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1

Ibeneme, Chidalu N., Amarachukwu B. Diala, Victory Afolabi, et al. "Intravenous Ketamine in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorder." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 36, no. 10 (2024): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i105596.

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Background: Substance use disorders (SUD) represent a critical public health issue, significantly contributing to global morbidity and mortality. Traditional pharmacotherapies for SUD have limited efficacy, necessitating innovative treatment approaches. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has shown promise beyond its anesthetic and analgesic uses, demonstrating potential therapeutic effects in SUD management. Objective: This study explores the efficacy of intravenous ketamine as a therapeutic intervention for SUD, including alcohol, opioids, cocaine, and other substan
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Zhang, Shi-Xia, Xin Li, Qing-Ming Ren, Dong-Liang Niu, Li Gao, and Hong-Bin Wang. "Changes of lidocaine concentration and physiological indices in dogs during anaesthesia with lidocaine and isoflurane combined with ketamine or fentanyl." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 1 (2016): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685010091.

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Fentanyl and ketamine are often used as adjuvants in intravenous anaesthesia to prolong analgesia. The aim of this study was to compare changes of the basic physiological variables of intravenous lidocaine administration in combination with ketamine or fentanyl, and to evaluate the impact of addition of fentanyl or ketamine to lidocaine on serum lidocaine concentrations in dogs after intravenous administration. During general anaesthesia, dogs of group L received 2% lidocaine intravenously, dogs of group LF received 2% lidocaine and fentanyl, and dogs of the group LK received 2% lidocaine and
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Jiang, S., K. Hu, HG Fan, et al. "Effects of ketamine/xylazine premedication on emulsified isoflurane general anaesthesia in swine undergoing embryo transplantation." Veterinární Medicína 59, No. 7 (2014): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7618-vetmed.

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Cardiorespiratory effects were assessed during ketamine/xylazine premedication followed by emulsified isoflurane anaesthesia in swine undergoing experimental embryo transplantation. Ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (3.5 mg/kg) were premedicated intravenously, followed by continuous administration of intravenous emulsified isoflurane (2.8 ml/kg/h). Cardiorespiratory parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature, were recorded in sows undergoing surgical embryo transplantation. Ketamine/xylazine premedication
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4

Opler, Lewis A., Mark G. A. Opler, and Amy F. T. Arnsten. "Ameliorating treatment-refractory depression with intranasal ketamine: potential NMDA receptor actions in the pain circuitry representing mental anguish." CNS Spectrums 21, no. 1 (2015): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000686.

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This article reviews the antidepressant actions of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartame glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, and offers a potential neural mechanism for intranasal ketamine’s ultra-rapid actions based on the key role of NMDAR in the nonhuman primate prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although intravenous ketamine infusions can lift mood within hours, the current review describes how intranasal ketamine administration can have ultra-rapid antidepressant effects, beginning within minutes (5–40 minutes) and lasting hours, but with repeated treatments needed for sustained antidepressant actio
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Stahl, Stephen M. "Mechanism of action of dextromethorphan/quinidine: comparison with ketamine." CNS Spectrums 18, no. 5 (2013): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285291300062x.

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ISSUE:Reports of rapid-onset but short-duration antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant mood disorders after intravenous administration of ketamine have prompted efforts to find an agent with ketamine's properties that can be administered orally in repeated doses in order to sustain that action. One candidate for this is dextromethorphan, and here the pharmacologic mechanism of action is compared and contrasted with that of ketamine.
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Kornhall, Daniel, and Erik Waage Nielsen. "Failure of Ketamine Anesthesia in a Patient with Lamotrigine Overdose." Case Reports in Critical Care 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/916360.

