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Journal articles on the topic 'Intra and inter-individual differences'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Asendorpf, Jens B. "Beyond stability: Predicting inter‐individual differences in intra‐individual change." European Journal of Personality 6, no. 2 (June 1992): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410060204.

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Demonstration of a high longitudinal stability of inter‐individual diferences in behaviour has been one traditional goal of personality psychology. In recent years, impressively high longitudinal correlations have been reported for self‐and other‐ratings of behaviour in adulthood, indicating a high overall stability of personality differences in that period of development. However, even 5‐year correlations around 0.70 do not exclude major deviations of some of the subjects from this overall stability (i.e. differential stability in the sample). Furthermore, the younger a sample is, the lower will be the longitudinal stability observed, and the less suficient is the explanation of inter‐individual diferences by static traits. This article goes beyond the notion of stability at the sample level by asking from a developmental perspective (a) whether systematic inter‐individual differences in intra‐individual change exist, (b) how they can be assessed, and (c) whether these inter‐individual differences can be explained by characteristics of the person or of the environment.

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2

Wang, Lijuan (Peggy), Ellen Hamaker, and C. S. Bergeman. "Investigating inter-individual differences in short-term intra-individual variability." Psychological Methods 17, no. 4 (2012): 567–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029317.

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3

Cowley, Mark J., Chris J. Cotsapas, Rohan B. H. Williams, Eva K. F. Chan, Jeremy N. Pulvers, Michael Y. Liu, Oscar J. Luo, David J. Nott, and Peter F. R. Little. "Intra- and inter-individual genetic differences in gene expression." Mammalian Genome 20, no. 5 (May 2009): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-009-9181-x.

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4

Dere, E., S. Huse, K. Hwang, M. Sigman, and K. Boekelheide. "Intra- and inter-individual differences in human sperm DNA methylation." Andrology 4, no. 5 (April 18, 2016): 832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/andr.12170.

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5

Spoolder, Hans A. M., Jackie A. Burbidge, Alistair B. Lawrence, P. Howard Simmins, and Sandra A. Edwards. "Individual behavioural differences in pigs: intra-and inter-test consistency." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49, no. 2 (August 1996): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(96)01033-7.

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6

Quinn, Mary Ellen, and Peter Martin. "Intra-individual Change and Inter-individual Differences in Negative Mood States of Older Women." International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, no. 3 (September 1999): 685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383757.

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The primary purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the stability and lability of negative mood from a health perspective. Negative mood factor structure was examined in order to evaluate intra-individual change. Few studies have addressed factorial invariance across individuals and across time. The sample was comprised of four women in their 60s and four women in their 80s. Short-term intra-individual change and inter-individual differences in negative mood were assessed with a replicated single-subject design. Participants completed items from the 8SQ questionnaire for 100 consecutive days. P-technique factor analysis was used to examine the structure of negative mood factors, which were than graphed to determine level change over time. The number of factors were consistent, however, the items comprising the factors were not consistent across all participants. Patterns of intra-individual change in the negative mood factor of “ fatigue” was found to be highly individualised.

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Beckmann, Nadin, Damian P. Birney, Jens F. Beckmann, Robert E. Wood, Victor Sojo, and David Bowman. "Inter-individual differences in intra-individual variability in personality within and across contexts." Journal of Research in Personality 85 (April 2020): 103909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103909.

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8

Pinto, Joana Carneiro, Liliana Faria, Neide Gaspar, and Maria do Céu Taveira. "Intra and Inter-Individual Differences in Social Intelligence of Portuguese Students." Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 25, no. 61 (August 2015): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272561201503.

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Social intelligence is a favorable condition for career decision-making and development. The social intelligence indices of Portuguese students in school years prior to a career transition are characterized and intra and interindividual differences are analyzed. Participants were 1095 students (552, 50.4% women) with a mean age of 14.78 years (SD = 1.86), in the 8th (542, 49.5%), 10th (295, 26.9%) and 11th (258, 23.6%) grades. The Cognitive Test of Social Intelligence (PCIS) was administered at two moments, six months apart. Results indicate that the 8th grade obtained higher average scores in Problem Solving, Motivation and Self-confidence (time 1), while the 10th grade obtained better results in Problem Solving, Motivation and Familiarity (time 2). Between the assessment moments, all school years register an increase in Problem Solving and Self-confidence in social situations. These results constitute favorable psychological conditions for the promotion of ethical questioning in career guidance interventions.

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Lagerlöf, F., A. Oliveby, D. A. Weetman, and D. A. M. Geddes. "Intra- and Inter-Individual Differences in Salivary Sucrose Clearance over Time." Caries Research 28, no. 5 (1994): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000262000.

