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Journal articles on the topic 'Intrathoracic pressure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Walsh, M. C., and W. A. Carlo. "Determinants of gas flow through a bronchopleural fistula." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 4 (1989): 1591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.4.1591.

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To assess the determinants of bronchopleural fistula (BPF) flow, we used a surgically created BPF to study 15 anesthetized intubated mechanically ventilated New Zealand White rabbits. Mean airway pressure and intrathoracic pressure were evaluated independently. Mean airway pressure was varied (8, 10, or 12 cmH2O) by independent manipulations of either peak inspiratory pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, or inspiratory time. Intrathoracic pressure was varied from 0 to -40 cmH2O. BPF flow varied directly with mean airway pressure (P less than 0.001). However, at constant mean airway pres

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2

Mathew, Oommen P. "Effects of transient intrathoracic pressure changes (hiccups) on systemic arterial pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 2 (1997): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.2.371.

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Mathew, Oommen P. Effects of transient intrathoracic pressure changes (hiccups) on systemic arterial pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(2): 371–375, 1997.—The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of transient changes in intrathoracic pressure on systemic arterial pressure by utilizing hiccups as a tool. Values of systolic and diastolic pressures before, during, and after hiccups were determined in 10 intubated preterm infants. Early-systolic hiccups decreased systolic blood pressure significantly ( P < 0.05) compared with control (39.38 ± 2.72 vs. 46.46 ± 3.41 mmHg) and posthiccups

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3

Dean, J. M., R. C. Koehler, C. L. Schleien, et al. "Age-related changes in chest geometry during cardiopulmonary resuscitation." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (1987): 2212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2212.

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We studied alterations of chest geometry during conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in anesthetized immature swine. Pulsatile force was applied to the sternum in increments to determine the effects of increasing compression on chest geometry and intrathoracic vascular pressures. In 2-wk- and 1-mo-old piglets, permanent changes in chest shape developed due to incomplete recoil of the chest along the anteroposterior axis, and large intrathoracic vascular pressures were generated. In 3-mo-old animals, permanent chest deformity did not develop, and large intrathoracic vascular pressures wer

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4

Brown, I. G., P. A. McClean, P. M. Webster, V. Hoffstein, and N. Zamel. "Lung volume dependence of esophageal pressure in the neck." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 6 (1985): 1849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1849.

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There is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding tissue pressure in the neck. We studied esophageal pressure along cervical and intrathoracic esophageal segments in six healthy men to determine extramural pressure for the cervical and intrathoracic airways. A balloon catheter system with a 1.5-cm-long balloon was used to measure intraesophageal pressures. It was positioned at 2-cm intervals, starting 10 cm above the cardiac sphincter and ending at the cricopharyngeal sphincter. We found that esophageal pressures became more negative as the balloon catheter moved from intrathoracic to

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5

Peters, J., M. K. Kindred, and J. L. Robotham. "NEGATIVE INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE DURING SYSTOLE." Anesthesiology 65, Supplement 3A (1986): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198609001-00044.

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6

Brown, I. G., P. M. Webster, N. Zamel, and V. Hoffstein. "Changes in tracheal cross-sectional area during Mueller and Valsalva maneuvers in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (1986): 1865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1865.

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Pressure-area behavior of the excised trachea is well documented, but little is known of tracheal compliance in vivo. Extratracheal tissue pressures are not directly measurable, but transmural pressure for the intrathoracic trachea is inferred from intra-airway and pleural pressure differences. Extramural pressure of the cervical trachea is assumed to be atmospheric. The difference in transmural pressure between the intra- and extrathoracic tracheal segments should be exaggerated during Mueller and Valsalva maneuvers. We used the acoustic reflection technique to measure tracheal areas above an

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7

Ferrigno, M., D. D. Hickey, M. H. Liner, and C. E. Lundgren. "Simulated breath-hold diving to 20 meters: cardiac performance in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (1987): 2160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2160.

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Cardiac performance was assessed in six subjects breath-hold diving to 20 m in a hyperbaric chamber, while nonsubmersed or submersed in a thermoneutral environment. Cardiac index and systolic time intervals were obtained with impedance cardiography and intrathoracic pressure with an esophageal balloon. Breath holding at large lung volume (80% vital capacity) decreased cardiac index, probably by increasing intrathoracic pressure and thereby impeding venous return. During diving, cardiac index increased (compared with breath holding at the surface) by 35.1% in the nonsubmersed and by 29.5% in th

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8

Heijnen, Bram G. A. D. H., Angelique M. E. Spoelstra-de Man, and A. B. Johan Groeneveld. "Low Transmission of Airway Pressures to the Abdomen in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With or Without Acute Respiratory Failure and Intra-Abdominal Hypertension." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 32, no. 3 (2016): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066615625180.

