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Journal articles on the topic 'Intraoperative endoscopy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Carniol, Eric T., Alejandro Vázquez, Tapan D. Patel, James K. Liu, and Jean Anderson Eloy. "Utility of Intraoperative Flexible Endoscopy in Frontal Sinus Surgery." Allergy & Rhinology 8, no. 2 (2017): ar.2017.8.0205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ar.2017.8.0205.

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Background Surgical management of the frontal sinus can be challenging. Extensive frontal sinus pneumatization may form a far lateral or supraorbital recess that can be difficult to reach by conventional endoscopic surgical techniques, requiring extended approaches such as the Draf III (or endoscopic modified Lothrop) procedure. Rigid endoscopes may not allow visualization of these lateral limits to ensure full evacuation of the disease process. Methods Here we describe the utility of intraoperative flexible endoscopy in two patients with far lateral frontal sinus disease. Results In both cases, flexible endoscopy allowed confirmation of complete evacuation of pathologic material, thereby obviating more extensive surgical dissection. Conclusion In cases where visualization of the far lateral frontal sinus is inadequate with rigid endoscopes, flexible endoscopy can be used to determine the need for more extensive dissection.

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Delmotte, Jean-Stephane, Gerard Gay, Philippe Houcke, and Yvan Mensard. "Intraoperative Endoscopy." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 9, no. 1 (1999): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5157(18)30220-4.

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Wise, Sarah K., Richard J. Harvey, John C. Goddard, Patrick O. Sheahan, and Rodney J. Schlosser. "Combined Image Guidance and Intraoperative Computed Tomography in Facilitating Endoscopic Orientation within and around the Paranasal Sinuses." American Journal of Rhinology 22, no. 6 (2008): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3242.

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Background The utility of image guidance (image-guided surgery [IGS]) and intraoperative computed tomography (CT) scanning as a tool for less experienced endoscopic surgeons to aid in localization of paranasal sinus and skull base anatomic structures was evaluated. Methods Partial endoscopic dissection was performed on cadaver specimens by three fellowship trained rhinologists. Anatomic sites within and around the sinuses were tagged with radio-opaque markers. Otolaryngology residents identified tagged anatomic sites using four successive levels of technology: endoscopy alone (simulating outpatient clinic), endoscopy plus preoperative CT (simulating endoscopic sinus surgery [ESS] without IGS), endoscopy plus IGS registered to preoperative CT (simulating current ESS with IGS), and endoscopy plus IGS registered to real-time intraoperative CT. Responses were graded as follows: consensus rhinologist answer (4 points), close answer without clinically significant difference (3 points), within anatomic region but definite clinical difference (2 points), outside of anatomic region (1 point), no answer (0 points). Results Eleven residents participated. Of 20 specific anatomic sites, IGS-intraoperative CT provided the most accurate anatomic identification at 16 sites. For 8 sites, IGS-intraoperative CT had a significantly higher score than endoscopy alone (p < 0.05; eta2 = 0.29-0.67). For 6 sites, IGS-preoperative CT scan had a significantly higher score than endoscopy alone (p < 0.05; eta2 = 0.30-0.67). All participants found that IGS-intraoperative CT scan made them most comfortable in identifying anatomy. Conclusion Combined IGS and intraoperative CT scan technology may be an instructional adjunct for less experienced paranasal sinus surgeons for dissection and evaluation of unfamiliar or distorted anatomy.

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El-Meselaty, K., M. Badr-El-Dine, M. Mandour, M. Mourad, and R. Darweesh. "Endoscope Affects Decision Making in Cholesteatoma Surgery." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 129, no. 5 (2003): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59980301577-8.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative otoendoscopy as a factor that could influence surgical decisionmaking in cholesteatoma surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material of this study included 82 ears with acquired cholesteatoma that were operated on. They were divided into 4 groups according to the surgical technique chosen and the use of the endoscope. Group I included 22 ears that underwent canal wall-down (CWD) tympanomastoid surgery, group II included 20 ears that underwent CWD tympanomastoid surgery with intraoperative use of endoscopy, group III included 20 ears that underwent canal wall-up (CWU) tympanomastoid surgery, and group IV included 20 ears that underwent CWU tympanomastoid surgery with intraoperative use of endoscopy. Endoscopy was used as a complementary tool to microscopy. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 48 months. RESULTS: Intraoperative remnants of cholesteatoma matrix were detected during both CWU and CWD by the use of the rigid endoscope. However, its incidence was higher in the CWU group (50%) than in the CWD (30%) group. Most of these remnants were in the sinus tympani (37.5%). The mean duration of follow-up was 18.19 (±8.7) months. Postoperative residual cholesteatoma was much higher in the CWU group (25%) than in the CWD group (5%). All residuals were from groups of patients in whom intraoperative endoscopy was not used in the primary surgery. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the use of the endoscope gave the surgeon better control over the pathology, thus achieving better eradication. Stated differently, the use of the endoscope raised the surgeon's confidence level about total removal and thus encouraged the surgeon to keep the canal wall intact while removing cholesteatoma in hidden areas. Therefore, the use of endoscope could be considered an additional tool that may affect decision-making in cholesteatoma surgery.

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Bowden, Talmadge A. "Intraoperative gastrointestinal endoscopy." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 32, no. 6 (1986): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(86)71932-9.

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Litvack, Zachary N., Gabriel Zada, and Edward R. Laws. "Indocyanine green fluorescence endoscopy for visual differentiation of pituitary tumor from surrounding structures." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 5 (2012): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.1.jns11601.