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10

Hur, Young-Ju. "Influential Factors on University Commitment of Freshman: Comparison of Inter-individual and Intra-individual Differences." Education Research Institute 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31352/jer.18.4.59.

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11

Carter, C. G., G. J. Purser, D. F. Houlihan, and P. Thomas. "The Effect of Decreased Ration on Feeding Hierarchies in Groups of Greenback Flounder (Rhombosolea Tapirina: Teleostei)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76, no. 2 (May 1996): 505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400030708.

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The aims of the present study were to investigate food consumption, growth and the dynamics of feeding hierarchies in the same groups of juvenile greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina: Teleostei) fed either high or low rations. Differential food consumption by individual greenback flounder held in groups of 20 showed the presence of feeding hierarchies in which individuals consumed between 0 and 22% of the available food. Inter-individual differences in food consumption resulted in different growth rates leading to growth depensation (measured as an increase in the coefficient of variation for weight). Intra-individual differences in food consumption tended to be larger for flounder which consumed a lower share of the available food. When the group ration was reduced the inter-individual and intra-individual variations in food consumption increased. Consequently, the relationship between inter-individual and intra-individual variation in food consumption tended to become stronger at lower food availability and indicated an increase in the strength of the feeding hierarchies. This study suggests that individual differences in food consumption, mediated through exploitation competition, contribute to growth depensation in this species of flatfish.

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12

Zee, Marjolein, Helma M. Y. Koomen, Francine C. Jellesma, Jolien Geerlings, and Peter F. de Jong. "Inter- and intra-individual differences in teachers' self-efficacy: A multilevel factor exploration." Journal of School Psychology 55 (April 2016): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2015.12.003.

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13

Lyons, Kelly E., George Kellas, and Michael Martin. "Inter- and Intra- individual Differences in Semantic Priming among Young and Older Adults." Experimental Aging Research 21, no. 3 (July 1995): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610739508253982.

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Dinyer, Taylor K., Evangeline P. Soucie, Pasquale J. Succi, Caleb C. Voskuil, M. Travis Byrd, and Haley C. Bergstrom. "Inter- And Intra-individual Differences In Neuromuscular Responses During Submaximal Leg Extension Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53, no. 8S (August 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000759576.78338.64.

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BERNAL, MANUEL HERNANDO, and JAIRO ALFONSO CLAVIJO. "An essay on precision in morphometric measurements in anurans: inter-individual, intra-individual and temporal comparisons." Zootaxa 2246, no. 1 (October 5, 2009): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2246.1.3.

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Morphometric comparisons among specimens continue being an important tool for biological and taxonomical studies and are indispensable for the description of new species. However, there are few works that have been done to compare the precision of the measurements that different investigators take in live or preserved animals with different body sizes and time of preservation. Herein we evaluate statistically this information. The results indicate that there are significant differences among the measurements taken by different people (inter-individual comparisons), but not within each of them (intra-individual comparisons). Also, there are temporal differences in the morphometric measurements among living animals, freshly preserved specimens and specimens after five months of preservation. These results demonstrate that morphometric measurements must be made by just one person and that for any morphometric analysis it is important to keep in mind the preservation time differences of the animals in the museums.

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Schulz, Ursula Gr, and Peter M. Rothwell. "Variations in Carotid Bifurcation Anatomy: Differences within and between individuals." Stroke 32, suppl_1 (January 2001): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.364-a.

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P139 Carotid plaque formation is thought to depend on haemodynamic factors related to vessel anatomy. Side differences in bifurcation anatomy could explain the frequent asymmetry in the extent of carotid plaque within individuals. Differences between individuals could account for variation in the tendency to develop carotid atheroma. However, there are very few data on the extent of variation in bifurcation anatomy. We studied the inter- and intra-individual variability of bifurcation anatomy in 5395 angiograms from the 3007 patients in the European Carotid Surgery Trial. To minimise changes in bifurcation anatomy secondary to atherosclerosis, we excluded angiograms of vessels with ≥30% NASCET stenosis. We measured the arterial diameters at disease free points and calculated the following ratios: internal to common carotid (ICA/CCA), external to common carotid (ECA/CCA) and external to internal carotid (ECA/ICA). We calculated the 95% ranges to describe the variability of the ratios. To ascertain intra-individual differences we compared the ratios on the symptomatic side with those on the contralateral side in individual patients. Among the 2201 bifurcations with <30% stenosis there was considerable inter-individual variation in the ratios. The 95% ranges were: ICA/CCA (0.44–0.86); ECA/CCA (0.34–0.80) and ECA/ICA (0.55–1.33). Among the 767 patients with <30% stenosis bilaterally we found considerable intra-individual asymmetry in the vessel diameter ratios. Side differences of ≥25% were present in 17% (95% CI 15–20) of angiograms for the ICA/CCA ratio, 27% (24–30) for the ECA/CCA ratio and 32% (28–35) for the ECA/ICA ratio. There are large inter-individual differences in carotid bifurcation anatomy. For example, the normal range of the ECA diameter varies from half that of the ICA to a third more than the ICA. Intra-individual variability is equally considerable. This variability has not been documented previously. It may partly explain why the extent of carotid atheroma is often highly asymmetrical within individuals and why some individuals are more prone to develop carotid disease than others. Prospective studies are required to confirm this.

