicate previous findings that the N170 predicts individual differences in face cognition abilities, but also we could decompose individual differences in the N170 into a domain-general and a face-specific part with different predictive powers. Moreover, we showed that top-down modulations on the N170 have separable and qualitatively different relationships to face cognition abilities.. In summary, the integrated results from different studies in my dissertation demonstrate the psychological importance of the information provided by inter- and intra-individual variability in face processing in the investigation of its underlying biological mechanisms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Sefta, Meriem. "A study of inter-individual differences in the DNA damage response." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71472.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biological Engineering, February 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-48).
Agents that damage our DNA are omnipresent in our environment and inside our cells themselves. Left unrepaired, DNA damage can lead to premature aging, neurodegeneration and cancer. Humans have thus evolved intricate and widespread mechanisms to repair and manage this damage. These mechanisms-called the DNA damage response-often involve cell cycle arrest. Cell cycle arrest gives the cells precious extra time to utilize its diverse set of repair pathways. Among these is the homologous recombination pathway, which repairs DNA double-strand breaks. When the damage is deemed irreparable, a cell can choose to die: this allows for the maintenance of genomic integrity of the organism. Humans share 99.9% of the same genetic information. The remaining 0.1% is responsible for all genetic variations between individuals. This includes differences in disease susceptibility. In this study, we examined the inter-individual differences in the DNA damage response. To do so, we used a panel of twenty-four B lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from twenty-four healthy individuals of diverse ancestries. This panel had already been shown to display a broad range of sensitivity to several DNA damaging agents. We focused our attention on the alkylating agents temozolomide and methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG). While MNNG has been extensively studied as a model DNA damaging drug, temozolomide is used in the clinic today to treat astrocytoma and glioblastomas. The two drugs are often referred to as functional analogues. We wanted to see if the cell lines' relative sensitivities to both drugs would be similar, which would support the analogy made between the drugs, or different, which would refute it. Furthermore, we measured the amounts of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by temozolomide treatment to determine if the sensitivity measured by growth inhibition post-treatment was correlated with the amount of temozolomide-induced SCEs. For the cell lines tested, we found that the MNNG-induced sensitivity was similar to that induced by temozolomide. We also found a cell line in which temozolomide induced a large growth inhibition, all the while inducing no detectable SCEs.
by Meriem Sefta.
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Cruz, Leonardo Dominici. "Nicho trofico de Gracilinanus microtarsus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) : variação intra-populacional e inter-individual." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316227.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Sergio Furtado dos Reis
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_LeonardoDominici_M.pdf: 940936 bytes, checksum: 81e2b8fe5609409fcde008e36b285281 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: A teoria do nicho ocupa uma posição central na Ecologia, tendo um papel fundamental nos modelos de dinâmicas populacionais e de comunidades. Apesar disso, sua formalização tradicional é baseada nos princípios da aproximação do campo médio e da lei da ação das massas, os quais presumem que os indivíduos de uma espécie são ecologicamente equivalentes e suas interações são proporcionais às suas densidades. Esta abordagem tem se mostrado inadequada em descrever as dinâmicas do nicho trófico, visto que tanto fatores endógenos quanto exógenos contribuem de forma significativa para a variação do nicho populacional. Desse modo o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a dieta, a dinâmica do nicho trófico populacional do marsupial Gracilinanus microtarsus (Wagner, 1842) em uma área de cerradão em São Paulo, assim como investigar a influência da variação inter-individual neste fenômeno. A dieta de G. microtarsus foi composta de invertebrados e frutos, com a predominância de insetos. As amplitudes de nicho trófico de machos e fêmeas foram maiores na estação quente-úmida do que na fria-seca. Entre os sexos, a amplitude do nicho de machos e fêmeas aparentemente não diferiu na estação quente-úmida. Na estação fria-seca, fêmeas apresentaram nichos mais amplos do que os machos. No nível individual, os nichos tróficos de machos e fêmeas foram similarmente proporcionais ao nicho de sua população. No entanto, esta similaridade foi maior na estação fria-seca. Nem o tamanho amostral, nem o número de categorias alimentares detectadas nas fezes influenciaram estes resultados. Isto indica que, no geral, os indivíduos de G. microtarsus se comportam de forma oportunística, utilizando os recursos de acordo com sua disponibilidade no ambiente
Abstract: The niche theory occupies a central position in the Ecology, having a fundamental role in the population and community dynamic models. Despite this, its traditional formalization is based on the principles of the mean-field and on the law of mass action, which presume that the individuals of a species are ecologically equivalent and their interactions are proportional to their densities. This approach is inadequate in describing the dynamics of trophic niche, since many endogenous and exogenous factors contribute significantly to the variation of the population niche. This study aimed to investigate the diet, the dynamics of the population trophic niche of the gracile mouse opossum Gracilinanus microtarsus (Wagner, 1842) in a ¿cerradão¿ area of São Paulo state, as well as to investigate the influence of the inter-individual variation in this phenomenon. The diet of G. microtarsus was composed of invertebrates and fruits, with the predominance of insects. The trophic niche width of males and females was higher in the warm-wet season than in the cool-dry season. Between sexes, the niche width of males and females did not differ in the warm-wet season and in the cool-dry season. Females presented larger niche width than males. At the individual level, the niches of males and females were similarly proportional to their populations. However, in the cool-dry season, this similarity was higher. Neither amostral size nor number of food resource types detected in faeces influenced these results. This indicates that, in general, the individuals of G. microtarsus behave as opportunistic foragers, using the resources in according to with their availability in the environment
Mestrado
Mestre em Ecologia

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Rønning, Bernt. "Sources of inter- and intra-individual variation in basal metabolic rate in the zebra finch, : Sources of inter- and Taeniopygia guttata." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2295.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Exner, Madlen. "Inter-individual differences in responsiveness to d-amphetamine : relationship to behaviour in a novel environment." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384922.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Schwant, Erin. "Inter-individual differences in regulatory strategies in infancy: a pilot study utilizing eye-tracking technology." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35566.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
School of Family Studies and Human Services
Bronwyn S. Fees
Jennifer R. Francois
The mother-infant relationship affects the child’s exploratory and separation behavior, how the child perceives strangers, and significantly impacts the conceptual framework of typical social relationships in the infant’s brain. The purpose of this study was to examine infants’ regulatory strategies, specifically, the relationship between the mother-infant dyad, and the infant’s response to a stressful situation. Eight, 5-month-old infants and their mothers participated in the Face-to-Face Still-Face experiment and a play session to assess maternal sensitivity. Data from the mother-infant dyads were collected during each phase of the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm (i.e., play, still-face, and reunion). Maternal sensitivity was assessed using an adapted version of Ainsworth’s four scales of maternal sensitivity. The infant’s strategies for re-engagement with the mother were assessed using eye-tracking methodology to identify specific eye gaze behaviors used during each phase of the still-face experiment. The infants who had more sensitive mothers showed an increase in fixation duration during the reunion phase of the procedure, which could be indicative of a trusting relationship in which the child knows the mother is there to help them regain control of their emotions. Implications of these findings are discussed for the use of eye-tracking methodology as a more flexible and potentially more accurate measure of studying infants’ patterns of ocular focus.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Aglieri, Virginia. "Behavioural and neural inter-individual variability in voice perception processes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0176/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Chez l'homme, la voix facilite les interactions sociales par la transmission d’informations sur l'identité de la personne, ses émotions ou sa personnalité. En particulier, l'identité du locuteur peut être automatiquement extraite même lorsque le message et l'état émotionnel varient, ce qui suggère des mécanismes cognitifs et cérébraux partiellement dissociables pour ces processus. Cependant, la reconnaissance d'une voix familière ou la discrimination entre deux locuteurs sont, pour certains sujets, non seulement non-automatiques, mais même impossibles. Ce déficit, lorsqu'il se manifeste dès la naissance, est appelé phonagnosie du développement et constitue la contrepartie auditive de la prosopagnosie (déficit de reconnaissance des visages). Dans le domaine visuel, il a été proposé que les sujets affectés par la prosopagnosie du développement représentent des cas extrêmes dans la distribution des capacités de reconnaissance de visages. A l’inverse, des "super-reconnaisseurs" des visages se situaient à l’opposé de cette distribution.Comme la distribution des capacités de reconnaissance de la voix dans la population générale était encore inconnue, le premier objectif de cette thèse a été d'en étudier les différences individuelles au moyen d'un court test - le Glasgow Voice Memory Test (GVMT). Les résultats obtenus ont reflété une large variabilité interindividuelle dans les capacités de reconnaissance des voix: parmi une cohorte de 1120 sujets, il y avait à la fois des sujets avec des performances significativement en dessous de la moyenne (potentiels phonagnosiques) et des "super-reconnaisseurs" des voix. Cette variabilité individuelle comportementale semblerait se refléter au niveau cérébral, comme révélés par l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) : en fait, il a été montré précédemment qu'il existait une variabilité interindividuelle considérable dans le signal BOLD (blood-oxygen level dependent) lié à la voix dans les zones temporales de la voix (TVAs). Ces régions sont situées sur le bord supérieur des sulcus/gyrus temporal supérieur (STS/STG) et montrent une activation préférentielle pour les sons vocaux plutôt que non vocaux. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail fut de mieux caractériser le lien entre les mécanismes comportementaux et neuronaux sous-tendant la variabilité interindividuelle dans les processus de reconnaissance des voix. Pour cela, nous avons examiné comment la perception de la voix modulait la connectivité fonctionnelle entre les TVAs, constituant le "noyau" du réseau de perception de la voix, et les régions frontales également sensibles aux voix, constituant une extension de ce réseau. Les résultats ont montré qu'il y avait une connectivité fonctionnelle positive dans l'ensemble du réseau et que la connectivité fonctionnelle fronto-temporelle et fronto-frontale droite augmentait avec les scores obtenus lors du GVMT.Pour compléter ce travail, nous avons réalisé une autre étude IRMf en utilisant des analyses multivariées, afin de clarifier les corrélats neuronaux de la reconnaissance du locuteur mais aussi le lien entre sensibilité cérébrale à la voix et capacités de reconnaissance du locuteur. Pour cela, des sujets ayant des capacités de reconnaissance vocale hétérogènes ont été soumis à la fois à une tâche d'identification du locuteur et à une tâche d'écoute passive de sons vocaux et non vocaux. Les résultats ont confirmé que l’identification du locuteur s’effectuait via un réseau étendu de régions, incluant les TVAs mais aussi des régions frontales. De plus, nous avons observé que le score de classification voix/non-voix dans le STS droit permettait de prédire les capacités d'identification des locuteurs.Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que les capacités de reconnaissance vocale varient considérablement d'un individu à l'autre et que cette variabilité pourrait être le reflet de profils d’activité cérébrale différents au sein du réseau de la perception de la voix
In humans, voice conveys heterogeneous information such as speaker’s identity, which can be automatically extracted even when language content and emotional state vary. We hypothesized that the ability to recognize a speaker considerably varied across the population, as previously observed for face recognition. To test this hypothesis, a short voice recognition test was delivered to 1120 subjects in order to observe how voice recognition abilities were distributed in the general population. Since it has been previously observed that there exists a considerable inter-individual variability in voice-elicited activity in temporal voice areas (TVAs), regions along the superior temporal sulcus/gyrus (STS/STG) that show preferentially activation for voices than other sounds, the second aim of this work was then to better characterize the link between the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying inter-individual variability in voice recognition processes through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results of a first fMRI study showed that functional connectivity between frontal and temporal voice sensitive regions increased with voice recognition scores obtained at a voice recognition test. Another fMRI study showed that speaker’s identity was treated in an extended network of regions, including TVAs but also frontal regions and that voice/non-voice classification accuracy in right STS increased with speaker identification abilities. Altogether, these results suggest that voice recognition abilities considerably vary across subjects and that this variability can be mirrored by different neural profiles within the voice perception network