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Introduction.It is important to know which clinical situations prevent ketamine from working.Case Report.We present the case of the psychiatric inpatient who was admitted to our emergency department after ingesting a toxic dose of lamotrigine, unknown at that time. On admission, she was clearly in distress, displaying extreme agitation and violent ataxic movements. We opted to achieve sedation using intravenous ketamine boluses. Unexpectedly, after being injected with a total of 250 mg ketamine, our patient displayed no signs of dissociative anaesthesia.Discussion.There was no apparent reason
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Park, J.-W., Y.-H. Jung, C.-W. Baek, H. Kang, and S.-M. Cha. "Effects of Low Dose Ketamine on Tourniquet-induced Haemodynamic Responses during General Anaesthesia." Journal of International Medical Research 35, no. 5 (2007): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323000703500504.

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This study investigated the effect of a pre-operative low dose of intravenous ketamine on tourniquet-induced haemodynamic changes. Ten minutes after induction of general anaesthesia, 0.1 mg/kg ketamine in 10 ml of saline (ketamine group, n = 14) or 10 ml of normal saline (control group, n = 14) were administered intravenously. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate relative to tourniquet inflation and deflation were recorded and compared within and between groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the control group significantly increased relative to baseline during the
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Mwase, Richard, Tonny Stone Luggya, John Mark Kasumba, et al. "Analgesic Effects of Preincision Ketamine on Postspinal Caesarean Delivery in Uganda’s Tertiary Hospital: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5627062.

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Background. Good postoperative analgesic management improves maternal satisfaction and care of the neonate. Postoperative pain management is a challenge in Mulago Hospital, yet ketamine is accessible and has proven benefit. We determined ketamine’s postoperative analgesic effects.Materials and Methods. We did an RCT among consenting parturients that were randomized to receive either intravenous ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) or placebo after spinal anesthetic. Pain was assessed every 30 mins up to 24 hours postoperatively using the numerical rating scale. The first complaint of pain requiring treatment
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9

K, Priyanka Kamal. "Abstract No.: ABS2768: Comparison of pre-emptive ketamine nebulisation with intravenous ketamine for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing tonsillectomy: A randomised controlled trial." Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 66, Suppl 1 (2022): S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.340762.

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Background and Aims: Nebulised ketamine is a painless route of drug administration in children.This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of ketamine nebulisation as opposed to intravenous ketamine as premedication in children Methods: 64 children aged 5-10 years, undergoing tonsillectomy were randomly allocated into 2 groups.Both groups received glycopyrrolate 5mcg/kg. First group received ketamine nebulisation (1mg/kg) 20minutes prior to the surgery and other group received intravenous ketamine (1mg/kg) just before shifting to operating room. Children were anaesthetised by standard techni
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10

Arthur Twohig, Patrick, and Vaughn Huckfeldt. "Using Oral and Intranasal Dosage Forms of Ketamine for Managing Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Review of the Literature." International Journal of Medical Students 4, no. 2 (2016): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2016.153.

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A lack of effective treatment for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has led to the evaluation of ketamine, an N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Despite the demonstrated short-term benefits of using intravenous (IV) ketamine, side effects and the difficulty in administering ketamine outside the health-care setting has raised interest in alternative dosage forms. Research articles evaluating oral or intranasal (IN) ketamine were retrieved from the PubMed database. Patients who received oral or IN ketamine experienced a similar reduction in depressive symptoms within 24
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Tindale, Rabina. "Intravenous ketamine in adults." Emergency Nurse 16, no. 5 (2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.16.5.4.s9.

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Ball, Christine, and Rod Westhorpe. "Intravenous Induction Agents: Ketamine." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 30, no. 2 (2002): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0203000201.

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Hrez Ali Al-Sudani, Basim, and Sahar Swadi Raheem. "Postoperative ketamine infusion in comparison with tramadol infusion for postoperative pain relief." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 11, no. 19 (2017): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2015.11.19.71-77.

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Background:Systemic narcotics commonly used for postoperative analgesia are associated with many side effects.Many studies regarding the best postoperative analgesic regimen with minimum side effects have been done over the last 20 years.In this study we compare between the postoperative intravenous infusion of tramadol with the postoperative intravenous infusion of ketamine .Method : This stidy was carried out on 120 parturients prepared for an elective caeserian section under general anaesthesia . All patients subjects according to American Society Of Anaesthesiologist ( ASA) classification
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AHMED, FAROOQ. "(TIVA) INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHESIA." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 03 (2006): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.03.4978.