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17

Rieper, Hannelore, H. Karst, R. Noack, and D. Johnsen. "Intra- and inter-individual variations in energy expenditure of 14–15-year-old schoolgirls as determined by indirect calorimetry." British Journal of Nutrition 69, no. 1 (January 1993): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930006.

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Eleven 14–15-year-old schoolgirls were investigated four times within 1 year to determine variations in energy expenditure between individuals (inter-individual variability) and within subjects (intra-individual variability). Indirect calorimetry was used to determine metabolic rates in the fasting and resting state (RMR), and during physical activities which were grouped into standardized and non-standardized activities. Analyses of variance supplied information about intra- and inter-individual variabilities of rates of energy expenditure. The mean resting metabolic rate in adolescent girls was 4.41 (SD 0.40) kJ/min. The overall coefficient of variation (9.1 %) was approximately twice as high as the mean coefficient within subjects (4.3%). The reproducibility of the RMR of the girls was high (significant F value of variance analysis), even over a prolonged investigation of 1 year. This seemed to depend primarily on the constant body weight during the period of investigation. A workload of 30 W on a bicycle ergometer and walking at an individually chosen speed did not reveal significant differences between inter- and intra-individual variabilities of energy metabolic rates. However, in most non- standardized activities, e.g. relaxation at home, washing dishes and vacuum cleaning, inter-individual variability was significantly higher than intra-individual variability. There are true differences in energy expenditure rates between subjects which may be demonstrated by duplicated measurements. Conclusions on future experimental design were drawn, where differences between groups rather than between individuals are to be studied.

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18

Zhang, S., A. A. Gamaldo, S. D. Neupert, and J. C. Allaire. "HOW STRESS MAY EXPLAIN INTRA- AND INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN OLDER ADULTS’ CONTROL BELIEFS." Innovation in Aging 2, suppl_1 (November 1, 2018): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.2969.

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19

Greene, Anthony J., and William B. Levy. "Individual differences: Variation by design." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 5 (October 2000): 676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00343436.

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Stanovich & West (S&W) appear to overlook the adaptivity of variation. Behavioral variability, both between and within individuals, is an absolute necessity for phylogenetic and ontological adaptation. As with all heritable characteristics, inter-individual behavioral variation is the foundation for natural selection. Similarly, intra-individual variation allows a broad exploration of potential solutions. Variation increases the likelihood that more optimal behaviors are available for selection. Four examples of the adaptivity of variation are discussed: (a) Genetic variation as it pertains to behavior and natural selection; (b) behavioral and cognitive aspects of mate selection which may facilitate genetic diversity; (c) variation as a strategy for optimizing learning through greater exploration; and (d) behavioral variation coupled with communication as a means to propagate individually discovered behavioral success.

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20

Sanna, Emanuele, Elena Usai, and Giovanni Floris. "Inter-sex and intra-sex differences in quantitative digital dermatoglyphics of Sardinian-speaking groups." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 62, no. 2 (June 3, 2004): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/62/2004/157.

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21

Anders, John Paul V., Cory M. Smith, Joshua L. Keller, Ethan C. Hill, Terry J. Housh, Richard J. Schmidt, and Glen O. Johnson. "Inter- and Intra-Individual Differences in EMG and MMG during Maximal, Bilateral, Dynamic Leg Extensions." Sports 7, no. 7 (July 18, 2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7070175.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the composite, inter-individual, and intra-individual differences in the patterns of responses for electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) during fatiguing, maximal, bilateral, and isokinetic leg extension muscle actions. Thirteen recreationally active men (age = 21.7 ± 2.6 years; body mass = 79.8 ± 11.5 kg; height = 174.2 ± 12.7 cm) performed maximal, bilateral leg extensions at 180°·s−1 until the torque values dropped to 50% of peak torque for two consecutive repetitions. The EMG and MMG signals from the vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of both limbs were recorded. Four 2(Leg) × 19(time) repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to examine mean differences for EMG AMP, EMG MPF, MMG AMP, and MMG MPF between limbs, and polynomial regression analyses were performed to identify the patterns of neuromuscular responses. The results indicated no significant differences between limbs for EMG AMP (p = 0.44), EMG MPF (p = 0.33), MMG AMP (p = 0.89), or MMG MPF (p = 0.52). Polynomial regression analyses demonstrated substantial inter-individual variability. Inferences made regarding the patterns of neuromuscular responses to fatiguing and bilateral muscle actions should be considered on a subject-by-subject basis.