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Object As demonstrated by histological and neuroimaging studies, pituitary adenomas have a capillary vascular density that differs significantly from that of surrounding structures. The authors hypothesized that intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence endoscopy could be used to visually differentiate tumor from surrounding tissues, including normal pituitary gland and dura. Methods After institutional review board approval, 16 patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for benign pituitary lesions were prospectively enrolled in the study. A standard endoscopic endonasal approach to the sella was completed. Each patient then underwent endoscopic examination of the sellar dura and then the exposed pituitary adenoma after ICG bolus injection (12.5–25 mg). This examination was performed using a custom endoscope with a near-infrared light source and excitation wavelength filter. Results The authors successfully recorded ICG fluorescence from sellar dura, pituitary, and surrounding structures in 12 of 16 patients enrolled. There were 3 technical failures of intraoperative ICG endoscopy, and 1 patient was excluded following discovery of a dye cross-allergy. A standard dose of 25 mg of ICG in 10 ml of aqueous solution optimized visualization of sellar region microvasculature within 45 seconds of peripheral bolus injection. Adenoma was less fluorescent than normal pituitary gland. Dural invasion by tumor was identifiable by a marked increase in fluorescence compared with native dura. The ICG endoscopic examination added 15–20 minutes of operative time under general anesthesia. There were no complications that resulted from use of ICG or the fluorescent light source. Conclusions Indocyanine green fluorescence endoscopy shows promise as an intraoperative modality to visually distinguish pituitary tumors from normal tissue and to visually identify areas of dural invasion, thereby facilitating complete tumor resection and minimizing injury to surrounding structures. These results support the continued development of fluorescence endoscopic resection techniques.

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Xu, Xinghua, Xiaolei Chen, Fangye Li, et al. "Effectiveness of endoscopic surgery for supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a comparison with craniotomy." Journal of Neurosurgery 128, no. 2 (2018): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.10.jns161589.

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OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and practicality of endoscopic surgery for treatment of supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) compared with traditional craniotomy.METHODSThe authors retrospectively analyzed 151 consecutive patients who were operated on for treatment of supratentorial HICH between January 2009 and June 2014 in the Department of Neurosurgery at Chinese PLA General Hospital. Patients were separated into an endoscopy group (82 cases) and a craniotomy group (69 cases), depending on the surgery they received. The hematoma evacuation rate was calculated using 3D Slicer software to measure the hematoma volume. Comparisons of operative time, intraoperative blood loss, Glasgow Coma Scale score 1 week after surgery, hospitalization time, and modified Rankin Scale score 6 months after surgery were also made between these groups.RESULTSThere was no statistically significant difference in preoperative data between the endoscopy group and the craniotomy group (p > 0.05). The hematoma evacuation rate was 90.5% ± 6.5% in the endoscopy group and 82.3% ± 8.6% in the craniotomy group, which was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The operative time was 1.6 ± 0.7 hours in the endoscopy group and 5.2 ± 1.8 hours in the craniotomy group (p < 0.01). The intraoperative blood loss was 91.4 ± 93.1 ml in the endoscopy group and 605.6 ± 602.3 ml in the craniotomy group (p < 0.01). The 1-week postoperative Glasgow Coma Scale score was 11.5 ± 2.9 in the endoscopy group and 8.3 ± 3.8 in the craniotomy group (p < 0.01). The hospital stay was 11.6 ± 6.9 days in the endoscopy group and 13.2 ± 7.9 days in the craniotomy group (p < 0.05). The mean modified Rankin Scale score 6 months after surgery was 3.2 ± 1.5 in the endoscopy group and 4.1 ± 1.9 in the craniotomy group (p < 0.01). Patients had better recovery in the endoscopy group than in the craniotomy group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD.CONCLUSIONSCompared with traditional craniotomy, endoscopic surgery was more effective, less invasive, and may have improved the prognoses of patients with supratentorial HICH. Endoscopic surgery is a promising method for treatment of supratentorial HICH. With the development of endoscope technology, endoscopic evacuation will become more widely used in the clinic. Prospective randomized controlled trials are needed.

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Barkhoudarian, Garni, Alicia Del Carmen Becerra Romero, and Edward R. Laws. "Evaluation of the 3-Dimensional Endoscope in Transsphenoidal Surgery." Operative Neurosurgery 73, suppl_1 (2013): ons74—ons79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31828ba962.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3-D) endoscopy is a recent addition to augment the transsphenoidal surgical approach for anterior skull-base and parasellar lesions. We describe our experience implementing this technology into regular surgical practice. OBJECTIVE: Retrospective review of clinical factors and outcomes. METHODS: All patients were analyzed who had endoscopic endonasal parasellar operations since the introduction of the 3-D endoscope to our practice. Over an 18-month period, 160 operations were performed using solely endoscopic techniques. Sixty-five of these were with the Visionsense VSII 3-D endoscope and 95 utilized 2-dimensional (2-D) high-definition (HD) Storz endoscopes. Intraoperative and postoperative findings were analyzed in a retrospective fashion. RESULTS: Comparing both groups, there was no significant difference in total or surgical operating room times comparing the 2-D HD and 3-D endoscopes (239 minutes vs 229 minutes, P = .47). Within disease-specific comparison, pituitary adenoma resection was significantly shorter utilizing the 3-D endoscope (surgical time 174 minutes vs 147 minutes, P = .03). These findings were independent of resident or fellow experience. There was no significant difference in the rate of complication, reoperation, tumor resection, or intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Subjectively, the 3-D endoscope offered increased agility with 3-D techniques such as exposing the sphenoid rostrum, drilling sphenoidal septations, and identifying bony landmarks and suprasellar structures. CONCLUSION: The 3-D endoscope is a useful alternative to the 2-D HD endoscope for transnasal anterior skull-base surgery. Preliminary results suggest it is more efficient surgically and has a shorter learning curve. As 3-D technology and resolution improve, it should serve to be an invaluable tool for neuroendoscopy.

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Jackson, Christina, Derek Kai Kong, Zachary C. Gersey, et al. "Contact endoscopy as a novel technique for intra-operative identification of normal pituitary gland and adenoma." Neurosurgical Focus: Video 6, no. 1 (2022): V17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2021.10.focvid21199.

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Intraoperative distinction of pituitary adenoma from normal gland is critical in maximizing tumor resection without compromising pituitary function. Contact endoscopy provides a noninvasive technique that allows for real-time in vivo visualization of differences in tissue vascularity. Two illustrative cases of endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) for resection of pituitary adenoma illustrate the use of contact endoscopy in identifying tumor from gland and differentiating a thin section of normal gland draped over the underlying tumor, thereby allowing for safe extracapsular tumor resection. Contact endoscopy may be used as an adjunct for intraoperative, in vivo differentiation of pituitary gland and adenoma. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.10.FOCVID21199

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Vargas, Roth A. A., Marco Moscatelli, Marcos Vaz de Lima, et al. "Clinical Consequences of Incidental Durotomy during Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression Surgery in Relation to Intraoperative Epidural Pressure Measurements." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 3 (2023): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030381.