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To compare the combination of propofol ketamine , propofolfentanyl and propofol vs midazolam for TIVA in terms of haemodynamic changes, analgesia and recoverycharacteristics. Design A randomized clinical control trial. Setting CMH Rawalpindi. Period. September 2002 toAugust 2003.Material and Methods. The present study consisted of 75 patients of both sexes between the age groupof 18-55 years belonging to ASA grade I and II, who were scheduled for various short surgical procedures. Results.Combination of propofol and ketamine provides better haemodynamic stability throughout the procedure, when
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15

Gómez-Revuelta, Marcos, María Fernández-Rodríguez, Laura Boada-Antón, and Javier Vázquez-Bourgon. "Apnea during slow sub-anaesthetic infusion of intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 10 (January 2020): 204512532098149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125320981498.

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Ketamine’s pharmacological profile makes it an interesting and useful drug to challenge treatment-resistant-depression (TRD). Emerging adverse events associated with single-slow-sub-anaesthetic doses for the treatment of depression are common, although generally transient and self-limited. Nevertheless, data on the safety of this practice are scarce. Thus, it seems timely before ketamine is used for clinical treatment of depression to recommend careful monitoring and reporting of all potential adverse events related to ketamine administration. Here, we describe a case of apnea during slow sub-
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Argitis, P., A. Karampas, M. Peyioti, T. Koukouras, S. Karavia, and Z. Chaviaras. "Half a Decade of Intravenous Ketamine Administration: Our Observation Results and Insights regarding its safety." European Psychiatry 67, S1 (2024): S347—S348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.717.

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IntroductionKetamine, originally an anesthetic, has emerged as a potent tool in the fight against treatment-resistant depression and suicide. Clinical trials have demonstrated its ability to induce remission of severe depressive symptoms, with effects that can extend over several weeks.Furthermore, research highlights Ketamine’s potential to rapidly reduce suicidal ideation. This suggests Ketamine’s role as an intervention in suicide prevention, especially when conventional treatments prove ineffective. While isolated cases report severe respiratory depression, primarily when combined with oth
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Cusin, Cristina, Dawn Flosnik Ionescu, Kara Jean Pavone, et al. "Ketamine augmentation for outpatients with treatment-resistant depression: Preliminary evidence for two-step intravenous dose escalation." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 1 (2016): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416631828.

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Objective: Preliminary evidence supports the safety and efficacy of subanesthetic ketamine as an experimental antidepressant, although its effects are often not sustained beyond one week. Studies are lacking that have examined the sustained effects of escalating ketamine doses as augmentation in outpatients with treatment-resistant depression. Therefore, the aims of this study were twofold: (1) to assess the safety and antidepressant efficacy of two-step, repeated-dose ketamine augmentation and (2) to assess the duration of ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy as augmentation to ongoing antidepr
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Santos, Gustavo José Von Glehn dos, Eduardo Hatschbach, Ewaldo de Mattos Júnior, and Flávio Massone. "Parametric evaluation of methotrimeprazine-midazolam-ketamine and methotrimeprazine-midazolam-ketamine-xylazine combination in dogs." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 21, no. 5 (2006): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502006000500006.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the parameters of dogs anesthetized by different dissociative drugs protocols through continuous intravenous infusion. METHODS: Thirty healthy dogs of both sexes were assigned randomly to three groups (G1, G2, and G3). G1 was administered with methotrimeprazine as a pre-anesthetic medication, intravenously midazolam-ketamine as bolus for induction and midazolam-ketamine by continuous intravenous infusion for a 60 minute-period of maintenance. G2: the same as for G1. plus an increase in the midazolam dose during maintenance. G3: the same treatment as for G2, plus the additi
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Barnett, Brian S. "Formulary Coverage of Esketamine and Ketamine for Depression in Ohio Health Insurance Marketplace and Medicaid Plans." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 30, no. 2 (2024): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000766.