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Sato, Yukuto, Junya Yamagishi, Riu Yamashita, Natsuko Shinozaki, Bin Ye, Takuji Yamada, Masayuki Yamamoto, Masao Nagasaki, and Akito Tsuboi. "Inter-Individual Differences in the Oral Bacteriome Are Greater than Intra-Day Fluctuations in Individuals." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 29, 2015): e0131607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131607.

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23

Lee Ji Hee, 엄정호, 김소린, and Sang Min Lee. "Influential Factors on Resilience of Middle School Students: Comparison of Inter- and Intra-individual Differences." Korean Journal of School Psychology 11, no. 1 (April 2014): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.16983/kjsp.2014.11.1.165.

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Schiro, Jessica, Pierre Loslever, François Gabrielli, and Philippe Pudlo. "Inter and intra-individual differences in steering wheel hand positions during a simulated driving task." Ergonomics 58, no. 3 (November 18, 2014): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.978899.

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25

Geake, John, and Gabriel Landini. "Individual Differeneces in the Perception of Fractal Curves." Fractals 05, no. 01 (March 1997): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x97000139.

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This study was prompted by the application of fractal geometry to histopathology, where diagnostic reliability can be limited by intra- and inter-observer variance of fractal image classification. The study was conducted in two stages. First, some of the characteristics of individual differences in human discriminability of complex fractal contours were measured. Second, the extent to which such individual perceptual differences are related to individual differences in basic cognitive abilities to encode information was investigated. Subjects with high abilities on simultaneous synthesis were best at a task of discriminating the fractal dimension of complex contours.

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Kawano, Yui, and Mayumi Kuno-Mizumura. "Intra- and Inter-individual Movement Variability of Upper Limb Movements of Ballet Dancers." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2019.3023.

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OBJECTIVE: This study examined intra- and inter-individual variability in upper limb movements of ballet dancers when performing flapping swan-wing movements, and it assessed differences in joint angles of upper limbs between dancers of different skill levels. METHODS: 23 female ballet dancers (3 professional, 6 advanced, and 14 intermediate dancers) and 21 age-matched females without previous dance experience participated in this study. Thirty-three reflective markers were attached to each participant’s trunk and upper limbs, and the flapping upper limb motions from Swan Lake were subsequently captured with eight optical cameras. Peak values of upper limb joint angles (shoulder, elbow, and wrist joint) were obtained, and intra- and inter-individual movement variability of each joint angle were compared between groups. RESULTS: In joint angles of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, there were few differences among professional, advanced, and intermediate groups. The intra-individual movement variability in upward arm movements was significantly larger for professional and control groups than for advanced and intermediate groups, while in downward arm movement, variability became significantly smaller as technical level increased. Moreover, inter-individual movement variability was larger in the upward arm movement as technical level increased, and smaller in the downward arm movement for the professional group. The results suggested that the upward arm movements reflect dancers’ individual expression, while the downward arm movements reflect their technical competence at this swan-like movement. CONCLUSION: The complicated swan-like movements performed by skilled dancers in this study indicate that they execute expressive and technical components in sequence.

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Iseri, M., E. Ustundag, and Ö. Aydın. "A rare anatomical variation of the spinal accessory nerve." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 121, no. 3 (November 2, 2006): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510600418x.

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Considerable inter- and intra-individual anatomical differences can be observed during neck dissections. In this case report, we describe an unusual relationship of the accessory nerve to the internal jugular vein.

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Braem, Senne, Berre Deltomme, and Baptist Liefooghe. "The instruction-based congruency effect predicts task execution efficiency: Evidence from inter- and intra-individual differences." Memory & Cognition 47, no. 8 (June 18, 2019): 1582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-019-00951-3.

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Harris, Julie Aitken, Ricarda Steinmayr, and Manfred Amelang. "Inter- and intra-individual differences in personality in two German samples of high and low intelligence." Personality and Individual Differences 40, no. 3 (February 2006): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.018.

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Pelders, Marinus G., and Johannes J. W. Ros. "Poppy Seeds: Differences in Morphine and Codeine Content and Variation in Inter- and Intra-Individual Excretion." Journal of Forensic Sciences 41, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 15415J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs15415j.

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Özyurt, Jale, and Mark W. Greenlee. "Neural correlates of inter- and intra-individual saccadic reaction time differences in the gap/overlap paradigm." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 5 (May 2011): 2438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00660.2009.