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Purpose: Intra-abdominal pressure, measured at end expiration, may depend on ventilator settings and transmission of intrathoracic pressure. We determined the transmission of positive intrathoracic pressure during mechanical ventilation at inspiration and expiration into the abdominal compartment. Methods and Results: We included 9 patients after uncomplicated cardiac surgery and 9 with acute respiratory failure. Intravesical pressures were measured thrice (reproducibility of 1.8%) and averaged, at the end of each inspiratory and expiratory hold maneuvers of 5 seconds. Transmission, the change

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9

Scharf, S. M., R. Brown, K. G. Warner, and S. Khuri. "Intrathoracic pressures and left ventricular configuration with respiratory maneuvers." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 1 (1989): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.481.

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In 12 dogs, we examined the correspondence between esophageal (Pes) and pericardial pressures over the anterior, lateral, and inferior left ventricular (LV) surfaces. Pleural pressure was decreased by spontaneous inspiration, Mueller maneuver, and phrenic stimulation and increased by intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). To separate effects due to blood flow, we analyzed beating and nonbeating hearts. In beating hearts, there were no significant differences between changes in Pes and pericardial pressures. In arrested hearts, increasing

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10

Daly, Curt M., Karen Swalec-Tobias, Anthony H. Tobias, and Nicole Ehrhart. "Cardiopulmonary Effects of Intrathoracic Insufflation in Dogs." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 38, no. 6 (2002): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0380515.

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This study was designed to quantify the effects of incremental positive insufflation of the intrathoracic space on cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (AP), central venous pressure (CVP), and percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (SPO2) in anesthetized dogs. Seven healthy, adult dogs from terminal teaching laboratories were maintained under anesthesia with isoflurane delivered with a mechanical ventilator. The experimental variables were recorded before introduction of an intrathoracic catheter, at intrathoracic pressures (IP) of 0 mm Hg, 3 mm Hg insufflation, and ad

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11

Peters, J., M. K. Kindred, and J. L. Robotham. "Transient analysis of cardiopulmonary interactions. I. Diastolic events." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 4 (1988): 1506–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.4.1506.

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The etiology of the fall in left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) with negative intrathoracic pressure (NITP) during inspiration has been ascribed to a reduction in LV preload. This study evaluated the effects of NITP with and without airway obstruction confined to early (ED), mid- (MD), or late diastole (LD) on the subsequent LVSV, anteroposterior (AP), and right-to-left (RL) aortic diameters (DAO) (series I, n = 6) as well as on phasic arterial blood flow out of the thorax (series II, n = 6) in anesthetized dogs. Transient NITP was obtained by electrocardiogram-triggered phrenic nerve stimul

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12

Applegate, R. J., W. P. Santamore, H. S. Klopfenstein, and W. C. Little. "External pressure of undisturbed left ventricle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 258, no. 4 (1990): H1079—H1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.258.4.h1079.

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We evaluated the contribution of the thorax and the undisturbed pericardium to the external pressure of the euvolemic left ventricle in thirteen anesthetized dogs. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (EDP) in the euvolemic state was 7 +/- 2 mmHg initially and increased to 10 +/- 2 mmHg after the chest and pericardium were opened. LV end-diastolic volume (conductance catheter) was 43 +/- 20 ml initially and did not change after the chest or the pericardium was opened. Intrathoracic (PIT) and pericardial (PPER) pressures were calculated as the difference in LV chamber pressure before an

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13

Katsura, Daisuke, Yuichiro Takahashi, Shigenori Iwagaki, et al. "Changes in Intra-Amniotic, Fetal Intrathoracic, and Intraperitoneal Pressures with Uterine Contraction: A Report of Three Cases." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018 (September 12, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4281528.

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Intra-amniotic, fetal intrathoracic, and intraperitoneal pressures during pregnancy have been previously investigated. However, to our knowledge, changes in these pressures during uterine contractions have not been reported. Herein, we present three cases of polyhydramnios, fetal pleural effusion, and fetal ascites, in which intra-amniotic, fetal intrathoracic, intraperitoneal pressures increased with uterine contractions. These pressure increases may affect the fetal circulation. We suggest that managing potential premature delivery (e.g., with tocolysis) is important in cases with polyhydram

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14

Younes, M., D. Jung, A. Puddy, G. Giesbrecht, and R. Sanii. "Role of the chest wall in detection of added elastic loads." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 5 (1990): 2241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.5.2241.