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Background: Seizures, neurological deficits, bradycardia, and, in the worst cases, cardiac arrest may occur following incidental durotomy during routine lumbar endoscopy. Therefore, we set out to measure the intraoperative epidural pressure during lumbar endoscopic decompression surgery. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study to obtain intraoperative epidural measurements with an epidural catheter-pressure transducer assembly through the spinal endoscope on 15 patients who underwent lumbar endoscopic decompression of symptomatic lumbar herniated discs and spinal stenosis. The endoscopic interlaminar technique was employed. Results: There were six (40.0%) female and nine (60.0%) male patients aged 49.0667 ± 11.31034, ranging from 36 to 72 years, with an average follow-up of 35.15 ± 12.48 months. Three of the fifteen patients had seizures with durotomy and one of these three had intracranial air on their postoperative brain CT. Another patient developed spinal headaches and diplopia on postoperative day one when her deteriorating neurological function was investigated with a brain computed tomography (CT) scan, showing an intraventricular hemorrhage consistent with a Fisher Grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage. A CT angiogram did not show any abnormalities. Pressure recordings in the epidural space in nine patients ranged from 20 to 29 mm Hg with a mean of 24.33 mm Hg. Conclusion: Most incidental durotomies encountered during lumbar interlaminar endoscopy can be managed without formal repair and supportive care measures. The intradural spread of irrigation fluid and intraoperatively used drugs and air entrapment through an unrecognized durotomy should be suspected if patients deteriorate in the recovery room. Ascending paralysis may cause nausea, vomiting, upper and lower motor neuron symptoms, cranial nerve palsies, hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory and cardiac arrest. The recovery team should be prepared to manage these complications.

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Theodosopoulos, Philip V., Aviva Abosch, and Michael W. McDermott. "Intraoperative Fiber-Optic Endoscopy for Ventricular Catheter Insertion." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 28, no. 1 (2001): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100052562.

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ABSTRACT:Objective:Ventricular catheter placement is a common neurosurgical procedure often resulting in inaccurate intraventricular positioning. We conducted a comparison of the accuracy of endoscopic and conventional ventricular catheter placement in adults.Methods:A retrospective analysis of data was performed on 37 consecutive patients undergoing ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) insertion with endoscopy and 40 randomly selected, unmatched patients undergoing VPS insertion without endoscopy, for the treatment of hydrocephalus of varied etiology. A grading system for catheter tip position was developed consisting of five intraventricular zones, V1-V5, and three intraparenchymal zones, A, B, C. Zones V1 for the frontal approaches and V1 or V2 for the occipital approaches were the optimal catheter tip locations. Postoperative scans of each patient were used to grade the accuracy of ventricular catheter placement.Results:Seventy-six percent of all endoscopic ventricular catheters were in zone V1 and 100% were within zones V1-V3. No endoscopically inserted catheters were observed in zones V4, V5 or intraparenchymally. Thirty-eight percent of the conventionally placed catheters were in zone V1, 53% in zones V1-3 and 15% intraparenchymally. There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of catheters in optimal location versus in any other location, favoring endoscopic guidance (p<0.001).Conclusion:We conclude that endoscopic ventricular catheter placement provides improved positioning accuracy than conventional techniques.

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Dyrszka, Herbert. "Intraoperative endoscopy: beyond bowel." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 33, no. 3 (1987): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(87)71587-9.

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Mittendorf, E. A., and C. P. Brandt. "Utility of intraoperative endoscopy." Surgical Endoscopy 16, no. 4 (2002): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-001-8323-3.

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Chandra, P. Sarat, Nilesh Kurwale, Ajay Garg, Rekha Dwivedi, Shri Vidya Malviya, and Manjari Tripathi. "Endoscopy-Assisted Interhemispheric Transcallosal Hemispherotomy." Neurosurgery 76, no. 4 (2015): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000000675.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Various hemispherotomy techniques have been developed to reduce complication rates and achieve the best possible seizure control. OBJECTIVE: To present a novel and minimally invasive endoscopy-assisted approach to perform this procedure. METHODS: Endoscopy-assisted interhemispheric transcallosal hemispherotomy was performed in 5 children (April 2013-June 2014). The procedure consisted of performing a small craniotomy (4 × 3 cm) just lateral to midline using a transverse skin incision. After dural opening, the surgery was performed with the assistance of a rigid high-definition endoscope, and bayoneted self-irrigating bipolar forceps and other standard endoscopic instruments. Steps included a complete corpus callosotomy followed by the disconnection of the hemisphere at the level of the basal nuclei and thalamus. The surgeries were performed in a dedicated operating room with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and neuronavigation. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a total disconnection. RESULTS: The pathologies for which surgeries were performed included sequelae of middle a cerebral artery infarct (n = 2), Rasmussen syndrome (n = 1), and hemimegalencephaly (2). Four patients had an Engel class I and 1 patient had a class II outcome at a mean follow-up of 10.2 months (range, 3-14 months). The mean blood loss was 80 mL, and mean operating time was 220 minutes. There were no complications in this study. CONCLUSION: This study describes a pilot novel technique and the feasibility of performing a minimally invasive, endoscopy-assisted hemispherotomy.

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Schulz, Matthias, Georg Bohner, Hannah Knaus, Hannes Haberl, and Ulrich-Wilhelm Thomale. "Navigated endoscopic surgery for multiloculated hydrocephalus in children." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 5, no. 5 (2010): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.1.peds09359.