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To examine the neural correlates of contextually differing control mechanisms in saccade initiation, we studied 18 subjects who performed two saccade paradigms in a pseudo-random order, while their eye movements were recorded in the MRI scanner (1.5 T). In the gap task the fixation point was extinguished 200 ms before target onset, and in the overlap task the fixation point vanished 500 ms after target onset. Subjects were asked to maintain stable fixation in the fixation period and to quickly saccade to peripherally presented targets. Inter-individual activation differences were assessed using regression analyses at the second level, with mean saccadic reaction time (SRT) of subjects as a covariate. To identify brain regions varying with trial-by-trial changes in SRTs, we included SRTs as a parametric modulation regressor in the general linear model. All analyses were regions of interest based and were performed separately for the gap and overlap conditions. For the gap paradigm, we did not obtain activation in regions previously shown to be involved in preparatory processes with much longer gap periods. Interestingly, both inter- and intra-individual variability analyses revealed a positive correlation of activation in frontal and parietal eye-movement regions with SRTs, indicating that slower saccade performance is possibly associated with higher cortical control. For the overlap paradigm, the trial-by-trial variability analysis revealed a positive correlation of activation in the right opercular inferior frontal gyrus with SRTs, possibly linked to fixation-related processes that have to be overcome to perform a speeded saccade in presence of a fixation point.

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32

Houdé, Olivier. "Beyond IQ comparisons: intra-individual training differences." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, no. 5 (May 2010): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2793-c1.

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Dedert, Eric A., Terrell A. Hicks, Paul A. Dennis, Patrick S. Calhoun, and Jean C. Beckham. "Roles of inter-individual differences and intra-individual acute elevations in early smoking lapse in people with posttraumatic stress disorder." Addictive Behaviors 60 (September 2016): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.007.

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KONDA, Hiroaki, and Kazuaki SHIMIZU. "Modeling for Intra-individual Variability and Inter-individual Difference by Multi-parson Simultaneous Dynamic Factor Analysis." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 76 (September 11, 2012): 1EVA16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.76.0_1eva16.

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Merriman, Kimberly K., Atthaphon Mumi, and Lauren A. Turner. "Extending Evidence for Inter-Individual Differences in Social Comparison Orientation to Pay Fairness Evaluations." Psychological Reports 123, no. 4 (May 19, 2019): 1335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294119849018.

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This research extends the limited support for social comparison tendencies as an individual difference variable and a key moderator of pay fairness perceptions. Through three studies comprised of five data collections, the following adapts a measure of social comparison orientation to pay contexts and examines its association with heightened perceptions of distributive fairness in hypothetical and actual scenarios of pay equity, over-reward, and under-reward. In keeping with Gibbons and Buunk’s construal, our targeted operationalization of social comparison orientation demonstrated inter-individual variation and intra-individual stability, providing corroboration of distinct individual predispositions towards social comparison. Our experimental findings further support this point in that socially relative pay information had a stronger impact on pay fairness evaluations among individuals predisposed to socially compare and a relatively weak impact on those that were not. This investigation is complementary but distinct from the prevalent focus on situational factors as drivers of social comparison. Further, examining this point in the context of pay is timely based on the recent level of public and managerial attention given to the fairness of relative pay differences.

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36

Kulyk, Volodymyr. "The age factor in language practices and attitudes: continuity and change in Ukraine's bilingualism." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 2 (March 2015): 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.971725.

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This article analyzes inter-cohort differences and intra-cohort changes in language proficiencies, use patterns and attitudes in a society undergoing a radical political and cultural transformation. My analysis focuses on Ukraine, a country with an asymmetrical bilingualism where the new independent state mildly promotes the titular language but the formerly dominant Russian maintains an active presence in most social domains and individual repertoires. While confirming earlier findings on the small scale of age differences, this study detects the end of the inter-cohort shift toward Russian. Another important finding is that the apparent continuity with a slow drift toward the titular language in Ukraine as a whole conceals two radically different developments in the two geographical “halves” of the country. The study demonstrates an advantage of combining a synchronic analysis of inter-cohort differences with a diachronic analysis of intra-cohort changes.

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Renner, Matt A. M., Elizabeth A. Brown, and Glenda M. Wardle. "Averaging v. outlier removal. Decrypting variance among cryptic Lejeunea species (Lejeuneaceae: Jungermanniopsida) using geometric morphometrics." Australian Systematic Botany 26, no. 1 (2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12016.