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Ripke, Stephan. "Decision and Reward in Intertemporal Choice: The Roles of Brain Development, Inter-individual Differences and Pharmacological Influences." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-118802.

Full text

Abstract:

Human decision making is closely related to reward processing because many decisions rely to a certain degree on the evaluation of different outcome values. Reward-based decisions can be health-related, for example if someone has to compare the outcome value of the instant reward of smoking a cigarette to that of the long term goal of keeping well and fit. Such comparisons do not only rely on the nominal value of the alternatives but also on devaluation of rewards over time. The value of being healthy at older age might outweigh the value of smoking a cigarette but since the payoff of the health-outcome will be delayed, humans tend to decrease the value of this option. Therefore in this example one might choose the immediate reward of smoking a cigarette. The proclivity to devaluate the value of rewards over time has been widely investigated with experimental intertemporal choice tasks, in which subjects have to choose between smaller sooner rewards and larger later rewards. A stronger individual devaluation proclivity (i.e. discounting rate) has been reported to be related to addiction. Research in neuroeconomics has suggested the competing neurobehavioural decision systems (CNDS) theory, proposing that an imbalance between an executive (cortical prefrontal brain areas) and an impulsive (i.e. subcortical areas, such as ventral striatum (VS), amygdala) system in the brain leads to steeper discounting and a higher risk for addiction. Additionally, temporal discounting has been proposed as a transdisease process, i.e., “a process that occurs across a range of disorders, making findings from one disorder relevant to other disorders” (Bickel, Jarmolowicz, Mueller, Koffarnus, & Gatchalian, 2012, Abstract). Thus, the CNDS theory and temporal discounting might also have implications for other health-related behaviour than substance use. So far many factors have been shown to be associated with higher discount rates: for instance, adolescent age, lower intelligence and nicotine dependence. Further, it has been shown that adolescents are at highest risk to start smoking. On the other hand a higher education level has been shown to be associated to lower rates of smoking. Thus, it seems likely that a higher discount rate might be one reason why adolescents experiment with smoking, why lower education is associated to nicotine addiction and why dependent smokers are not successful in smoking cessation. But relatively little is known about the neural processes behind these variables, which could be also seen as exemplary risk- and protective factors regarding addiction. The 3 studies of the thesis at hand were conducted to extend the knowledge about neural processes associated to age, intelligence and smoking in their relation to intertemporal choice. The task was chosen because of its relevance for addiction and a variety of health-related behaviour. The first study was conducted to explore the neural correlates of age related differences between adolescents at age 14 and young adults during intertemporal choices. Additionally, the roles of discounting and choice consistency were investigated. Although adoles-cents discounted delayed rewards more steeply than adults, neural processing of reward value did not differ between groups, when controlling reward values for the individual discount rates. However, a higher discount rate was related to a lower responsivity in the ventral striatum to delayed rewards, independent of age. Concerning decision making, adolescents exhib-ited a lower consistency of choices and less brain activity in a parietal network than adults (i.e. posterior and inferior parietal regions). Thus, reward value processing might be more sensitive to the discount rate than to chronological age. Lower consistency of intertemporal choices might indicate ongoing maturation of parietal brain areas from adolescence to young adulthood. The second study was conducted to reveal the associations between neural processes of decision making and intelligence in adolescents. The results of study 2 revealed networks in the adolescent brain where brain activity was related to crystallised intelligence as well as to intertemporal choice behaviour. Specifically, during decision processing higher crystallised intelligence as well as more consistent decisions were associated with higher brain activity in the posterior parietal cortex. Processing of delayed rewards was also related to crystallised intelligence, i.e. more intelligent adolescents showed higher brain activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which was in turn related to a lower discount rate. Additionally, associations between the parental education level and crys-tallised intelligence of the adolescent participants of the study and their discount rate were found, indicating that parental education as an environmental factor could be related to a low-er risk for addiction. This protective effect might be mediated by the offspring’s crystallised intelligence and discount rate which are both related to brain activity in parts of the same brain networks (i.e. the IFG). The third study was done to investigate neural processes of intertemporal decisions in smokers and non-smokers. To test whether the effects of smoking on the discount rate are due to chronic or acute nicotine intake, non-smokers were additionally assessed under acute nico-tine administration. Study 3 revealed that the effects of nicotine on intertemporal choice behaviour were related to chronic intake of nicotine in smokers rather than to acute nicotine ad-ministration in non-smokers. Regarding the neural processes, smokers compared to non-smokers showed lower brain activity in the posterior parietal cortex. Comparable but weaker effects were found under acute nicotine in non-smokers. Although acute nicotine administra-tion altered neural processes, behavioural changes might only occur after repeated nicotine intake. However, the study did not preclude that the differences are predrug characteristics. Altogether the studies revealed overlapping neural correlates of intertemporal choices which are related to the individual age, the discount rate, the choice consistency, the individual intelligence as well as acute and chronic nicotine intake. This might provide an integrative view on how inter-individual differences and behaviour during intertemporal choices are based on common neural correlates which in turn might have implications for the development and the maintenance of addiction. Specifically, hyposensitivity towards delayed rewards in the adolescent ventral striatum, which has also been found in smokers compared to non-smokers, is associated with higher discount rates and higher risk for smoking initiation. In contrast, higher activation in the IFG and the ACC in more intelligent individuals during reward value processing might enhance behavioural inhibition and control and, hence, might prevent nicotine addiction. In line with the CNDS theory responsivity in subcortical brain areas (i.e. impulsive system), such as the VS was related to the risk factor of adolescent age, whereas activity in cortical areas (IFG and ACC) was related to the protective factors of high-er crystallised intelligence. Since there was only one study beside the studies of the current thesis reporting results regarding consistency, one can only speculate about implications for health-related behaviour, such as addiction. Consistency might play a role, especially for cessation success. Thus, the findings that adolescents as well as less intelligent individuals were less consistent might point to a higher risk for maintenance of nicotine addiction. The higher brain activity in a fronto-parietal network, which has been shown in studies 1 and 2 in adults as well as in more intelligent adolescents, was related to higher consistency of choices in both studies. Thus, the finding might be a possible neural correlate for the association between the risk factor of ado-lescent age, the protective factor of higher crystallised intelligence, and more consistent deci-sion making. In conclusion the findings of the current thesis contribute to a better understanding of how inter-individual differences and environmental factors might be accompanied by neural processes which in turn might be related to individual development of addiction. Further the results might extend the CNDS theory regarding neural correlates of exemplary risk and pro-tective factors regarding adolescents’ health behaviour and smoking in adults.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Sommer, Werner [Gutachter], Changsong [Gutachter] Zhou, and Jan [Gutachter] Wacker. "Biological Mechanisms underlying Inter- and Intra-Individual Variability of Face Cognition / Gutachter: Werner Sommer, Changsong Zhou, Jan Wacker." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1189326914/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Alcântara, Gabriella Saitta Chioccola de. "Variação intra e inter-individual da ingestão de zinco por gestantes e sua relação com o estado nutricional relativo a este nutriente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9132/tde-22122017-111630/.

Full text

Abstract:

