Academic literature on the topic 'Introjective identification'

This thesis examines one particular model oforganisational consultancy. The model is that based on theories developed over the last fifty years and 'known as Tavistock consultancy. Whilst there are many case studies available on the Tavistock model there are no know evaluations using an outcome model of evaluation. The Tavistock model has exercised considerable influence both on organisational consultants and management theorists. This thesis demonstrates the findings of an evaluation model that attempts to show the conditions of the organisation before the consultancy and post the intervention. The thesis seeks to explore and understand the application of the Tavistock model of consultancy in a social services department using qualitative methods and quantitative. It investigates a long-term project with a social services department carried out by the Tavistock Clinic. The study explored the following: 1. The impact ofthe intervention in the organisation: 2. The nature of 'process' in Psychoanalytic - Social Systems Organisational Consultancy. 3. The crucial process issues to evaluate In the consultant _ consultee relationship. 4. The consultant - consultee relationship and how this can lead to an outcome that enhances the capacity of the organisation to recognise a dysfunctional state and attempt to instigate changes. The research reveals both quantitative changes in the teams receiving consultancy and at the same time demonstrates the importance of introjective identification as an under theorised concept within the Tavistock model and its importance in understanding client/consultant dynamics. The research highlights the importance for consultants to both understand the dynamics of boundary crossing, and entry into the organisational system. The research confirms the need to actively work with these dynamics.

Tidigare studier har visat på att i varje missbrukares liv, finns cirka fem anhöriga som riskerar att utveckla medberoende. Riskfaktorerna associerade med medberoende påverkar därför förekomsten av psykiska ohälsa och ökar risken för att utveckla andra sjukdomar såsom depression, ångest och känslomässiga problem. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur medberoende i nära relationer kan utveckla självdestruktivt beteende och psykisk ohälsa. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod blev syftet med denna studie genomförd. Studien grundades på semistrukturerade intervjuer där totalt sex informanter deltog. Resultatet i studien visade på liknande resultat genom alla intervjuer, såsom förekomsten av psykiska sjukdomar, självdestruktivt beteende och vikten av introjektiv identifikation. Dessa tre kategorier kompletterar varandra i den skrivna ordningen. Resultatet tyder på att det kan vara så att den medberoende inte kan utveckla psykisk ohälsa utan fenomenet introjektiv identifikation och självdestruktivt beteende. För att det ska utvecklas någon form av psykisk ohälsa skulle den medberoende personen behöva utveckla ett självdestruktivt beteende, och resultatet tyder på att det inte är möjligt utan introjektiv identifiering i kontexten nära relationer. Dock med hjälp av anknytningsteorin och coping-strategin, visade slutsatsen att inte alla medberoende utvecklade psykisk ohälsa. Förekomsten av psykisk ohälsa påverkas av individens tidiga anknytningsmönster och copingförmåga. Studien ledde till slutsatsen att psykisk ohälsa är ett stort problem bland individer med medberoende. Medberoende är inte fastställt som en sjukdom, trots att risken för att eventuellt utveckla psykisk ohälsa finns. Trots de följdsjukdomar som medberoende medför är det ingen prioritering inom folkhälsopolitiken.
Previous studies have shown that in every drug addicted person’s life there is about five relatives which risks developing co-dependency. Therefore, the riskfactors affect the relative’s mental health and increase the risk of developing other illnesses such as depression, anxiety and emotional issues. The aim of the study was to investigate how co-dependency in close relationships can develop self-destructive behavior and mental illness. With the use of a qualitative method and interviews as a data collecting method, the aim for this study became fulfilled. The study was based on semi-structured interviews, performed by six participants. The results showed similar outcomes for all interviews, such as the prevalence for mental illness, self-destructive behaviour and the importance of introjective identification. These three categories complement each other in the order written. The results indicates that a co-dependent individual could not, without the phenomenon introjective identification and self-destructive behaviour acquire mental illness. However in order to acquire some kind of mental illness the co-dependent person would have to develop self-destructive behaviour, and the results showed that it is not possible without introjective identification in the context of a close relationship. Although, with the use of attachment theory and coping-strategy, the conclusion showed that not every co-dependent developed mental illness. The prevalence of illnesses was affected by the individuals early life attachment-pattern and coping skills. The study led to a conclusion that mental illness is a big issue among co-dependent individuals. Co-dependency is not a determined as a disease, despite the risk of possibly developing mental illness. It is still not a prioritization among public health authorities.