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Molecular data have revealed many morphologically cryptic species. More surprising than lack of difference, however, is that morphological variation and complex patterns of overlapping features can mask cryptic species. We employ geometric morphometric methods (GMM) to explore patterns of variation within four liverwort species, three of which were previously attributed to Lejeunea tumida Mitt. Each species exhibited considerable variation within, and overlap among, species in size and shape, independent of degree of relatedness. Most variation was expressed within individuals, suggesting that the observed breadth of variation was within the developmental capacity of single genotypes. Size and shape variation within, and consequently overlap among, individuals resulted primarily from variance in growth of shoots. Inter-specific differences were swamped by intra- and inter-individual variation. We coupled GMM with multivariate methods for outlier removal, and simple averaging of individuals to explore whether intra-individual variation could be reconciled to maximise the inter-species difference, facilitating resolution of cryptic species despite extensive morphological continuity and overlap. Unfortunately, outlier removal did not achieve separation among species, because removing extremes failed to eliminate overlap resulting from within-species variation. Individual averaging was partially successful in extracting L. tumida as a discrete entity but did not segregate the remaining three species. Although the challenges for morphology-based identification of cryptic species are significant, GMM provide one of the best sets of methods for identifying and communicating any subtle morphological differences that may exist.

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Becker, Aline, Blake Sells, S. Haque, and Arnab Chakravarti. "Tumor Heterogeneity in Glioblastomas: From Light Microscopy to Molecular Pathology." Cancers 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040761.

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One of the main reasons for the aggressive behavior of glioblastoma (GBM) is its intrinsic intra-tumor heterogeneity, characterized by the presence of clonal and subclonal differentiated tumor cell populations, glioma stem cells, and components of the tumor microenvironment, which affect multiple hallmark cellular functions in cancer. “Tumor Heterogeneity” usually encompasses both inter-tumor heterogeneity (population-level differences); and intra-tumor heterogeneity (differences within individual tumors). Tumor heterogeneity may be assessed in a single time point (spatial heterogeneity) or along the clinical evolution of GBM (longitudinal heterogeneity). Molecular methods may detect clonal and subclonal alterations to describe tumor evolution, even when samples from multiple areas are collected in the same time point (spatial-temporal heterogeneity). In GBM, although the inter-tumor mutational landscape is relatively homogeneous, intra-tumor heterogeneity is a striking feature of this tumor. In this review, we will address briefly the inter-tumor heterogeneity of the CNS tumors that yielded the current glioma classification. Next, we will take a deeper dive in the intra-tumor heterogeneity of GBMs, which directly affects prognosis and response to treatment. Our approach aims to follow technological developments, allowing for characterization of intra-tumor heterogeneity, beginning with differences on histomorphology of GBM and ending with molecular alterations observed at single-cell level.

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Kim, Sunmin. "RETHINKING MODELS OF MINORITY POLITICAL PARTICIPATION." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 489–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x19000201.

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AbstractPolitical science research has repeatedly identified a strong correlation between high socio-economic status and political participation, but this finding has not been as robust for racial and ethnic minorities. As a response, the literature on minority political participation has produced a series of different models for different groups by adding group-specific variables to the standard SES model. In assigning a single model per group, however, the literature tends to overlook intra-group differences as well as inter-group commonalities, thereby effectively reifying the concept of race and ethnicity. Using survey data from Los Angeles, this article develops a different approach aimed at detecting intra-group differences as well as inter-group commonalities through a recognition of political “styles.” First, using latent class analysis (LCA), I identify a set of recurring configurations of individual dispositions (education, political knowledge…) and political acts (voting, protest…) that define different political styles. Then I examine the distribution of these political styles across racial and ethnic groups. The results reveal three novel findings that were invisible in the previous studies: 1) all groups feature a considerable degree of intra-group difference in political styles; 2) each group retains other political styles that cannot be captured by a single model; and 3) there are commonalities of political styles that cut across racial and ethnic boundaries. Overall, this article presents a model for quantitative analysis of race and ethnicity that simultaneously captures intra-group differences and inter-group commonalities.

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Neelam, Chauhan, and Padh Harish. "Variants of NAT2 polymorphisms: Intra and inter-ethnic differences." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 51 (December 17, 2014): 4639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.13226.

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Goltz, D., C. Gundlach, T. Nierhaus, A. Villringer, and M. Müller. "P 186. Inter-and intra-individual differences in the attentional modulation of the somatosensory steady state signal." Clinical Neurophysiology 124, no. 10 (October 2013): e152-e153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.263.

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Zhang, Shiyu, Laura Baams, Daphne van de Bongardt, and Judith Semon Dubas. "Intra- and Inter-Individual Differences in Adolescent Depressive Mood: the Role of Relationships with Parents and Friends." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 46, no. 4 (June 14, 2017): 811–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0321-6.

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Ingvar, Martin, Lars Eriksson, Torgny Greitz, Sharon Stone-Elander, Magnus Dahlbom, Goran Rosenqvist, Peter af Trampe, and Curt von Euler. "Methodological Aspects of Brain Activation Studies: Cerebral Blood Flow Determined with [15O]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 14, no. 4 (July 1994): 628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.78.