O zinco é um nutriente essencial durante períodos de rápido crescimento e desenvolvimento, como por exemplo, a gestação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar a ingestão usual de zinco em gestantes, verificando a variabilidade intra e inter-individual e sua relação com o estado nutricional. Foram estudadas 46 gestantes (22 no 1° trimestre de gestação - grupo 1 ; e 24 no 2º trimestre de gestação - grupo 2), com idade superior a 19 anos, que não fizeram uso de suplemento vitamínico mineral contendo zinco, atendidas no Ambulatório de Obstetrícia do Hospital Universitário da USP e no Serviço de Pré-Natal do Centro de Saúde \"Geraldo de Paula Souza\" da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP. O consumo alimentar usual com ênfase no Zn foi estimado por meio de registro alimentar de 3 dias não-consecutivos. A ingestão calórica foi de 1977±422 kcal/dia para o 1° trimestre e de 1989±464 kcal/dia para o segundo. Apesar de não ter atingido a EER a distribuição média percentual para carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas foi adequada nos dois grupos. A média de ingestão de zinco foi de 9,34±3,2 mg/dia para o 1° trimestre de 9, 1±3,2 mg/dia para o 2° trimestre, sendo que 62% e 58,3% das gestantes do grupo do 1° trimestre e do 2° respectivamente, não atingiram os valores de EAR (<9,5 mg), 4,8% e 20,8% estavam entre a EAR e a RDA (9,5 - 11 mg), e 33,3% e 20,8% acima da RDA (>11 mg). A variabilidade intra -individual da ingestão de zinco foi maior entre as gestantes do 1° trimestre enquanto que a variabilidade interindividual foi maior entre as gestantes do 2° trimestre. Os parâmetros bioquímicos utilizados para avaliar o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco foram: o plasma, os eritrócitos e a urina de 24 horas. As médias das concentrações de zinco no plasma foram 65,5±11,8 µg/dL e 59,6±9,2 µg/dL para o 1º e o 2° trimestre de gestação, portanto dentro da normalidade. Nos eritrócitos as médias de concentrações foram 37,5±6,9 µgZn/gHb e 38,3±6, 1 µgZn/gHb para o 1° e o 2º trimestre de gestação, portanto abaixo dos valores de referência. Na urina de 24 horas as médias de concentrações foram 254,8±97,8 µg/dia e 281±137,6 µg/dia para o 1° e o 2° trimestre de gestação, portanto dentro da normalidade. Não houve correlação linear significativa a 5% entre a ingestão de zinco e as variáveis bioquímicas, apenas para as gestantes do 2° trimestre encontramos relação de significância (p=0,0173), mas que foi inversa, e analisada isoladamente não foi suficiente para a correta interpretação. Os resultados indicam que apesar das gestantes estarem com o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco adequado, há necessidade de mais investigação, pois os resultados apresentados não foram suficientes para determinar a relação entre a ingestão de zinco e os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados.
Zinc is an essential nutrient for development and rapid growth, as gestational period. lhe purpose of this work was to estimate the usual zinc intake for pregnant women, and verify the variability intra and inter-individual and its relationship with the nutritional status. We evaluated 46 pregnant women (22 in the first trimester - group 1; and 24 in the second trimester - group 2), aged 19 years and older, who did not use mineral or/and vitamin supplement containing zinc, assisted at the Ambulatório de Obstetrícia do Hospital Universitário USP and at the Serviço de Pré-Natal do Centro de Saúde \"Geraldo de Paula Souza\" da Faculdade de Saúde Pública - USP. The usual nutrient intake, specially Zn, was assessed with a 3 days food records. The mean energy intake was 1977 ±422 kcal/day for the first trimester group and 1989±464 kcal/day for the second one. Although the two groups were below the EER both showed adequacy in the distribution (%) for carbohydrate, fat and proteins. The mean zinc intake was 9,34±3,2 mg/day for the first trimester group and 9, 1 ±3,2 mg/day for the second one, and from this results we observed that 62% of the women in the first trimester group and 58,3% in the second had Zn intake below the EAR (<9,5 mg); 4,8% of the women in the first trimester and 20,8% in the second had Zn intake between the EAR and RDA (9,5 - 11 mg); and 33,3% of the women in the first trimester and 20,8% in the second had intake of this mineral above RDA (>11 mg). The intra-individual variability of zinc intake among the pregnant women in the first trimester group was greater than the second one while the inter-individual variability among the pregnant women of the second trimester was greater than those in the first. The biochemical parameters used to evaluate the zinc nutritional status were: plasma, erythrocyte and 24 hours urine zinc concentrations. Mean plasma zinc concentration was 65,5±11,8 µg/dL and 59,6±9,2 µg/dL for the first and second trimester groups, meaning they were adequate according this parameter. Mean erythrocyte zinc concentration was 37,5±6,9 µgZn/gHb and 38,3±6, 1 µgZn/gHb for the first and the second trimester respectively, meaning that they were not adequate according to this parameter. Mean 24 hours urine concentration was 254,8±97,8 µg/day and 281 ±137,6 µg/day for the 1 st and the 2nd trimester groups respectively, meaning they were adequate for this parameter. There was no significant correlation between zinc intake and biochemical parameters. The results of this study suggest that in spite of the adequate zinc status in these pregnant women, more investigation is needed once there were no sufficient data to determine the relationship between zinc intake and its biochemical parameters.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Maxwell, Lara J. "Assessment of Intra- and Inter-individual Variability of Outcome Measures in Ankylosing Spondylitis and the Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Anti-TNF Therapy." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20093.

Full text

Abstract:

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, inflammatory rheumatic disease that has a highly variable disease course. Three biologic agents, adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab, have been developed for the treatment of AS. We conducted three studies: 1) an exploratory analysis of a year-long longitudinal dataset to gain insight into the variability of disease activity, physical function, and well-being and to explore the relationship between these outcome measures; 2) a systematic review of the available evidence for the efficacy of biologic treatment; 3) a systematic review of potential adverse effects of this treatment. We found that repeated measures of disease activity, function and well-being fluctuate considerably between patients, with complex patterns occurring over time within patients. There was mostly high quality evidence that these biologics are efficacious against placebo. We did not find evidence of an increase in serious adverse events or serious infections from short-term randomized controlled trials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Berndt, Mareen [Verfasser], Thorsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Albrecht, Uwe [Gutachter] Mattler, and Roland [Gutachter] Grabner. "Inter-Individual Differences as Instrument to Investigate the Mechanisms in Metacontrast Masking / Mareen Berndt ; Gutachter: Uwe Mattler, Roland Grabner ; Betreuer: Thorsten Albrecht." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116080028/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Gonthier, Corentin. "Cognitive control in working memory : an individual differences approach based on the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS035/document.

Full text

Abstract:

La mémoire de travail et le contrôle cognitif sont des construits proches ; on suppose généralement qu'une forte capacité en mémoire de travail est associée à un contrôle cognitif efficace. Cette hypothèse a des implications importantes pour la cognition humaine et apporte une explication élégante à la corrélation fréquemment reportée entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. En revanche, les difficultés d'opérationnalisation et de mesure du contrôle cognitif rendent l'hypothèse difficile à tester. Un modèle récent du contrôle cognitif, le modèle à Deux Mécanismes de Contrôle (DMC), offre une solution à ce problème : ce modèle propose l'existence de deux mécanismes de contrôle cognitif distincts et permet de les opérationnaliser de façon efficace. La littérature prédit que l'un de ces deux mécanismes, le contrôle proactif, devrait être lié à la mémoire de travail. L'objectif de cette thèse était de tester l'existence d'une relation entre les différences inter-individuelles en mémoire de travail et la tendance à mettre en place un mécanisme de contrôle proactif. Cette relation a été testée sous quatre axes de travail : 1) en utilisant de nouveaux paradigmes expérimentaux pour mesurer la tendance à utiliser le contrôle proactif, 2) grâce à des tâches classiques de contrôle cognitif choisies pour leur sensibilité au contrôle proactif, 3) à travers une approche par imagerie cérébrale incluant électro-encéphalographie et imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle, et 4) en tant que facteur explicatif de la relation entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats n'ont pas permis de soutenir l'idée que la capacité en mémoire de travail est directement liée à la tendance à utiliser un mécanisme de contrôle proactif ; les données suggèrent plutôt un avantage général en faveur des participants à forte capacité en mémoire de travail dans toutes les situations
The constructs of working memory and cognitive control are conceptually close; a high working memory capacity is hypothesized to be associated with an efficient cognitive control. This hypothetical association has large implications for human cognition and provides an elegant explanation for the frequently reported relationship between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. However, the difficulty in operationalizing and measuring cognitive control makes this hypothesis hard to test. One model of cognitive control, the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework, constitutes a possible solution to this problem: the model proposes two distinct mechanisms of cognitive control which can be efficiently operationalized and studied. There is reason to believe that one of these two mechanisms, proactive control, is specifically related to working memory capacity. The objective of the present research work was to assess the relationship between individual differences in working memory capacity and the tendency to use proactive control. This relationship was tested in four steps: 1) by using innovative measures of the tendency to use proactive control, based on newly developed paradigms, 2) with classic cognitive control tasks sensitive to proactive control, 3) with a neuroimaging approach using electro-encephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and 4) by testing whether the use of proactive control explains the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence. Overall, our results did not support the idea that working memory capacity is uniquely related to the tendency to use proactive control; the data were more consistent with a general advantage of participants with a high working memory capacity in all situations

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Jilinskaya, Mariya. "Approche psychométrique et différentielle de la mesure du leadership par la méthode à 360 degrés : artefact et réalité dans l’hétéro-évaluation." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100112/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation du leadership par une approche multi-évaluateurs (dite à 360 degrés). Tout d'abord les différents modèles du leadership, allant d'une conception unitaire, à une conception interractionniste puis à une définition en termes d'effet, sont détaillés. Puis en étudiant la question de la mesure, on met en évidence qu'avec la popularité croissante de leurs modèles, certains outils d'évaluation sont devenus des questionnaires psychométriques à part entière. Pourtant, du fait des limites de l’auto-évaluation, une nouvelle approche du leadership à vu le jour: l'évaluation à 360°. Elle évalue les qualités d'un manager en interrogeant les personnes travaillant avec lui (subordonnés, collègues, supérieurs...) et en comparant leurs évaluations avec la propre évaluation du manager. Un des points central de notre recherche a été d’étudier les apports et les limites de cette méthode. Tout d'abord on a vérifié dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques souvent utilisées pour expliquer la variabilité entre les catégories d'observateurs permettaient réellement de comprendre les écarts observés. Ces analyses ont montré que malgré des résultats significatifs, ces variables n’expliquent que très partiellement la variance existante. De par ces conclusions l’accent a été mis, non plus sur les différences inter-groupes, mais sur l'accord et le désaccord au sein des groupes d'observateurs. Enfin, la dernière partie revient aux bases méthodologiques et théoriques de la mesure en cherchant à proposer un modèle psychométriques qui conviendrait aux résultats de questionnaires à 360°, permettant de donner un cadre conceptuel au recours à des évaluateurs multiples
This thesis is centered on leadership assessment through multi-rater evaluation, commonly known as 360 degrees assessment. First, leadership models were presented, and then, we discussed the measurement aspects of leadership, wherein we observed that some tools became full fledged psychometric assessments owning to the growing popularity of their underlying theory. Nevertheless, the concerns over the inherent limitations of self-report measures continued to be a major challenge in leadership assessment. This led to a new assessment approach called 360 degrees in which the characteristics of leaders are assessed by people working with them (subordinates, colleagues, superiors...) and compared with the leaders' self-appraisals. The focal point of this thesis was to study the advantages as well as the limitations of this approach. The study started with examining how well the variables which are supposed to explain the inter-rater variability were actually helpful in understanding the observed variance among observers. Those analysis yielded significant results despite the fact that those variables could explain only a very limited amount of variance. Following these observations, the study switched its focus from inter-group differences to intra-group / inter-rater agreement and disagreement. Finally, the last part of this thesis gets back to methodological and theoretical basics of measurement theory and proposes a psychometric model that would suit the 360 degrees assessments followed by a conceptual framework for the studies using multi-rater techniques

