Academic literature on the topic 'Introduced mammal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Introduced mammal"
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Blackburn, Tim M., Sally L. Scrivens, Sarah Heinrich, and Phillip Cassey. "Patterns of selectivity in introductions of mammal species worldwide." NeoBiota 33 (January 27, 2017): 33–51. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.33.10471.
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Humans have an extremely long history of transporting and introducing mammal species outside their native geographic ranges. The characteristics of the species introduced (taxonomy, life-history, ecology, environment) can all influence which traits are available (and selected) for establishment, and subsequent invasive spread. Understanding the non-randomness in species introductions is therefore key to understanding invasions by alien species. Here, we test for selectivity in the identities and traits of mammal species introduced worldwide. We compiled and analysed a comprehensive database of introduced mammal species, including information on a broad range of life history, ecological, distributional and environmental variables that we predicted to differ between introduced and non-introduced mammal species. Certain mammal taxa are much more likely to have been introduced than expected, such as Artiodactyls in the families Bovidae and Cervidae. Rodents and bats were much less likely to have been introduced than expected. Introduced mammal species have significantly larger body masses, longer lifespans and larger litter sizes than a random sample of all mammal species. They also have much larger native geographic ranges than expected, originate from significantly further north, from cooler areas, and from areas with higher human population densities, than mammal species with no recorded introductions. The traits and distributions of species help determine which have been introduced, and reflect how the evolutionary history of mammals has resulted in certain species with certain traits being located in the way of human histories of movement and demands for goods and services. The large amount of unexplained variation is likely to relate to the intrinsically stochastic nature of this human-driven process.
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Kopij, Grzegorz. "Alien Mammals in the Afrotropical Region and Their Impact on Vertebrate Biodiversity: A Review." Diversity 17, no. 4 (2025): 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040286.
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The introduction of alien species may pose an enormous threat to indigenous flora and fauna. Among introduced animals, probably the most destructive to the natural environment are mammals. This is true at least in regard to the Afrotropical Region (sub-Saharan Africa). This review attempts to summarize our knowledge on alien mammals in this region and their impact on indigenous vertebrate fauna. This review includes 56 mammal species, belonging to 20 families, introduced to sub-Saharan Africa over the last 2000 years. Most are representatives of the following orders: Artiodactyla, Carnivora, and Primates. Most species introduced to sub-Saharan Africa originated from the Oriental (n = 20) and Palearctic (n = 19) regions. Two species, Mus musculus and Rattus rattus, were introduced before 1400 (probably as early as 800 AD), while three others were introduced between 1401 and 1700. The first half of the 17th century saw the highest number (n = 10) of introduced species. Between 1651 and 1850, only two species were introduced; in the following 175 years (1851–2025), as many as 24 species were introduced. Ten of the introduced mammal species, namely Sus scrofa, Capra hircus, Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Mus musculus, Felis catus, Canis familiaris, Viverricula indica, Urva auropunctata, and Maccaca fuscicularis, have become invasive species. A total of 39 mammal species were relocated (mainly for hunting purposes) within sub-Saharan Africa. Most of them were representatives of the family Bovidae (76.9%). Relocations are not considered introductions. Based on published records of the impacts of alien mammals on the vertebrate fauna of sub-Saharan Africa, the following mechanisms may be distinguished: predation, competition, hybridization, transmission of diseases and parasites, and habitat destruction (grazing, herbivory, browsing). Most vertebrate species (79.4%) were affected through direct predation, predation and habitat destruction (7.1%), or predation and competition (1.4%). Alien mammals have caused habitat destruction for only 10 species (7.1%). Other effects (competition and genetic pollution) were marginal (3.5%). At least 144 vertebrate species, representing 52 families, have been affected by alien mammals in sub-Saharan Africa: 3 amphibians, 23 reptiles, 89 birds, and 29 mammals. As a result of mammal introductions, 65 species in sub-Saharan Africa have become globally extinct, 45 are considered threatened (listed in the RDB), and 31 other species are in decline, although not included in the RDB. Most extinct birds were affected by introduced rats, mice, feral cats, and dogs. In continental Africa, only seven vertebrate species have been negatively affected by alien mammals. All other affected vertebrates occur on islands. An especially high rate of extinction has been recorded in the Mascarene Islands. In comparison with alien birds in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of introduced mammal species is much lower, but their negative impact on vertebrate fauna is significantly greater.
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Catling, PC, and RJ Burt. "Studies of the ground-dwelling mammals of eucalypt forests in south-eastern New South Wales: the species, their abundance and distribution." Wildlife Research 21, no. 2 (1994): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940219.
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We examined the distribution and abundance of ground-dwelling mammals in the major eucalypt communities within 500 000 ha of eucalypt forest in south-eastern New South Wales. Data for 22 species of mammal are presented from 13 areas comprising 42 eucalypt communities. Two features were the abundance and widespread distribution of the introduced red fox and cat, and the absence of small wallabies (potoroo size) and low abundance of other medium-sized native mammals such as bandicoots. Six mammal species occurred in all areas and in most eucalypt communities. Although there were differences in the distribution and abundance of species between areas there was no significant difference between areas in the number of native and introduced species. Some mammal species were absent from some eucalypt communities, but no eucalypt community was devoid of ground-dwelling mammals and each had native and introduced species present. The E. fastigata group had the highest number of species (14) and one community (E. fastigata-E. cypellocarpa) contained the highest number of native (9) and introduced (4) species. The E. maculata group contained the lowest number of native species with eastern grey kangaroos absent and common wombats present in one community only. The results of this study suggest that management options for arboreal mammals may not apply to the ground-dwelling mammals. The ground-dwelling mammals present today in south-eastern New South Wales appear to be remnants of a more diverse fauna left after clearing, forestry activities and predation by introduced species. Some species are in urgent need of protection and management if they are to persist.
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Bomford, Mary, Rebecca O. Darbyshire, and Lucy Randall. "Determinants of establishment success for introduced exotic mammals." Wildlife Research 36, no. 3 (2009): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08055.
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We conducted comparisons for exotic mammal species introduced to New Zealand (28 successful, 4 failed), Australia (24, 17) and Britain (15, 16). Modelling of variables associated with establishment success was constrained by small sample sizes and phylogenetic dependence, so our results should be interpreted with caution. Successful species were subject to more release events, had higher climate matches between their overseas geographic range and their country of introduction, had larger overseas geographic range sizes and were more likely to have established an exotic population elsewhere than was the case for failed species. Of the mammals introduced to New Zealand, successful species also had larger areas of suitable habitat than did failed species. Our findings may guide risk assessments for the import of live mammals to reduce the rate new species establish in the wild.
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Roshier, David A., Felicity L. Hotellier, Andrew Carter, et al. "Long-term benefits and short-term costs: small vertebrate responses to predator exclusion and native mammal reintroductions in south-western New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19153.
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Abstract ContextThe success of conservation fences at protecting reintroduced populations of threatened mammals from introduced predators has prompted an increase in the number and extent of fenced exclosures. Excluding introduced species from within conservation fences could also benefit components of insitu faunal assemblages that are prey for introduced predators, such as reptiles and small mammals. Conversely, reintroduced mammals may compete with smaller mammals and reptiles for resources, or even prey on them. AimsIn a 10-year study from 2008, we examine how small terrestrial vertebrates respond to the exclusion of introduced predators, the feral cat (Felis catus) and red fox (Vulpes Vulpes), introduced herbivores and the reintroduction of regionally extinct mammal species. MethodsDifferences in the yearly relative abundance of reptiles and mammals according to habitat type and whether sites were fenced or not, were tested using multivariate generalised linear models. Next, we calculated univariate P-values to identify individual species that showed significant relationships, positive and negative, with any of the explanatory variables. Key resultsTotal captures of reptiles were lower inside the conservation fence in all years, whereas total captures of small mammals were markedly higher inside the fenced area, notably in dasyurids. ConclusionOur results showed that conservation fences can deliver benefits for some fauna (but not all) beyond facilitating the reintroduction of highly threatened mammals. ImplicationsOur results demonstrated the consequential impacts of introduced predators on the Australian small mammal fauna, and showed that predator-exclusion fences can be an effective conservation intervention for this guild.
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Wilson B, A., and J. Wolrige. "Assessment of the Diet of the Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Habitats of the Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00201.
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The Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria have highly diverse native mammal communities. Although the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been recorded in the area the extent of its distribution and effects on native mammals are unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the diet of the Red Fox in the study area, to compare the diet between seasons and habitats (woodland, forest, heathland) and to assess the diet in the habitat of the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) which is endangered in Victoria. Fox scats collected monthly in each habitat were analysed to determine the composition of the diet and small mammal trapping was carried out in each habitat to determine potential small mammal prey species. Overall, mammals (42%) constituted the highest proportion in the fox scats and sixteen species, including nine native species were recorded. Large-sized native mammals including Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) constituted 60% of the mammal diet category. The occurrence of plant material was significantly different between seasons, being more abundant in winter. There was a significant difference in the frequency of large introduced mammals in the diet between seasons, with consumption being higher in winter. The occurrence of large, native mammalian prey increased from 15% in winter to 47% in autumn. The frequency of occurrence of the major dietary categories (plant material, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals) was similar across habitats. Large introduced mammals occurred in higher proportions in the diet from woodland habitat. Small mammals were more numerous in scats of heathland and scats from the forest contained the highest abundance of medium-sized mammals. There was no evidence of the endangered New Holland Mouse in scats collected from habitat where a population of the species was present.
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Barun, Arijana, Daniel Simberloff, Nikola Tvrtkovic, and Michel Pascal. "Impact of the introduced small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on abundance and activity time of the introduced ship rat (Rattus rattus) and the small mammal community on Adriatic islands, Croatia." NeoBiota 11 (November 30, 2011): 51–61. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.11.1819.