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In this methodological study, a procedure for measuring regional CBF (rCBF) with positron emission tomography and 15O-labelled tracers is optimized. Four healthy volunteers were subjected to eight studies with use of [15O]butanol as a tracer: four times while reading aloud and four times while reading silently from a phonologically balanced list of single words. The gain from these repeated intra-individual studies of the same activation state (fractionation) was demonstrated in terms of noise-equivalent counts in a phantom study. A computerized brain atlas was used to reformat the images to a common anatomical representation, thereby minimizing the effects of inter- and intra-individual anatomical and positional variations. This allowed the formation of inter- and intra-individual average subtraction images with error estimates. Differences between the two activation states were detected with use of an exploratory significance map based on a paired Student's t test. The results compared well with Friston's method of determining levels of statistical significance. No difference was obtained when comparing results from rCBF images and images generated from measurement of uptake of the tracer. The paradigm chosen for activation was shown to yield a constant activation level during the repeated measurements (i.e., no habituation).

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Strickland, Erin C., Jennifer L. Thomas, Erin W. Lloyd, Michael A. Smith, Marc A. LeBeau, Madeline A. Montgomery, Roman P. Karas, Eugene M. Peters, and Mark L. Miller. "Endogenous GHB in Segmented Hair Part II: Intra-individual Variation for Exogenous Discrimination." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 7 (August 5, 2020): 637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa086.

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Abstract The endogenous presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) complicates the interpretation of results in cases where an exogenous dosing is suspected. Due to GHB’s rapid metabolism and clearance following exogenous doses, hair has become a preferential matrix for confirmation of GHB exposure in drug-facilitated crimes. However, unlike blood and urine where an agreed-upon cut-off concentration for differentiation between endogenous and exogenous GHB has been made, there has been no consensus on a cut-off concentration for hair. This is due in part to the wide inter- and intra-individual variation that has been observed in endogenous GHB hair studies. A large (>50) population study of 214 donors was conducted to better understand these variations and to evaluate whether a cut-off concentration could be established for endogenous GHB in human hair. As seen in our previous study, the inter-individual variation was large, with concentrations ranging from <0.40 to 5.47 ng/mg. This range made an absolute cut-off concentration recommendation inappropriate, so an alternative approach for GHB discrimination was investigated utilizing the intra-individual variation. Male donors appeared to have greater intra-individual variation than female donors, yet it was noted that segment-to-segment variation along the length of hair had minimal change between individual donor’s adjacent segments. Overall, 97.1% of the adjacent segment differences were within ±0.5 ng/mg. Therefore, instead of a recommended cut-off concentration, it appears that using adjacent segment concentration differences could be a strategy to assist in differentiating endogenous from single exogenous GHB exposure. In the absence of controlled dosing data, previously published segmented results from controlled and suspected dosing donors are examined using the adjacent segmental difference approach and the results compared to currently used ratio-based calculations.

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Schlatter, Erika, Ard W. Lazonder, Inge Molenaar, and Noortje Janssen. "Individual Differences in Children’s Scientific Reasoning." Education Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090471.

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Scientific reasoning is an important skill that encompasses hypothesizing, experimenting, inferencing, evaluating data and drawing conclusions. Previous research found consistent inter- and intra-individual differences in children’s ability to perform these component skills, which are still largely unaccounted for. This study examined these differences and the role of three predictors: reading comprehension, numerical ability and problem-solving skills. A sample of 160 upper-primary schoolchildren completed a practical scientific reasoning task that gauged their command of the five component skills and did not require them to read. In addition, children took standardized tests of reading comprehension and numerical ability and completed the Tower of Hanoi task to measure their problem-solving skills. As expected, children differed substantially from one another. Generally, scores were highest for experimenting, lowest for evaluating data and drawing conclusions and intermediate for hypothesizing and inferencing. Reading comprehension was the only predictor that explained individual variation in scientific reasoning as a whole and in all component skills except hypothesizing. These results suggest that researchers and science teachers should take differences between children and across component skills into account. Moreover, even though reading comprehension is considered a robust predictor of scientific reasoning, it does not account for the variation in all component skills.

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Laforest-Lapointe, Isabelle, Christian Messier, and Steven W. Kembel. "Tree phyllosphere bacterial communities: exploring the magnitude of intra- and inter-individual variation among host species." PeerJ 4 (August 24, 2016): e2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2367.

