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Journal articles on the topic 'Intra Cluster Medium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Domainko, Wilfried, Wolfgang Kapferer, Sabine Schindler, Eelco van Kampen, Stefan Kimeswenger, and Maximilian Ruffert. "The Chemical Evolution of the Intra-Cluster Medium." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 217 (2004): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900198195.

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We present numerical simulations of the dynamical and chemical evolution of galaxy clusters. from X-ray spectra it is evident that the Intra-Cluster Medium (ICM) is abundant in metals. As heavy elements are only produced in stars the processed material must have been ejected by cluster galaxies into the ICM. Several different mechanisms for interaction between the cluster galaxies and the ICM are possible but their efficiency of metal enrichment of the cluster and their time evolution are still not known. Suggested processes which remove enriched material from the galaxies are ram-pressure str

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2

Bonafede, Annalisa, Chiara Stuardi, Federica Savini, Franco Vazza, and Marcus Brüggen. "Constraining magnetic fields in galaxy clusters." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, A30 (2018): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319004459.

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AbstractMagnetic fields originate small-scale instabilities in the plasma of the intra-cluster medium, and may have a key role to understand particle acceleration mechanisms. Recent observations at low radio frequencies have revealed that synchrotron emission from galaxy clusters is more various and complicated than previously thought, and new types of radio sources have been observed. In the last decade, big steps forward have been done to constrain the magnetic field properties in clusters thanks to a combined approach of polarisation observations and numerical simulations that aim to reprod

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3

Schindler, S. "Metal Enrichment in the Intra-Cluster Medium." EAS Publications Series 24 (2007): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas:2007019.

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4

Moretti, A., L. Portinari, and C. Chiosi. "Chemical evolution of the intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 408, no. 2 (2003): 431–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031012.

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5

Kotecha, Sachin, Charlotte Welker, Zihan Zhou, et al. "Cosmic filaments delay quenching inside clusters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512, no. 1 (2022): 926–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac300.

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ABSTRACT We investigate how large-scale cosmic filaments impact the quenching of galaxies within one virial radius of 324 simulated clusters from The Three Hundred project. We track cosmic filaments with the versatile, observation-friendly program DisPerSE and identify haloes hosting galaxies with VELOCIRaptor. We find that cluster galaxies close to filaments tend to be more star forming, bluer, and contain more cold gas than their counterparts further away from filaments. This effect is recovered at all stellar masses. This is in stark contrast with galaxies residing outside of clusters, wher

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6

Bignamini, A., P. Tozzi, S. Borgani, S. Ettori, and P. Rosati. "Intra cluster medium properties and AGN distribution in high-zRCS clusters." Astronomy & Astrophysics 489, no. 3 (2008): 967–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809437.

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7

Cucchetti, E., N. Clerc, E. Pointecouteau, P. Peille, and F. Pajot. "Towards mapping turbulence in the intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 629 (September 2019): A144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935677.

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X-ray observations of the hot gas filling the intra-cluster medium (ICM) provide a wealth of information on the dynamics of clusters of galaxies. The global equilibrium of the ICM is believed to be ensured by non-thermal and thermal pressure support sources, among which gas movements and the dissipation of energy through turbulent motions. Accurate mapping of turbulence using X-ray emission lines is challenging due to the lack of spatially resolved spectroscopy. Only future instruments such as the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) on Athena will have the spatial and spectral resolution to quan

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Schindler, S., W. Kapferer, W. Domainko, et al. "Metal enrichment processes in the intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 435, no. 2 (2005): L25—L28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200500107.

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9

Puchwein, E., and M. Bartelmann. "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 455, no. 3 (2006): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20054717.

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10

Clerc, Nicolas, Edoardo Cucchetti, Etienne Pointecouteau, and Philippe Peille. "Towards mapping turbulence in the intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 629 (September 2019): A143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935676.

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Context. X-ray observations of galaxy clusters provide insights into the nature of gaseous turbulent motions, their physical scales, and the fundamental processes to which they are related. Spatially-resolved, high-resolution spectral measurements of X-ray emission lines provide diagnostics on the nature of turbulent motions in emitting atmospheres. Since they are acting on scales comparable to the size of the objects, the uncertainty on these physical parameters is limited by the number of observational measurements, through sample variance. Aims. We propose a different and complementary appr

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11

Werner, N., F. Durret, T. Ohashi, S. Schindler, and R. P. C. Wiersma. "Observations of Metals in the Intra-Cluster Medium." Space Science Reviews 134, no. 1-4 (2008): 337–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9320-9.