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Kassab, Somar. "Variabilité du virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0056/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Le polymorphisme génétique du virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) a déjà été étudié pourtenter de comprendre les facteurs viraux influençant l'évolution de la maladie, mais les étudessont discordantes. Ceci peut être lié au fait que les précédents travaux n’ont été menés quedans des populations avec une faible variété de génotypes et présentant des charges viralesplasmatiques (CVP) élevées.Nous avons donc étudié la variabilité du génome complet du VHB chez 422 individusinfectés chroniquement, naïfs de traitements anti-viraux et dont 38% présentaient une CVPinférieure à 103 UI/mL. L’optimisation de l’amplification par PCR du génome complet duVHB nous a permis de séquencer en technique Sanger plus de 90% du génome pour 320échantillons. Le séquençage direct a mis en évidence des co-infections. Ceci a été confirmé enséquençage clonal par pyroséquençage de 27 échantillons qui a montré des proportions departicules défectives variables mais toujours en co-infections avec des sous-populationssauvages. Le génotypage des séquences obtenues par technique Sanger a montré une grandereprésentativité des génotypes les plus fréquents (A à E) ainsi que 60 potentiels recombinantsinter-génotypiques. Cependant le séquençage clonal par pyroséquençage et clonage vectorielclassique de ces derniers montre la présence de co-infections de plusieurs génotypes ou laprésence de génotypes intermédiaires entre génotypes proches. Ceci est en défaveur derecombinaison par échange de matériel génétique comme ce qui a été suggéré dans lalittérature.Cette étude sera complétée par l’analyse de corrélation entre les polymorphismes et lesmarqueurs de mauvaise évolution de la pathologie
The genetic polymorphism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been investigated tounderstand its impact on disease evolution, with discordant results. This could be due to thenarrow range of genotype and plasmatic viral load in these studies.We analysed complete genome variability of circulating HBV, in 422 chronicallyinfected patients. All were naive of anti-viral treatement and 38% had a plasmatic viral loadbelow 103 UI/mL. After optimisation of full length genome PCR amplification, we obtainedSanger sequences for more than 90% of HBV genome in 320 samples. We detected by directsequencing multiples co-infections that were confirmed by clonal pyrosequencing in 27samples. Defective viruses were always observed in co-infection with wild type virus. Directsequences showed a large representation of the most frequent genotypes (A to E), but also 60potential inter-genotypic recombinants. Clonal pyrosequencing and vectorial sequencingshowed that these potential recombinants were co-infections with different genotypes orintermediate genotypes located between close genotypes. These observations are incontradiction with the hypothesis described in the literature on recombination by geneticmaterial exchange.This study will be completed by a correlation analysis between the polymorphisms andmarkers of bad prognosis during HBV-induced disease

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Neubauer, Andreas [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Voß. "Inter-Individual Differences in Within-Person Effects – Methodological Considerations and an Empirical Example in the Framework of Self-Determination Theory / Andreas Neubauer ; Betreuer: Andreas Voß." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1180737946/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Schönstein, David. "Individual of spectral cues for applications in virtual auditory space : study of inter-subject differences in Head-Related Transfer Functions using perceptual judgements from listening tests." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066488.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Bedarida, Sandra. "Histoire naturelle et diversité génétique des virus de la famille anelloviridae : étude de prélèvements biologiques contemporains et anciens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5033.

Full text

Abstract:

Les Anelloviridae sont de petits virus à ADN simple brin de découverte récente, très largement répandus chez les vertébrés. Chez l'homme, 3 genres distincts ont été caractérisés : Alphatorquevirus (TTV), Betatorquevirus (TTMV), Gammatorquevirus (TTMDV), engendrant une infection chronique mais dont le pouvoir pathogène potentiel demeure encore méconnu. Leur épidémiologie est en constante réévaluation du fait de leur extrême variabilité et diversité génétique. Au cours de cette recherche à l'interface entre virologie et paléomicrobiologie, nous avons exploré l'histoire naturelle de ces virus via 2 axes interconnectés. D'une part la diversité génétique a été analysée lors d'une étude transversale au sein de populations contemporaines (française et afghane) et de populations anciennes datant du néolithique à l'époque moderne. D'autre part, leur évolution a été étudiée à l'échelle individuelle par une étude longitudinale au sein de 2 corpus (suivis de patient transplanté et de patient hémodialysé). Dans le but de compléter les données concernant cette famille virale unique, un travail méthodologique a été mis en oeuvre afin d'apporter des améliorations et de standardiser les protocoles d'analyse existants. La comparaison de distribution des Anelloviridae parmi plusieurs populations contemporaines, nous a permis d'observer des différences significatives de profils, notamment dans la population afghane. Notre méthodologie d'analyse d'échantillons anciens a mis en évidence la présence de souches Anelloviridae, attestant ainsi leur ancestralité et révélant également l'existence de variabilités inter- et intra-individuelles, similaires à l'infection des populations modernes
Anelloviridae are small single-stranded DNA viruses, recently discovered, and widely spread among vertebrates. In humans, three distinct genera were characterised: Alphatorquevirus (TTV), Betatorquevirus (TTMV), Gammatorquevirus (TTMDV), leading to a chronic infection whose pathogenicity remains unknown. Their epidemiology is constantly evolving due to their extreme variability and genetic diversity. In this multidisciplinary research, combining virology, bioanthropology and palaeomicrobiology, we have used genetic analysis to explore the natural history of those viruses via two linked issues. On the one hand, the genetic diversity was analysed by way of a cross-sectional study within contemporary populations (French and Afghan) and ancient populations from the Neolithic period to Modern times. On the other hand, their evolution was studied at the individual level through a longitudinal study in two corpora (follow-ups of a transplanted patient and haemodialysis patients). In order to complement data regarding this unique viral family, a methodological process was established to improve and standardize existing analysis protocols. Comparison of Anelloviridae's distributions among several healthy contemporary populations allowed us to notice significant differences of partitions, especially an almost complete absence of TTMDV in the Afghan sample. Our methodology dedicated to ancient remains displayed the presence of Anelloviridae strains, testifying their ancestral origin and highlighting inter- and intra-individual variations, similar to infections in modern populations

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Bois, Géraldine. "Les écrivains dominés du jeu littéraire : définition de l’espace d’investissement et rapports aux enjeux littéraires." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20085.

Full text

Abstract:

Notre recherche porte sur des écrivains très peu reconnus de Rhône-Alpes (i.e. publiés chez de petits éditeurs régionaux sans légitimité littéraire, à compte d’auteur ou en autoédition). Elle s’attache à décrire et à expliquer leur investissement dans les différentes dimensions de l’activité littéraire (l’écriture, la publication, les activités publiques, etc.). Elle repose principalement sur une enquête par questionnaires auprès de 503 écrivains, répartis en plusieurs degrés de reconnaissance (les « très peu reconnus » forment une sous-population de 163 enquêtés), et sur des entretiens approfondis avec 31 auteurs très peu reconnus. À partir de l’objectivation de leurs modes d’existence littéraire (lieux d’édition et de visibilité, genres publiés, etc.), de leurs ressources extra-littéraires (position et origines sociales, niveau de diplôme, etc.), et de leurs niveaux de compétences et d’ambitions littéraires, notre analyse montre dans un premier temps que ces auteurs ne sont pas des « amateurs » évoluant dans un espace différent de celui des « professionnels », mais des membres dominés du jeu littéraire, au même titre (mais pas au même niveau) que les écrivains reconnus. Elle s’intéresse ensuite à la pluralité des degrés et des formes de leurs investissements dans cinq types d’enjeux littéraires différents, et elle met au jour des variations intra-individuelles en fonction des types d’enjeux considérés. Parce que l’engagement des enquêtés révèle des degrés de reconnaissance et de connaissance des manières légitimes de jouer au jeu littéraire, notre travail est aussi l’occasion d’une réflexion sur les rapports que des acteurs dominés entretiennent à la domination
Our research is about Rhône-Alpes writers with low recognition (i.e. published by little regional publishing houses without literary legitimacy, with the author’s financial participation, or privately printed). It aims to describe and to explain their investment in the different dimensions of literary activity (writing, publishing, public activities, etc.). It is based mainly on a survey by questionnaires answered by 503 writers, analysed in their various degrees of recognition (those with “low recognition” form a subpopulation of 163 respondants), and on in-depth interviews with 31 authors with low recognition. From the objectivation of their literary ways of existing (places of publishing and of visibility, published genres, etc.), of their extra-literary resources (social position and origins, level of qualification, etc.), and of theirs levels of literary competences and ambitions, our analysis shows that these authors are not “amateurs” playing in a space different from the “professional” one, but dominated members of the literary game, in the same way (but not at the same level) as the recognized writers. Then, it focuses on the plurality of degrees and forms of their investments in five kinds of literary stakes, and it uncovers intra-individual variations according to the kinds of stakes which are studied. Given that the investigated authors’ involvement reveals degrees of recognition and knowledge of legitimate ways of playing the literary game, our work is also an opportunity to rethink the relations that dominated actors have with domination

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Ferreira, Thaís Mustafé Schneck. "Afetividade e motivação na aprendizagem de língua estrangeira: inter-relações possíveis no caso dos estudantes de russo na USP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-24062008-155610/.