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The small Indian mongoose (<i>Herpestes auropunctatus)</i> is one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species (IUCN 2000). It has negative impacts on several small mammals on islands where it was introduced. We assess the abundance of small mammal populations and the activity time of introduced ship rats (<i>Rattus rattus</i>) on three mongoose-infested and three mongoose-free islands in the Adriatic Sea, Croatia. We set up three transects on each island with a trapping system consisting of 30 small live traps to capture small mammals under 30 grams and 30 larger traps to capture ship rats and mongooses, on each transect. Our results support an already large but mostly speculative literature that suggests inability of the small Indian mongoose to reduce high abundances of introduced <i>R. rattus</i>. Further, we suggest that the low abundance of native small mammals is probably not solely caused by the mongoose but also by high <i>R. rattus</i> populations on all six islands. In addition, we provide evidence that <i>R. rattus</i> has changed its activity time to become more nocturnal on mongoose-infested islands, possibly to avoid predation by the mongoose. As <i>R. rattus</i> became more nocturnal, the diurnal mongoose may have become the main predator on amphibians, reptiles, and poultry.
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Hradsky, Bronwyn A. "Conserving Australia’s threatened native mammals in predator-invaded, fire-prone landscapes." Wildlife Research 47, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19027.
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Abstract Inappropriate fire regimes and predation by introduced species each pose a major threat to Australia’s native mammals. They also potentially interact, an issue that is likely to be contributing to the ongoing collapse of native mammal communities across Australia. In the present review, I first describe the mechanisms through which fire could create predation pinch points, exacerbating the impacts of predators, including red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, and feral cats, Felis catus, on their native mammalian prey. These mechanisms include a localised increase in predator activity (a numerically mediated pathway) and higher predator hunting success after fire (a functionally moderated pathway), which could both increase native mammal mortality and limit population recovery in fire-affected landscapes. Evidence for such interactions is growing, although largely based on unreplicated experiments. Improving native mammal resilience to fire in predator-invaded landscapes requires addressing two key questions: how can the impacts of introduced predators on native mammals in fire-affected areas be reduced; and, does a reduction in predation by introduced species result in higher native mammal survival and population recovery after fire? I then examine potential management options for reducing predator impacts post-fire. The most feasible are landscape-scale predator control and the manipulation of fire regimes to create patchy fire scars. However, robust field experiments with adequate statistical power are required to assess the effectiveness of these approaches and preclude null (e.g. compensatory mortality) or adverse (e.g. mesopredator or competitor release) outcomes. Ongoing predator management and prescribed burning programs provide an opportunity to learn through replicated natural experiments as well as experimental manipulations. Standardised reporting protocols and cross-jurisdiction monitoring programs would help achieve necessary spatial and environmental replication, while multi-trophic, spatially explicit simulation models could help synthesise findings from disparate study designs, predict management outcomes and generate new hypotheses. Such approaches will be key to improving management of the complex mechanisms that drive threatened native mammal populations in Australia’s predator-invaded, fire-prone landscapes.
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Legge, Sarah, John C. Z. Woinarski, Andrew A. Burbidge, et al. "Havens for threatened Australian mammals: the contributions of fenced areas and offshore islands to the protection of mammal species susceptible to introduced predators." Wildlife Research 45, no. 7 (2018): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17172.
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Context Many Australian mammal species are highly susceptible to predation by introduced domestic cats (Felis catus) and European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). These predators have caused many extinctions and have driven large distributional and population declines for many more species. The serendipitous occurrence of, and deliberate translocations of mammals to, ‘havens’ (cat- and fox-free offshore islands, and mainland fenced exclosures capable of excluding cats and foxes) has helped avoid further extinction. Aims The aim of this study was to conduct a stocktake of current island and fenced havens in Australia and assess the extent of their protection for threatened mammal taxa that are most susceptible to cat and fox predation. Methods Information was collated from diverse sources to document (1) the locations of havens and (2) the occurrence of populations of predator-susceptible threatened mammals (naturally occurring or translocated) in those havens. The list of predator-susceptible taxa (67 taxa, 52 species) was based on consensus opinion from >25 mammal experts. Key results Seventeen fenced and 101 island havens contain 188 populations of 38 predator-susceptible threatened mammal taxa (32 species). Island havens cover a larger cumulative area than fenced havens (2152km2 versus 346km2), and reach larger sizes (largest island 325km2, with another island of 628km2 becoming available from 2018; largest fence: 123km2). Islands and fenced havens contain similar numbers of taxa (27 each), because fenced havens usually contain more taxa per haven. Populations within fences are mostly translocated (43 of 49; 88%). Islands contain translocated populations (30 of 139; 22%); but also protect in situ (109) threatened mammal populations. Conclusions Havens are used increasingly to safeguard threatened predator-susceptible mammals. However, 15 such taxa occur in only one or two havens, and 29 such taxa (43%) are not represented in any havens. The taxon at greatest risk of extinction from predation, and in greatest need of a haven, is the central rock-rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus). Implications Future investment in havens should focus on locations that favour taxa with no (or low) existing haven representation. Although havens can be critical for avoiding extinctions in the short term, they cover a minute proportion of species’ former ranges. Improved options for controlling the impacts of cats and foxes at landscape scales must be developed and implemented.
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Rickart, Eric, Rebecca J. Rowe, Alexandra C. Coconis, and Shannen L. Robson. "Mammals of Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge, Utah: assessing diversity, and effects of long-term wetland management on native and introduced species." Therya 16, no. 1 (2025): 185–210. https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-25-6159.
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Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge, one of the most isolated wildlife refuges in the lower 48 US states, was established with the singular purpose of transforming a natural desert wetland into managed habitat for migratory waterfowl. The longitudinal effects of wildlife management on non-target species are rarely examined. In this study, we used specimen-based evidence from historical and modern surveys to 1) compile a list of the mammal fauna of Fish Springs NWR, 2) identify other regional species from within the eastern Great Basin that may occur on the refuge but have yet to be detected, and 3) assess how 60 years of intensive waterfowl management may have affected mammal diversity and abundance. Results document 33 species of mammals currently (or formerly) present at Fish Springs. It is likely that several additional species, primarily small mammals (shrews, bats, and rodents), are present on the refuge. One species thought to have been introduced during the 20th century, was in fact present prehistorically, and one non-native species that was introduced appears to have suffered a recent population crash. Changes in species’ abundance were evident as a result of habitat modifications and management practices, but otherwise, there is no evidence of major impact on native mammals.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Introduced mammal"
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Pedersen, Simen. "Effects of native and introduced cervids on small mammals and birds." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15935.
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Cervids are a widespread family of ungulates, native to the Americas, Europe and Asia and introduced to Australia. Densities of cervids have increased in North America, Europe and Japan during the last couple of decades, due to changes in land use, reduced hunting, lack of large carnivores and changes in management practices. Where they occur at high densities, native and introduced cervids may have profound effects on vegetation, causing knock-on effects on other taxa. Cervids are in some instances managed towards changing the local distribution through supplemental feeding. These supplemental feeding stations are causing localized areas of high cervid abundance in the landscape, and may have effects on plants and animal species. In this thesis I investigate how high cervid densities and the practice of supplemental feeding impact birds and small mammals through effects on; 1) food resources, and 2) habitat structure. Utilizing a simulated moose (Alces alces) browsing experiment, I tested how varying moose densities and varying site productivity affects vole preference for bilberry. I found that voles preferred unbrowsed bilberry at low productivity sites, while they preferred lightly browsed bilberry at high productivity sites, I was however unable to explain the preference pattern with the chemical composition of the bilberry. However, moose do impact vole food preferences and this could, depending on the productivity of the site, potentially affect food selection and population dynamics over large geographical areas. Moose browsing pressure and nutrient input gradually decline with distance from supplemental winter feeding stations. I utilized this gradient to test how moose activity affects reproduction in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) and great tits (Parus major). The two species showed contrasting responses to moose feeding stations, great tits preferred to nest away from feeding stations where they showed higher feeding frequency and also produced more fledglings compared to close to feeding stations. Pied flycatchers on the other hand preferred to nest close to feeding stations where they had higher feeding frequency and fledgling mass was higher compared to further away. Hence, for both species moose browsing is affecting food availability that subsequently affects reproductive performance. Moose supplemental feeding stations also changed the habitat for small mammals from dwarf shrub dominated to grass and forb dominated. This did not have any effect on reproductive performance of the small mammals, but it did affect species composition along a gradient from the feeding stations. There was higher abundance of Microtus spp. and common shrews (Sorex araneus) close to feeding stations, while bank voles (Myodes glareoleus) had higher abundance away from feeding stations, the latter however was not statistically significant. Small mammals in Australian coastal heath were generally negatively associated with introduced rusa deer (Cervus timorensis), however one species responded positively to historical densities of rusa deer. It was however not possible to confirm these effects as being due to changes in habitat structure for the small mammals. However they may be explained by qualitative changes in the vegetation or alternatively by direct effects of deer through trampling or predation. Cervids and their management have an impact on other fauna, however the effects vary depending on small mammal and bird species. The effects of cervids also depend on the habitat requirements and foraging preferences of the small mammals and birds. Effects may be mediated through both food resources and habitat structure and are dependent on site productivity and cervid density.
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Schoene, Claudia Ulrike Regina. "Assessment of the impact of a newly introduced free-ranging group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) on the vegetation of Ngamba Island, Lake Victoria, Uganda." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05062005-151800.
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Rickard, Christopher Gerald. "Introduced small mammals and invertebrate conservation in a lowland podocarp forest, South Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry Science, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6182.