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Object Multiloculated hydrocephalus remains a challenging condition to treat in the pediatric hydrocephalic population. In a retrospective study, the authors reviewed their experience with navigated endoscopy to treat multiloculated hydrocephalus in children. Methods Between April 2004 and September 2008, navigated endoscopic procedures were performed in 16 children with multiloculated hydrocephalus (median age 8 months, mean age 16.1 ± 23.3 months). In all patients preoperative MR imaging was used for planning entry sites and trajectories of the endoscopic approach for cyst perforation and catheter positioning. Intraoperatively, a rigid endoscope was tracked by the navigation system. For all children the total number of operative procedures, navigated endoscopic procedures, implanted ventricular catheters, and drained compartments were recorded. In addition, postoperative complications and radiological follow-up data were analyzed. Results In 16 children, a total of 91 procedures were performed to treat multiloculated hydrocephalus, including 29 navigated endoscopic surgeries. Finally, 21 navigated procedures involved 1 ventricular catheter and 8 involved 2 catheters for CSF diversion via the shunt. The average number of drained compartments in a shunt was 3.6 ± 1.7 (range 2–9 compartments). In 9 patients (56%) a navigated endoscopic procedure constituted the last procedure within the follow-up period. One additional surgery was necessary in 3 patients (19%) after navigated endoscopy, and in 4 patients (25%) 2 further procedures were necessary after navigated endoscopy. Serial follow-up MR imaging demonstrated evidence of sufficient CSF diversion in all patients. Conclusions Navigated endoscopic surgery is a safe and effective treatment option for multiloculated hydrocephalus. The combination of the endoscopic approach and neuronavigation further refines preoperative planning and intraoperative orientation. The aim of treatment is to drain as many compartments as possible and as soon as possible, thereby establishing sufficient CSF drainage with few ventricular catheters in single shunt systems. Close clinical and radiological follow-up is mandatory because multiple revisions are likely.

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Sahagun, Cesar Manuel Vargas, Jorge Alejandro Ortiz De La Peña Rodríguez, Enrique Jean Silver, et al. "Experience of 10 years in routine trans operative endoscopy and calibration in fundoplication due to gastroesophageal reflux disease." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 7 (2022): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20221787.

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Background: Endoscopy and intraoperative calibration in fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), confirm an adequate technique avoiding postoperative failure. Intraoperative changes and morbidity in routine use are unknown.Methods: Retrospective study in a single center, data were taken primarily from electronic archive medical records. A total of 899 who underwent fundoplication surgery with endoscopy and/or routine intraoperative calibration due to GERD met the required criteria between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2020. The primary objective was to identify the number of calibration and intraoperative endoscopy findings. Also, the morbidity associated with its routine use was analyzed.Results: Over a 10-year study period, the most frequent calibration in the Nissen Fundoplication was 60Fr in 472 cases (61.4 %). The most used calibration in Toupet Fundoplication was 60Fr in 26 cases (21.1%). Endoscopy was performed in 786 patients (71.38%), of which; 3 patients (0.3%) required changes, secondary to fundoplication rotation in 2 patients (0.2%) and redundant gastric fundus in 1 patient (0.1%).Conclusions: Routine intraoperative calibration and endoscopy achieved excellent results in 96.8% of fundoplication’s, ensuring adequate esophageal position and corroborating an adequate intraoperative technique; decreasing the rate of failures and immediate postoperative dysphagia.

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Fellows, Emily, Joy Harris, Tania Kibble, Nicholas M. McDonald, Nabeel Azeem, and James V. Harmon. "Intraoperative Endoscopic-Guided Bowel Resection for Persistent Gastrointestinal Bleeding Caused by Angiodysplasia: A Case Report and Literature Review." Surgery Journal 09, no. 04 (2023): e112-e117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1776111.

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AbstractGastrointestinal angiodysplasia is an uncommon condition often associated with significant gastrointestinal bleeding that is resistant to medical therapy. We report the clinical outcomes of two patients who successfully underwent simultaneous intraoperative endoscopic and surgical interventions for the treatment of angiodysplasia. Intraoperative endoscopic guidance was found to be useful in managing hemorrhage caused by angiodysplasia in both patients. Additionally, we performed an analysis of cases reported in the literature. Our review focused on the anatomic location of the resected bowel and the clinical outcomes of patients (n = 21) with angiodysplasia managed with intraoperative endoscopy reported in the literature.

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Dedivitis, Rogério A., and André V. Guimarães. "Contact Endoscopy for Intraoperative Parathyroid Identification." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 112, no. 3 (2003): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940311200309.

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Experienced thyroid surgeons are often able to identify the parathyroid glands, but sometimes it is difficult to differentiate them from other contiguous tissues. Contact endoscopy was introduced in otolaryngology for the characterization of normal and pathological epithelia. Our objective was to analyze contact endoscopy as an auxiliary method for identification of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. Five total thyroidectomies and 5 hemithyroidectomies were performed in September 2001. After surgical exposure, contact endoscopy was performed. A total of 15 peritracheal regions were studied. Superior and inferior parathyroid tissues were identified on the basis of color, size, and probable location. Contact endoscopy was performed before and after use of methylene blue stain. Contact endoscopy was also used in neighboring areas. We compared the visual impression to the contact endoscopy findings. Two structures were visually supposed to be the superior and inferior parathyroid glands in each case. From 30 visually supposed glands, 25 were confirmed by telescope. Of the other 5 structures initially supposed to be parathyroid tissue, 3 were adipose tissue and 2 were thyroid parenchyma. In the 5 cases in which the identification of one of the glands was not confirmed, an additional contact examination enabled us to further identify parathyroid glands in 3 cases in which structures were initially identified as adipose tissue. Contact endoscopy is an efficient auxiliary method for the identification of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery that poses little risk of morbidity to the patient.

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Theodosopoulos, Philip V., James Leach, Robert G. Kerr, et al. "Maximizing the extent of tumor resection during transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenomas: can endoscopy replace intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging?" Journal of Neurosurgery 112, no. 4 (2010): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.6.jns08916.

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Object Endoscopic approaches to pituitary tumors have become an effective alternative to traditional microscopic transsphenoidal approaches. Despite a proven potential to decrease unexpected residual tumor, intraoperative MR (iMR) imaging is infrequently used even in the few operating environments in which such technology is available. Its use is prohibitive because of its cost, increased complexity, and longer operative times. The authors assessed the potential of intrasellar endoscopy to replace the need for iMR imaging without sacrificing the maximum extent of resection. Methods In this retrospective study, 27 consecutive patients underwent fully endoscopic resection of pituitary macroadenomas. Intrasellar endoscopy was used to determine the presence of residual tumor within the sella turcica and tumor cavity. Intraoperative MR imaging was used to identify rates of unexpected residual tumor and the need for further tumor resection. Results Intraoperative estimates of the extent of tumor resection were correct in 23 patients (85%). Of 4 patients with unacceptable tumor residuals, 3 underwent further tumor resection. After iMR imaging, the rate of successful completion of the planned extent of resection increased to 26 patients (96%). Rates of both endocrinopathy reversal and postoperative complications were consistent with previously published results for microscopic and endoscopic resection techniques. Conclusions The findings in this study provided quantitative evidence that intrasellar endoscopy has significant promise for maximizing the extent of tumor resection and is a useful adjunct to surgical approaches to pituitary tumors, particularly when iMR imaging is unavailable. A larger prospective study on the extent of resection following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery would strengthen these findings.