Full text

Abstract:

O presente estudo busca entender como se apresentam e se relacionam os estados afetivos e motivacionais dos alunos ingressos e egressos do nível de graduação do curso de língua russa da USP. Para tanto, a pesquisa utiliza-se de enfoque teórico e metodológico que engloba fatores tanto da Psicologia Social quanto da Psicologia Educacional. A análise dos resultados sugere a mudança destes estados afetivos no contato com as diferentes situações de aprendizagem a que são expostos.
The research aims to understand foreign language students\' affective and motivational situation. The participants of the research have a higher level of education and they studied Russian as a foreign language. For the purpose mentioned above we have applied the educational psychological and the social psychologycal theories and a mixed methodology. The results suggest that initial motivation changes over time as students has been exposed to different language learning contexts, as classes, groups, professors, materials, etc.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Ripke, Stephan [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Smolka, and Shu-Chen [Akademischer Betreuer] Li. "Decision and Reward in Intertemporal Choice: The Roles of Brain Development, Inter-individual Differences and Pharmacological Influences / Stephan Ripke. Gutachter: Michael Smolka ; Shu-Chen Li. Betreuer: Michael Smolka." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1068153318/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Ferrari, Sébastien. "Caractérisation, variabilité et héritabilité des traits de personnalité chez les téléostéens." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS038/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette thèse est organisée en trois parties principales. La première partie de cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de coping style chez le bar, révélant des liens entre réponses comportementales et physiologiques suite à un stress. Les individus proactifs montraient une plus faible activation de l’axe HPI, résultant en une moindre augmentation des taux de cortisol plasmatique après un stress que les individus réactifs. Cependant, les liens entre traits de personnalité et activation des systèmes dopaminergiques et sérotoninergiques n’ont pas pu être clairement mis en évidence. Les tests individuels se sont révélés discriminants de la personnalité, mais n’ont pas permis d’observer des réponses cohérentes dans le temps en raison du caractère stressant de l’isolement chez cette espèce sociale. L’utilisation de tests en groupe est apparue mieux adaptée et a permis de caractériser un nombre important d’individus, étape nécessaire à toutes études visant à caractériser la variabilité génétique des traits comportementaux. La variabilité observée met en avant d’importantes capacités d’adaptation chez cette espèce. La seconde partie a mis en avant l’existence de liens entre traits de personnalité et stratégies d’approvisionnement en nourriture. L’analyse de la structure sociale chez cette espèce a mis en évidence une stratégie coopérative concernant l’acquisition de la nourriture avec une spécialisation de certains individus dans le groupe. Enfin, la troisième partie a permis l’observation de liens génétiques entre traits de personnalité et caractères phénotypiques, laissant entrevoir une possible sélection des caractères de personnalité dans un contexte de production piscicole. Le niveau de domestication s’est révélé avoir une influence sur les liens entre personnalité et potentiel de croissance. L’utilisation de ces coping styles et traits de personnalité pourrait être un outil supplémentaire pour améliorer le processus de domestication, permettant par exemple la sélection de coping styles divergents qui pourraient correspondre à des individus plus résistants aux maladies, ou mieux adaptés à leur environnement
This thesis is organized in three principal parts. The first part of this thesis highlights the existence of coping style in seabass, revealing links between behavioral and physiological responses following a stress. The proactive individuals showed a weaker activation of the HPI axis, resulting in a lesser increase of plasmatic cortisol levels after a stress compared to reactive fish. However, the links between personality traits and activation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems could not be clearly demonstrated. The individual tests appeared discriminating personality, but did not allow observing coherent responses in time likely because of the stressing character of the isolated situation in this social species. The use of tests in group appeared better adapted and made it possible to characterize a significant number of individual, a necessary step when one aims at characterizing the genetic variability of the behavioural traits. Finally, variability observed underlined important adaptation capacities of this species. The second part demonstrated the existence of links between personality traits and feeding strategies. The analysis of the social structure highlighted a cooperative strategy concerning the acquisition of food with a specialization of certain individuals in the group. Lastly, the third part showed genetic correlations between coping styles, personality traits and phenotypes, letting foresee a possible selection of the personality traits in a production context. The level of domestication proved to have an influence on the links between personality and growth potential. The use of all these coping style and personality traits could be an additional tool to improve the process of domestication, allowing for example the selection of divergent coping styles which could correspond to individuals more resistant to diseases, or better adapted to their environment

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ell, Jascha [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Stark, Thomas [Gutachter] Stark, and Florian [Gutachter] Bassermann. "Inter-individual differences in human adipose derived stem cells with regards to adipogenic potential and endothelial progenitor cell differentiation potential in in-vitro experiments / Jascha Ell ; Gutachter: Thomas Stark, Florian Bassermann ; Betreuer: Thomas Stark." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202921892/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Svanbäck, Richard. "Ecology and Evolution of Adaptive Morphological Variation in Fish Populations." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-196.

Full text

Abstract:

The work in this thesis deals with the ecology and evolution of adaptive individual variation. Ecologists have long used niche theory to describe the ecology of a species as a whole, treating conspecific individuals as ecological equivalent. During recent years, research about individual variation in diet and morphology has gained interest in adaptive radiations and ecological speciation. Such variation among individual niche use may have important conservation implications as well as ecological and evolutionary implications. However, up to date we know very little about the extension of this phenomenon in natural populations and the mechanisms behind it.

The results in this thesis show that the extension of individual diet specialization is widely spread throughout the animal kingdom. The variation in diet is mainly correlated to morphological variation but not always. Furthermore, this variation in diet and morphology among individuals could be both genetically determined and environmentally induced and it mainly comes from trade-offs in foraging efficiency between different prey types.

The results from a number of studies of perch also show that individual perch differ in morphology and diet depending on habitat, where littoral perch has a deeper body compared to pelagic perch. This difference in morphology corresponds to functional expectations and is related to foraging efficiency trade-offs between foraging in the littoral and pelagic zone of a lake. The variation in morphology in perch is mainly due to phenotypic plasticity but there are also small genetic differences between the littoral and pelagic perch. Two separate studies show that both predation and competition may be important mechanism for the variation in morphology and diet in perch.

In conclusion, the results in this thesis show that individual variation in diet and habitat choice is a common phenomenon with lots of ecological and evolutionary implications. However, there are many mechanisms involved in this phenomenon on which we are just about to start learning more about, and only further research in this area will give us the full insight.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Rojas, Raul. "Waves of Change: Longitudinal Growth Profiling of Bilingual (Spanish-English) Language Development." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/107844.

Full text

Abstract:

Communication Sciences
Ph.D.
Although the research literature supports the notion of language growth trajectories, primarily in monolingual English children, the shape and direction of English-language learners' (ELLs) language growth trajectories are largely unknown. The present study examined the shape of ELLs' language growth trajectories by estimating the initial status and the growth rates of specific oral language skills (mean length of utterance in words (MLUw), number of different words (NDW), and words per minute (WPM)) in each language during the first 3 years of formal schooling. This study was framed from the perspective of language as a dynamic system, composed of linguistic subsystems that change over time. This study utilized secondary data from a larger project, the Bilingual Language Literacy Project (BLLP), which collected narrative retell language samples produced in Spanish and English from ELL children. The final longitudinal dataset used in this study consisted of 12,248 oral narrative language samples (6,516 Spanish; 5,732 English) that were produced by 1,723 ELLs. This study examined the effect of three predictors on language growth: academic semester (metric of time), gender, and schooling. Growth curve model (GCM) testing was used to profile the longitudinal growth of the ELLs' oral language skills in Spanish and English over time. This study had a number of important findings regarding change over time, intra- and inter-individual variability, and the impact of initial status on growth. With regard to change over time: MLUw, NDW, and WPM demonstrated growth over time in Spanish and English; the shapes of Spanish (curvilinear, non-monotonic, and continuous) and English growth (linear, non-monotonic, and discontinuous) were similar within-language; language growth in Spanish was predicted by academic semester and gender; and language growth in English was predicted by academic semester, gender, and schooling. With regard to intra- and inter-individual variability: significant intra-individual differences in the growth of all the oral language measures, across each wave of measurement, were found for both languages; significant intra-individual differences in the initial status of participants for all the oral language measures were found for both languages; significant inter-individual differences in the growth rates were found for WPM-Spanish; and significant inter-individual differences in the growth rates were found for all the oral language measures in English. With regard to the impact of initial status on growth: the growth of MLUw-Spanish was systematically related to initial status (lower performers at initial status may not catch up to higher performers); the growth of NDW- and WPM-Spanish were unrelated to its initial status (lower performers at initial status may, or may not catch up to higher performers); and the growth of MLUw-, NDW-, and WPM-English was systematically related to initial status (lower performers at initial status may catch up to higher performers). With regard to the co-development of interconnected subsystems, qualitative observations (non-empirically tested) based on visual inspection and GCM estimates provided initial insight into the possible co-development occurring within- and across-languages. The present study broke new ground by specifying the shape of growth for MLUw, NDW, and WPM in the Spanish and English of ELLs during their first 3 years of formal schooling. The study had a number of methodological limitations that will guide and motivate future work on the language growth of ELLs.
Temple University--Theses

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Ujamaa, Dawud A. "Assessing the Effect of Prior Distribution Assumption on the Variance Parameters in Evaluating Bioequivalence Trials." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/13.

Full text

Abstract:

Bioequivalence determines if two drugs are alike. The three kinds of bioequivalence are Average, Population, and Individual Bioequivalence. These Bioequivalence criteria can be evaluated using aggregate and disaggregate methods. Considerable work assessing bioequivalence in a frequentist method exists, but the advantages of Bayesian methods for Bioequivalence have been recently explored. Variance parameters are essential to any of theses existing Bayesian Bioequivalence metrics. Usually, the prior distributions for model parameters use either informative priors or vague priors. The Bioequivalence inference may be sensitive to the prior distribution on the variances. Recently, there have been questions about the routine use of inverse gamma priors for variance parameters. In this paper we examine the effect that changing the prior distribution of the variance parameters has on Bayesian models for assessing Bioequivalence and the carry-over effect. We explore our method with some real data sets from the FDA.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Yibokou, Kossi Seto. "Apprentissage informel de l'anglais en ligne : quelles conséquences sur la prononciation des étudiants français ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2019/Yibokou_Kossi_Seto_2019_ED520.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’apprentissage informel de l’anglais en ligne et explore les pratiques liées aux diverses sources d’exposition d’un échantillon d’étudiants de l’Université de Strasbourg. Les données collectées à partir d’un test de prononciation, d’un test de perception et d’un sondage, montrent une variabilité inter et intra-individuelle inhérente à la complexité du système dans lequel évoluent les participants. Eu regard aux accents Received Pronunciation et General American, les analyses acoustiques d’éléments de prononciation mettent en évidence des productions orales constituées de mélanges de spécificités des deux accents et celles de la langue française. La perturbation de la production de la parole, mise en oeuvre au travers de la variation de la vitesse d’élocution, indique une résistivité du système pour certains sons/séquences de sons. Les résultats montrent également que les séries télévisées constituent les activités les plus influentes parmi celles qui favorisent l’imitation vocale et permettent une appropriation phonético-phonologique
This work is part of the online informal learning of English and explores practices related to various sources of exposure of a sample of students from the University of Strasbourg. The data collected, based on a pronunciation test, a perception test and a survey, show inter- and intra-individual variability inherent to the complexity of the system in which participants evolve. With regards to Received Pronunciation and General American accents, acoustic analyses of pronunciation elements highlight oral productions composed of mixtures of characteristics of the two accents and those of the French language. The perturbation of speech production, implemented through fast speech variation, indicates a resistivity of the system for certain sounds/sequences of sounds. Results also show that television series are the most influential activities among those that promote vocal imitation and allow phonetic-phonological appropriation

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Fitoussi, Aurélie. "Marqueurs comportementaux et corrélats neurobiologiques de la prise de décision adaptée et inadaptée chez le rat." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21871.