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For more than 2 decades, intravenous ketamine has been demonstrated to have rapid antidepressant effects. However, access to this generic drug is limited due to insurers claiming it is “experimental” because ketamine does not have a Food and Drug Administration indication for depression. In contrast, intranasal esketamine, an enantiomer of ketamine, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for depression and is still under patent. The goal of this column is to provide a clearer understanding of formulary coverage of these similar medications by insurers. Formularies of all 2023 Ohio Hea
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Levanen, Jaakko, Marja-Leena Makela, and Harry Scheinin. "Dexmedetomidine Premedication Attenuates Ketamine-induced Cardiostimulatory Effects and Postanesthetic Delirium." Anesthesiology 82, no. 5 (1995): 1117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199505000-00005.

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Background Dexmedetomidine is a new potent and highly selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative-hypnotic and anesthetic sparing properties. Because of its sympathoinhibitory activity, it may prove useful in balancing the cardiostimulatory effects and attenuating the adverse central nervous system effects of ketamine. Methods A double-blind, randomized and comparative parallel-group study design was employed in 40 volunteers with ASA physical status 1 who were scheduled for elective superficial surgery under ketamine anesthesia. Dexmedetomidine (2.5 micrograms/kg, n = 20) or midazola
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Pauranik, Ritu, Kiran Girwal, Aseem Sharma, and Kishore Kumar Arora. "Comparison of Intravenous Ketamine Dosages for Postoperative Analgesia: Efficacy and Adverse Reactions in Abdominal Hysterectomy." Acta Medica International 10, no. 2 (2023): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/amit.amit_46_23.

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Introduction: Following an abdominal hysterectomy, preemptive analgesia with two intravenous ketamine injections has been used as multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain. Ketamine’s ideal dosage for postoperative analgesia that has the least amount of adverse reactions is still up for discussion. Materials and Methods: This investigation was conducted at M.G.M. Medical College and M.Y. Hospital, Indore. The study included a total of 90 participants, classified as the American Society of Anesthesiologists classes 1 and 2, within the age range of 18–65 years. There were three groups made aft
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Madathil, Shamnad, Deena Thomas, Parijat Chandra, et al. "‘NOPAIN-ROP’ trial: Intravenous fentanyl and intravenous ketamine for pain relief during laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants: A randomised trial." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (2021): e046235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046235.

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ObjectivesTo investigate if intravenous fentanyl or intravenous ketamine can provide adequate analgesia in preterm infants undergoing laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).DesignOpen-label randomised trial.SettingTertiary care institution.ParticipantsPreterm infants who underwent laser photocoagulation for ROP.InterventionsInfants were randomised to receive fentanyl as intravenous bolus dose of 2 µg/kg, followed by an intravenous infusion of 1 µg/kg/hour increased to a maximum of 3 µg/kg/hour or intravenous ketamine as bolus dose of 0.5 mg/kg, followed by further intermit
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Salman, Jasim M., Jasim N. Al-Asadi, Husham H. Abdul-Ra’aoof, Jawad H. Ahmed, and Ali H. Reshak. "COMPARISON OF INTRAMUSCULAR VERSUS INTRAVENOUS KETAMINE FOR SEDATION IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING EXAMINATION." Wiadomości Lekarskie 76, no. 1 (2023): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202301127.

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The aim: To compare efficacy of intramuscular (IM) versus intravenous (IV) ketamine for sedation in children undergoing brain MRI scanning in children. Materials and methods: Children who required elective brain MRI were selected for this study. They were randomly divided into two groups; group I received 1.5 mg/kg IV Ketamine and group II received 4 mg/kg IM ketamine. In each group supplementary 0.1 mg/kg midazolam intravenously before positioning on MRI table was given. Patients were monitored for pulse rate, SPO2, and respiratory wave. Results: Children who received IM ketamine had signific
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Schoevers, Robert A., Tharcila V. Chaves, Sonya M. Balukova, Marije aan Het Rot, and Rudie Kortekaas. "Oral ketamine for the treatment of pain and treatment-resistant depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 208, no. 2 (2016): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.165498.