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12

Bourdin, H., and P. Mazzotta. "Temperature structure of the intra-cluster medium within relaxed clusters of galaxies." EAS Publications Series 20 (2006): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas:2006083.

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13

Akter, M. S., A. Biswas, S. S. Siddique, S. Hossain, and N. A. Ivy. "Estimation of Genetic Diversity in Onion (Allium cepa L.)." Agriculturists 13, no. 1 (2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v13i1.26545.

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The experiment was conducted at the field laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during November 2008 to March 2009 to estimate the genetic diversity of exotic and local onion. Ten genotypes of onion were evaluated for 16 characters in a randomized complete block design to study the genetic divergence through multivariate analysis. Ten genotypes formed three clusters. Cluster III contained maximum number of five genotypes. Cluster I and II contained three and two genotypes, respectively. The inter cluster

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14

Zaman, MA, and MA Islam. "Genetic Diversity In Exotic Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 2 (2013): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i2.15894.

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An experiment in alpha lattice design with three replication including 39 exotic maize hybrids was conducted at the Research farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Ishuardi, Pabna during Rabi season 2010-11 for analysis the genetic divergence in exotic maize hybrids. The genotypes were grouped in to seven clusters. Cluster VI comprised the maximum genotypes (13) indicating overall genetic similarity among them. The minimum genotype (1) was contained in the cluster III and V. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster V and III followed by cluster I and III a

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15

Elbaz, D., and L. Vigroux. "Time Scales for Galaxy Formation and Intra-Cluster Medium Enrichment." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 171 (1996): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900232890.

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Recent observations with ASCA (Mushotzky 94, New Horizon of X-Ray Astron.-1st Results from ASCA) have confirmed the prediction (Arnaud et al. 92, A&A 254, 49; Elbaz et al. 95, to appear in A&A) that the Fe present in the intra-cluster medium (ICM) is mainly due to SNII and not SNIa: α-elements (O, Ne, Si, S) are overabundant with respect to Fe. To account for the large Fe mass present in galaxy clusters as well as these abundances ratios, one must consider that the IMF was different in the past, favouring high-mass stars. Moreover, the simplest way to eject the enriched ISM into the IC

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16

P. Bassino, Lilia, Sergio A. Cellone, and Juan C. Forte. "A Search for Globular Clusters in the Surroundings of Dwarf Galaxies in Fornax: Intracluster Globulars?" Symposium - International Astronomical Union 207 (2002): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900224030.

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We present the results of a search for globular clusters in the surroundings of 15 low surface brightness dwarf galaxies in the Fornax cluster, on CCD images in the C and T1 bands. Globular cluster candidates show a clear bimodal color distribution. Their surface density distribution shows no concentration towards the respective dwarf galaxies but it does show concentration towards the center of the Fornax cluster. We suggest that the potential globular clusters might not be bound to the dwarf galaxies, but might instead belong to the intra-cluster medium.

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17

Tozzi, P., S. Ettori, P. Rosati, and S. Borgani. "Properties of the intra cluster medium at high redshift." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 132 (June 2004): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.04.006.

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18

Neumann, D. M. "Tracing the X-ray emitting intra-cluster medium of clusters of galaxies beyondR200." EAS Publications Series 20 (2006): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas:2006067.

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19

Combes, Françoise. "Efficiency of Stripping Mechanisms." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 217 (2004): 440–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090019816x.

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There are several physical processes to remove gas from galaxies in clusters, with subsequent starvation and star formation quenching: tidal interactions between galaxies, or tidal stripping from the cluster potential itself, interactions with the hot intra-cluster medium (ICM) through ram pressure, turbulent or viscous stripping, or also outflows from star formation of nuclear activity, We review the observational evidence for all processes, and numerical simulations of galaxies in clusters which support the respective mechanisms. This allows to compare their relative efficiencies, all along

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20

Nulsen, Paul E. J., Brian R. McNamara, Laurence P. David, and Michael W. Wise. "X-ray Cavities and Cooling Flows." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015859.

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AbstractRecent data have radically altered the X-ray perspective on cooling flow clusters. X-ray spectra show that very little of the hot intra-cluster medium is cooler than about 1 keV, despite having short cooling times. In an increasing number of cooling flow clusters, the lobes of a central radio source are found to have created cavities in the hot gas. Generally, the cavities are not overpressured relative to the intra-cluster gas, but act as buoyant bubbles of radio emitting plasma that drive circulation as they rise, mixing and heating the intra-cluster gas. All this points to the radio

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21

Wu, Kinwah, Melanie Johnston-Hollitt, and Richard Hunstead. "Radio Halo and Relic Sources in Galaxy Clusters." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015860.