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Changes in respiratory mechanical loads are readily detected by humans. Although it is widely believed that respiratory muscle afferents serve as the primary source of information for load detection, there is, in fact, no convincing evidence to support this belief. We developed a shell that encloses the body, excluding the head and neck. A special loading apparatus altered pressure in proportion to respired volume (elastic load) in one of three ways: 1) at the mouth only (T), producing a conventional load in which respiratory muscles are loaded and airway and intrathoracic pressures are made n

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15

Pasticci, Iacopo, Paolo Cadringher, Lorenzo Giosa, et al. "Determinants of the esophageal-pleural pressure relationship in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 1 (2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00587.2019.

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Esophageal pressure has been suggested as adequate surrogate of the pleural pressure. We investigate after lung surgery the determinants of the esophageal and intrathoracic pressures and their differences. The esophageal pressure (through esophageal balloon) and the intrathoracic/pleural pressure (through the chest tube on the surgery side) were measured after surgery in 28 patients immediately after lobectomy or wedge resection. Measurements were made in the nondependent lateral position (without or with ventilation of the operated lung) and in the supine position. In the lateral position wit

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16

Birch, Martin, Younghoon Kwon, Michael K. Loushin, et al. "Intrathoracic pressure regulation to treat intraoperative hypotension." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 32, no. 6 (2015): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000000234.

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17

Boerma, S., P. Meeus, and H. H. L. Sasse. "Intrathoracic pressure in the horse – correlation between intrapleural and esophageal pressures." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 1, no. 7 (1985): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem19850712.

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18

Goldman, Ernesto. "Age-dependent cardiopulmonary interaction during airway obstruction: a simulation model." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 299, no. 5 (2010): H1610—H1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00176.2010.

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Inspiratory fall in arterial blood pressure (Pa) during airway obstruction was ascribed to ventricular interdependence, afterload, and transmission of intrathoracic pressure swings. We have shown this effect significantly reduced in the elderly, but the underlying reasons remain unclear. Here we compare the results of inspiratory loading in young and older subjects with a mathematical model that simulated beat-by-beat fluctuations in cardiopulmonary variables. By increasing arterial and left ventricular elastance parameters in the older group, simulations strongly correlated with the experimen

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19

Peters, J., C. Fraser, R. S. Stuart, W. Baumgartner, and J. L. Robotham. "Negative intrathoracic pressure decreases independently left ventricular filling and emptying." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 257, no. 1 (1989): H120—H131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.1.h120.

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The mechanism for the fall in left ventricular (LV) stroke volume with normal and obstructed inspiration is controversial with changes proposed in LV preload and afterload. During respiration extending over several cardiac cycles, changes in both LV filling and emptying could occur, rendering demonstration of any responsible mechanism difficult. To evaluate the independent effects of negative intrathoracic pressure (NITP) on LV filling and emptying, we have analyzed the effects of NITP confined to either diastole or systole using electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered phrenic nerve stimulation in s

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20

Virolainen, J., M. Ventila, H. Turto, and M. Kupari. "Effect of negative intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular pressure dynamics and relaxation." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 2 (1995): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.2.455.

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To investigate the effect of a fall of intrathoracic pressure on left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics and relaxation, simultaneous micromanometric recordings of LV and aortic pressures were performed at rest and during two graded Mueller maneuvers in 16 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for aortic valve stenosis (n = 8) or chest pain (n = 8). The reductions (means +/- SE) of airway pressure during the lesser and greater maneuvers were 26 +/- 1 and 42 +/- 1 mmHg, respectively. Simultaneously, LV isovolumic-developed pressure increased by 9 +/- 3 and 21 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively (P < 0

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21

Bemelman, W. A., J. Verburg, W. H. Brummelkamp, and P. J. Klopper. "A physical model of the intrathoracic stomach." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 254, no. 2 (1988): G168—G175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1988.254.2.g168.

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To determine whether duodenogastric reflux into the thoracic stomach could be caused by the transmission of negative intrapleural pressure fluctuations into the gastric lumen, a physical model is described and an equation calculated Pm + Pa - Pmb - (Sv.Pmb.Vmb/Pm) = Ppl - Sv.Vmb where Pm is intragastric pressure, Pa is atmospheric pressure, Pmb is end-expiratory gastric base pressure, Vmb is corresponding gastric volume, Sv is stiffness of gastric wall, and Ppl is intrapleural pressure. The validity of the model is demonstrated in six anesthetized mongrel dogs (18-31 kg) in which a thoracic st

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22

Puddy, A., G. Giesbrecht, R. Sanii, and M. Younes. "Mechanism of detection of resistive loads in conscious humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 6 (1992): 2267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.6.2267.