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This study presents the results of an investigation into invertebrate predation by introduced small mammals and the population dynamics of the ship rat and stoat in lowland podocarp forest. The study area was Okarito Forest, South Westland, New Zealand.
The invertebrate faunas of four study sites were compared using pitfall traps and found to be similar, justifying the assumption that small mammals trapped within any of these sites would have access to a similar range of invertebrate food items. Drainage was found to be the most important environmental variable influencing invertebrate distribution.
Diet of the stoat, ship rat and possum were investigated using gut contents obtained from animals trapped between June 1994 and February 1995.
The diet of stoats during 1994/95 included a much larger invertebrate component than expected (close to 50% of volume). It is proposed that this is due to stoats switching to invertebrates in a year of low rat abundance. Stoats appeared to selectively consume freshwater crayfish and the weta, Gymnoplectron sp.. Other invertebrates made up an insignificant part of stoat diet.
Invertebrates predominated in ship rat diet. It is proposed that ship rats are not foraging in a particularly selective manner, but consume invertebrates in relation to size and availability.
Invertebrates made up a small but significant part of possum diet. Large invertebrates were apparently preferred and possums were found to selectively consume large invertebrates in times of increased abundance or activity.
As a result of a study of population dynamics, utilising trapping and autopsy information from previous years, a system very similar to that described for New Zealand's beech forests is proposed. In the majority of years Okarito Forest is thought to provide at best a marginal habitat for the ship rat. However a rimu mast year leads to increased rat abundance, which in turn results in increased stoat numbers. Data indicates that the trapping season of 1993/94 was a mast year and that of this study (1994/95) a crash year.
Although this study does not provide enough data to determine the effects of predation on the invertebrate fauna, some general comments are made regarding invertebrate conservation and the effects of mammalian predation on the invertebrate fauna of mainland New Zealand.
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Jacobs, Evert Philippus. "Diet and feeding effects of introduced giraffe in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/964.
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This study presents the results of a study on introduced giraffe diet and feeding effects within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Five sites were selected over a moisture gradient from the mesic east to the arid west of the Eastern Cape to describe giraffe diet and provide baseline data for feeding effect experiments. At each site faecal samples were collected seasonally and diet composition determined by microhistological analysis. Plant species availability was measured using the point intersect method in order to compare plant availability to plant consumption to determine diet preferences. Giraffe diet across the sites showed a unimodal response to rainfall by utilising fewer species in drier areas where plant availability is low and increasing the number of species consumed as the rainfall increases. In higher rainfall areas, giraffe reduced the number of plant species fed upon because of the high availability of important species that reduces the need for a varied diet. Across all sites, plant availability was dominated by woody plant species (more than 90 percent at each site). A total of 57 plants species were recorded as being eaten across the five sites. Several PDI (Principle Diet Items) plant species (Acacia karroo, Schotia afra, Pappea capensis and Euclea undulata) were eaten across sites. Over all the sites, significantly preferred species were Asparagus striatus, Schotia latifolia, Asparagus suaveolens, Commelina benghalensis, Viscum rotundifolium, and Acacia cyclops. Acacia karroo, Schotia afra, Pappea capensis, Rhus crenata, A. tetracantha, and Grewia robusta were utilised in proportion to their availability. Euclea undulata, Rhus longispina and Putterlickia pyracantha were avoided. Feeding effects were tested by erecting exclosures around trees, covering one half of each tree. Ten trees were selected for these manipulative experiments which ran from September 2003 to February 2005. The number of branches, number of leaves, branch orders, branch diameter, branch length, leaf length and leaf width were measured for ten samples per side (enclosed vs. exposed) and analysed using a Wilcoxon matched pairs test and tested for effect size using Cohen’s d. Although no significant differences were detected between the sides measured, the effect size indicated differences in all measurements between sides ranging from low to moderate. Leaf length was greater on the outside of exclosures and showed a moderate difference between the sides in terms of the d-value with the p-value (0.059) tending towards significance. Although leaf width was higher on the inside of exclosures, it only showed a moderate difference for d with no statistical significance. Leaf area was higher on the inside of exclosures and tended to significance (p = 0.059) and similarly the d value indicated moderate differences between the sides in terms of effect size. Similarly branch length was higher on the inside of exclosures although not significantly, the p-value (0.07) approached significance. The effect size for branch length also showed a moderate difference between the sides. The number of branches and the number of leaves showed no statistical differences between the sides although the p-value (0.059) for the number of branches, as well as number of leaves (p = 0.07) approached significance. For both these variables, effect size showed a moderate difference. Giraffe showed diversity in their diet selection across sites but mainly fed upon available species. Some preferred species were however less available and this preference could possibly result in increased pressure on the selected plant species Exclosure experiments showed no significant differences in leaf and shoot characteristics although all measurements showed differences in terms of effect size meriting further investigation. It is concluded that giraffe impact on sites may be reduced if populations are properly managed however, high densities of giraffe could lead to similar vegetation impacts as observed in other areas where giraffe have been introduced and potentially change vegetation structure and plant community composition.
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Parker, Daniel Matthew. "The feeding biology and potential impact of introduced giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/48/.
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Crego, Ramiro Daniel. "Niche Expansion of an Invasive Predator (Neovison vison), Prey Response, and Facilitative Interactions with Other Invasive Mammals at the Southern End of the Americas: Conservation Challenges and Potential Solutions." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062862/.
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The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve is located at the southern tip of South America. This large archipelago is considered one of the last pristine areas left on the world. Despite it being an unpopulated area with most of the native forest cover intact, it has not been exempt from biological invasions, one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss. Three species that naturally interact in their native range in North America – American beavers (Castor canadensis), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), and American mink (Neovison vison) – were independently introduced in this remote region. In my dissertation, I investigated (i) the hypothesis of niche expansion in the invasive mink population on Navarino Island towards terrestrial habitats; (ii) potential mink impact on breeding success of forest-bird populations; (iii) habitat selection of small-rodent species and their perception on the mink's novel predation risk; and (iv) the dynamics of multiple-species invasions under the hypothesis of an invasional meltdown. Additionally, I worked within the framework of environmental philosophy. I provide an example of combining ecological and cultural dimensions within the International Long-Term Ecological Research network to disentangle the ethical dilemmas that surround the management of invasive species. I finally proposed a management plan based on the idea of multiple invasive species management, discussing potential solutions to overcome the challenges that the control of invasive species represent and to more effectively protect the biological integrity of the native ecosystems.
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Brescacin, Camille Rose. "The role of the feral pig (Sus scrofa) as a disturbance agent and seed disperser in central Florida's natural lands." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4679.
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Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are considered to be among the world's worst invasive species due to their successful invasion and ecological and economic impact to native and agricultural plants and animals around the world. Feral pigs are significant disturbance agents that destroy plant communities, change soil characteristics, alter nutrient cycling, and create open sites for colonization of both native and non-native plant species through their foraging behavior called rooting. In contrast to native animal disturbances, rooting is a striking feature in the landscape that varies in space, seasonal timing, frequency (number of times rooted), and intensity (depth of rooting). During this study, feral pigs rooted 7.7% of the search area, which increased to 12% when abandoned patches (baseline patches that were not rooted during this study) were included. Overall, feral pigs rooted and re-rooted habitats along roads and trails significantly more than wetlands. Rooting also varied temporally with the most rooting occurring during July-November, which also corresponds to the peak in rooting intensity. Implications to land managers include avoiding the installation of roads and trails near wet to mesic habitats or other habitats that contain species of concern in order to conserve habitat quality and recreational value. Despite less rooting activity, feral pigs still pose a significant threat to wetlands as evidenced by the large amount of abandoned patches documented. In order to conserve natural areas, effective management and development of efficient control methods is needed to keep feral pig populations in check. As a large opportunistic omnivore, feral pigs have the potential to be important vectors for endozoochorus seed dispersal of a variety of plant species. Feral pigs can travel long distances and have a gut retention time up to 49 hours, therefore seeds can be deposited throughout the landscape far from the parent plant.; Over the course of this study, feral pigs dispersed 50 plant species from a wide range of ecological and morphological characteristics, though the majority were native, small seeded, wetland species. For most plant species, location of deposition matched their habitat preference and suggests a high probability of survival. Feral pigs disperse mainly wetland plant species, which has important implications for wetland conservation. However, feral pigs also deposited unwanted species into wetlands and predated the seeds of important wetland canopy tree species.<br>ID: 030422985; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references.<br>M.S.<br>Masters<br>Department of Biology<br>Sciences
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Cliff, HB. "Interactions between native lizards and introduced mammals in New Zealand's dryland ecosystems." Thesis, 2019. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/32597/1/Cliff_whole_thesis.pdf.
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Introduced predators have had devastating impacts for native prey globally, contributing to high rates of species extinction and endangerment, particularly within island ecosystems. New Zealand is one of these island systems where native fauna, including a high diversity of endemic lizard species, are highly threatened. The heightened vulnerability of New Zealand’s fauna to introduced predators is often attributed to prey-naivety, which results from a lack of experience with mammalian predators over evolutionary time-scales. In addition to introduced predators, New Zealand’s native species are threatened by habitat degradation, introduced prey species, and synergies between these co-occurring threats.
Effective conservation in heavily modified ecosystems with multiple invaders is an ongoing challenge globally, with management actions often having unintended consequences. Understanding the interactions between native lizards and introduced mammalian predators, is therefore essential to ensuring New Zealand’s biodiversity is conserved effectively and efficiently. This study focused on understanding the extent to which two key threats; (i) prey naivety and (ii) hyperpredation, contribute to the heightened vulnerability of lizards in New Zealand’s dry grassland habitats (drylands). This included assessing how current conservation management strategies, including (i) mammalian-predator exclusion and (ii) rabbit control, were impacting lizard populations.