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AbstractWe review briefly the general properties of halo and relic sources in galaxy clusters. We also present a polarized radiative transfer algorithm which is useful for calculations of polarized radio emission from halos, relics and active galaxies in a magnetized intra-cluster medium.

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22

Azam, M. G. Azam, U. K. Sarker Sarker, M. A. K. Mian Mian, B. R. Banik Banik, and M. Z. A. Talukder. "GENETIC DIVERGENCE ON QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS OF EXOTIC MAIZE INBREDS (Zea mays L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 26, no. 2 (2015): 09–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v26i2.23844.

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Forty nine CIMMYT, India Maize inbred lines were characterized based on some morphological traits and grain yield. Genetic divergences of inbred lines of maize were estimated using D2 and principal component analysis. The genotypes under study fell into five clusters. The inter cluster distance were higher than intra cluster distance suggesting wider genetic diversity among the genotypes of different groups. The maximum intra cluster value was observed in cluster IV and minimum in cluster V. The inter cluster D2 values revealed that the maximum distance among the cluster. The highest inter clu

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23

Domainko, Wilfried, Wolfgang Kapferer, Sabine Schindler, et al. "Metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium: ram-pressure stripping of cluster galaxies." Advances in Space Research 36, no. 4 (2005): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.061.

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24

Portinari, L., J. Sommer-Larsen, and A. D. Romeo. "Cluster Formation with Chemical and Energy Feedback." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 217 (2004): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900197864.

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We present fully cosmological, hydrodynamical simulations of clusters of galaxies, including star formation, supernova feedback, chemical enrichment and metal-dependent cooling. We investigate the relation between feedback, metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) and the distribution of baryons in the various phases (cold gas+stars and hot ICM) at varying Initial Mass Function and wind efficiency.

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25

Elbaz, D. "Infrared Observations of Galaxy Clusters." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 1128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019754.

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The evolution of galaxy clusters from their formation due to the merging of sub structures, the bulk of star formation and subsequent chemical enrichment of the intra-cluster medium, is expected to be quite recent (z<l-2) in the hierarchical clustering scenario (White & Frenk 1991).

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26

Leccardi, A., M. Rossetti, and S. Molendi. "Thermo-dynamic and chemical properties of the intra-cluster medium." Astronomy and Astrophysics 510 (February 2010): A82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913094.

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27

Mernier, F., J. de Plaa, C. Pinto, et al. "Origin of central abundances in the hot intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 592 (August 2016): A157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527824.

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28

Gilkis, Avishai, and Noam Soker. "Heating the intra-cluster medium perpendicular to the jets axis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 427, no. 2 (2012): 1482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22085.x.

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29

Mernier, F., J. de Plaa, C. Pinto, et al. "Origin of central abundances in the hot intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 595 (November 2016): A126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628765.

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30

Ulmer, M. P., R. G. Cruddace, E. Fenimore, W. A. Snyder, and G. Fritz. "Elemental Abundances and Temperature Distributions in the Intra-cluster Medium of the Perseus Cluster." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 124 (1987): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900159492.

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Temperatures and iron abundances in two distinct regions of the Perseus Cluster, based on X-ray observations made with SPARTAN 1, are reported. Iron abundance values relative to solar are and , and the temperatures are and for the regions 0′ to 5′ and 6′ to 20′ from the cluster center, respectively. The uncertainties are 90% confidence.

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31

Dupourqué, S., N. Clerc, E. Pointecouteau, et al. "CHEX-MATE: Turbulence in the intra-cluster medium from X-ray surface brightness fluctuations." Astronomy & Astrophysics 687 (June 27, 2024): A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348701.

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The intra-cluster medium is prone to turbulent motion that will contribute to the non-thermal heating of the gas, complicating the use of galaxy clusters as cosmological probes. Indirect approaches can estimate the intensity and structure of turbulent motions by studying the associated fluctuations in gas density and X-ray surface brightness. In this work, we aim to constrain the gas density fluctuations occurring in the CHEX-MATE sample to obtain a detailed view of their properties in a large population of clusters. To do so, we use a simulation-based approach to constrain the parameters of t

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32

Rossich Molina, Estefania, and Tamar Stein. "The Effect of Cluster Size on the Intra-Cluster Ionic Polymerization Process." Molecules 26, no. 16 (2021): 4782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164782.