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BackgroundThe diversity and composition of the microbial community of tree leaves (the phyllosphere) varies among trees and host species and along spatial, temporal, and environmental gradients. Phyllosphere community variation within the canopy of an individual tree exists but the importance of this variation relative to among-tree and among-species variation is poorly understood. Sampling techniques employed for phyllosphere studies include picking leaves from one canopy location to mixing randomly selected leaves from throughout the canopy. In this context, our goal was to characterize the relative importance of intra-individual variation in phyllosphere communities across multiple species, and compare this variation to inter-individual and interspecific variation of phyllosphere epiphytic bacterial communities in a natural temperate forest in Quebec, Canada.MethodsWe targeted five dominant temperate forest tree species including angiosperms and gymnosperms:Acer saccharum,Acer rubrum,Betula papyrifera,Abies balsameaandPicea glauca. For one randomly selected tree of each species, we sampled microbial communities at six distinct canopy locations: bottom-canopy (1–2 m height), the four cardinal points of mid-canopy (2–4 m height), and the top-canopy (4–6 m height). We also collected bottom-canopy leaves from five additional trees from each species.ResultsBased on an analysis of bacterial community structure measured via Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16S gene, we demonstrate that 65% of the intra-individual variation in leaf bacterial community structure could be attributed to the effect of inter-individual and inter-specific differences while the effect of canopy location was not significant. In comparison, host species identity explains 47% of inter-individual and inter-specific variation in leaf bacterial community structure followed by individual identity (32%) and canopy location (6%).DiscussionOur results suggest that individual samples from consistent positions within the tree canopy from multiple individuals per species can be used to accurately quantify variation in phyllosphere bacterial community structure. However, the considerable amount of intra-individual variation within a tree canopy ask for a better understanding of how changes in leaf characteristics and local abiotic conditions drive spatial variation in the phyllosphere microbiome.

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Ishchukova, Natalia, and Luboš Smutka. "The Formation of Russian Agrarian Trade Structure: Inter-industry vs. Intra-industry Trade Activities." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 6 (2014): 1293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061293.

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The paper is focused on specialization of Russia’s foreign trade in agrarian products and foodstuffs in terms of inter-industry and intra-industry trade. The main objective of this study is to analyse the extent of intra-industry trade in Russia’s foreign trade in agricultural products and to identify significant changes in trade patterns at the industry level over the transformation period (1996–2012).The results coming from individual conducted analyses provide a systematic decomposition of Russia’s foreign trade into three trade types: inter-industry, intra-industry in horizontally and vertically differentiated products. Inter-industry type of trade dominates in Russian foreign trade in agricultural and food products and accounts for about a third of total trade flows. The analysis revealed significant differences in the intensity of intra-industry trade, depending on geographic region. The lowest level of intra-industry trade is observed in relation to Africa and South America, the highest - in relation to CIS countries. There were also found some trends, including the expanding intra-industry trade in relation to the CIS countries, as well as a decrease in relation to Asian and EU countries.

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Kallioniemi, Eveliina, Audrey Zannese, Julia E. Tinker, and Aldina M. A. Franco. "Inter- and intra-specific differences in butterfly behaviour at boundaries." Insect Conservation and Diversity 7, no. 3 (June 21, 2013): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12046.

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Epple, Dorothea Marie. "Inter and Intra Professional Social Work Differences: Social Works Challenge." Clinical Social Work Journal 35, no. 4 (July 26, 2007): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0098-0.

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Hanneman, Sandra K., Caroline D. Cox, Kortney E. Green, and Duck-Hee Kang. "Estimating Intra- and Inter-Assay Variability in Salivary Cortisol." Biological Research For Nursing 13, no. 3 (April 15, 2011): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800411404061.

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Investigators commonly assess intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) to estimate the precision of salivary cortisol enzyme immunoassay (EIA). However, little guidance is available as to which samples to use for CV assessment. The purposes of this methodological study were to compare differences in intra- and inter-assay CVs (a) among controls, standards, and/or unknown samples; and (b) between fresh and previously frozen saliva. A total of 174 duplicates (controls = 58, standards = 48, and unknowns = 68) were tested. The unknowns were from 34 students; all student saliva was assayed as both fresh and frozen samples. All samples were assayed in duplicate, using a commercial salivary cortisol EIA kit, by the same technician with the same equipment. A priori criteria for intra- and inter-assay CV, respectively, were ≤ 4% and ≤ 7%, and a was .05 for CV differences. Mean intra-assay CVs for controls, standards, unknowns, and combined samples were ≤ 2.5%, and mean inter-assay CVs were ≤ 2.8%. Mean intra-assay CVs were 2.2% for fresh saliva and 1.5% for frozen samples. Comparisons showed no significant differences in intra- or inter-assay CV among controls, standards, and/or unknown samples. Inter-assay CV was significantly different between fresh and previously frozen saliva (p = .043), with fresh saliva CV higher than frozen; the difference was not meaningful because all evaluations showed minimal measurement error. In conclusion, results indicate that estimation of precision can be achieved by testing of controls, standards, or unknowns and with either fresh or frozen saliva in this population.

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