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BackgroundRecent studies with intravenous (i.v.) application of ketamine show remarkable but short-term success in patients with MDD. Studies in patients with chronic pain have used different ketamine applications for longer time periods. This experience may be relevant for psychiatric indications.AimsTo review the literature about the dosing regimen, duration, effects and side-effects of oral, intravenous, intranasal and subcutaneous routes of administration of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression and pain.MethodSearches in PubMed with the terms ‘oral ketamine’, ‘depression’, ‘chronic
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Smith, Samantha A., Casey T. Fitzpatrick, Courtney L. Olesky, and Ashley B. Litchfield. "Management of Ketamine Extravasation in a Pediatric Patient During Procedural Sedation." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 27, no. 3 (2022): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-27.3.292.

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Ketamine is a commonly used intravenous and intramuscular medication for procedural sedation within pediatric emergency medicine. There is limited availability of data on the rate of absorption and use of subcutaneous ketamine administration. We describe the case of a 12-year-old male who was sedated after extravasation and subsequent absorption of ketamine 1 mg/kg from a peripheral intravenous line (PIV). Despite being an unintended route, absorption of subcutaneous ketamine resulted in satisfactory procedural sedation with no complications. Given limited data on subcutaneous ketamine pharmac
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Cairns, Brian E., Shelly A. McErlane, Miguel C. Fragoso, and Peter J. Soja. "Tooth Pulp– and Facial Hair Mechanoreceptor–evoked Responses of Trigeminal Sensory Neurons Are Attenuated during Ketamine Anesthesia." Anesthesiology 91, no. 4 (1999): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199910000-00023.

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Background Evidence exists that ketamine, administered systemically using a dose required for inducing a state of anesthesia, may antagonize nociceptive but not innocuous input to lumbar dorsal horn neurons. However, it is unclear whether ketamine exerts this selective action on sensory inputs to trigeminal sensory neurons. The current study was undertaken to compare the responses evoked in trigeminal sensory neurons by electrical stimuli applied to the tooth pulp versus air-puff stimuli applied to facial hair mechanoreceptors (FHMs) during quiet wakefulness versus ketamine anesthesia. Methods
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Huda, Anwar ul, Raheel Minhas, and Mohammad Yasir. "Intravenous ketamine in gynaecological surgeries reduces pain score and opioid consumption." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 12 (2022): 2491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.5275.

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Objective: To assess the effect of intravenous ketamine on postoperative pain control, opioid consumption, and the incidence of postoperative adverse events in gynaecological surgeries. Method: The systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in July 2020 and the search was repeated in July 2021 to ensure accuracy. The review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) in July 2020. The search, done on online databases Medline and Science Direct, comprised studies on patients who underwent general anaesthesia for gynaecological surgeries and
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Le Nedelec, Martin, Paul Glue, Helen Winter, Chelsea Goulton, and Natalie J. Medlicott. "The effect of route of administration on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine in rats." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 10 (2018): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780013.

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Background: Ketamine has been shown to produce a rapid and potent antidepressant response in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Currently ketamine is most commonly administered as a 40-minute intravenous infusion, though it is unknown whether this is the optimal route of administration. Aims: To determine the plasma concentration time course of the R- and S-enantiomers of ketamine and norketamine following administration of ketamine by four different routes of administration. Methods: Plasma from conscious non-anaesthetised rats was collected following administration of ketamine by
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Azari, Leila, Kimia Saleh Anaraki, Homa Hemati, et al. "The efficacy of ketamine for pain management in patients with cancer: A systematic review." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (2024): e24069-e24069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.e24069.

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e24069 Background: Managing cancer-related pain poses significant challenges, prompting research into alternative approaches such as the study of ketamine. This systematic review aims to analyze and summarize the impact of ketamine as an adjuvant to opioid therapy for cancer-related pain. Methods: We conducted a literature review in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus, spanning from January 1, 1982, to October 20, 2022. Abstracts were screened against inclusion criteria, and eligible studies underwent a thorough full-text review. Data were extracted from the included studies, and a framework analysis
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Filzek, U., U. Fischer, and J. Ferguson. "Intravenous anaesthesia in hoses: racemic ketamine versus S-(+)-ketamine." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 19, no. 5 (2003): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20030507.