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Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in the interstellar medium (ISM). The abundance and relevance of PAHs call for a clear understanding of their formation mechanisms, which, to date, have not been completely deciphered. Of particular interest is the formation of benzene, the basic building block of PAHs. It has been shown that the ionization of neutral clusters can lead to an intra-cluster ionic polymerization process that results in molecular growth. Ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) studies in clusters consisting of 3–6 units of acetylene modeling ionization events under ISM c

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33

Neumann, D. M. "Tracing the X-ray emitting intra-cluster medium of clusters of galaxies beyondr$\mathsf{_{200}}$." Astronomy & Astrophysics 439, no. 2 (2005): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053015.

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34

Pipino, Antonio, Francesca Matteucci, Stefano Borgani, and Andrea Biviano. "SNe heating and the chemical evolution of the intra-cluster medium." New Astronomy 7, no. 5 (2002): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1384-1076(02)00136-7.

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35

Hattori, M. "A Metal Enriched Dark Cluster of Galaxies at Z = 1." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 187 (2002): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900113841.

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Looking for and studying very distant galaxy clusters, clusters at z > 1, are one of the prime subjects of the modern observational cosmology. If the metallicity of the hot intra-cluster medium in very distant galaxy clusters is measured for example, it provides fruitful informations for us to understand the formation and evolution of galaxies. However, difficulty of the study is that there is few confirmed very distant galaxy clusters yet. We first have to search for very distant clusters but it requires very deep observations. A random selection of sky is not practical. We have to select

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36

Hirashita, H., S. Mineshige, K. Shibata, and R. Matsumoto. "The Supply of Magnetic Fields from a cD Galaxy to Intra-Cluster Space." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 188 (1998): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090011527x.

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Intra-cluster spaces are filled with intra-cluster medium (ICM), whose typical temperature and density are TICM ~ 107.5 K and nICM ~ 10−3 cm−3, respectively (e.g., Sarazin 1988). Recent Faraday rotation measurements have revealed the existence of magnetic fields in ICM with few − 10 μG (e.g., Ge & Owen 1993). In ICM, the plasma β (the ratio of gas pressure to magnetic pressure) is almost “equipartition” value as follows:

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37

Kirk, J. G., P. Duffy, and R. O. Dendy. "Electron Transport in the Coma Cluster." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 175 (1996): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900081018.

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The inner regions of the Coma cluster of galaxies contain a source of diffuse synchrotron emission (‘Coma C’) which has a linear dimension of at least 500 kpc. There has been interest in the question of where the relativistic electrons responsible for this emission originate, and how they are transported through the intra-cluster medium (Tribble, 1993). It is widely thought that one or more of the radio galaxies in the centre of the cluster provides a likely source for particles which then diffuse out into the halo (Giovannini et al., 1993); a process which depends critically on the structure

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Kapferer, W., T. Kronberger, W. Domainko, et al. "Metal Enrichment Processes in the ICM – Starbursts and Galactic Winds." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S235 (2006): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306006181.

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AbstractWe present an investigation of the metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) by galactic winds and merger-driven starbursts. We use combined N-body/hydrodynamic simulations with a semi-numerical galaxy formation model. The inhomogeneities in the metal distribution caused by these processes are an ideal tool to reveal the dynamical state of a galaxy cluster. We show that X-ray weighted metal maps distinguish between pre- or post-merger galaxy clusters by comparing the metallicity distribution with the galaxy-density distribution: pre-mergers have a metallicity gap between the s

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39

Leon, S., J. Perea, A. Del Olmo, et al. "Evolution of Globular Cluster Populations in Compact Galaxy Groups." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015707.

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AbstractThe redistribution of globular clusters within compact groups of galaxies is followed through N-body simulations. Particular emphasis is given to the globular clusters released in the Intra-Group Medium (IGM) and to the final configuration of the evolution.

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40

Longobardi, A., A. Boselli, S. Boissier, et al. "The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS)." Astronomy & Astrophysics 633 (January 2020): L7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937024.

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Aims. We present the first detection of diffuse dust in the intra-cluster medium of the Virgo cluster out to ∼0.4 virial radii, and study the radial variation of its properties on a radial scale of the virial radius. Methods. Analysing near-UV – i colours for a sample of ∼12 000 background galaxies with redshifts 0.02 < z < 0.8, we find significant colour reddening and relate it to variation in E(B − V) values. Results. The E(B − V) mean profile shows a dust component characterised by an average reddening E(B − V) ∼ 0.042 ± 0.004 mag within 1.5 degrees (∼0.3 rvir) from the cluster centre

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41

Clavico, S., S. De Grandi, S. Ghizzardi, et al. "Growth and disruption in the Lyra complex." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (November 22, 2019): A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936467.