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Poulose, Benjamin K. "Intraoperative endoscopy to identify lesions." Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 15, no. 4 (2013): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tgie.2013.08.006.

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Zmora, O., A. J. Dinnewitzer, A. J. Pikarsky, et al. "Intraoperative endoscopy in laparoscopic colectomy." Surgical Endoscopy 16, no. 5 (2002): 808–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-001-8226-3.

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Alvarado, Alfredo. "Intraoperative Endoscopy During Colorectal Surgery." Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques 9, no. 2 (1999): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129689-199904000-00018.

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Hellinger, Michael D. "Intraoperative Endoscopy During Colorectal Surgery." Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques 9, no. 2 (1999): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129689-199904000-00019.

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Yang, Mei, Daniel Pepe, Christopher M. Schlachta, and Nawar A. Alkhamesi. "Endoscopic tattoo: the importance and need for standardised guidelines and protocol." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 110, no. 7 (2017): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076817712244.

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Preoperative endoscopic tattoo is becoming more important with the advent of minimally invasive surgery. Current practices are variable and are operator-dependent. There are no evidence-based guidelines to aid endoscopists in clinical practice. Furthermore, there are still a number of issues with endoscopic tattoo including poor intraoperative visualisation, complications from tattooing and inaccurate documentation leading to the need for intraoperative endoscopy, prolonged operative time and reoperation due to lack of oncologic resection. This review aims to collate and summarise evidence for the best practice of endoscopic tattoo for colorectal lesions in order to provide guidance for endoscopists.

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Suh, Tae Kyung, Bo-Soo Kim, Mi Ra Kim, and Sang-Yeon Kim. "Retrieval of Metallic Foreign Bodies from the Upper Airway Using Intraoperative C-Arm Fluoroscopy: Case Report and Literature Review." Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 65, no. 1 (2022): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2020.00969.

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Foreign body ingestion is commonly encountered by otolaryngologists. Most foreign bodies in the upper airway can be easily removed via direct endoscopy; however, if they penetrate the soft tissue deeply, both localization and retrieval may be challenging. Here, we report on the successful removal of multiple sewing needles from the throat using intraoperative, real-time C-arm fluoroscopy to guide endoscopic extraction. The use of intraoperative, real time C-arm fluoroscopy to guide endoscopic extraction allowed quick, safe treatment and avoided any development of complications in our patient.

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Bulganina, N. A., E. A. Godzhello, M. V. Khrustaleva, I. V. Titova, and A. L. Shestakov. "Intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistance." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-184-12-23-30.

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Purpose of the study. Clarification of indications, assessment of technical aspects and results of intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistance in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and in cardiosurgical patients.Materials and methods. Intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistance was performed for esophageal diverticula (41), gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications (32), cicatricial stenoses and tracheal neoplasms (28), gastrointestinal tract neoplasms (17), and a mismatch between the diagnosis of the sending organization with intraoperative data (9) and for the anastomoses control (5). Intraoperative sanation tracheo-bronchoscopy with the definition of “background” flora was performed in 60 cardiosurgical patients with chronic diseases of the bronchopulmonary system.Results. The indications for performing the intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistance have been specified taking into account the impact of the study on the surgical course and scope, the method of anesthesia and the tactics of further treatment. Various aspects of the formed fundoplication cuff, completeness of diverticulum resection, and suture tightness were assessed. In a number of patients, the localization of neoplasms and stenoses was clarified, which affected the definition of the resection boundaries. In a number of cases, intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistance allowed reducing the average time of intervention and helped to minimize complications.Conclusion. Intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistance has its own peculiarities of execution, requires experience in data interpretation, requires a clear coordinated work and communication between the endoscopist, anesthesiologist and surgeon. In general, intraoperative endoscopy improves the results of surgical treatment and prevents complications.

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Yang, Chunjiang, Leitao Yu, Yong Xiao, Longhong Ouyang, and Xiaohua Huang. "Discussion on the Transoral Vestibular Approach Endoscopy for TC Patients and the Significance of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Classification." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (April 12, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3425225.

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In order to discuss the transoral vestibular approach endoscopy through oral vestibular approach in TC and the efficacy of 25(OH)D classification, a total of 110 TC patients from January 2020 to June 2021 are selected. The endoscopic group and the control group are respectively established according to different surgical approaches, with 55 cases in each group. The control group received conventional TC resection, while the endoscopic group received endoscopic assisted TC resection through oral vestibular approach. The differences of intraoperative and postoperative indicators, clinical efficacy, incidence of adverse complications, VAS score, and total satisfaction are observed. TC resection assisted by endoscopy through oral vestibular approach can effectively improve all intraoperative indicators and reduce postoperative pain and has high safety in clinical application. In addition, this study conducted in-depth analysis and classification of serum 25(OH)D index level in postoperative TC patients, indicating that the serum 25(OH)D index level is closely related to prognosis, providing a basis for follow-up clinical monitoring of TC patients’ signs and optimization of diagnosis and treatment plans.

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Paraskevopoulos, Dimitrios, Naresh Biyani, Shlomi Constantini, and Liana Beni-Adani. "Combined intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and navigated neuroendoscopy in children with multicompartmental hydrocephalus and complex cysts: a feasibility study." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 8, no. 3 (2011): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.6.peds10501.