L'auteur examine l’introjection et les processus introjectifs. Sous l'angle phénoménologique, psychanalytique et clinique dans la problématique de la dépression et de la mélancolie. L'articulation de la phénoménologie et de la psychanalyse, permet d'établir un éclairage clinique sur la bifocalité et les techniques analytiques applicables à la dépression et aux noyaux mélancoliques, qui constituent actuellement une véritable problématique de société
The author examines the introjection and the introjection processes under the phenomenology, psychoanalytical and clinical angle, in the problematic of depression and melancholia. The articulation of the phenomenology and the psychoanalysis allows to clarify the clinical bifocality and the psychoanalytical techniques applicable to depression and the melancholic nuclei, which constitute nowadays a true society problem

Une triple approche esthétique théâtrale, phénoménologique et psychanalytique étudie chacune de ces approches comme objet d'étude, respectivement depuis leur naissance et dans leurs développements historiques. Au théâtre qui est passage transgressif de l'intériorité du sujet (monde privé) vers l'extérieur (monde commun), la mimèsis (imitation) active l'imagination en dialectique avec la négation. Caractérisée par ses frontières psycho corporelles, l'enveloppe contenant le dedans ou le dehors est révélée par le processus introjectif. Le dehors est fondé dans la Spaltung (scission) perceptive, et institué par la projection d'intentionnalité. Le caractère fantasmatique et illusoire de l'intériorité est démontré. Dès lors, il s'agit pour l'analyste d'incarner les déterminants et processus psychopathologiques pour créer 'illusion du semblable et ainsi favoriser l'introjection
A three-fold theatrical aesthetical, phenomenological and psychoanalytic approach places each one of these approaches under consideration, respectively since their emergence and in their historical developments. In theatre, which is the transgressive passage of subject's interiority (private world) towards the exterior (common world), mimèsis (imitation) activates the imagination in dialectic with negation. Characterised by its psycho-corporal limits, the envelope encompassing the outside or the inside is revealed through the introjective process. The outside is founded on the perceptive Spaltung (splitting), and instituted by the projection of intentionality. The fantastical and illusory nature of interiority is shown. Henceforth, the analyst embodies psychopathological determinants and processes to create the illusion of similarity and thus promote introjection