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Context. Nearby clusters of galaxies, z ≲ 0.1, are cosmic structures still under formation. Understanding the thermodynamic properties of merging clusters can provide crucial information on how they grow in the local universe. Aims. A detailed study of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) properties of un-relaxed systems is essential to understand the fate of in-falling structures and, more generally, the virialization process. Methods. We analyzed a mosaic of XMM-Newton observations (240 ks) of the Lyra system (z ∼ 0.067) that shows a complex dynamical state. Results. We find the main cluster RXC J

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Balestra, I., P. Tozzi, S. Ettori, et al. "Tracing the evolution in the iron content of the intra-cluster medium." Astronomy & Astrophysics 462, no. 2 (2006): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065568.

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43

Santos-Lima, R., E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, A. Lazarian, G. Kowal, and D. Falceta-Gonçalves. "Dynamo in the Intra-Cluster Medium: Simulation of CGL-MHD Turbulent Dynamo." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S274 (2010): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311007563.

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AbstractThe standard magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) description of the plasma in the hot, magnetized gas of the intra-cluster (ICM) medium is not adequate because it is weakly collisional. In such collisionless magnetized gas, the microscopic velocity distribution of the particles is not isotropic, giving rise to kinetic effects on the dynamical scales. These kinetic effects could be important in understanding the turbulence as well as the amplification and maintenance of the magnetic fields in the ICM. It is possible to formulate fluid models for collisonless or weakly collisional gas by introduci

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44

Shang, Cien, and S. Peng Oh. "Probing gas motions in the intra-cluster medium: a mixture model approach." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 426, no. 4 (2012): 3435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21897.x.

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45

Lovisari, Lorenzo, Tatiana F. Laganá, Katharina Borm, Gerrit Schellenberger, and Thomas H. Reiprich. "METALS IN THE ICM: WITNESSES OF CLUSTER FORMATION AND EVOLUTION." Acta Polytechnica 53, A (2013): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0579.

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The baryonic composition of galaxy clusters and groups is dominated by a hot, X-ray emitting Intra-Cluster Medium (ICM). The mean metallicity of the ICM has been found to be roughly 0.3 ÷ 0.5 times the solar value, therefore a large fraction of this gas cannot be of purely primordial origin. Indeed, the distribution and amount of metals in the ICM is a direct consequence of the past history of star formation in the cluster galaxies and of the processes responsible for the injection of enriched material into the ICM. We here shortly summarize the current views on the chemical enrichment, focusi

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46

Azad, M. A. K., B. K. Biswas, N. Alam, and Sk S. Alam. "Genetic Diversity in Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines." Agriculturists 10, no. 1 (2012): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11066.

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Thirty yellow inbred lines of normal maize were evaluated for thirteen parameters at the experimental field of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University during 2010-11 to study the genetic divergence using multivariate analysis. The thirty inbreds fell into six distinct clusters. The intra-cluster distances in all the six clusters were more or less low, indicating that the genotypes within the same cluster were closely related. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster I and cluster IV and the lowest between the cluster II and III. The cluster V and cluster

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47

Enßlin, T. A. "Theoretical Implications of Diffuse Non-Thermal Emission from Clusters of Galaxies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 199 (2002): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900168731.

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A short review on theoretical implications of non-thermal emission (radio, extreme ultraviolet, high energy X-ray) from the intra-cluster medium is given. The origin of cluster radio halos and cluster radio relics is discussed within the framework of a network of processes producing a non-thermal electron population. Emphasis is given to the role of old, remnant, presently invisible relativistic plasma released by former radio galaxies.

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Mernier, F., J. de Plaa, J. S. Kaastra, et al. "Radial metal abundance profiles in the intra-cluster medium of cool-core galaxy clusters, groups, and ellipticals." Astronomy & Astrophysics 603 (July 2017): A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201630075.

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Kapferer, W., T. Kronberger, J. Weratschnig, et al. "Metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium over a Hubble time for merging and relaxed galaxy clusters." Astronomy & Astrophysics 466, no. 3 (2007): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066804.

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Rawat, Shivani, Avni Kumari, Pritam Kumar Barman, and Afaq Majid Wani. "Variability Study Analysis for Half-sib Families under Control Environmental Conditions in Neolamarckia cadamba (Kadamb)." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (2023): 3846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113564.

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Abstract:

Neolamarckia cadamba is a widespread medium-sized deciduous forest tree over most of India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Twenty-half-sib progenies of kadamb (Neolamarckia cadamba) from various regions in Bihar, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh were sown in a glasshouse in 2022 in order to assess the genetic diversity using non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. Significant variation was seen in the biomass and morphological traits of a few plus trees. Under greenhouse conditions, significant differences were seen in the growth parameters of plus tree progenies. Six clusters were formed from th

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