Full text

Abstract:

Une prise de décision inadaptée est au centre de nombreuses pathologies neuropsychiatriques, telle que la toxicomanie, mais concerne également certains sujets sains, pour lesquels les gratifications immédiates prévalent sur les conséquences à long terme. Afin de mieux comprendre les bases neuropsychologiques et neurobiologiques de la prise de décision dans un cadre normal et pathologique, les sujets sains inadaptés constituent un modèle prometteur. Une tâche de mesure de la prise de décision chez le rat (le Rat Gambling Task, RGT) a récemment été validée dans l’équipe, très similaire à l’Iowa Gambling Task chez l’homme et permettant de révéler, parmi une population saine de rats, une majorité de sujets performants, et une minorité de non performants. Ces rats persistent à choisir les options immédiates les plus récompensantes, mais associées à de fortes pénalités imprédictibles, entrainant un faible gain final. Nous avons montré que tous ces rats sont inflexibles et moins efficaces dans la qualité du caractère dirigé de l’action. Ils présentent également une motivation accrue pour les récompenses, qui dépend d’une balance complexe coût/bénéfice, étroitement liée à l’effort à fournir, à la palatabilité de la récompense mais pas à la perception de la sensation plaisante ou des besoins métaboliques. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré qu’il n’existe pas de relation directe entre les capacités de mémoire de travail et la prise de décision. Sur le plan neurobiologique, nous avons montré 1) que la qualité du caractère dirigé de l’action dépend d’une balance d’activité PL/SDM et 2) que la prise de décision dans le RGT engage différemment des structures spécifiques selon les performances dans la tâche et la cinétique d’élaboration des choix. Ainsi, le fort recrutement de l’OFC et du Nacc shell serait un marqueur de choix adaptés, alors que celui de PL/SDM serait modulé selon la rapidité à préférer les choix favorables. Le CgA, IL et l’amygdale se désengageraient lorsque les choix sont établis. Les rats non performants présentent une hypoactivité préfrontale associée à une activité persistante de l’amygdale, suggérant un contrôle cognitif préfrontal déficient, couplé à une altération dans les associations liées à la valeur des options, induisant un déficit d’acquisition et de ré-actualisation de la valeur incitative des choix. Nous avons également montré que les différences inter-individuelles dans le RGT sont associées à des différences dans le fonctionnement basal du système monoaminergique. Les rats non performants présentent notamment (1) des métabolismes DA- et 5HT-ergique plus élevés au niveau d’IL, en accord avec l’impulsivité motrice de ces rats, et/ou la moindre qualité du caractère dirigé de l’action et (2) un métabolisme DA-ergique plus élevé au niveau du Nacc core et 5HT-ergique plus faible au niveau du BLA, suggérant une relation étroite avec leur motivation accrue et la qualité des associations liées à la valeur des options. Finalement, ces données sont intéressantes au regard des modifications dans le fonctionnement monoaminergique de base induites par des polymorphismes génétiques, conduisant à une prise de décision inadaptée, ainsi qu’à certaines pathologies psychiatriques. Toutes ces caractéristiques comportementales et neurobiologiques qui forment un ensemble cohérent pourraient correspondre à un endophénotype de troubles mentaux. Les études à l’avenir devront investir la relation directe avec la pathologie, telle que l’addiction, et l’exploration de ces caractéristiques au niveau génétique
Decision-making is profoundly impaired in several psychiatric disorders such as addiction, but also in some healthy individuals for whom immediate gratifications prevail over long term gain. To better elucidate the neuropsychological and neurobiological bases of good and poor decision making in normal and pathological conditions, healthy poor decision-makers represent a promising model. Recently, a Rat Gambling Task, aimed at measuring decision-making like in the Iowa gambling Task in humans has been validated. It allows the identification, among a normal population of rats, of majority of good decision-makers, and a minority of poor decision-makers that prefer immediate larger reward despite suffering large loses. We demonstrated that all poor decision makers are unflexible and less efficient in goal-directed behavior. They also have a higher motivation for reward that depends on a complex cost/benefice balance, related to the effort to make, to food palatability, but not to the perception of the pleasant feeling or to metabolic needs. Moreover, we demonstrated the absence of relationship between decision making performance and working memory. At the neurobiological level, we demonstrated 1) that efficiency in goal-directed behavior depends on balance of activity between PL and SDM and 2) that decision making depends on specific brain regions, with a level of activity related to the performance, as well as the time course to make choices. Higher OFC and Nacc shell activities are systematically associated with good decision making, whereas the recruitment of PL/SDM is modulated according to the time course to make good choices. CgA, IL and the amygdala would be disengaged when choices are established. Poor decision makers display a prefrontal hypoactivity associated with a persistent involvement of the amygdala, suggesting an alteration in the prefrontal cognitive control, combined with deficits in reward-based associations, leading to an impaired acquisition and/or re-updating of the incentive value of the options. Moreover, we demonstrated that inter-individual differences in the RGT are associated with distinct DA- and 5HT basal functions. Poor decision makers notably displayed (1) high DA- and 5HT-ergic metabolisms in IL, supporting their motor impulsivity and/or lower efficiency in goal-directed behavior and (2) a higher DA-ergic metabolism in the Nacc core, and lower 5HT-ergic in BLA, that could be related to their higher motivation, and the quality of reward-based associations. These data support the relationship between genetic polymorphisms inducing distinct basal monoaminergic functioning, and poor decision making as well as psychiatric disorders. All these cognitive/behavioural and neurobiological characteristics that make a consistent framework could be an endophenotype of mental disorders. Further experiments should examine the direct relationship between poor decision making and psychiatric disorders, such as addiction, and the genetic background related to this specific profile

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Dandelot, Damien. "La structure de la réalité sociale abstraite inhérente aux sociétés prescrites : La quiddité des liens et des structures de coopérations intra-organisationnels issus de l’activité réelle, dans le cas du processus de co-construction de sens découlant des décisions stratégiques." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CNAM0833/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Partant de l’idée que des filiales d’une entreprise sont en mesure de remettre en cause les décisions de la direction générale (maison-mère), l’approche holistique développée dans ce travail part du principe qu’une organisation peut être un « être », laissant entendre ainsi que les informations dont elle dispose seraient extérieures aux individus qui la composent. Ce qui conduit à s'interroger s’il est concevable d’ignorer l’individu dans une telle relation de domination. Cette thèse propose justement un modèle autour de résultats qui montrent la difficile exclusion de l’individu dans un contexte méta-organisationnel (dans lequel les membres seraient des organisations et non des individus). Dans cette veine, ce sont les dynamiques humaines de l’organisation qui sont au cœur de ce travail : il existe par et au travers de l’individu une dynamique issue de l’activité réelle qui permet de faire vivre l’organisation par elle-même, mais également qui permet au prescrit de cette dernière d’évoluer. Bien que les résultats obtenus montrent que l’organisation n’est pas un objet mort et sans force et qu’elle a bien la possibilité de vivre par elle-même, ce sont les individus qui — par leurs engagements conditionnels — permettent cette existence propre de l’organisation comme structure intra-consciente qui impose des droits et des obligations. Dans cette perspective, le modèle proposé vise à dessiner les structures de la réalité sociale abstraite (dénommé dans la recherche menée, l’Entité X) en montrant les forces et les contraintes organisationnelles qui pèsent sur les individus-membres, tout en relevant les capacités humaines à sortir des structures prescrites par la co-construction de liens et de structures transversales de coopérations issus de l’activité réelle
Based on the idea that the subsidiaries of a company are able to call into question the decisions of senior management (the parent company), the holistic approach developed in this study assumes that an organization can be a “being”, implying thereby that the information in its possession is external to the individuals who compose it. This raises the question of whether it is conceivable to ignore the individual in such a relationship of domination. This thesis proposes a model based on the results which show the difficult exclusion of the individual in a meta-organizational context (in which members would be organizations and not individuals). Along these same lines, the organization’s human dynamics are at the heart of this research: there exists by and through the individual a dynamic resulting from actual activity that allows the organization to live by itself, while also allowing prescribe to evolve. Although the results show that the organization is not a dead and strengthless object, and it has the opportunity to live by itself, it is the individuals who —through their conditional commitments— allow the separate existence of an organizational structure’s intra-consciousness, which imposes rights and obligations. In this perspective, the proposed model aims to draw the structures of abstract social reality (referred as Entity X in this study) by showing the strengths and organizational constraints that weigh on individual members, while raising the human capacity to emerge from the structures prescribed by the sensemaking of links and transversal structures for cooperation that originate from the actual activity