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Amiot, J. F., and J. H. Palacci. "Intravenous regional anaesthesia with ketamine." Anaesthesia 40, no. 9 (1985): 899–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb11056.x.

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Verheecke, G. "Intravenous regional anaesthesia with ketamine." Anaesthesia 41, no. 9 (1986): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12943.x.

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Palacci, J. H., and J. F. Awor. "Intravenous regional anaesthesia with ketamine." Anaesthesia 41, no. 9 (1986): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12944.x.

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Höfler, Julia, and Eugen Trinka. "Intravenous ketamine in status epilepticus." Epilepsia 59 (August 26, 2018): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.14480.

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Durrani, Zia, Alon P. Winnie, Elemer K. Zsigmond, and Martin L. Burnett. "Ketamine for Intravenous Regional Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 68, no. 3 (1989): 328???332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198903000-00026.

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Montes, Ramon G., and Roger A. Bohn. "Deep Sedation With Inhaled Sevoflurane for Pediatric Outpatient Gastrointestinal Endoscopy." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 31, no. 1 (2000): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2000.tb02812.x.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Sevoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic agent with ideal properties for achieving deep sedation during pediatric outpatient gastrointestinal endoscopy. This is a comparison of experience with this gas and other sedation methods used in the authors' hospital.Methods:Retrospective chart review and statistical analysis of data from children receiving inhaled sevoflurane administered by an anesthesiologist through laryngeal insufflation, intravenous propofol, or intravenous midazolam‐fentanyl‐ketamine in any combination to achieve deep sedation for outpatient gastrointestinal endos
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Araújo, Eduarda, Tadeu Romagnoli Neto, Ana Beatriz Fernandes Camacho, et al. "Analysis of Intravenous Ketamine Bolus in Pediatric Emergency Care." Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences 6, no. 8 (2024): 4596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2024v6n8p4596-4610.

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Considering the increasing use of intravenous ketamine in pediatric emergency care, particularly for sedation, analgesia, and management of severe conditions such as traumatic brain injury and suicidal ideation, there is a need to critically evaluate its efficacy and safety in these settings. This study aims to systematically review and analyze various studies that have investigated the use of intravenous ketamine bolus in pediatric emergency care, focusing on its clinical outcomes, safety profile, and overall effectiveness. To achieve this, a narrative literature review was conducted, examini
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Radvansky, Brian M., Khushbu Shah, Anant Parikh, Anthony N. Sifonios, Vanny Le, and Jean D. Eloy. "Role of Ketamine in Acute Postoperative Pain Management: A Narrative Review." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/749837.

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Objectives. The objective of this narrative review was to examine the usage of ketamine as a postoperative analgesic agent across a wide variety of surgeries.Design. A literature search was performed using the phrases “ketamine” and “postoperative pain.” The authors analyzed the studies that involved testing ketamine’s effectiveness at controlling postoperative pain. Effectiveness was assessed through various outcomes such as the amount of opiate consumption, visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, and persistent postoperative pain at long-term follow-up.Results. While many different administra
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Hasan, Mahmoud, Christiane Modess, Tarek Roustom, et al. "Chiral Pharmacokinetics and Metabolite Profile of Prolonged-release Ketamine Tablets in Healthy Human Subjects." Anesthesiology 135, no. 2 (2021): 326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003829.

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Background The anesthetic ketamine after intravenous dosing is nearly completely metabolized to R- and S-stereoisomers of the active norketamine (analgesic, psychoactive) and 2,6-hydroxynorketamine (potential analgesic, antidepressant) as well as the inactive dehydronorketamine. Oral administration favors the formation of 2,6-hydroxynorketamines via extensive presystemic metabolism. The authors hypothesized that plasma exposure to 2,6-hydroxynorketamines relative to the psychoactive ketamine is greater after prolonged-release ketamine tablets than it is after intravenous ketamine. Methods Phar
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Ahn, EunKyoung, YhenSeung Kang, and SuYoun Choi. "The effect of an Intravenous Ketamine Infusion on Postherpetic Neuralgia." International Journal of Anesthesiology & Research 3, no. 7 (2015): 150–53. https://doi.org/10.19070/2332- 2780-1500037.