The first aim of the study is to understand the extent to which New Zealand lizards remain naïve of the threat posed by introduced mammalian predators. To do this we tested whether McCann’s skink (Oligosoma maccanni), a ‘non-threatened’ dryland lizard species, responded to cat cues by reducing basking frequency or increasing their preference for basking sites closer to refuge. We found that skinks from a population with a high-density of introduced mammals reduced basking frequency when exposed to cat cues, whereas skinks from a low-predator population, sourced from within a fenced reserve where mammalian predators had been excluded for 3-4 skink generations, did not. The low-predator population also failed to discriminate the cues of an avian predator, despite having evolutionary and ecological experience with this predatory threat. These results suggest that at least one species of New Zealand lizard has rapidly gained the ability to recognise the threat posed cats, a species introduced ~150 years ago. However, they also suggest that the behavioural response of skinks is flexible, and that predator avoidance behaviours can be rapidly lost when predation pressure is relaxed.
The second aim is to better understand if and how an introduced prey species, in this case rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), facilitates hyperpredation of native prey. Hyperpredation occurs when rabbits support higher densities of a shared generalist predator, which increases predation pressure on alternative prey species, particularly when rabbits become less abundant. Specifically, we are interested in whether rabbit control is an effective mechanism for reducing the impacts of ferret (Mustela furo) predation on native lizards and invertebrates in New Zealand’s drylands. To do this we analysed changes in ferret densities and per-capita dietary intake in response to a large-scale rabbit control operation, in the period up to 18 months post-control. Following rabbit control, ferret densities declined but remaining ferrets increased their per capita consumption of native prey. This resulted in an overall decrease in predation pressure for invertebrates, but an increase in predation pressure for lizards. These results indicate that reducing rabbits by over 80% in this system fails to protect lizards in the short-term period following rabbit-control, and that lizard conservation would benefit from the simultaneous control of predators.
This research demonstrates that prey-naivety is dynamic, and that evolutionary isolation from mammalian predators does not prevent New Zealand’s lizards from recognising and attempting to avoid the risk associated with novel predator cues. This research also highlights how established rabbit populations and short-term fluctuations in rabbit abundance, increase native species’ vulnerability to introduced predators. Finally, this research demonstrates that current management strategies aimed at protecting vulnerable native species, can have unintended consequences. This includes increasing the naivety of prey through conservation fencing and predator exclusion, as well as increasing the predation pressure on native prey species through suppressing introduced prey populations. To understand the vulnerability of native species, and ensure to conservation actions are effective, research must continue to unravel the spatial and temporal complexity of species interactions within invaded ecosystems.
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Schoene, Claudia Ulrike Regina. "Assessment of the impact of a newly introduced free-ranging group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) on the vegetation of Ngamba Island, Lake Victoria in Uganda." Diss., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24377.
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The purpose of the current research project was to undertake a thorough quantitative and qualitative survey of the vegetation on Ngamba Island. Based on the results of this survey suggestions are made for future management of the chimpanzees on the island. It was assumed that the introduction of chimpanzees onto an island that was previously not inhabited by this species would have an (to be defined) impact on the environment in general, and the vegetation cover, in particular. The woody vegetation was sampled and analysed using the varying quadrat plot method. This method gives the following results per (a) species, (b) stem growth form and (c) height class: 1. Canopy regime at different height levels; 2. Total projected canopy cover, and 3. Density. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that at this stage the forest structure on Ngamba Island still represents a healthy secondary rain forest cover. A major impact chimpanzees have on the woody vegetation cover of Ngamba Island is that they defoliate and destroy trees of all height classes. The number of mature trees that a parent tree produces per fruiting period might often be as little as < 1. Even though chimpanzees act as seed dispensers in their natural habitat the impressive number of seeds dispersed by each individual chimpanzee is therefore put into perspective by the very low final recruitment rate. Resulting from the above it is postulated that the impact of the Ngamba Island chimpanzees as seed dispersers for selected woody vegetation species is of low importance if not negligible. It is by far outweighed by the destruction caused to the secondary rain forest cover of the Island by this newly introduced species. Using different approaches and calculations to estimate the necessary home ranges for chimpanzees in a confined habitat the areas calculated range from 5-56 hectare per chimpanzee. Even though, there is an 11.2-fold difference between these estimates they indicate nevertheless, that Ngamba Island with an area of 42.40 ha of secondary rain forest cover and 16 adult and 17 juvenile chimpanzees is already highly overstocked. In summary the impact the newly introduced species of chimpanzees on Ngamba Island will have over time on the secondary rain forest cover of their forest refuge is that of continuing destruction. Using a rate of destruction of about 0.50 ha per chimpanzee per year the secondary rain forest cover of Ngamba Island will be completely destroyed in 53 years with a stocking density of 16 adult chimpanzees. Increasing stocking density – also through maturing of the juvenile chimpanzees currently present on the Island into a adulthood – will increase the rate of destruction of the woody vegetation cover of Ngamba Island proportionally.<br>Dissertation (MSc(Wild Life Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006.<br>Animal and Wildlife Sciences<br>unrestricted
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Dijkgraaf, Astrid Cora. "Phenology and frugivory of large-fruited species in northern New Zealand and the impacts of introduced mammals." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/605.
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This thesis investigated the reproductive phenology, fruit features, dispersal and seed predation of native New Zealand fleshy-fruited species, concentrating mainly on fruits larger than 10-mm in diameter borne by trees. There are several species with large tree-borne fruit in New Zealand and they currently only have one seed disperser (kereru, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae). Historical evidence suggests that kereru might have been the sole effective disperser for most of the Quaternary. Thus the New Zealand large-fruited frugivore system is relatively simple. It might, therefore be possible to test whether competition amongst large-fruited species for dispersers has resulted in character displacement in the timing of ripe fruit presentation. With this in mind I examined the timing of ripe fruit presentation – the phenological patterns – and nutrient complementarity of fruit species known to contribute to the kereru diet. Introduced mammals have impacted significantly on New Zealand forest ecosystems, including fruit production. An experiment was designed to measure the level of mammalian fruit consumption. Three paired forest patches, with similar topography, aspect and forest type, were selected. Mammalian pests were suppressed in three forest patches, but left unchanged at the paired site. This allowed comparison of fruit production and fruit phenology at sites with and without pest suppression. The effects of mammal pests on kereru, other bird species and some insect species were also investigated. Showing that phenological patterns have statistically significant character displacement has proved difficult in the past. It was considered that significant differences might be obtained if phenological patterns were broken down in to the most important character displacement attributes. These were thought to be: (1) order of ripe fruit presentation amongst species; (2) peak fruit production should be greater than could be expected by chance; (3) synchronicity of fruit production within species; (4) lack of significant overlap between species competing for the same resource. The two sites with the longest phenological record and best level of pest suppression were used to investigate whether character displacement occurs amongst large-fruited species. The fruiting pattern of large-fruited species in northern New Zealand was more akin to tropical forests with year round fruit supply, than to temperate forest with more seasonal fruiting. The order of fruiting tended to be consistent between years at both sites. Fruit was not produced throughout the year by individual species, but tended to occur in defined peaks. A combination Simpson Index and Monte Carlo parametric bootstrap method was used to confirm that the fruiting peaks were non-random. The theory of competitive displacement amongst co-existing species requires that little or no overlap should occur in the production of ripe fruits by competing species. This means that the period of ripe fruit presentation for one species should not overlap significantly with ripe fruit production of another species. This was tested by modifying a formula developed by Augspurger (1983) that considers the phenological state of an individual in the context of what all other individuals of that same species (for synchrony) or other species (for overlap) are doing over the same period. A further development was the generation of critical values against which the values for individual species could be compared. Species tended to be more synchronous than asynchronous in the presentation of ripe fruits but only one species was consistently more synchronous than the calculated critical value at both sites. Two other species at Whitford Bush exceeded the critical synchrony value and several other species from both sites came close to exceeding the synchrony value. Despite synchrony values being generally smaller than expected species tended to not overlap significantly with other species in some or all years. Character displacement, in the form of timing of ripe fruit presentation, was demonstrated for most species. However, it is not possible to conclude that this has come about through co-evolution, solely, with the frugivorous kereru. Fruit nutritional analysis of a range of (mostly) large-fruited species gave rise to six ‘fruit types’ that clustered on size, lipid content, sugar and moisture content, carbohydrate or protein content. These categories and the nutritional values obtained for New Zealand fruits tended to agree with overseas studies. Compared to overseas fruits, a generalist description of New Zealand fruits could be “relatively small, moist, fibrous but nutritionally poor fruits”. In the forests of Auckland, fruit is available throughout the year. Reasonable quantities of high-lipid fruits are available throughout most of the year, except for parts of summer, and there is little overlap between lipid-rich species. High-sugar fruits are most common during summer and autumn. Kereru were shown to use fruit species as they become seasonally available. However, they preferred large lipid-rich fruits, which can amount to 40% or more of the diet at one time and possibly up to 80% of the diet fed to chicks. Taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi) and nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida) were the most preferred of the lipid-rich fruits. Nikau is also a calcium-rich fruit. Puriri (Vitex lucens), a large sugar-rich fruit, was a common dietary item, eaten throughout the year, even when the fruit was relatively scarce. Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides; small and sugar-rich) was eaten by kereru when large quantities of ripe fruit were available. The timing and nutrition of the fruiting species was generally complementary, with different nutritional components available from species fruiting simultaneously. Observational data indicate that kereru generally prefer large-fruits over small fruits. The greatest numbers of feeding observations were of kereru taking fruits that were too large to be taken by other extant bird species. Fruit species were available and eaten throughout the period that foliage (e.g. kowhai Sophora spp.) was also eaten. Kowhai leaves and other sources of foliage have higher concentrations of nitrogen than most fruits. Thus perhaps a switch to utilizing foliage is not so much due to a lack of food but more an issue of nutrient complementarity, during the periods of egg development and nesting. Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and rodent (Rattus spp., Mus musculus) control was reflected in the number of possums and/or rodents caught in forest patches at the end of the study. Long-term pest mammal suppression resulted in no trappable possums, rats or mice. Sites lacking mammal suppression had moderate to high numbers of possums and rodents. Possum numbers were lower at one site with partial possum suppression but lacking rodent suppression. Rodent (rats and mice) numbers were generally too low to make valid comparisons but appeared somewhat elevated at the site with partial possum suppression. Possum droppings were more frequent in seedfall traps at sites with no systematic possum suppression. Rodent droppings had less clearly defined patterns and showed more seasonal variability than possum droppings. The data for number of pest-mammal droppings in seedfall traps generally support the mammal trapping data. Possums and rodents had adverse effects on fruit production at sites without pest suppression. Suppression of possum and rodent numbers resulted in more fruit production, less fruit damaged, more fruits maturing and more fruits consumed by birds that void the seed unharmed. Pest suppression also ensured that ripe fruits were available throughout the year, supporting resident native frugivores. Partial possum control resulted in both the production of more fruits and proportionally more possum and rodent damaged fruits. Mammal pests showed preference for energy rich fruits such as taraire, and nikau, which are also preferred by kereru. Pest suppression generally increased the number of traps with insect or kereru droppings, except at the site with partial pest suppression where the occurrence of insect droppings was relatively low. It is not possible to determine whether the benefits to these species are solely through a reduction in possum numbers or through a combination of reduced possum and rodent numbers. Bird encounter rates were generally greater at sites where pest-mammals were suppressed, especially for frugivorous birds. This increased encounter rate is unlikely to be solely due to behavioral changes in the bird population since the proportion of consumed fruits also increased. Other factors, such as forest patch size and forest patch isolation, are also thought to be important in determining bird numbers. Some forest patches seemed to have insufficient kereru to consume and disperse available crops of large fruit. The timing of fruit production and the nutrient content of the fruits resulted in some fruits being more attractive (e.g. high energy food source, or important seasonal nutritional component) to frugivores than others. These fruits were consumed more often by both seed dispersers (kereru) and seed predators (possums and rodents). Predation of fruits has negative consequences for the survival and fecundity of the kereru and long-term implications for the survival of these large-fruited tree species. The interrelationships between ripe fruit production, disperser availability and predator impact has implications for managing forests and pest and kereru populations. Management will also need to consider the plant species composition since there are fewer large-fruited species at southern latitudes and higher altitudes. At northern latitudes pest suppression may be less successful because fruit is available virtually throughout the year and pest species may not be not food limited. Fewer large-fruited species are found at more southerly or higher locations and might result in ‘windows’ of food shortage that can be utilized for delivering toxic baits. Being able to predict unusually large or small fruiting events would thus be very useful for conservation management.