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Conscious humans easily detect loads applied to the respiratory system. Resistive loads as small as 0.5 cmH2O.l-1.s can be detected. Previous work suggested that afferent information from the chest wall served as the primary source of information for load detection, but the evidence for this was not convincing, and we recently reported that the chest wall was a relatively poor detector for applied elastic loads. Using the same setup of a loading device and body cast, we sought resistive load detection thresholds under three conditions: 1) loading of the total respiratory system, 2) loading suc

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23

Pinsky, M. R., G. M. Matuschak, and M. Klain. "Determinants of cardiac augmentation by elevations in intrathoracic pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 4 (1985): 1189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1189.

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We studied the cardiovascular effects of phasic increases in intrathoracic pressure (ITP) by high-frequency jet ventilation in an acute pentobarbital-anesthetized intact canine model both before and after the induction of acute ventricular failure by large doses of propranolol. Chest and abdominal pneumatic binders were used to further increase ITP. Respiratory frequency, percent inspiratory time, mean ITP, and swings in ITP throughout the respiratory cycle were independently varied at a constant-circulating blood volume. We found that pertubations in mean ITP induced by ventilator adjustments

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24

German, Wally, and Bradley V. Vaughn. "Techniques for Monitoring Intrathoracic Pressure during Overnight Polysomnography." American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology 36, no. 3 (1996): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1086508x.1996.11080554.

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25

Halperin, Henry R., and Joshua E. Tsitlik. "Progranmable Pneumatic Generator for Manipulation of Intrathoracic Pressure." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering BME-34, no. 9 (1987): 738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1987.325998.

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26

Verhoeff, Kevin, and Jamie R. Mitchell. "Cardiopulmonary physiology: why the heart and lungs are inextricably linked." Advances in Physiology Education 41, no. 3 (2017): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00190.2016.

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Because the heart and lungs are confined within the thoracic cavity, understanding their interactions is integral for studying each system. Such interactions include changes in external constraint to the heart, blood volume redistribution (venous return), direct ventricular interaction (DVI), and left ventricular (LV) afterload. During mechanical ventilation, these interactions can be amplified and result in reduced cardiac output. For example, increased intrathoracic pressure associated with mechanical ventilation can increase external constraint and limit ventricular diastolic filling and, t

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27

Muza, S. R., G. J. Criner, and S. G. Kelsen. "Effect of lung volume on the respiratory action of the canine pectoral muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 6 (1992): 2408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.6.2408.

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Lung volume influences the mechanical action of the primary inspiratory and expiratory muscles by affecting their precontraction length, alignment with the rib cage, and mechanical coupling to agonistic and antagonistic muscles. We have previously shown that the canine pectoral muscles exert an expiratory action on the rib cage when the forelimbs are at the torso's side and an inspiratory action when the forelimbs are held elevated. To determine the effect of lung volume on intrathoracic pressure changes produced by the canine pectoral muscles, we performed isolated bilateral supramaximal elec

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28

Convertino, Victor A. "Mechanisms of inspiration that modulate cardiovascular control: the other side of breathing." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 5 (2019): 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00050.2019.

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The objective of this minireview is to describe the physiology and potential clinical benefits derived from inspiration. Recent animal and clinical studies demonstrate that one of the body’s natural mechanisms associated with inspiration is to harness the respiratory pump to enhance circulation to vital organs. There is evidence that large reductions in intrathoracic pressure (>20 cmH2O) caused by some inspiration maneuvers (e.g., Mueller maneuver) or pathophysiology (e.g., heart failure, chronic obstructive lung disease) can result in adverse hemodynamic effects. However, the respiratory p

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Hall, Michael J., Shin-Ichi Ando, John S. Floras, and T. Douglas Bradley. "Magnitude and time course of hemodynamic responses to Mueller maneuvers in patients with congestive heart failure." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 4 (1998): 1476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1476.