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Object The rationale for using endoscopy to treat complex cysts and multiloculated hydrocephalus is to combine several CSF compartments into a minimum number, establish a connection to functioning CSF compartments (that is, ventricles), and decrease shunt dependency. The aim is to decrease the number of proximal shunt catheters, the number of shunt revisions, and in selected cases even to avoid a shunt. In cases of distorted anatomy and multiloculated cysts, endoscopy may be problematic because of orientation issues. Standard navigation becomes useless soon after CSF loss due to brain shift. Therefore, the concept of “real-time” navigation and intraoperative imaging in combination with endoscopic surgery has been previously suggested. The goal of the present study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of combining intraoperative MR (iMR) imaging and navigated neuroendoscopy in infants. Methods The authors report their experience in treating 5 infants (aged 6–14 months), who underwent surgery for multicystic hydrocephalus presenting with shunt malfunction (4 patients) and a quadrigeminal fetal arachnoid cyst (1 patient). In all infants, a low-field portable iMR imaging system (0.12-T PoleStar N-10/0.15-Tesla PoleStar N-20) was used in conjunction with navigated endoscopy. The authors used e-steady, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted sequences (acquisition time 24 seconds to 3.5 minutes). Results The iMR imaging system provided clear images that correlated with the endoscopic appearance of the cystic membranes in all patients, and the images were helpful in determining trajectories and redefining targets. The iMR images documented brain shift and changes in CSF spaces during surgery. There were no intraoperative complications or technical difficulties of visualization. No infection or any other immediate postoperative complication occurred. Patients were followed up for 9 months to 7 years. The infant presenting with the quadrigeminal cyst remains shunt free since surgery, and the patients with multicystic hydrocephalus have 1–2 shunts each. Following endoscopic, iMR imaging–guided surgery, shunt catheter positioning was found to be optimal and as planned according to the postoperative imaging. Conclusions Navigated neuroendoscopy and iMR imaging may complement each other, offering an advantage over other modalities in complicated cases of hydrocephalus. Whenever targets and trajectories need to be redefined, the iMR images provided an updated navigation data set, allowing accurate navigation of the endoscope and minimizing the number of CSF compartments. Direct vision through the endoscope provides microanatomical details for the optimization of fenestration and catheter positioning. The combined usage of the two modalities may transform a conventional procedure into a visually controlled real-time navigated process.

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Resch, Klaus D. M., and H. W. S. Schroeder. "Endoneurosonography: Technique and Equipment, Anatomy and Imaging, and Clinical Application." Operative Neurosurgery 61, suppl_3 (2007): ONS—146—ONS—160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000289728.42954.d5.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of transendoscopic ultrasound in neurosurgery, we studied two new sonoprobes measuring 6 and 8 French in diameter in 20 fresh specimens. The application and indication are discussed in the first clinical series of 75 patients. Methods: Sonocatheters (ALOKA, Meerbusch, Germany) 1.9 mm (6 French) and 2.4 mm (8 French) in diameter were introduced into the working channel of an endoscope. The preparations were done in nonfixed skulls in a surgical simulation-setting laboratory. Based on these experiences with imaging possibilities, intraoperative transendoscopic ultrasound was applied in 75 patients and a variety of lesions. It was used for imaging (41 patients), targeting (18 patients), and neuronavigation (16 patients) in neuroendoscopy. Results: The sonoprobe adds a transverse scan at the tip of the probe to the anterior endoscopic view. This axial scan to the longitudinal axis of the endoscope is geometrically comparable with radar scanning. Three probes working with 10, 15, and 20 MHz were used, resulting in a short penetration with a radius of 3 cm. The orthogonal scanning plane had limitations, which were documented. We observed precise imaging of well known anatomic structures and, moreover, achieved an additional dimension in endoscopy. The axial scan presents the anatomic landmarks like a map at the tip of the endoscope where the endoscope is represented as a spot. The real-time imaging and representation of the tip of the endoscope showed a capacity for navigation. This preclinical study rectified clinical application. The real-time imaging of this technique showed the ability of the navigation of endoscopes to detect more overall movements, such as blood flow or change of ventricle size during endoscopy. The primary benefit in this first clinical series was witnessed in difficult endoscopy cases and complex lesions, but benefit was also observed in cases in which vision through the endoscope alone was obscured. The main limitation was the result of little penetration depth and lack of anterior scanning. Conclusion: Application of transendoscopic ultrasound is appropriate in neurosurgery. Training is necessary to understand the imaging and the geometry of scans because this technique does not scan along the axis of the endoscope. Further development to overcome the current limits of this technique and more clinical experience are needed.

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Pesko, Predrag. "Intraoperative endoscopy in obstructive hypopharyngeal carcinoma." World Journal of Gastroenterology 12, no. 28 (2006): 4561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i28.4561.

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KUSHIMA, Miki, Masafumi TAKMOTO, Hidetaka AKITA, et al. "Intraoperative Rapid Diagnosis via Contact Endoscopy." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 95, no. 7 (2002): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.95.747.

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SCHWARTZ, RICHARD W., PATRICK F. HAGIHARA, and WARD O. GRIFFEN. "Intraoperative Endoscopy for Recurrent Gastrointestinal Bleeding." Southern Medical Journal 81, no. 9 (1988): 1106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198809000-00010.

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Hallgren, Scott E., and George J. Brown. "Intraoperative Endoscopy as a Diagnostic Tool." Military Medicine 151, no. 7 (1986): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/151.1.400.

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Berci, G. "Intraoperative and Postoperative Biliary Endoscopy (Choledochoscopy)." Endoscopy 21, S 1 (1989): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1012983.

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Berci, George. "Intraoperative and Postoperative Biliary Endoscopy (Choledochoscopy)." Surgical Clinics of North America 69, no. 6 (1989): 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(16)44988-1.

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Shoaf, Becky A., and Keith N. Apelgren. "Intraoperative Endoscopy of the Small Bowel." AORN Journal 51, no. 3 (1990): 776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)66623-x.

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Mathus-Vliegen, E. M. H., and G. N. J. Tytgat. "Intraoperative endoscopy: technique, indications, and results." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 32, no. 6 (1986): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(86)71915-9.

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Thompson, Jesse E., and Robert S. Bennion. "Intraoperative endoscopy of the biliary tract." Surgical Endoscopy 2, no. 3 (1988): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02498794.