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Background: About 10~25% patients with herpes zoster suffers from postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Yet, there is no certain treatment for PHN. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) antagonist, plays an important role in the central sensitization. In this aspect, we tried to find out the effect of IV ketamine in herpes zoster patients who suffered from PHN. Methods: 40 herpes zoster patients with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) > 5 after the antiviral, antidepressant and nerve block therapy over 4 weeks were enrolled in this study. 50mg of ketamine and 2.5mg of midaz
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Aida, Sumihisa, Tomohiro Yamakura, Hiroshi Baba, Kiichiro Taga, Satoru Fukuda, and Koki Shimoji. "Preemptive Analgesia by Intravenous Low-dose Ketamine and Epidural Morphine in Gastrectomy." Anesthesiology 92, no. 6 (2000): 1624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200006000-00020.

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Background Morphine and ketamine may prevent central sensitization during surgery and result in preemptive analgesia. The reliability of preemptive analgesia, however, is controversial. Methods Gastrectomy patients were given preemptive analgesia consisting of epidural morphine, intravenous low-dose ketamine, and combinations of these in a randomized, double-blind manner. Postsurgical pain intensity was rated by a visual analog scale, a categoric pain evaluation, and cumulative morphine consumption. Results Preemptive analgesia by epidural morphine and by intravenous low-dose ketamine were sig
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Kovacova, Veronika, Andrea Macejova, Ingrid Tonhajzerova, et al. "Effect of Acute Ketamine Treatment on Sympathetic Regulation Indexed by Electrodermal Activity in Adolescent Major Depression." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 3 (2024): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17030358.

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Ketamine is a potential rapid-onset antidepressant characterized by sympathomimetic effects. However, the question of ketamine’s use in treating adolescents’ major depressive disorder (MDD) is still discussed. Thus, we aimed to study the acute effect of ketamine infusion treatment on sympathetic regulation using electrodermal activity (EDA) in addition to an assessment of depressive symptomatology in MDD adolescents. Twenty hospitalized adolescent girls with MDD (average age: 15.0 ± 1.46 yrs.) were examined before and two hours after a single intravenous infusion of ketamine. EDA was continuou
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O’Brien, Lijffijt, Wells, Swann, and Mathew. "The Impact of Childhood Maltreatment on Intravenous Ketamine Outcomes for Adult Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression." Pharmaceuticals 12, no. 3 (2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph12030133.

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Childhood maltreatment is associated with a poor treatment response to conventional antidepressants and increased risk for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NDMAR) antagonist ketamine has been shown to rapidly improve symptoms of depression in patients with TRD. It is unknown if childhood maltreatment could influence ketamine’s treatment response. We examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and treatment response using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms–Self Report (QIDS-SR) in TRD pat
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Martin, Josh, Fatemeh Gholamali Nezhad, Alice Rueda, et al. "Predicting treatment response to ketamine in treatment-resistant depression using auditory mismatch negativity: Study protocol." PLOS ONE 19, no. 8 (2024): e0308413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308413.

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Background Ketamine has recently attracted considerable attention for its rapid effects on patients with major depressive disorder, including treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Despite ketamine’s promising results in treating depression, a significant number of patients do not respond to the treatment, and predicting who will benefit remains a challenge. Although its antidepressant effects are known to be linked to its action as an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the precise mechanisms that determine why some patients respond and others do not are still unclear. Obje
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Baneux, Philippe J. R., Daniel Garner, Hugh B. McIntyre, and H. J. Holshuh. "Euthanasia of rabbits by intravenous administration of ketamine." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189, no. 9 (1986): 1038–39. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1986.189.09.1038.