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To simulate the immediate hemodynamic effect of negative intrathoracic pressure during obstructive apneas in congestive heart failure (CHF), without inducing confounding factors such as hypoxia and arousals from sleep, eight awake patients performed, at random, 15-s Mueller maneuvers (MM) at target intrathoracic pressures of −20 (MM −20) and −40 cmH2O (MM −40), confirmed by esophageal pressure, and 15-s breath holds, as apneic time controls. Compared with quiet breathing, at baseline, before these interventions, the immediate effects [first 5 cardiac cycles (SD), P values refer to MM −40 compa

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30

Yannopoulos, Demetris, Scott H. McKnite, Anja Metzger, and Keith G. Lurie. "Intrathoracic pressure regulation for intracranial pressure management in normovolemic and hypovolemic pigs." Critical Care Medicine 34, Suppl (2006): S495—S500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000246082.10422.7e.

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31

Cauberghs, M., E. Verbeken, and K. P. Van de Woestijne. "Shunt properties of large intrathoracic airways." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 6 (1994): 2428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.6.2428.

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The impedance of the wall of human intrathoracic trachea and central airways was measured by submitting preparations of excised airways to forced oscillations at various frequencies from 2 to 32 Hz. Both real (resistance) and imaginary (reactance) parts of wall impedance demonstrate a marked frequency dependence, varying with transmural pressure. These variations of resistance and reactance are related and are linked to the static elastic properties of the airways. The data allow us to calculate the total shunt impedance of the central intrathoracic airways. When the latter shunt values are us

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Hoffstein, V., R. G. Castile, C. R. O'Donnell, et al. "In vivo estimation of tracheal distensibility and hysteresis in normal adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 6 (1987): 2482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.6.2482.

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We used the acoustic reflection technique to measure the cross-sectional area of tracheal and bronchial airway segments of eight healthy adults. We measured airway area during a slow continuous expiration from total lung capacity (TLC) to residual volume (RV) and during inspiration back to TLC. Lung volume and esophageal pressure were monitored continuously during this quasi-static, double vital capacity maneuver. We found that 1) the area of tracheal and bronchial segments increases with increasing lung volume and transpulmonary pressure, 2) the trachea and bronchi exhibit a variable degree o

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Granton, John. "Cardiopulmonary Interactions during Positive Pressure Ventilation." Canadian Respiratory Journal 3, no. 6 (1996): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/253907.

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Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) may lead to significant hemodynamic alterations. The cardiocirculatory effects of PPV occur through alterations in the loading conditions of the right and left ventricle and are mediated by changes in intrathoracic pressures and in lung volume. However, the net effect of PPV on cardiac output and hemodynamics is not always predictable. PPV may lead to either a decrease or an increase in cardiac performance. The cardiac consequences of PPV are also dependent on baseline loading conditions and contractile function of the heart.

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34

Shumko, John Z., Richard N. Feinberg, Robert M. Shalvoy, and David O. Defouw. "Responses of Rat Pleural Mesothelia to Increased Intrathoracic Pressure." Experimental Lung Research 19, no. 3 (1993): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01902149309064347.

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35

Paulussen, Igor, James Weston, Paul Aelen, Pierre Woerlee, and Gerrit Jan Noordergraaf. "Intrathoracic transmural pressure is not effected by low forces." Resuscitation 83 (October 2012): e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.08.022.

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36

Pierce, J. D., R. L. Clancy, J. W. Trank, and J. Burris. "Diaphragm shortening and intrathoracic pressure during hypercapnia in rats." Respiratory Medicine 92, no. 1 (1998): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0954-6111(98)90023-3.

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37

Young, A. J., Y. Y. Phillips, J. J. Jaeger, E. R. Fletcher, and D. R. Richmond. "Intrathoracic Pressure in Humans Exposed to Short Duration Airblast." Military Medicine 150, no. 9 (1985): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/150.9.483.

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SCHARF, STEVEN M. "The effect of decreased intrathoracic pressure on ventricular function." Journal of Sleep Research 4 (June 1995): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00187.x.

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39

Pedersen, Lars M., Jonas Nielsen, Morten Østergaard, Eigil Nygård, and Henning B. Nielsen. "Increased intrathoracic pressure affects cerebral oxygenation following cardiac surgery." Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 32, no. 5 (2012): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097x.2012.01138.x.

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40

Crinen, G. J., S. R. Muza, M. T. Silverman, and S. G. Kelsen. "Neck and Pectoral Girdle Muscle Contribution to Intrathoracic Pressure." Chest 97, no. 3 (1990): 39S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.97.3_supplement.39s.

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41

HILLMAN, K. "Intrathoracic pressure fluctuations and periventricular haemorrhage in the newborn." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 23, no. 6 (1987): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1987.tb00287.x.