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Wolfsberger, Stefan, André Neubauer, Katja Bühler, et al. "ADVANCED VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY FORENDOSCOPIC TRANSSPHENOIDAL PITUITARY SURGERY." Neurosurgery 59, no. 5 (2006): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000245594.61828.41.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Virtual endoscopy (vE) is the navigation of a camera through a virtual anatomical space that is computationally reconstructed from radiological image data. Inside this three-dimensional space, arbitrary movements and adaptations of viewing parameters are possible. Thereby, vE can be used for noninvasive diagnostic purposes and for simulation of surgical tasks. This article describes the development of an advanced system of vE for endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery and its application to teaching, training, and in the routine clinical setting. METHODS The vE system was applied to a series of 35 patients with pituitary pathology (32 adenomas, three Rathke's cleft cysts) operated endoscopically via the transsphenoidal route at the Department of Neurosurgery of the Medical University Vienna between 2004 and 2006. RESULTS The virtual endoscopic images correlated well with the intraoperative view. For the transsphenoidal approach, vE improved intraoperative orientation by depicting anatomical landmarks and variations. For planning a safe and tailored opening of the sellar floor, transparent visualization of the pituitary adenoma and the normal gland in relation to the internal carotid arteries was useful. CONCLUSION According to our experience, vE can be a valuable tool for endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery for training purposes and preoperative planning. For the novice, it can act as a simulator for endoscopic anatomy and for training surgical tasks. For the experienced pituitary surgeon, vE can depict the individual patient's anatomy, and may, therefore, improve intraoperative orientation. By prospectively visualizing unpredictable anatomical variations, vE may increase the safety of this surgical procedure.

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Okamoto, Takeshi, Hidekazu Suzuki, and Katsuyuki Fukuda. "Intraoperative Endoscopy in Transient Adult Jejunojejunal Intussusception." Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3718089.

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Despite improvements in imaging modalities, causative lead points in adult intussusception may be difficult to diagnose. Such lead points can be malignant, causing recurrence or metastases if left unresected. We describe a case of transient adult jejunojejunal intussusception, in which intraoperative endoscopy was used to confirm the absence of a lead point. A 39-year-old woman with a history of laparoscopic oophorectomy presented with epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Contrast computed tomography revealed jejunojejunal intussusception, with no visible lead point. Spontaneous reduction was confirmed during exploratory laparoscopy. After lysis of adhesions, intraoperative peroral jejunoscopy was performed with the surgeons’ assistance. Endoscopy confirmed the absence of tumor, and bowel resection was avoided. No recurrence has been observed during 24 months of follow-up. Intraoperative endoscopy may provide additional reassurance for the absence of a lead point in cases where preoperative enteroscopy cannot be performed and no lead points can be identified on imaging.

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Inoue, Akihiro, Takanori Ohnishi, Shohei Kohno, et al. "Usefulness of an Image Fusion Model Using Three-Dimensional CT and MRI with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Endoscopy as a Multimodal Assistant System in Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/694273.

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Purpose. We investigate the usefulness of multimodal assistant systems using a fusion model of preoperative three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with endoscopy with indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence in establishing endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (ETSS) as a more effective treatment procedure.Methods. Thirty-five consecutive patients undergoing ETSS in our hospital between April 2014 and March 2015 were enrolled in the study. In all patients, fusion models of 3D-CT and MRI were created by reconstructing preoperative images. In addition, in 10 patients, 12.5 mg of ICG was intravenously administered, allowing visualization of surrounding structures. We evaluated the accuracy and utility of these combined modalities in ETSS.Results. The fusion model of 3D-CT and MRI clearly demonstrated the complicated structures in the sphenoidal sinus and the position of the internal carotid arteries (ICAs), even with extensive tumor infiltration. ICG endoscopy enabled us to visualize the surrounding structures by the phasic appearance of fluorescent signals emitted at specific consecutive elapsed times.Conclusions. Preoperative 3D-CT and MRI fusion models with intraoperative ICG endoscopy allowed distinct visualization of vital structures in cases where tumors had extensively infiltrated the sphenoidal sinus. Additionally, the ICG endoscope was a useful real-time monitoring tool for ETSS.

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Pavlov, V. E., Yu S. Polushin, and L. V. Kolotilov. "Anesthesiological Possibilities of Intraoperative Bleeding Control During Endoscopic Rhinosinusurgical Interventions." Messenger of ANESTHESIOLOGY AND RESUSCITATION 19, no. 1 (2022): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21292/2078-5658-2022-19-1-75-81.

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The safety and effectiveness of endoscopic rhinological operations in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, as well as neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses, are largely achieved by reducing bleeding in the area of the surgical field. Even a small amount of blood can disrupt the view during endoscopy and prevent the intervention from being performed, thereby increasing the risk of complications.The review presents modern methods of reducing the risk of intraoperative bleeding under general anesthesia. Each approach has its own characteristics, therefore, the benefit-risk ratio should be assessed for each patient before choosing a specific method for controlling intraoperative bleeding.

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Shestakov, A. L., M. E. Shakhbanov, M. V. Khrustaleva, et al. "Surgery of the upper departments of the digestive tract with intraoperative intra-research endoscopic assistance: review of the literature." Нospital-replacing technologies:Ambulatory surgery, no. 1-2 (June 8, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/1995-1477-2020-1-2-117-124.

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This analysis is based on the study of materials from scientific electronic libraries (elibrary.ru, PubMed, scientific library of the Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia). The problem of treating the pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract is caused by the high prevalence of benign and malignant diseases of this zone, their severity, the complexity of diagnosis and often the low efficiency of conservative therapy. Intensive implementation of innovative scientific technologies in medical practice, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of treatment and diagnostic measures, minimizing their negative impact on the patient’s body and reducing the risk of complications, which, at the same time, have sufficient economic attractiveness. In full, all of the above can be attributed to endoscopy, which has been actively developing in recent years, both in the diagnostic and in the operational areas. In the treatment of various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in recent years, combined methods based on the use of two or more minimally invasive technologies, for example, endoluminal endoscopic and thoraco or laparoscopic methods, have entered the world practice. The data of scientific articles on the problem of surgical treatment of patients with benign and malignant diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, carried out using intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistant, are analyzed. The use of intraluminal endoscopy, in particular, allows to increase the radicality of surgical interventions in patients with malignant neoplasms of the upper gastrointestinal tract, perform intraoperative topical diagnosis of non-palpable tumors, and use it in the surgical treatment of esophageal diverticulums of various localization. Also, another area of application of intraoperative intraluminal endoscopy is the assessment of tightness and anastomosis zone during surgical interventions on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. However, this technique is in the process of implementation in clinical practice and has not been sufficiently studied both in foreign and domestic literature.