Books on the topic "Introduced mammal"
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(Firm), Island Conservation. Micronesia invasive mammal eradiction prioritization. Island Conservation, 2007.
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Andreotti, A. Mammiferi e uccelli esotici in Italia: Analisi del fenomeno, impatto sulla biodiversità, e linee guida gestionali. Ministero dell'ambiente, Servizio conservazione natura, 2001.
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B, Houston Douglas, Schreiner Edward G. S, and Moorhead Bruce B, eds. Mountain goats in Olympic National Park: Biology and management of an introduced species. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 1994.
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Sparhawk, Shelley. Draft environmental impact statement for mountain goat management within Olympic National Park, Washington, Clallam, Grays Harbor, Jefferson and Mason Counties, WA. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Olympic National Park, 1995.
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Fraser, Wayne. Introduced wildlife in New Zealand: A survey of general public views. Manaaki Whenua Press, 2001.
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1951-, Barnett Stephen, ed. The Penguin guide to New Zealand wildlife: Native and introduced birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Penguin Books, 2002.
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Long, John L. Introduced Mammals of the World. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643090156.
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Winner in the Scholarly Reference section of the 2004 Australian Awards for Excellence in Educational Publishing.
 Introduced Mammals of the World provides a concise and extensive source of information on the range of introductions of mammals conducted by humans, and an indication as to which have resulted in adverse outcomes. It provides a very valuable tool by which scientists can assess future potential introductions (or re-introductions) to avoid costly mistakes. It also provides tangible proof of the need for political decision makers to consider good advice and make wise and cautious decisions. Introduced Mammals of the World also provides a comprehensive reference to students of ecological systems management and biological conservation.
 This book is a companion volume to Introduced Birds of the World, by the same author, published in 1981, and which remains the premier text of its kind in the world more than twenty years after it was published. Introduced Mammals of the World provides the most comprehensive account of the movement of mammals around the world providing details on the date(s) of introduction, the person/agency responsible, the source populations, the location(s) of release, the fate of the introductions, and the impact if known, for over 300 species of mammal.
Book chapters on the topic "Introduced mammal"
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Rainho, Ana, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Sólveig Thorsteinsdóttir, Javier Juste, and Jorge M. Palmeirim. "Current Knowledge and Conservation of the Wild Mammals of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands." In Biodiversity of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06153-0_22.
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AbstractOceanic islands are usually difficult for mammals to colonize; consequently, the native mammal fauna is typically species-poor, often consisting of just a few species of bats. The oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea are no exception to this pattern. Still, the known mammal richness is relatively high for the small size of the islands. Out of a total of 13 native species, including 11 bats and 2 shrews, at least 7 species and 3 subspecies are single-island endemics. In addition to native species, at least 6 other wild mammals have been introduced to the islands purposely or accidentally by humans. Some of these are among the world’s most notorious invasive species and cause damage to native species, ecosystems, and humans. Predation by exotic species can threaten native island mammals, which are especially sensitive due to their small populations and limited ranges. These impacts are likely worsened by other threats, such as forest degradation and climate change, and a general lack of knowledge about the natural history of most species also hampers the implementation of conservation measures. Therefore, fostering further research on the endemic-rich mammal fauna of these islands is vital to ensure their persistence.
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Judas, Jacky. "Terrestrial Mammals of the United Arab Emirates." In A Natural History of the Emirates. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37397-8_14.
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AbstractThe United Arab Emirates (UAE) holds a fascinating mammalian diversity, highly adapted to its harsh arid environment. In total, 58 mammal species have been reported. Seven are now extinct, four are feral, and 10 are introduced non-native species. Of the 37 currently living native species, seven have been added to the national list in the past 15 years. More species likely await discovery, particularly among bats, the most diverse taxonomic group with 13 species reported for the UAE. Rodents, carnivores and ungulates are the three next most diverse groups. To cope with high temperatures and prolonged droughts, UAE mammals have developed a range of morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations. However, they are not well adapted to face the numerous threats caused by human development. Except for a few species that benefit from urban expansion or conservation programmes, most are experiencing shrinking ranges and populations. Today, 20% of UAE native mammal species are classified as threatened globally, and 41% at the national level following IUCN red list criteria. National conservation programmes, and creation of new protected areas might contribute to improving their status along with increased scientific research efforts to fill the knowledge gaps on their status and ecology.
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Koss, Mikołaj, Martin Stjernstedt, Iwona Pawliczka, Anja Reckendorf, and Ursula Siebert. "Whaling, Seal Hunting and the Effect of Fisheries on Marine Mammals." In Marine Mammals. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06836-2_3.
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AbstractThere are various types of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries, and their presence in the same area inevitably leads to conflicts. Marine mammals may lose their lives as bycatch, which is the incidental catch of non-target species in fishing gear. On the other hand, some marine mammals specialise in feeding on fish caught in fishing gear, resulting in damaged and reduced catch as well as destroyed fishing gear. There are different methods to reduce bycatch and catch damage, such as reducing fishing efforts, using acoustic deterrent devices, employing temporal and zonal closure of fishing areas and using alternative fishing gear. Here we give an overview of whaling and sealing from historical and present perspectives, with examples for Baltic marine mammals. We present hands-on activities to familiarise students and teachers with investigations of prey remains, such as otoliths (fish ear stones) found in faeces, to learn about marine mammal diet. Additionally, we introduce a whaling role play designed as a debate between interest groups, to better understand whaling from different perspectives.
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Nummi, Petri. "Introduced Semiaquatic Birds and Mammals in Europe." In Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_18.
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Michler, Berit Annika, Francesco Dati, and Frank-Uwe Michler. "Der Nordamerikanische Waschbär in Deutschland – Hintergrund, Konfliktfelder & Managementmaßnahmen." In Evidenzbasiertes Wildtiermanagement. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65745-4_4.
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ZusammenfassungDer Nordamerikanische Waschbär gehört zu den gebietsfremden Vertretern der deutschen Raubsäugerfauna und ist eine der am stärksten omnivor ausgerichteten Säugetierarten weltweit. Der seit Ende der 1930er-Jahre in Deutschland angesiedelte Kleinbär wird in den letzten Jahren vermehrt als Gefahr für einheimische Tierarten sowie als potenzieller Krankheitsüberträger wahrgenommen. Aufgrund seiner anpassungsfähigen, urbanophilen Lebensweise nehmen auch Mensch-Waschbär-Interaktionen und damit verbundene Problemfelder im Siedlungsraum zu. Der Artikel fasst den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zu den Auswirkungen der Waschbärenbesiedlung in Deutschland zusammen, gibt einen Überblick zum rechtlichen Status des Neubürgers und stellt konkrete Managementmaßnahmen und Handlungsempfehlungen als Resultat von Freilandforschung und Praxiserfahrung vor, mit denen die wesentlichen Konfliktfelder nachhaltig und effektiv minimiert werden können.SummaryThe North American raccoon is an introduced carnivore species in Germany and one of the most omnivorous mammal species worldwide. Established in Germany since the end of the 1930s, the procyonid has become increasingly perceived as a threat to native species as well as a potential vector of disease in recent years. Due to its adaptable, urbanophilic lifestyle, human-raccoon interactions and associated problems in settlement areas are also increasing. The article summarises the current state of knowledge on the impacts of raccoon settlement in Germany and provides an overview of the legal status of the newcomer. Concrete management measures and recommendations for action are presented as a result of field research and practical experience. In this way, the areas of conflict caused by the raccoon presence can be minimised sustainably and effectively.