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Morinay, Jennifer. "Sources of variability in heterospecific social information use for breeding habitat selection : role of genetics and personality in collared flycatchers." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1229/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Au cours de leur vie, les individus doivent constamment prendre des décisions qui peuvent fortement affecter leur valeur sélective. Pour optimiser leur prise de décisions, ces individus peuvent utiliser des informations soit issues de leurs propres interactions avec l’environnement (informations personnelles), soit issues de l’observation d’autres individus (informations sociales). La propension à utiliser des informations sociales et leur signification dépend certainement de paramètres individuels et environnementaux. Pour comprendre le potentiel évolutif de ce comportement à priori adaptatif, il est nécessaire de comprendre les causes de ces variations inter- et intra-individuelles. Le but de cette thèse était donc de déterminer les sources de variations individuelles dans l’utilisation d’information sociales hétérospécifiques pour le choix d’habitat de reproduction, chez le gobe-mouche à collier (Ficedula albicollis). A partir de données à long terme et d’expérimentations en nature dans la population de Gotland (Suède), j’ai montré que l’utilisation d’informations sociales n’est pas héritable dans cette population, mais dépend de l’âge et de l’agressivité des mâles, ainsi que de la taille de ponte des compétiteurs au moment où les gobe-mouches font leur choix. A partir d’une expérience de repasse, j’ai également montré que les femelles peuvent ajuster, en fonction de leur propre niveau d’agressivité, leur choix de site de nidification en fonction de caractéristiques de chants supposément liés à la qualité des mésanges charbonnières (Parus major). Cette thèse souligne l’importance de la personnalité dans l’utilisation d’informations sociales hétérospecifiques pour la sélection d’habitat de reproduction dans cette population, et montre que des caractéristiques fines de signaux à l’intention de congénères peuvent aussi être utilisées par d’autres espèces. Cela nous aide ainsi à mieux comprendre les mécanismes évolutifs de ce comportement
All their life, individuals have to make decisions that may strongly affect their fitness. To optimize their decisions, they can use personally acquired information but also information obtained from observing other individuals (“social information”). The propensity to gather and use social information and the information meaning might depend on both individual and environmental factors. Studying what drives within- and between-individual differences in social information use should help us understand the evolutionary potential of this supposedly adaptive behaviour. The aim of my PhD was to empirically investigate sources of variability in heterospecific social information use for breeding habitat selection. I worked on a natural population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis, Gotland Island, Sweden), a passerine species shown to cue on the presence, density, reproductive investment and nest site preference of dominant titmice for settlement decisions. Using both long term and experimental data, I showed that the use of heterospecific social information, measured as the probability to copy tit nest preference, is not heritable but depends on male age and aggressiveness and on tit apparent breeding investment at the time of flycatcher settlement. Using a playback experiment, I also showed that female flycatchers can fine-tune nest site choice according to (i) song features supposedly reflecting great tit (Parus major) quality and (ii) their own aggressiveness level. This thesis highlights the importance of personality in the use of heterospecific social information for breeding site selection in this population, and broadens the traditionally known sources of heterospecific information to fine song characteristics reflecting heterospecifics’ quality. To fully understand the evolutionary mechanisms and consequences of heterospecific social information use, genetically based plasticity and fitness consequences remains to be explored

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Thompson, Garth John. "Neural basis and behavioral effects of dynamic resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging as defined by sliding window correlation and quasi-periodic patterns." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49083.

Full text

Abstract:

While task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has helped us understand the functional role of many regions in the human brain, many diseases and complex behaviors defy explanation. Alternatively, if no task is performed, the fMRI signal between distant, anatomically connected, brain regions is similar over time. These correlations in “resting state” fMRI have been strongly linked to behavior and disease. Previous work primarily calculated correlation in entire fMRI runs of six minutes or more, making understanding the neural underpinnings of these fluctuations difficult. Recently, coordinated dynamic activity on shorter time scales has been observed in resting state fMRI: correlation calculated in comparatively short sliding windows and quasi-periodic (periodic but not constantly active) spatiotemporal patterns. However, little relevance to behavior or underlying neural activity has been demonstrated. This dissertation addresses this problem, first by using 12.3 second windows to demonstrate a behavior-fMRI relationship previously only observed in entire fMRI runs. Second, simultaneous recording of fMRI and electrical signals from the brains of anesthetized rats is used to demonstrate that both types of dynamic activity have strong correlates in electrophysiology. Very slow neural signals correspond to the quasi-periodic patterns, supporting the idea that low-frequency activity organizes large scale information transfer in the brain. This work both validates the use of dynamic analysis of resting state fMRI, and provides a starting point for the investigation of the systemic basis of many neuropsychiatric diseases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Gavaldà, Ferré Núria. "Index of idiolectal similitude for the phonological module of English applied to forensic speech comparison." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123775.

Full text

Abstract:

The framework of the present PhD dissertation is the area that results from the overlap between the field of variationist sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics, which mainly concerns the study of variation between different individuals –inter-speaker variation– and variation within a single individual –intra-speaker variation– for forensic purposes. The primary objective of the present dissertation is twofold. On the one hand, it proposes a protocol for the creation of an Index of Idiolectal Similitude (IIS) for the phonological module of English that can effectively determine whether two oral samples show inter-speaker variation –which would indicate that the samples have been produced by two different individuals– or intra-speaker variation –which would allow to conclude that the samples have been produced by the same individual. On the other hand, the analysis of the fourteen variables proposed in a corpus that contains data on sixteen speakers and that is stratified according to measurement time –as a result of a real time study–, language contact and gender, provides an important contribution to the Base Rate knowledge, which constitutes one of the main challenges of current forensic linguistics. Results show that inter-speaker variation is generally higher than intra-speaker variation, and that a speaker’s idiolectal style remains relatively stable over time. Therefore, the IIS is presented as an innovative quantitative tool which, together with other quantitative and qualitative techniques that the linguist acting as expert witness may have at their disposition, can help reach a conclusion regarding the probability of two samples having been produced or not by the same speaker.
Aquesta tesi doctoral s’emmarca dins l’àrea comú on es troben els camps de la sociolingüística de la variació i la lingüística forense, en la qual es troba l’estudi de la variació entre diferents individus –variació inter-parlant– i la variació en del mateix individu –variació intra-parlant– amb finalitats forenses. La investigació té dos objectius principals. D’una banda, es proposa el protocol per a la creació d’un Índex de Similitud Idiolectal (ISI) per al mòdul fonològic de l’anglès que pot determinar de manera efectiva si dues mostres orals mostren variació inter-parlant –que indicaria que les mostres haurien estat produïdes per dos individus diferents– o variació intra-parlant –la qual cosa portaria a concloure que les mostres haurien estat produïdes pel mateix individu. D’altra banda, l’anàlisi de les catorze variables proposades en un corpus que conté setze parlants i que està estratificat per temps de mesura –com a resultat d’un estudi en temps real–, contacte de llengües i gènere biològic, comporta una contribució important a la referència de distribució poblacional (Base Rate Knowledge) que constitueix un dels grans reptes de la lingüística forense actual. Els resultats mostren que la variació inter-parlant és generalment més alta que la intra-parlant, i que l’estil idiolectal d’un individu es manté relativament estable malgrat el pas del temps. Per tant, l’ISI es presenta com una eina quantitativa innovadora que, juntament amb altres tècniques quantitatives i qualitatives que el lingüista forense pot tenir a la seva disposició, pot ajudar a prendre una decisió sobre la probabilitat que dues mostres hagin estat produïdes o no pel mateix parlant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Stefanova, Spassova Maria. "El potencial discriminatorio de las secuencias de categorías gramaticales en la atribución forense de autoría de textos en español." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7512.

Full text

Abstract:

The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the discriminatory capacity of n-grams - i.e. combinations of sequences of parts of speech- as potential markers of authorship for the purposes of the forensic comparison of Spanish written texts. The focus is on two particular types of n-grams, namely bigrams and trigrams.
The principle hypotheses of the present dissertation are, on the one hand, that n-grams have a high potential to discriminate between the written productions of different authors (inter author variation). On the other hand, it is also hypothesized that the frequency of n-grams does not vary significantly between different writings of the same author over a period of time (intra author variation).
The evaluation of the discriminatory capacity of n-grams was carried out in two different corpora: a) a general corpus of the Spanish language; and b) a corpus of real forensic cases.
Results indicate that both types of n-grams have a high discriminatory potential when applied to both corpora. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the frequency of n-grams does not vary significantly between texts produced by the same author within a time-span of less than 20 years.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es evaluar el potencial discriminatorio de los n-gramas - esto es, combinaciones de secuencias de categorías gramaticales- como posibles marcas de autoría para los fines de la comparación forense de textos escritos en español. La tesis se centra en dos tipos específicos de n-gramas: los bigramas y los trigramas.
Las principales hipótesis de la tesis son, por un lado, que los n-gramas poseen un potencial discriminatorio alto en el análisis de producciones escritas por diferentes autores (variación inter autor). Por otro lado, que la frecuencia de los n-gramas no varía de forma significativa entre las producciones escritas del mismo individuo en el transcurso del tiempo (variación intra autor).
La evaluación del potencial discriminatorio de los n-gramas se ha llevado a cabo en dos corpus diferentes: a) un corpus general de la lengua española; y b) un corpus de casos forenses reales.
Los resultados han indicado que los dos tipos de n-gramas tienen un potencial discriminatorio alto cuando se aplican a los dos corpus. Además, se ha demostrado que la frecuencia de los n-gramas no varía significativamente entre textos escritos producidos por el mismo autor en un intervalo temporal inferior a 20 años.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Downing, Ashleigh A. "Inter and intra-specific differences in medicinal plant use for the treatment of type II diabetes symptoms by the Cree Elders of Eeyou Istchee (QC)." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5525.