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SUMMARY Six New Zealand White rabbits (5 females and 1 male) were anesthetized with a combination of xylazine (4.3 mg/kg of body weight) and ketamine (29.1 mg/kg) administered im. The rabbits were then attached to instruments that continuously monitored blood pressure and electrocardiographic and electroencephalographic values. Each rabbit was then administered a lethal dose of ketamine (600 mg, iv). Within 90 seconds after injection of the ketamine, brain death developed and the heart rate and blood pressure decreased greatly. Circulatory activity persisted for a maximum of 240 seconds. This
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Suzuki, Manzo, Syuji Haraguti, Kikuzo Sugimoto, Takehiko Kikutani, Yoichi Shimada, and Atsuhiro Sakamoto. "Low-dose Intravenous Ketamine Potentiates Epidural Analgesia after Thoracotomy." Anesthesiology 105, no. 1 (2006): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200607000-00020.

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Background Ketamine potentiates intravenous or epidural morphine analgesia. The authors hypothesized that very-low-dose ketamine infusion reduces acute and long-term postthoracotomy pain. Methods Forty-nine patients scheduled to undergo open thoracotomy were randomly assigned to receive one of two anesthesia regimens: continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine and morphine, along with intravenous infusion of ketamine (0.05 mg . kg(-1) . h(-1) [approximately 3 mg/h], ketamine group, n = 24) or placebo (saline, control group, n = 25). Epidural analgesia was continued for 2 days after surgery, a
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Noppers, Ingeborg, Erik Olofsen, Marieke Niesters, et al. "Effect of Rifampicin on S-ketamine and S-norketamine Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers after Intravenous S-ketamine Administration." Anesthesiology 114, no. 6 (2011): 1435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318218a881.

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Background Low-dose ketamine is used as analgesic for acute and chronic pain. It is metabolized in the liver to norketamine via cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. There are few human data on the involvement of CYP enzymes on the elimination of norketamine and its possible contribution to analgesic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CYP enzyme induction by rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of S-ketamine and its major metabolite, S-norketamine, in healthy volunteers. Methods Twenty healthy male subjects received 20 mg/70 kg/h (n = 10) or 40 mg/70 kg/h (n = 10) intravenou
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Mishra, Priyanka. "A Case of Bradycardia and Hypersensitivity with Intravenous Ketamine Monotherapy." Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 3, no. 2 (2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/066.

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Anaphylaxis during anesthesia is an unforeseeable and potentially life threatening syndrome that is dose independent. Ketamine is a widely used hypnotic for procedural sedation in the emergency department, in anesthesia and intensive care units (ICU). It is popularly employed for both children and adult patients. Though, dose dependent adverse effects of ketamine have been described, the hypersensitive reactions with the same are extremely rare. We are hereby presenting a case of an allergic reaction and isolated bradycardia with ketamine, given as intravenous monotherapy in a patient with no
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Wadhwa, Anupama. "Intraoperative Intravenous Methadone and Ketamine Combination versus Intravenous Morphine and Ketamine Combination for Post-Operative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Lower Extremity Fracture Surgery." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 3, no. 4 (2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/026.

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Background: Pain management for lower extremity fracture surgeries can be challenging. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of ketamine and methadone are more effective than ketamine and morphine to reduce postoperative pain and morphine requirements in patients undergoing lower extremity fracture surgery. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five patients 18-65 years of age, ASA class I-III, were enrolled in this study, which scheduled for elective lower extremity orthopedic surgery involving fracture of femur or tibia were recruited for the study. Thirty-eight randomized to th
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Flood, Pamela, and Matthew D. Krasowski. "Intravenous Anesthetics Differentially Modulate Ligand-gated Ion Channels." Anesthesiology 92, no. 5 (2000): 1418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200005000-00033.

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Background Heteromeric neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are potently inhibited by volatile anesthetics, but it is not known whether they are affected by intravenous anesthetics. Ketamine potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors at high concentrations, but it is unknown whether there is potentiation at clinically relevant concentrations. Information about the effects of intravenous anesthetics with different behavioral profiles on specific ligand-gated ion channels may lead to hypotheses as to which ion channel effect produces a specific anesthetic behavio
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