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42

Linz, Dominik, and Klaus Wirth. "Intrathoracic pressure oscillations during obstructive apneas disturb ventricular repolarisation." European Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 12 (2012): 4181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2485-7.

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Solis-Herruzo, JoséA, Diego Moreno, Amelia Gonzalez, et al. "Effect of intrathoracic pressure on plasma arginine vasopressin levels." Gastroenterology 101, no. 3 (1991): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)90516-n.

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Yannopoulos, Demetris, Anja Metzger, Scott McKnite, et al. "Intrathoracic pressure regulation improves vital organ perfusion pressures in normovolemic and hypovolemic pigs." Resuscitation 70, no. 3 (2006): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.02.005.

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Denault, Andre Y., John Gorcsan, and Michael R. Pinsky. "Dynamic effects of positive-pressure ventilation on canine left ventricular pressure-volume relations." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 1 (2001): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.298.

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Positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) may affect left ventricular (LV) performance by altering both LV diastolic compliance and pericardial pressure (Ppc). We measured the effect of PPV on LV intraluminal pressure, Ppc, LV volume, and LV cross-sectional area in 17 acute anesthetized dogs. To account for changes in lung volume independent of changes in Ppc and differences in contractility, measures were made during both open- and closed-chest conditions, during closed chest with and without chest wall binding, and after propranolol-induced acute ventricular failure (AVF). Apneic end-systolic pres

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Gelman, Simon, David S. Warner, and Mark A. Warner. "Venous Function and Central Venous Pressure." Anesthesiology 108, no. 4 (2008): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181672607.

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The veins contain approximately 70% of total blood volume and are 30 times more compliant than arteries; therefore, changes in blood volume within the veins are associated with relatively small changes in venous pressure. The terms venous capacity, compliance, and stressed and unstressed volumes are defined. Decreases in flow into a vein are associated with decreases in intravenous pressure and volume, and vice versa. Changes in resistance in the small arteries and arterioles may affect venous return in opposite directions; this is explained by a two-compartment model: compliant (mainly splanc

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Ameye, F., W. Mattelin, K. Ingels, and R. Bradwell. "Bilateral pneumothorax after emergency tracheotomy: two case reports and a review of the literature." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 108, no. 1 (1994): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100125897.

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Frazier, Susan K., Debra K. Moser, and Kathleen S. Stone. "Heart Rate Variability and Hemodynamic Alterations in Canines with Normal Cardiac Function during Exposure to Pressure Support, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, and a Combination of Pressure Support and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure." Biological Research For Nursing 2, no. 3 (2001): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109980040100200302.

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Variations in intrathoracic pressure generated by different ventilator weaning modes may significantly affect intrathoracic hemodynamics and cardiovascular stability. Although several investigators have attributed cardiovascular alterations during ventilator weaning to augmented sympathetic tone, there is limited investigation of changes in autonomic tone during ventilator weaning. Heart rate variability (HRV), the analysis of beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, is a noninvasive indicator of autonomic tone that might be useful in the identification of patients who are at risk for weaning diffi

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Loyd, J. E., K. B. Nolop, R. E. Parker, R. J. Roselli, and K. L. Brigham. "Effects of inspiratory resistance loading on lung fluid balance in awake sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 1 (1986): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.1.198.

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Because pulmonary edema has been associated clinically with airway obstruction, we sought to determine whether decreased intrathoracic pressure, created by selective inspiratory obstruction, would affect lung fluid balance. We reasoned that if decreased intrathoracic pressure caused an increase in the transvascular hydrostatic pressure gradient, then lung lymph flow would increase and the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P) would decrease. We performed experiments in six awake sheep with chronic lung lymph cannulas. After a base-line period, we added an inspiratory load (20 cmH2O

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Virolainen, J., M. Ventila, and M. Kupari. "Atrial septal defect blunts the impairment of left ventricular function during the Mueller maneuver." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 4 (1994): 1999–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1999.

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To investigate whether atrial septal defect (ASD) modifies the left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic response to a fall of intrathoracic pressure (Mueller maneuver), we studied 15 patients with an uncomplicated ASD and 16 healthy control subjects. LV function was measured by M-mode and Doppler echocardiography at rest and during the maneuver. Indicator-dilution technique was used to quantify the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio. During comparable changes (means +/- SE) of intrathoracic pressure (-33 +/- 2 mmHg in persons with ASD vs. -34 +/- 2 mmHg in those without), LV systolic function and filli

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