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Stephansen, Cathrine, Anders Bjørgesæter, Odd Willy Brude, et al. "Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute." In Assessing Environmental Risk of Oil Spills with ERA Acute. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70176-5_1.
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AbstractIntroducing the main concepts of ERA Acute, this chapter describes the overall framework and purpose of the methodology. ERA Acute is a recently developed oil spill risk assessment (OSRA) methodology for quantification of oil spill impacts and risk (Environmental Risk Assessment, ERA). It covers four environmental compartments; sea surface (seabirds, turtles, marine mammals), water column (fish eggs/larvae), shoreline and seafloor (species and habitats) using continuous impact functions and introduces the Resource Damage Factor (RDF). The methodology depends on external oil spill modelling and input data related to the presence and vulnerability of Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs). ERA Acute is developed to provide an improvement over the currently used “MIRA” method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) and is better suited for risk management, decision-making and analyses from screening studies to full environmental risk assessments.
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Petersen, Steven L., J. Derek Scasta, Kathryn A. Schoenecker, and Jacob D. Hennig. "Feral Equids." In Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_21.
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AbstractFeral horses (Equus ferus caballus) and burros (E. asinus) in North America, often referred to as free-roaming, free-ranging, or wild horses and burros, are introduced species that are currently increasing in arid and semi-arid rangelands. They differ from all other North American mammals by being the only feral species protected by federal law. These equids inhabit areas featuring rough topography, limited net primary productivity, and extreme weather conditions, and have potential to cause long-term ecosystem impacts. In this chapter, we review the historical and modern context of feral equids on North American rangelands including their evolutionary past and introduction to the continent, their relationships to the environment, and challenges associated with their management. The management of feral equids is perhaps more scrutinized than any other species because their legal status, body size, physiology, foraging patterns, and local abundance directly interacts and competes with rangeland resource quality, impacts native wildlife populations, and conflicts with the multiple-uses of the land that they inhabit.
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Briant, Michael. "2. Instincts or Relationship." In Troubled People, Troubled World. Open Book Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0416.02.
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Spinoza and Freud were both concerned to stress the importance of our understanding ourselves as part of nature, but Freud’s view of that nature, writing after Darwin, differs from Spinoza’s. In his summaries of his thinking in the last two decades of his life he saw human nature, as driven by two very powerful instincts: the life instinct and the death instinct. Freud had introduced the latter almost apologetically, as a reaction to the senseless slaughter of the First World War, but its explanatory power is poor. In the forties and fifties the Scottish analyst W.R.D. Fairbairn argued that instincts in higher mammals are not powerful and that the death instinct is a redundant concept. Our most basic drive, he maintained, is for relationship, or as Bowlby put it slightly later, ‘attachment’. The revised psychoanalytic theory he reconstructed from it was clumsily labelled ‘Object Relations Theory’ by members of the Tavistock clinic who were sympathetic to it. Fairbairn believed that failures in early relationships lead to ‘splitting’, to the emergence of schizoid states, which are characterised by demonization and dehumanisation as we attempt to deal with the relational failures by projecting parts of ourselves we sense are unacceptable on to other individuals or groups. This is the paranoid-schizoid process, But the rejected parts of ourselves, which might be, for example, our own aggression, or sexual desires which the culture forbids, are hate loaded and sensed as returning that hate in all its force. This, we feel, justifies our persecuting them. The history of Christianity vividly illustrates the splitting process with its images of Christ and Satan, or the Virgin Mary and the Witch: Satan and the Witch are not just passive shadows, but seen as full of malevolent power and intent.
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Keller, Andreas. "Mammon und Passion ‚ins Deutsche versetzet‘: Transfer der Sprache und Erhebung der Seele am Beispiel der Parallelübersetzungen Joseph Halls im deutschen Protestantismus." In Neues von der Insel. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66949-5_3.
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ZusammenfassungDuring the 16th century the english language is not very common in the german areas. In the course of the continued Reformation movements, however, demand is increasing for personally oriented devotional literature, which British authors appear to be better able to meet. In this way, multiple versions of individual texts are created in parallel in German, which, in addition to meditation and devotion, also introduce very specific phenomena of a social reality that are relatively unknown in German-speaking areas. As Joseph Hall shows, questions such as financial speculation, capital increase or commercial law, psychology or character development are particularly attractive for readers in German-speaking countries who are completely focused on heart and inwardness. More precise comparisons of individual translations show the different techniques of the translators, but also the different interests of their regional readership.
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Moosmann, Marius, Julian Bleifuß, Johannes Rosport, et al. "Using Meta-Learning to Reduce the Effort of Training New Workpiece Geometries for Entanglement Detection in Bin-Picking Applications." In Advances in Automotive Production Technology – Towards Software-Defined Manufacturing and Resilient Supply Chains. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27933-1_14.
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AbstractIn this paper, we introduce a scaling method for the training of neural networks used for entanglement detection in Bin-Picking. In the Bin-Picking process of complex-shaped and chaotically stored objects, entangled workpieces are a common source of problems. It has been shown that deep neural networks, which are trained using supervised learning, can be used to detect entangled workpieces. However, this strategy requires time-consuming data generation and an additional training process when adapting to previously unseen geometries. To solve this problem, we analyze and compare several Meta-Learning techniques like Reptile, MAML and TAMS for their feasibility as a scaling method for the entanglement detection. These methods search for a strongly generalized model for entanglement detection by learning from the training process of various workpieces with different geometries. Using this generalized model for entanglement detection as initialization helps to increase the learning success with only few training epochs and reduces the required amount of data and therefore the setup effort significantly.
Conference papers on the topic "Introduced mammal"
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Somov, A. G. "On the comparability rule introduced by the United States under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act for foreign exporters of aquatic biological resources." In Marine Mammals of the Holarctic. RPO "Marine Mammal Council", 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35267/978-5-9904294-8-2-2023-291-294.
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Ahrens, Andrea, Jeffrey Green, Paul Anderson, and Linda Postlewaite. "Why Marine Mammals Matter to Your Terrestrial Export Pipeline Project." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33752.
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Increases in export pipeline development can result in a corresponding increase in marine transportation activities and the potential to escalate adverse interactions with marine wildlife. Ship traffic introduces risks of vessel strikes as well as the amount of underwater noise produced in the marine environment. Growing public and scientific concern over the potential effects of increasing ship traffic on marine wildlife mean that even terrestrially-based pipeline projects need to start considering the effects of shipping in developing environmental mitigation programs for their export operations. Northern Gateway is proposing to construct and operate twin pipelines between Alberta and British Columbia, and an associated tank and marine terminal for export operations. While Northern Gateway will not own or operate any of the tankers, they have committed to implementing a comprehensive marine mitigation, monitoring and research program, including measures to reduce ship strikes and effects of underwater noise on marine mammals. Vessel strikes can cause severe or fatal injuries. Higher relative risk exists where shipping traffic overlaps with increased densities of marine mammals. Vessel speed has been positively correlated with the degree of risk and injury; consequently, Northern Gateway has set maximum year-round speed restrictions of 10–12 knots for all Project-related tankers calling at the marine terminal, with further restrictions of 8–10 knots in key areas. Other large vessels in this region currently travel at speeds of 16–21 knots. Mandatory speed restrictions will also reduce the Project’s contribution to underwater noise. Effects of underwater noise on marine mammals include temporary habitat avoidance, reduced feeding efficiency, behavioural change, increased stress, and communication masking. Acoustic modeling conducted for the project predicted that reducing vessel speeds from 15 to 9.6 knots would decrease underwater noise input by nearly 12 dB, making the zone of ensonification 2–3 times smaller than in the absence of mitigations. Purpose-built escort tugs will use best commercially-available noise-quieting technology and speed restriction areas will be refined through six-years of surveys and a quantitative vessel strike analysis. Vessel traffic is not unique to Northern Gateway; however, through minimizing their incremental contribution, they hope to serve as an industry example. This approach to minimizing effects of routine marine export operations is unique in the shipping industry in Canada and the United States. If other proponents were to adopt similar types of measures, Northern Gateway believes that the marine environment would see some net benefits in terms of a reduction in adverse effects on marine mammals.
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Elliott, Robert L., Xian P. Jian, and Jonathan F. Head. "Abstract 5420: Normal mammary epithelial mitochondria introduced into human breast cancer cells results in inhibition of proliferation and increased drug sensitivity of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-5420.
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Maslennikova, O. V. "MONITORING OF HELMINTHS OF THE ALPINE HARE IN THE KIROV REGION." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.300-305.
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The article considers the transformation of the helminth fauna in the alpine hare
 over the 40s of the last century to the present day. The method of complete and
 partial helminthological dissections was used to study helminths in 55 alpine hares.
 For the entire period of research, 11 species of parasitic worms were recorded in
 the alpine hare in the Kirov Region. We found 6 helminth species, namely, 2
 cestode species, Taenia macrocystis and Mozgovoyia pectinata, and 4 nematode
 species, Protostrongylus terminalis, P. kamenskyi, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, and
 Graphidium strigosum. At the moment, there are no 5 helminth species in the alpine
 hare. According to the survey data and our research, Taenia pisiformis (larvae) has
 not been recorded in the alpine hare since the 70s of the last century; the definitive
 host, the lynx, does not have it. This cestode was supplanted by Taenia macrocystis.
 Taenia pisiformis (larvae) occurs only in synanthropic foci in rabbits and dogs. We
 recorded the cestode Multiceps serialis (larvae) neither in hares, nor in the final
 hosts, predatory mammals. We did not detect the trematode Fasciola hepatica. Our
 studies have shown that helminths of the alpine hare in the Kirov Region remain
 incompletely studied due to the transformed biocenoses; new species are introduced
 and the previously identified species disappear.
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Deo, Indu Kant, Akash Vankateshwaran, and Rajeev Jaiman. "Predicting Wave Propagation for Varying Bathymetry Using Conditional Convolutional Autoencoder Network." In ASME 2024 43rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2024-128032.
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Abstract In marine engineering applications, a crucial demand exists for the accurate and dependable prediction of far-field noise emanating from marine vessels. Traditional full-order models relying on the Navier-Stokes equations prove impractical, and advanced model reduction techniques can be inefficient for reliable far-field noise prediction. Recent advancements in deep learning-based reduced-order models have demonstrated effectiveness, achieving speeds several orders of magnitude faster than full-order simulations through the utilization of convolutional neural network architectures. Despite their effectiveness, existing models encounter considerable difficulties when forecasting wave propagation over extended time horizons and making predictions for distant locations. This research endeavors to enhance the predictive capacity of underwater radiated noise in far-field scenarios by refining the network architecture and integrating bathymetry information into the neural network input. Reduced-order models utilizing deep learning often rely on auto-regressive prediction, lacking information about far-field bathymetry. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a new range-conditional convolutional autoencoder network, which incorporates ocean bathymetry data into the input. To showcase the efficacy of our range-conditional convolutional autoencoder network, we examine a benchmark scenario involving far-field prediction over Dickin’s seamount. Our proposed architecture adeptly captures the transmission loss over a range-dependent, varying bathymetric profile. The architecture can be integrated into an adaptive management system for underwater radiated noise while providing real-time end-to-end mapping between near-field ship noise sources and marine mammals.
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Joyce, Bryan S., and Pablo A. Tarazaga. "Active Artificial Hair Cells Using Nonlinear Feedback Control." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7419.
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There is interest in developing devices that mimic the sound transduction of the cochlear hair cells. Current artificial hair cell (AHC) designs have focused on passive transduction of sound into electrical signals. However, measurements inside living cochleae have revealed that a nonlinear amplification is at work in mammalian hearing. This amplification lowers the threshold for sound detection allowing mammals to hear faint sounds. The nonlinearity results in an amplitude compression whereby a large range of sound pressure levels produces a smaller range of displacements. This compressive nonlinearity gives the ear a large dynamic range. This work seeks to develop and analyze active artificial hair cells which employ a bio-inspired amplification to improve performance. This paper examines two artificial hair cell designs. The first is an 18.5 in long aluminum cantilever beam which is excited and controlled using piezoelectric actuators along the length of the beam. The second design is a one inch piezoelectric bimorph beam subject to a base excitation. In both cases a nonlinear feedback control law is implemented which reduces the beam’s linear viscous damping and introduces a cubic damping term. Model and experimental results show the control law amplified the response of the artificial hair cell to low excitation levels near the resonance frequency. Increasing input levels produced a compressive nonlinearity at resonance similar to that observed in measurements from mammalian cochleae. This work could lead to the development of new bio-inspired sensors with a lower threshold of detection, improved frequency sensitivity, and larger dynamic range.
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Terao, Yutaka, and Shunji Sunahara. "Application of a Wave Devouring Propulsion System to Ocean Engineering." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83122.
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A WDPS (wave devouring propulsion system) is a device that generates thrust directly from wave power and, at the same time, generates large damping forces. This phenomena is same as the thrust generation by the oscillating hydrofoil which are commonly used as the animal propulsion system such as the sea mammals or birds or fish propulsion. Relative flow acting on the hydrofoil generates thrust and damping force respectively. It is quite simple and consists of hydrofoils positioned in front of the bow. If the WDPS is installed in a ship hull, it can drive the hull (even against waves). One example is shown in Photo 1-1, the small WDPS vessel named Mermaid II, which succeeded in a historical trans-Pacific voyage from Hawaii to Japan (about 7800 km) in 2008 using only wave power. It proves that the WDPS may have some potential in the field of ocean engineering. In this paper we will propose two WDPS applications. One potential application is a midsized floating-type ocean wind turbine generator, which is composed of a single wind turbine on a catamaran hull with a set one-point mooring system. For this application, a new hull form and WDPS are developed based on Mermaid II. The hull needs to be stabilized because the ocean wind energy absorption efficiency is affected by the hull’s motion. Additionally, the mooring forces acting on the hull need to be reduced to keep the construction and power generation costs down. Therefore, the WDPS is installed in front of the hull to reduce/overcome the wave drifting force and the wind drag force. Another anticipated function of the WDPS is motion stabilization, particularly for pitch and roll motions. A suitable hull form is determined from wave tank experiments and is discussed herein. The other proposal is a multi-function WDPS that functions as both a wave energy absorption device and a wave thruster. Many hydrofoil-type wave energy conversion systems with forward propulsion have been proposed, but no advanced speed-type systems with a multi-function WDPS. A newly designed forced heave-pitch oscillator is also introduced, and tests are performed in the wave tank. The optimum hydrofoil control method in waves is discussed, and the thrust control is also tested and discussed.
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Al Harthy, Shamsa, S. M. Hadi Sadati, Zicong Wu, Carlo A. Seneci, and Christos Bergeles. "Variable Stiffness Soft Everting Robot via Temperature Control of Low-Melting Point Alloy Pressurised Medium." In The Hamlyn Symposium on Medical Robotics. The Hamlyn Centre Imperial College London, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2024.21.
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The inherent compliance of soft everting (growing) robots permits them to conform to complex pathways and to continually change in shape and configura- tion. Such robots navigate their environments through pressure-driven eversion, whereby a compliant tip un- folds along its pathway (apical extension) [1]. This makes everting robots well-suited for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) applications, such as the MAM- MOBOT, which was developed to identify cancer lesions within the mammary duct [2]. Whilst compliance allows growing robots to navigate fragile human lumen, it limits their effectiveness in interacting with tissue. Due to the use of soft materials, these compliant systems cannot withstand high forces and are unable to sustain their own weight, leading to buckling and reduced capability to deliver high payloads. Surgical tasks, such as biopsies and interventional procedures, however, often require payload delivery and force exertion. Variable stiffness systems aim to combine the benefits of compliance and rigidity in everting and catheter- like robots in general. Variable stiffness approaches have been previously implemented in growing robots via layer jamming and pneumatic expansion. However, to achieve a sufficient stiffness ratio, layer jamming requires a substantial number of layers and pneumatic expansion demands a specific pouch geometry, making miniaturisation to a scale suitable for MIS challenging. An alternative approach is thermoactive stiffening, which functions by applying a thermal energy input to induce a change in phase in materials such as low melting point alloys (LMPA), wax or solder. LMPA approaches have been explored in soft robotic and robotic catheter systems, boasting a stiffness ratio 3⇥ higher than granular jamming and 1.5 � 3⇥ higher than layer jamming [3]. Thermoactive stiffening has not been investigated in growing everting robots, as it is challenging to simultaneously control the temperature, phase and volume of a system that is changing in shape and length as it everts. In this paper, we introduce a steerable, temperature- controlled, LMPA-based variable stiffness everting robot. The performance of the system in soft and rigid state are characterised, and the effectiveness of our approach in delivering clinically relevant forces is demonstrated.
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Erhan, Dumitru, Irina Erhan, Stefan Rusu, et al. "Epidemiologia parazitozelor şi impactul fasciolozei asupra organismului la rumegătoare." In Simpozion Ştiinţific Internaţional "50 ani de învăţământ superior medical veterinar din Republica Moldova". Technical University of Moldova, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52326/ismv2024.24.
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A high level of infestation of adult cattle was established with: echinococcosis -in 28.8% - 76.8% of cases, fasciola - in 10.6% - 59.5%, dicrocelia - 22.3% - 68.3%, strongyloides – 10.5% - 30.5%, sarcochists - 86.8% - 97.6% of cases, and bulls (23-25 months), respectively, in 4.0% - 31.7 %; 1.2% - 47.7%; 10.5% - 44.7%; 17.5% - 47.5% and in 81.2% - 96.1% of cases, depending on the geographical area of the republic and the technology of animal maintenance. The high level of infestation with parasitic agents is possible due to the grazing of various species of animals, of different ages, on limited lands, the uninterrupted contact of cattle with intermediate hosts, the weakening of state control over the implementation of anti-parasitic measures, as well as the use of the same anti-parasitic remedies for several years. In infested cattle with fasciola, the content of vitamins (A, E, B1, B2, C), micro- and macroelements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, P) changed in the muscle tissue and liver, which considerably influences their nutritional value. The content of vitamin A in the liver decreased by 1.4 times, E – by 3.18, correspondingly B1 and B2 - by 1.08 and 1.23 times, C - by 2.08 times, iron - by 3.01 times, phosphorus - by 4.17, calcium - by 1.56, magnesium - by 1.04 times, and the content of sodium and potassium increased, correspondingly, by 1.61 and 1.25 times, compared to non-infested animals. In muscle tissue, the content of vitamin A was 1.83 times lower, E – by 1.67, B1 – by 1.21, B2 – by 1.11, C – by 3.73, calcium – by 1.60, phosphorus - 1.46, and magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron - correspondingly 1, 34, 1.82, 1.3 and 3.14 times higher than in healthy cattle. When infected with fasciola, the young trematodes that migrate, on their surface, from the intestines, bring to the liver of mammals, opportunistic staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus, and sometimes Clostridium and as a result hepatitis, cholangitis and cholecystitis develop. An associative disease occurs in animals, the primary factor of which are trematodes, and the secondary factor is conditionally pathogenic microflora, which develops intensively in the liver and intestines of the infested animal. A complex treatment to combat fasciolosis is recommended. During the stable period, two groups of anthelmintics are used: the first group effective against young fascioles (acemidofen, usovermit, etc.), the second group - against adult fascioles (albendazole, hexihol, fazinex, etc.). The preparations from the first group are administered in the months of September-November, and from the second (depending on the results of coprological research) - in the months of February-March (until grazing), taking into account the period of preimaginal development of the fascioles in nature and in the host intermediate, and of the adults in the definitive host. For the elimination of toxigenic colibacilli, hemolytic streptococci, toxigenic staphylococci, proteins, clostridia, which intensively develop in the intestine of animals infested with fasciola, as well as for the purpose of combating bacteria, which develop intensively in the liver and bile, it is recommended that over 2- 5 days after deworming to be administered 5 days concurrently, over 24 hours, antibacterial preparations (antibiotics, sulfanilamides, nitrofuran). After 5-7 days, remedies prepared from the normal obligate microflora (acidophilic, acidopropionic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria) are introduced into the animal's ration.
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Căpraru, Mădălina. "TRADITIONAL CULTURAL CAPITAL ELEMENTS IN ADVERTISING – CASE STUDY: NAPOLACT AND COVALACT." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b2/v3/08.
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The advertising of Romanian brands has known a sterling `invasion` of traditional themed messages. One of the most prominent adverts belongs to the `Undelemn de la Bunica` brand, which took off in the 1998. The creators of this brand were the ones that set a trend of using traditional themed messages in the field of advertising. The communist era has forced a fake, populist traditional image to justify its political discourse. In a society fed up with such traditional populist messages, a new brand that uses the idyllic `Bunica (Grandma)` appears. `Undelemn de la Bunica` brings forth the childhood existence of the grandmother that makes food better than `mama makes it`, using only natural and trustworthy ingredients Even though the basic message was not clearly traditional, the `bunica` was closely linked to the world of the typical Romanian grandmother, with ties to traditions, rituals and, most importantly, to the rural world. `Bunica` has started a race of `authenticity` in publicity, race in which other brands like `Boromir`, `Pate Ardealul`, `Napolact`, `Covalact` and so on, entered. From the years of 2000, the national brands’ marketing messages have begun to introduce new and more complex traditional symbols in their communication strategies. Good examples of such elements are the usage of the collocations `tradițional (traditional)`, `ca la țară (from the rural village)’, of images or symbols from the local folklore ornamentics, of brand characters which `conjure` tradition. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the relations between traditional cultural capital elements, the brand’s communication efforts and the receiving public. For the research conducted in this article, two local dairy brands, with tradition in Romania, have been chosen. The data analyzed is collected from secondary sources.
Reports on the topic "Introduced mammal"
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Clark, J. Alan, Suzanne Macey, and Stefanie Siller. Bat Ecology, Conservation, And Bioacoustics. American Museum of Natural History, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0183.
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Of the 6,500 or so different mammal species on earth, approximately 1,406 are from one group—bats! In other words, over 20% of known mammal diversity are bats. This module covers the basic biology and ecology of bats, the ecosystem services they provide, the threats they face globally, and how conservation actions can mitigate these threats. Students focus more locally in an accompanying exercise, Field Guide to the Bats in Your Neighborhood, where students are asked to research and present on bats in their region. In the case-study based exercise, Bats in the City? An Exploration of Acoustic Monitoring of Bats, students analyze acoustic data to answer ecological questions. Overall, students are introduced to bat ecology and conservation, urban biodiversity, bat echolocations/vocalizations, and the monitoring of these species through analyzing acoustic recordings with specialized software, Kaleidoscope. These materials were made in association with City Bats, a program in New York City designed to teach students more about the scientific process and urban biodiversity.
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Gothilf, Yoav, Roger Cone, Berta Levavi-Sivan, and Sheenan Harpaz. Genetic manipulations of MC4R for increased growth and feed efficiency in fish. United States Department of Agriculture, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600043.bard.
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The hypothalamic melanocortin system plays a central role in the regulation of food consumption and energy homeostasis in mammals. Accordingly, our working hypothesis in this project was that genetic editing of the mc4r gene, encoding Melanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4R), will enhance food consumption, feed efficiency and growth in fish. To test this hypothesis and to assess the utility of mc4r editing for the enhancement of feed efficiency and growth in fish, the following objectives were set: Test the effect of the mc4r-null allele on feeding behavior, growth, metabolism and survival in zebrafish. Generate mc4r-null alleles in tilapia and examine the consequences for growth and survival, feed efficiency and body composition. Generate and examine the effect of naturally-occurring mc4r alleles found in swordfish on feeding behavior, growth and survival in zebrafish. Define the MC4R-mediated and MC4R-independent effects of AgRP by crossing mc4r- null strains with fish lacking AgRP neurons or the agrpgene. Our results in zebrafish did not support our hypothesis. While knockout of the agrpgene or genetic ablation of hypothalamic AgRP neurons led to reduced food intake in zebrafish larvae, knockout (KO) of the mc4r gene not only did not increase the rate of food intake but even reduced it. Since Melanocortin Receptor 3 (MC3R) has also been proposed to be involved in hypothalamic control of food intake, we also tested the effectofmc3r gene KO. Again, contrary to our hypothesis, the rate of food intake decreased. The next step was to generate a double mutant lucking both functional MC3R and MC4R. Again, the double KO exhibited reduced food intake. Thus, the only manipulation within the melanocortin system that affected food intake in consistent with the expected role of the system was seen in zebrafish larvae upon agrpKO. Interestingly, despite the apparent reduced food intake in the larval stage, these fish grow to be of the same size as wildtype fish at the adult stage. Altogether, it seems that there is a compensatory mechanism that overrides the effect of genetic manipulations of the melanocortin system in zebrafish. Under Aim 3, we introduced the Xna1, XnB1l, and XnB2A mutations from the Xiphophorus MC4R alleles into the zebrafish MC4R gene. We hypothesized that these MC4R mutations would act as dominant negative alleles to increase growth by suppressing endogenous MC4R activity. When we examined the activity of the three mutant alleles, we were unable to document any inhibition of a co-transfected wild type MC4R allele, hence we did not introduce these alleles into zebrafish. Since teleost fish possess two agrpgenes we also tested the effect of KO of the agrp2 gene and ablation of the AgRP2 cells. We found that the AgRP2 system does not affect food consumption but may rather be involved in modulating the stress response. To try to apply genetic editing in farmed fish species we turned to tilapia. Injection of exogenous AgRP in adult tilapia induced significant changes in the expression of pituitary hormones. Genetic editing in tilapia is far more complicated than in zebrafish. Nevertheless, we managed to generate one mutant fish carrying a mutation in mc4r. That individual died before reaching sexual maturity. Thus, our attempt to generate an mc4r-mutant tilapia line was almost successful and indicate out non-obvious capability to generate mutant tilapia.
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Wackett, Lawrence, Raphi Mandelbaum, and Michael Sadowsky. Bacterial Mineralization of Atrazine as a Model for Herbicide Biodegradation: Molecular and Applied Aspects. United States Department of Agriculture, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695835.bard.
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Atrazine is a broadly used herbicide in agriculture and it was used here as a model to study the biodegradation of herbicides. The bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADP metabolizes atrazine to carbon dioxide and ammonia and chloride. The genes encoding atrazine catabolism to cyanuric acid were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The genes were designated atzA, atzB and atzC. Each gene was sequenced. The enzyme activities were characterized. AtzA is atrazine chlorohydrolase which takes atrazine to hydroxyatrizine. AtzB is hydroxyatrazine N-ethylaminohydrolase which produces N-isopropylammelide and N-ethylamine. AtzC is N-isopropylammelide N-isopropylaminohydrolase which produces cyanuric acid and N-isopropylamine. Each product was isolated and characterized to confirm their identity by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sequence analysis indicated that each of the hydrolytic enzymes AtzA, AtzB and AtzC share identity which the aminohydrolase protein superfamily. Atrazine chlorohydrolase was purified to homogeneity. It was shown to have a kcat of 11 s-1 and a KM of 150 uM. It was shown to require a metal ion, either Fe(II), Mn(II) or Co(II), for activity. The atzA, atzB and atzC genes were shown to reside on a broad-host range plasmid in Pseudomonas sp. ADP. Six other recently isolated atrazine-degrading bacteria obtained from Europe and the United States contained homologs to the atz genes identified in Pseudomonas sp. ADP. The identity of the sequences were very high, being greater than 98% in all pairwise comparisons. This indicates that many atrazine-degrading bacteria worldwide metabolize atrazine via a pathway that proceeds through hydroxyatrazine, a metabolite which is non-phytotoxic and non-toxic to mammals. Enzymes were immobilized and used for degradation of atrazine in aqueous phases. The in-depth understanding of the genomics and biochemistry of the atrazine mineralization pathway enabled us to study factors affecting the prevalence of atrazine degradation in various agricultural soils under conservative and new agricultural practices. Moreover, Pseudomonas sp. ADP and/or its enzymes were added to atrazine-contaminated soils, aquifers and industrial wastewater to increase the rate and extent of atrazine biodegradation above that of untreated environments. Our studies enhance the ability to control the fate of regularly introduced pesticides in agriculture, or to reduce the environmental impact of unintentional releases.