Derrière tout acte il y a une sorte de « mise en scène », une « tentative d'exprimer » ce que l'auteur ne parvient à mettre en mots, à métaboliser, d'où le recours au primat de l'agir. Dans ce travail auprès d’Auteurs d’Infraction à Caractère Sexuel en intrafamilial, il est question de saisir, d'appréhender les conditions du passage à l'acte et ce que celles-ci ont pu engendrer au sein du psychisme du sujet, pour favoriser la transgression.À travers diverses notions tirées de la littérature analytique, notamment celles attenantes à la construction psychique, à la clinique du traumatisme ou encore de la transgénérationnalité, est mise en débat la question de l'influence de l’environnement sur le fait psychique individuel.Posant, de ce fait, l'hypothèse que les identifications et répétitions transgénérationnelles d’origines traumatiques peuvent être en jeu dans le passage à l'acte, en particulier chez les AICS en intrafamilial. Ce type de passage à l'acte pourrait-il alors représenter une résolution d'une dynamique familiale vécue comme « défaillante », voire traumatique, pour le sujet ? Dans une approche phénoménologique associée à une posture psychanalytique, sont déclinés sept accompagnements de patients nous permettant de répondre à ces interrogations. L'objectif étant de réaliser une étude clinique basée sur le vécu subjectif de chacun d’entre eux, afin de mettre en lumière ce qui pourrait faire défaut dans leur structuration, leurs investissements et rapports objectaux.Le voyage au travers des cas proposés permet de poser la question du caractère résolutif de ces passage à l’acte vis-à-vis d’une dynamique familiale, dans laquelle s’origine un vécu traumatique ? Par l’infraction sexuelle, perpétrée en intrafamilial, le sujet passe-t-il par le corps et l’objectalisation d’un autre familial pour crier sa souffrance, son « mal à être » ? Le passage à l’acte, chez ces Auteurs d’Infractions à Caractère Sexuel en intra-familial, est il résolutif d’une problématique identitaire traumatique, venant d’une nécessité de trouver un sens, une recherche de signifiance à l’existence même du sujet ? Via l'analyse des mécanismes de défenses, des représentations, ainsi que des positions transférentielles et contre-transférentielles mises en jeu, il s’agit de travailler la remise en sens, pour permettre à ces patients de développer leurs capacités d’élaboration, leur redonner une place, dans le respect de leur subjectivité et celle d’autrui, une place capable de supporter la construction identitaire originelle défaillante, retrouver une identité pour dépasser le traumatique, et ouvrir le chemin d’une reconstruction
Behind every act there is a sort of "staging", an "attempt to express" what the author cannot put into words nor metabolize, which leads him to act. In this work, amoung Authors of Infringement of Sexual Character (AISC) within familial, the aim is to understand and apprehend the conditions that triggers the act and how they affected the subject's psyche, leading him to give into the transgression.Through notions taken from the analytic's literature, in particular notions linked to the psyche's construction, to traumatic clinic or even the transgenerational transmission, we debate on the question of the influence of the environment on the individual's psyche functionning. Thereby posing hypothesis that identifications and transgenerationals repeats of traumatic origin can contribute in triggering the act, even more for AISC within familial. Could this kind of acting out then represent the consequences of a family's dynamicity experienced as "failing", or even traumatic, by the subject? Using a phenomenologic approach associated with a psychoanalytic positioning, the thorough analysis of seven case-studies could help answer those questions. The objective is to create a clinic study based on the subjective experience of each of them. This is done in hope to bring forward what could lack in their structuring, in their objectals investments and relationships.This trip through the proposed cases allow the question of whether the resolvent nature of these acting out vis-à-vis a family's dynamicity in which a traumatic experience takes its roots? Through the sexual offence, perpetrated within the family, is the subject using the body and the objectisation of another family to shout out his suffering, his "ill-being"? Is the acting out, for Authors of Infringement of Sexual Character (AISC) within familial, a consequence of a traumatic identity crisis, the need to find a sense or the search to the meaning to the subject's own existence? Through the analysis of defense mechanisms, representations, transference and counter-transference positions put in place, the goal is to help rework the senses, allow those patients to develop their elaboration capability, to give them a place, with respect to their subjectivity and that of other, a place capable of sustaining the construction of their originally deficient identity, to rediscover an identity that surpasses the trauma, and open the gates of reconstruction

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Educação na especialidade de Educação Intercultural apresentada à Universidade Aberta
Esta tese pretende analisar a religiosidade em alunos e professores, sendo a religiosidade entendida como o grau de ligação ou aceitação que cada indivíduo tem face à instituição religiosa (Alston, 1875) e à forma como põe em prática as crenças e os rituais (Shafranske e Malony, 1990). Para medir a religiosidade foram utilizados diversos instrumentos – a escala de Atitudes face ao Cristianismo, a escala de Orientação Religiosa, a escala de Internalização Religiosa Cristã, a escala do Bem-estar Espiritual e a escala Comportamental da Religiosidade, que foram validados para a população portuguesa. O trabalho foi organizado em duas partes – o enquadramento teórico e estudos empíricos. No enquadramento teórico foram focados diversos aspectos da religiosidade, a influência das variáveis socio-psicológicas e a religiosidade, o envolvimento social e o bem-estar. No que se refere à segunda parte, foram realizados três estudos – o estudo piloto (com 323 alunos do ensino superior) que teve como principal objectivo validar em Portugal os instrumentos a utilizar nos estudos finais, um estudo sobre a religiosidade com 602 alunos e um sobre a religiosidade numa amostra de 743 professores. Nos estudos finais foram analisadas as influências de diversas variáveis nas medidas de religiosidade em estudo, podendo dizer-se que o género, a idade, a prática religiosa e a frequência da igreja influenciam a religiosidade, as alunas e as professoras mais velhas e crentes praticantes, que frequentam a igreja com mais assiduidade têm níveis mais altos nas atitudes face ao cristianismo, na orientação intrínseca, na identificação, no bem-estar religioso e nos comportamentos religiosos do que os alunos e professores. No estudo realizado com alunos verificou-se que as raparigas com atitudes mais favoráveis ao cristianismo sentem-se menos sós; os intrínsecos são mais satisfeitos com a vida e têm mais ansiedade face à morte; os extrínsecos são menos felizes, mais sós e mais ansiosos face à morte; os alunos com maior nível de identificação têm maior ansiedade face à morte; os introjectivos são menos satisfeitos com a vida e menos felizes, sendo mais sós e mais ansiosos face à morte; os alunos com maior bem-estar religioso e bem-estar existencial são mais satisfeitos com a vida e mais felizes e sentem menos solidão; os que têm mais bem-estar existencial também têm menos ansiedade face à morte; as raparigas com maiores médias nos comportamentos religiosos são mais felizes. No estudo com professores – os que manifestaram atitudes mais favoráveis face ao cristianismo, os mais intrínsecos, com maiores níveis de identificação, bem-estar e comportamentos religiosos são mais satisfeitos com a vida e mais felizes; os extrínsecos e os introjectivos são os mais sós; as atitudes face ao cristianismo e o bem-estar existencial têm correlações negativas com a solidão; os professores com atitudes mais favoráveis face ao cristianismo, orientados intrínseca ou extrinsecamente face à religião e com maiores níveis de identificação e introjecção demonstraram ser mais ansiosos face à morte. Verificou-se que existem correlações positivas entre as atitudes face ao cristianismo, a orientação intrínseca, a identificação, o bem-estar religioso e os comportamentos religiosos.
This thesis tries to analyse the student and teacher’s religiousness. This religiousness is seen like a connection degree or acceptance that each one has to the religious institution (Alston, 1975) and to the way each one puts in to practice faiths and rituals (Shatranske e Malony, 1990). To measure the religiousness several instruments were used – Attitude toward Christianity Scale, Age Universal Religious Orientation Scale, Christian Religious Internalization Scale, Spiritual Well-being Scale and the Behavioural Religiosity Scale that were validated to the Portuguese population. The work was organized in two parts – the theoretical framing and empiric studies. In the theoretical framing several aspects of the religiousness were studied, the influence of social and psychological variables and religiousness, social involvement and well-being. In the second part, tree studies were done – the pilot study (with 323 students of the college) that had as the principal aim to validate in Portugal the instruments to use in the final studies, one study about religiousness with 602 students and one about religion in a sample of 743 teachers. In the final studies the influences of several variables were analysed in the religiosity’s measures under study and we can say that gender, age, religious practice and frequency of the church influence religiousness, the oldest female students and teachers and practicing believers that frequent church with more assiduity have higher levels in the attitudes toward Christianism, intrinsic orientation, identification, religious well-being and in religious behaviours than male students and teachers. In the accomplished study with students, it was found that the girls with attitudes more favourable to Christianism feel less alone; the intrinsic are more satisfied with life and have more anxiety toward death; students with higher religious and existential well-being are more satisfied with life, happier and feel less loneliness; the ones that have more existential well-being have also less anxiety toward death; the girls with higher averages in religious behaviours are happier. In the study with teachers – the ones that manifest more favourable attitudes toward Christianism, the more intrinsic, with higher levels of identification, well-being and religious behaviours are more satisfied with life and happier; the extrinsic and introjectives are more alone; the attitudes toward Christianism and the existential well-being have negative correlations with loneliness; the teachers with more favourable attitudes toward Christianism guided intrinsic and extrinsically toward religion and with higher levels of identification and introjection showed to be more anxious toward death. We have concluded that there are positive correlations between the attitudes toward Christianism, intrinsic orientation, identification, religious well-being and religious behaviours.
Cette thèse de doctorat a l’intention d’analyser la religiosité entre élèves et professeurs, étant la religiosité envisagée comme le degré de liaison ou d’acceptation que chaque individu a vis-à-vis l’institution religieuse (Alston, 1975) et, aussi bien, la forme par laquelle elle met en pratique les croyances et les rites (Shafranske et Malony, 1990). Pour mesurer la religiosité on été employés plusieurs instruments : l’échelle des Attitudes face aux Doctrines Chrétiennes, l’échelle d’Orientation Religieuse, l’échelle d’Internalisation Religieuse Chrétienne, l’échelle du Bien-être Spirituel et l’échelle Comportementale de la Religiosité, qui ont été validées dans le contexte de la population Portugaise. Ce travail a été conçu en deux parties : d’abord, l’encadrement théorique et, en suite des études empiriques. Dans l’encadrement théorique, plusieurs questions ont été envisagées sur la religiosité, l’influence des variables socio psychologiques de l’influence et de la religiosité ; l’engagement social et le bonheur. Quant à la deuxième partie, trois études ont été réalisées – une étude pilote (avec 323 élèves universitaires) qui a eu comme but principal la validation de ces instruments au Portugal, et qui seront utilisés aux études finales, une étude sur la religiosité (avec 602 élèves) et une troisième, au sujet de la religiosité (avec 743 professeurs). A la fin du travail, les influences de plusieurs variables sur les mesures de la religiosité étudiées ont été analysées et on peut dire que l’âge, la pratique religieuse et la fréquentation de l’église influencent la religiosité, les élèves et les professeurs plus âgés et croyantes fidèles qui fréquentent l’église, avec plus d’assiduité ont des niveaux plus élevés dans leurs attitudes face au christianisme, dans l’orientation intrinsèque, dans l’identification, dans le bonheur et dans les comportements religieux que ceux des étudiants et des enseignants. Dans une étude menée avec des élèves, celle-ci a montré que les fille ont des attitudes plus favorables au christianisme, car elles se sentent moins seules ; les intrinsèques sont plus satisfaits avec leur vie et sont plus anxieux vis-à-vis la mort ; les extrinsèques sont moins heureux, ils se sentent plus seuls et plus anxieux vis-à-vis de la mort, les élèves qui ont un niveaux d’identification plus élevé sont moins anxieux vis-à-vis la mort ; les introjèctifs sont moins contents avec la vie et moins heureux, ils se sentent plus seules et plus anxieux vis-à-vis de la mort ; les élèves avec un plus grand bonheur religieux sont plus heureux avec la vie et ils se sentent moins seuls ; ceux qui ont un plus grand bien-être existentiel démontrent aussi moins d’anxiété vis-à-vis de la mort ; les filles avec des niveaux plus élevés face aux comportements religieux sont plus heureuses. Quant aux études à l’égard des professeurs, ceux qui ont démontré des attitudes favorables face au christianisme, les plus intrinsèques, avec des niveaux d’identification, bonheur et de comportements religieux, sont ceux qui sont, non seulement les plus satisfaits avec la vie, mais les plus heureux ; les extrinsèques et les introjectifs sont ceux qui se sentent les plus seuls ; les attitudes face au christianisme et le bien-être existentiel présentent des corrélations négatives avec la solitude ; les professeurs qui présentent des attitudes plus favorables face au christianisme, orientés intrinsèquement ou extrinsèquement vis-à-vis de la religion et avec des niveaux plus élevés d’identification et d’introjection démontrent avoir plus d’anxiété vis-à-vis de la mort. On a trouvé des corrélations positives entre les attitudes chrétiennes, l’orientation intrinsèque, l’identification, le bien-être religieux et les comportements religieux.

In this chapter, Winnicott uses clinical material to juxtaposes two contrasting statements, each illustrating intercommunication. The first case, a therapeutic consultation with a girl at an early stage of adolescence, illustrates how the psychotherapist can act as a mirror. In the second case, cross-communication is illustrated in terms of the capacity for introjective and projective identifying mechanisms. Winnicott argues that there are mechanisms for object relating, such as elements of playing, that are not drive-determined.

In this review, written with Masud Khan, Winnicott judges it is possible to get something out of Fairbairn’s work on dreams by considering the relationship of his concept of introjection of the bad object to Freud’s work on repetition-compulsion. Fairbairn starts with an infant that is a whole human being, one experiencing the relation to the breast as a separate object, an object that he has experienced and about which he has complicated ideas. He says that the ‘libido is object-seeking,’ and considers introjection as a specific defence mechanism, not as a primary process or a kind of object-relationship. Fairbairn’s theory here has similarities with Melanie Klein’s theory. Winnicott says Fairbairn fails to note the differences between the needs of ‘whole’ infants (however young) experiencing object-relationships of an oral quality and those of infants at the theoretical start, who are emerging from a fused state characterised by primary identification with the mother.

This empirical study identifies a hierarchy of motivations for choosing a teaching career (in order of intrinsic motivation, motivation by identification, motivation by introjection and extrinsic motivation), investigates the reasons responsible for professional dropout among teachers and their expectations of the education system. In addition, a set of management measures is proposed to increase teachers' motivation.