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Sezer, Taylan Ozgur, Hayrullah Yildirim, Omer Unalp, et al. "A Feasible Technique for Intraoperative Endoscopy of Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Clothed Endoscopy." American Surgeon 78, no. 9 (2012): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481207800924.

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Römmele, C., A. Ebigbo, M. Schrempf, H. Messmann, and S. K. Gölder. "Detection Rate and Clinical Relevance of Ink Tattooing during Balloon-Assisted Enteroscopy." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4969814.

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Background and Aims. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is a well-established tool in the diagnosis and therapy of small bowel diseases. Ink tattooing of the small bowel is used to mark pathologic lesions or the depth of small bowel insertion. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety, the detection rate, and the clinical relevance of ink tattooing during BAE. Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of all 81 patients who received an ink tattooing during BAE between 2010 and 2015. Results. In all patients, ink tattooing was performed with no complications. 26 patients received a capsule endoscopy after BAE. The tattoo could be detected via capsule endoscopy in 19 of these 26 patients. The tattoo of the previous BAE could be detected via opposite BAE in 2 of 11 patients. In 9 patients, ink tattooing influenced the choice of approach for reenteroscopy. In 7 patients, the tattoo was used for intraoperative localization and in 3 patients for intraoperative localization as well as for reenteroscopy. The intraoperative detection rate of the tattoo was 100%. Conclusion. Ink tattooing of the small intestine is a safe endoscopic procedure to mark the depth of scope insertion or a pathologic lesion during balloon-assisted enteroscopy.

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Shulman, Alex G., and George Berci. "Intraoperative biliary endoscopy (choledochoscopy) in California hospitals." American Journal of Surgery 149, no. 6 (1985): 703–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(85)80168-9.

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Ahn, Sam S., Brett Vean Curtis, Daniel R. Marcus, et al. "Intraoperative Vascular Endoscopy: Early and Late Results." Annals of Vascular Surgery 10, no. 5 (1996): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02000590.

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Ganesh, M. K., Sudheer Kanchodu, Sagar Nambiar Janardhan, and H. T. Nagarjun Rao. "Role of intraoperative entroscopy in obscure small bowel gastrointestinal bleed." Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research 15, no. 1 (2024): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/mjmsr.mjmsr_88_23.

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ABSTRACT Obscure gastrointestinal bleed (OGIB) is defined as bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after a negative initial or primary endoscopy (colonoscopy and upper gastrointestinal [GI] endoscopy) and imaging. Approximately 5% of all GI bleeding is obscure GI bleed. Abnormal blood vessels arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) cause 30%–40% of small intestinal bleeds. AVMs are the main source of bleeding in patients over the age of 50 years. Tumors (benign and malignant), polyps, Crohn’s disease, and ulcers are some of the other causes of bleeding. Various diagnostic modalities available to detect small intestinal bleed are upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy, contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen with angiogram, small bowel enteroscopy, video capsule endoscopy, and scintigraphy studies. Advanced imaging/diagnostic modalities may not be available in all centers, posing a great challenge in the localization of the source of GI bleed. This series highlights the role of diagnostic laparoscopy with intraoperative enteroscope (IOE) in the management of OGIB.

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Enrique, Marcos Sierra Benítez. "Guided Surgery with Intraoperative Ultrasonography and Endoscopy in Multiple Occipital Brain Abscess." SVOA Neurology 4, no. 3 (2023): 79–83. https://doi.org/10.58624/SVOANE.2023.04.095.

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Introduction: Brain abscess is a focal infection of the brain parenchyma, in which different treatment methods are used, most authors agree that conservative methods with antibiotic therapy are effective in the cerebritis phase, while in the encapsulated phases the Minimally invasive surgery is the best option. Objective: To describe the clinical, imaging and surgical characteristics in patients with multiple brain abscesses. Case Report: Male, white, 20-year-old, right-handed patient, with a history of molar infection 3 months prior, comes to the emergency department of our hospital due to intense headache and tonic-clonic seizures. widespread. Tomography and cranial resonance studies were performed, which demonstrated the presence of multiple brain abscesses that were successfully treated using an occipital approach with endoscopic support and trans-surgical ultrasonographic guidance. Discussion: In the international literature consulted, the largest number of patients with brain abscesses are treated by conservative measures, in cases in late encapsulation phases where drugs do not penetrate the capsule, surgical alternatives are the most recommended, which depend on size, location, proximity to the ventricular system and number of lesions. Conclusion: Brain abscess is a neurosurgical entity, in which surgery by minimally invasive methods associated with exact localization techniques and antibiotic therapy is the most effective treatment alternative.

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Zaidi, Hasan A., Kenneth De Los Reyes, Garni Barkhoudarian, et al. "The utility of high-resolution intraoperative MRI in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenomas: early experience in the Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating suite." Neurosurgical Focus 40, no. 3 (2016): E18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.1.focus15515.

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OBJECTIVE Endoscopic skull base surgery has become increasingly popular among the skull base surgery community, with improved illumination and angled visualization potentially improving tumor resection rates. Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) is used to detect residual disease during the course of the resection. This study is an investigation of the utility of 3-T iMRI in combination with transnasal endoscopy with regard to gross-total resection (GTR) of pituitary macroadenomas. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed all endoscopic transsphenoidal operations performed in the Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating (AMIGO) suite from November 2011 to December 2014. Inclusion criteria were patients harboring presumed pituitary macroadenomas with optic nerve or chiasmal compression and visual loss, operated on by a single surgeon. RESULTS Of the 27 patients who underwent transsphenoidal resection in the AMIGO suite, 20 patients met the inclusion criteria. The endoscope alone, without the use of iMRI, would have correctly predicted extent of resection in 13 (65%) of 20 cases. Gross-total resection was achieved in 12 patients (60%) prior to MRI. Intraoperative MRI helped convert 1 STR and 4 NTRs to GTRs, increasing the number of GTRs from 12 (60%) to 16 (80%). CONCLUSIONS Despite advances in visualization provided by the endoscope, the incidence of residual disease can potentially place the patient at risk for additional surgery. The authors found that iMRI can be useful in detecting unexpected residual tumor. The cost-effectiveness of this tool is yet to be determined.

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