Full text

Abstract:

Au Canada, nous remarquons une prédominance du diabète de type 2 au sein des communautés autochtones. Une approche ethnobotanique est utilisée en collaboration avec la Nation Crie de Eeyou Istchee afin de déterminer quels traitements à base de plantes peuvent être utilisés pour contrer les différentes conditions qui, collectivement, forment le diabète. Les pharmacopées de deux communautés cries, soit celles de Waskaganish et de Nemaska, ont été établies puis comparées à celles de étudiées antérieurement : communautés Whapmagoostui et Mistissini. Malgré les différences géographiques de ces groupes, leurs utilisations sont majoritairement semblables, avec pour seule exception le contraste entre les communautés de Nemaska et de Whapmagoostui. De plus, nous avons complété l’évaluation du taux cytoprotecteur des aiguilles, de l’écorce et des cônes de l’épinette noire (Picea mariana). Les extraits provenant de tous les organes des plantes démontrent une protection qui dépend de la concentration. La réponse spécifique d’organes peut varier selon l’habitat; ainsi, les plantes poussant dans les tourbières ou dans les forêts, sur le littoral ou à des terres l’intérieur démontrent des différences quant à leur efficacité. Bref, l’écorce démontre une relation dose-effet plus forte dans la forêt littorale, tandis que les aiguilles n’indiquent pas de changements significatifs selon leur environnement de croissance. La bioactivité observée démontre une corrélation avec le contenu phénolique et non avec l’activité de l’agent antioxydant. Ces résultats contribuent à péciser les activités antidiabétiques des plantes de la forêt boréale canadienne, telles qu’identifiées au niveau cellulaire par les guérisseurs Cries.
In Canada there is an overwhelming prevalence of type II diabetes in First Nations communities. Here an ethnobotanical approach has been used in cooperation with the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee to focus on finding plant based treatments for the conditions which collectively make up the symptoms of diabetes. The pharmacopoeias of two Cree communities (Waskaganish and Nemaska) are elucidated then compared with previously studied populations (Whapmagoostui and Mistissini). Despite differences in north-south east-west geography, plant ranking and use matrices were similar with the exception of Nemaska/Whapmagoostui. We have also completed the evaluation of Black spruce (Picea mariana) needle, bark and cone cytoprotectivity. Extracts from all organs exhibited concentration-dependent protection. Organ-specific response was habitat and growth environment dependent with plants grown either in bog or forest habitats in coastal or inland environments exhibiting differences in efficacy. Observed bioactivity correlated with total phenolic content but not with antioxidant activity. Together, these results contributed to the understanding of antidiabetic activity of Canadian boreal forest plants identified by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee healers at the cellular level.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Berndt, Mareen. "Inter-Individual Differences as Instrument to Investigate the Mechanisms in Metacontrast Masking." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002B-7C22-8.

Full text

Abstract:

In der Metakontrastmaskierung wird die Sichtbarkeit des ersten Stimulus (Target) durch das Auftreten eines zweiten Stimulus (Maske) reduziert. Zwei Maskierungsfunktionen (MF) treten hauptsächlich auf: Typ A, wenn die Sichtbarkeit mit ansteigender SOA zumimmt, und Typ-B, wenn die Sichtbarkeit in kurzer und langer SOA hoch ist und auf ein Minimum in mittlerer SOA abfällt. In fünf Studien wurde systematisch untersucht welchen Einﬂuss experimentelle Parameter auf das Auftreten der MF haben. Je länger die Maske im Verhältnis zum Target präsentiert wird, desto weiter verschiebt sich das Minimum der MF hin zu kürzerer SOA und desto mehr ähnelt sie einer Typ-A-MF (monoton ansteigend). Die Maskierung ist in kleinen Stimuli stärker als in großen Stimuli, sowohl im Zentrum als auch in der Peripherie. Bei beiden Stimulusgrößen ﬁndet bei der kürzesten SOA die stärkste Maskierung statt. MF unterscheiden sich nicht, wenn sich die Vorhersagbarkeit der Präsentationsorte der Stimuli unterscheidet. Scheinbewegungen werden in langen SOAs eher wahrgenommen als in kurzen SOAs. Darüber hinaus wurden inter-individuelle Unterschiede gefunden, die Einblicke in die Mechanismen erlauben, die in der Metakontrastmaskierung beteiligt sind. Einige Versuchspersonen zeigen eine Typ-A-MF und berichten Scheinbewegungen in der Abfolge der Stimuli wahrzunehmen, hauptsächlich in langen SOAs. Andere zeigen eine Typ-B-MF und berichten negative Nachbilder in Form des Tagets im Inneren der Maske wahrzunehmen, hauptsächlich in kurzen SOAs. Typ-A- und Typ-B-Versuchspersonen unterscheiden sich in ihrer Top-Down-Verarbeitung der Stimuli, nicht aber in ihrer Bottom-Up-Verarbeitung. Zwei Prozesse stellten sich heraus, die in der Verarbeitung der Metakontraststimuli beteiligt sein könnten. Nach der Integrations-Segregations-Theorie steht die getrennte (segregierte) Wahrnehmung zweier Stimuli, die Scheinbewegungen ermöglicht, mit dem Segregationsprozess in Zusammenhang. Dagegen steht die gleichzeitige (integrierte) Wahrnehmung zweier nacheinander folgender Stimuli mit dem Integrationsprozess in Zusammenhang. Da Prozess 1 stark mit einer Typ-A-MF verknüpft ist, einhergehend mit der Wahrnehmung von Scheinbewegungen, könnte dieser Prozess dem Segregationsprozess entsprechen. Da Prozess 2 stark mit einer Typ-B-MF verknüpft ist, einhergehend mit der Wahrnehmung negativer Nachbilder, könnte dieser Prozess dem Integrationsprozess entsprechen. Es wird angenommen, dass diese beiden Prozesse an der bewussten Wahrnehmung des Targets in der Metakontrastmaskierung beteiligt sind.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Ke, Wei-ming, and 柯韋名. "The Association Between Inter-individual Differences and Clinical Outcomes in Methadone Maintenance Therapy." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39146721995804875741.

Full text

Abstract:

碩士
國立成功大學
臨床藥學研究所
96
Heroin is a problematic opioid substance that affecting human in various aspects. Methadone is a synthetic opioid used to treat opioid dependence. The effect of methadone on opoid dependence treatment has been proved in literatures and, however, the relationship between methadone dosage and blood concentration (CMTD) were highly varied. Urine pH and genetic variations in metabolism enzymes were factors which have been demonstrated affecting the relationship between methadone dosage and CMTD. Dextromethorphan is an old antitussive agent which has been reported as an effective agent in improving symptoms of dependence, reduce craving behavior. Objectives of this study are evaluating the factors affecting inter-individual relationship between methadone dosage and CMTD and evaluating the factors predicting side effect and heroin abstinence. In additional to that, we also investigated whether dextromethorphan add-on to methadone could improve outcomes or not. Seventy patients who met inclusion criteria were recruited and randomized to receive dextromethorphan 120 mg, 60 mg or placebo based on methadone maintenance therapy in NCKUH since December 2007. We measured the blood concentration of dextromethorphan and methadone with HPLC and other factors which may affect blood concentration, such as urine pH, body fat, body weight, daily methadone dosage, CYP enzyme genetic variations. We found a 9% of HIV and 77% of HCV infected patients in our population. Fifty mg methadone per day and 250ng/mL of CMTD on average was observed. The CMTD and methadone dosage significantly correlated with heroin dependence history and did not correlate with urine pH, body fat, body weight, ABCB1C3435T, ABCB1G2677T and CYP2D6*10 variations. CMTD was positively correlated with side effects such as palpitation, arrhythmia and constipation. In additional to that, dextromethorphan add-on therapy showed a marginal significant reduction in urine morphine test positive rate (53.8% v.s. 73.5%, p=0.0604) and improvement in side effects complaints. In this study, we shown a high prevalence of HIV infected patients in our population and that revealed the significant of methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan. We failed to show the relationship between methadone dosage and CMTD which have been demonstrated in literatures and however we shown a correlation between CMTD and heroin dependence history. We also found methadone CMTD could be a better parameter in predicting self-reported side effects, such as palpitation, arrhythmia and constipation. Finally, dextromethorphan add-on therapy may reduce heroin use and significantly improve psychological side effect complaints.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Cabral, Rita Maria Morgado Nogueira. "Confiabilidade intra e inter - individual na avaliação da espessura muscular em doentes críticos por ecografia." Dissertação, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/121551.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Cabral, Rita Maria Morgado Nogueira. "Confiabilidade intra e inter - individual na avaliação da espessura muscular em doentes críticos por ecografia." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/121551.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Cheng, Wei-Chung, and 鄭維中. "The database construction for microarray clinical meta-analysis and inter/intra individual variance gene expression study." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35900979750452712643.

Full text

Abstract:

博士
國立清華大學
生醫工程與環境科學系
99
Abstract Over the last decade, microarray studies have had a profound impact on clinical research including cancer classification, seeking biomarkers of diseases, and prognosis prediction. However, the complexity of clinical samples could lead to inconsistent results. It is because the influences of biological variance, introduced from clinical samples, are hard to estimate, such as the heterogeneous of cells in clinical samples, individual and population variance in genetics. In this research, we investigated the influence of estimating the biological variance for the conclusion of research. To break intra- and inter-individual variance in clinical studies down to three levels: technical, anatomic, and individual, we designed experiments and algorithms to investigate three forms of variances. As a case study, a group of “inter-individual variable genes” were identified to exemplify the influence of underestimated variance on the statistical and biological aspects in identification of differentially expressed genes. Our results showed that inadequate estimation of variance inevitably led to the inclusion of non-statistically significant genes into those listed as significant, thereby interfering with the correct prediction of biological functions. Our data demonstrates that an appropriate evaluation of variance is critical in selecting significant genes of differential expression. To estimate biological variance precisely, one major point is performing a large number of clinical experiments but it is also too expensive. Fortunately, largely available data could be accessed by public repositories with rapid development of microarray. Meta-analysis of substantial amounts of accumulated data, by integrating valuable information from multiple studies, is becoming more important in microarray research. However, collecting data of special interest from public microarray repositories often present major practical problems. Moreover, including low-quality data may significantly reduce meta-analysis efficiency. To obtain large reliable clinical microarray data, we constructed a microarray meta-analysis database (M2DB) for clinical studies. It is a human curated microarray database designed for easy querying, based on clinical information and for interactive retrieval of either raw or uniformly pre-processed data, along with a set of quality-control metrics. The database contains more than 10,000 previously published Affymetrix GeneChip arrays, performed using human clinical specimens. M2DB allows online querying according to a flexible combination of five clinical annotations describing disease state and sampling location. We hope that this research will promote further evolution of microarray meta-analysis. In the following, we utilized M2DB to perform meta-analysis for identifying reference gene for quantitative RT-PCR in clinical studies. The accuracy of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is highly dependent on reliable reference gene(s). Some housekeeping genes which are commonly used for normalization are widely recognized as inappropriate in many experimental conditions. After uniform data preprocessing and data quality control, 4,804 Affymetrix HU-133A arrays performed by clinical samples were classified into four physiological states with 13 organ/tissue types. We identified a list of reference genes for each organ/tissue types which exhibited stable expression across physiological states. Furthermore, 102 genes identified as reference gene candidates in multiple organ/tissue types were selected for further analysis. According to our results, researchers could select single or multiple reference gene(s) for normalization of qRT-PCR in clinical studies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Intra and inter-individual differences'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles