Journal articles: 'Invasive aliens'

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Akinkuolie, Ayomiposi Olayinka, Rafiu Olugbenga Sanni, Augustine O. Isichei, and Samson O. Oke. "Composition of native and alien invasive species in soil seed banks of five different physiognomies in Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (2021): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.6.

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The study investigated the composition of native and alien invasive species in soil seed banks of five different vegetation physiognomies in Akure Forest Reserve Ondo State, Nigeria. This was done with a view to determining and providing an insight into the population dynamics of alien, invasive species for subsequent prediction of potential plant population of the extant population. Five distinct sites (Natural forest, Teak plantation, Taungya system, Taungya + Teak + Gmelina and Teak + Gmelina + Pinus Plantation) designated as A, B, C, D and E were selected in the Forest Reserve. Two plots 25 m x 25 m each were selected for sampling in each of the five distinct physiognomies. Five replicates soil samples were randomly collected at 0-15 cm soil depth in dry and rainy seasons in each site and they were subjected to seedlings emergence for six months to determine the density and species composition (natives or aliens and percentage contribution) of the seed bank. The results of the seedling emergence revealed that the seed bank was dominated by herbaceous stems and also the proportion of aliens to natives was low. Analysis of variance revealed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the density of both the aliens and native species in sites A, B and C indicating similarities in the seed bank density of the aliens and natives in the three sites while in sites D and E, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) indicating dissimilarity in the seed bank density of the aliens and natives in the two sites.Keywords: Plant Ecology, Forest, Seedling Emergence, Seed Bank, Alien Species, Conservation.

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Sauvard, Daniel, Manuela Branco, Manuela Branco, et al. "Weevils and Bark Beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Chapter 8.2." BioRisk 4 (July 6, 2010): 219–66. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.64.

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We record 201 alien curculionoids established in Europe, of which 72 originates from outside Europe. Aliens to Europe belong to five families, but four-fifth of them are from family Curculionidae. Many families and subfamilies, among which species-rich ones, have few representatives among alien curculionoids, whereas some others are over-represented; these latter, Dryophthoridae, Cossoninae and specially Scolytinae, all contains many xylophagous species. The number of new records of alien species increases continuously, with an acceleration during the last decades. Aliens to Europe originate from all parts of the world, but mainly Asia; few alien curculionoids originate from Africa. Italy and France host the largest number of alien to Europe. The number of aliens per country decreases eastwards, but is mainly correlated with importations amount and, secondary, with warm climates. All alien curculionoids have been introduced accidentally via international shipping. Wood and seed borers are specially liable to human-mediated dispersal due to their protected habitat. Alien curculionoids mainly attack stems, and half of them are xylophagous. The majority of alien curculionoids live in human-modified habitats, but many species live in forests and other natural or semi-natural habitats. Several species are pests, among which grain feeders as Sitophilus sp. are the most damaging.

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Rapson, Gillian L., Ashley L. Murphy, and Angelina R. Smith. "Invasive species over-stabilise the vegetation of a mobile dunefield, Manawatū, New Zealand, disrupting natural succession." Vegetation Classification and Survey 4 (December 22, 2023): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs.98391.

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Aims: Mobile, coastal dunefields around the world are under threat from invasive plants, which may out-compete native plant species. These aliens may also accelerate stabilisation of the dunes, to the complete exclusion of early successional native flora. In a mobile dunefield we examine the impact of the increasing abundance of alien species on substrate stability and successional trends of the native vegetation. Study area: Tawhirihoe Scientific Reserve, Manawatū, New Zealand. Methods: We recorded species’ covers and environmental factors in quadrats placed randomly over the mobile dunefield, and analysed the vegetation and its successional patterns via multivariate analysis. We explored the degrees of stabilisation and nativeness, referencing changes over the last three decades. Results: Our analysis reveals seven vegetation types, three with a high native component and following an established successional trend, and the others becoming dominated by alien grasses and herbs, and associated with increasing dune stability. Biodiversity is trending towards aliens, especially behind the foredunes, and aliens occupy nearly double the area of the mobile dunefield as do natives. Coverage of unvegetated or mobile sand has declined to 21 % and is projected to decline further. Conclusions: Only the foredunes and dune-slack wetlands are now in a mostly natural state, while native rear dune vegetation is becoming rare, and natural succession appears to be interrupted. Alien species over-stabilise the dunefield, facilitating further alien invasion, the longer-term implications of which are unknown. Intervention to destabilise the dunefield seems the most viable management option. Taxonomic reference: Nga Tipu o Aotearoa (http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz) [accessed 10 Jan 2023].

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10

Rapson, Gillian L., Ashley L. Murphy, and Angelina R. Smith. "Invasive species over-stabilise the vegetation of a mobile dunefield, Manawatū, New Zealand, disrupting natural succession." Vegetation Classification and Survey 4 (December 22, 2023): 343–60. https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.98391.

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Aims: Mobile, coastal dunefields around the world are under threat from invasive plants, which may out-compete native plant species. These aliens may also accelerate stabilisation of the dunes, to the complete exclusion of early successional native flora. In a mobile dunefield we examine the impact of the increasing abundance of alien species on substrate stability and successional trends of the native vegetation. Study area: Tawhirihoe Scientific Reserve, Manawatū, New Zealand. Methods: We recorded species' covers and environmental factors in quadrats placed randomly over the mobile dunefield, and analysed the vegetation and its successional patterns via multivariate analysis. We explored the degrees of stabilisation and nativeness, referencing changes over the last three decades. Results: Our analysis reveals seven vegetation types, three with a high native component and following an established successional trend, and the others becoming dominated by alien grasses and herbs, and associated with increasing dune stability. Biodiversity is trending towards aliens, especially behind the foredunes, and aliens occupy nearly double the area of the mobile dunefield as do natives. Coverage of unvegetated or mobile sand has declined to 21 % and is projected to decline further. Conclusions: Only the foredunes and dune-slack wetlands are now in a mostly natural state, while native rear dune vegetation is becoming rare, and natural succession appears to be interrupted. Alien species over-stabilise the dunefield, facilitating further alien invasion, the longer-term implications of which are unknown. Intervention to destabilise the dunefield seems the most viable management option. Taxonomic reference: Nga Tipu o Aotearoa (http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz) [accessed 10 Jan 2023].

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11

Mohammed, H. Mahklouf. "Invasive Alien Plant Species In Libya." J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology 7, no. 1 (2019): 06. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2575522.

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Invasive alien plant species in Libya were surveyed and documented based on field observation, and discussion with local people, A total of 29 species of invasive aliens in the flora of Libya have been documented, belong to o13 families, of which 12 families belong to dicotyledons and the only family belongs to Monocotyledons. The dominant families were Asteraceae with 7 species, followed by Amaranthaceae with 5 species. Life form analysis has shown that the herbaceous elements were predominated by 22 species, while shrubs were represented by 3 species and trees were represented by 4 species. The nativity showed that the alien species with an American origin have the majority with sixteen species. According to their intensity of invasion, the recorded species were classified into three categories, 12 species were found to be high invaders and spread elsewhere, and 12 species were found to be moderate invaders, while five species were categorized as new invasive. The results also showed that 17 species were categorized as noxious, 8 were classified as invasive.

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Pyšek, Petr, Martin Hejda, Jan Čuda, et al. "Into the great wide open: do alien plants spread from rivers to dry savanna in the Kruger National Park?" NeoBiota 60 (August 18, 2020): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.54608.

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Protected areas play an important role as refuges from invasive species impacts on biodiversity. Within the MOSAIK (Monitoring Savanna Biodiversity in the Kruger National Park) project, plant species were recorded in a representative set of 60 plots, 50 × 50 m in size, across the entire KNP, distributed so as to cover a range of savanna habitats, i.e. perennial rivers, seasonal rivers and dry crests, and two main bedrock types (granite and basalt). The data were used to assess the role of rivers in the dispersal of alien plants and study whether the alien plant species spread from rivers to open dry savanna. The resulting dataset provided the first thorough information on the spatial distribution of naturalised alien plants in KNP. In total, we recorded 20 plant species that are alien to the park, four of them considered invasive: Parthenium hysterophorus, Opuntia stricta, Xanthium strumarium and Zinnia peruviana. The most widespread species in KNP was Tridax procumbens, recorded in 11 plots (i.e. 18% of all sampled), four other species were found in &gt; 10% of the plots. One species, Bidens bipinnata, was not previously reported from the park and represents a new record. The majority of aliens were concentrated along perennial rivers (60% of all occurrences), but some were repeatedly recorded at seasonal rivers as well and two of the most invasive species in KNP, Opuntia stricta and Parthenium hysterophorus, occurred also on dry crests away from water. The average number of alien species per plot was low (1.6), as was their mean percentage contribution to all species in a plot (2.2%), but some plots harboured as many as seven species and contributed up to 11.9%. Moreover, only 21 plots (35%) were alien-species free. In terms of the total species number per habitat, perennial rivers had significantly more aliens than crests and were marginally significantly richer than seasonal rivers. By recording all naturalised alien species occurring in the plots – many of them are not invasive but may become so in the future – and by using the GloNAF database of global distribution of naturalised species, we assessed the invasion potential of the recorded species.

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13

Pyšek, Petr, Martin Hejda, Jan Čuda, et al. "Into the great wide open: do alien plants spread from rivers to dry savanna in the Kruger National Park?" NeoBiota 60 (August 18, 2020): 61–77. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.54608.

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Protected areas play an important role as refuges from invasive species impacts on biodiversity. Within the MOSAIK (Monitoring Savanna Biodiversity in the Kruger National Park) project, plant species were recorded in a representative set of 60 plots, 50 × 50 m in size, across the entire KNP, distributed so as to cover a range of savanna habitats, i.e. perennial rivers, seasonal rivers and dry crests, and two main bedrock types (granite and basalt). The data were used to assess the role of rivers in the dispersal of alien plants and study whether the alien plant species spread from rivers to open dry savanna. The resulting dataset provided the first thorough information on the spatial distribution of naturalised alien plants in KNP. In total, we recorded 20 plant species that are alien to the park, four of them considered invasive: Parthenium hysterophorus, Opuntia stricta, Xanthium strumarium and Zinnia peruviana. The most widespread species in KNP was Tridax procumbens, recorded in 11 plots (i.e. 18% of all sampled), four other species were found in > 10% of the plots. One species, Bidens bipinnata, was not previously reported from the park and represents a new record. The majority of aliens were concentrated along perennial rivers (60% of all occurrences), but some were repeatedly recorded at seasonal rivers as well and two of the most invasive species in KNP, Opuntia stricta and Parthenium hysterophorus, occurred also on dry crests away from water. The average number of alien species per plot was low (1.6), as was their mean percentage contribution to all species in a plot (2.2%), but some plots harboured as many as seven species and contributed up to 11.9%. Moreover, only 21 plots (35%) were alien-species free. In terms of the total species number per habitat, perennial rivers had significantly more aliens than crests and were marginally significantly richer than seasonal rivers. By recording all naturalised alien species occurring in the plots – many of them are not invasive but may become so in the future – and by using the GloNAF database of global distribution of naturalised species, we assessed the invasion potential of the recorded species.

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14

Brunetti, Salvatore. "Alien Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Sicily and Malta: A Review and Updated Checklist." Biodiversity Journal 15, no. 3 (2024): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31396/biodiv.jour.2024.15.3.707.712.

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In the last few years, due to globalization, which increases and speeds up the movement of people and goods around the world, the number of alien animal and plant species that have accidentally arrived in Europe has increased considerably; as a result, the problem of alien species, and especially invasive ones, has taken on greater significance. Since the Mediterranean has always been one of the main trade routes, it is of primary importance to turn our attention to those areas that constitute the main entry routes for new species into Italy and Europe, such as Sicily and the Maltese archipelago. This publication aims to collect all available data about alien invasive ants recorded in Sicily and Malta. Among all animal taxa, one of the groups with great adaptability and that easily follows human routes is the Formicidae, which also includes species with high invasive potential. Currently in Sicily there are 10 alien ant species, two of which, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1878) and Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972 (recently recorded), are invasive. Whereas for the Maltese archipelago 12 ant species are alien, two are considered invasives, namely L. humile and Pheidole indica Mayr, 1879. An additional species, Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel, 1890, is considered cryptogenic in both countries. For a proper management of alien species, it is essential to carefully monitor the alien species already present on the territory and considered invasive but also to pay attention to those species that have already caused serious damage in other countries and are easy to introduce. Finally, it is important to monitor potential entry routes followed by invasive aliens, especially those involving interchanges between Sicily and the Maltese archipelago.

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Arianoutsou, Margarita, Chloe Adamopoulou, Pavlos Andriopoulos, et al. "HELLAS-ALIENS. The invasive alien species of Greece: time trends, origin and pathways." NeoBiota 86 (May 30, 2023): 45–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.86.101778.

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The current paper presents the first effort to organize a comprehensive review of the Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of Greece. For this purpose, a database was developed with fields of information on the taxonomy, origin, ecology and pathways of introduction of terrestrial, freshwater and marine species. Our database includes a) taxa in the Union’s list that are present in Greece, b) taxa already present in Greece and considered to be invasive, and c) taxa highly likely to enter Greece in the next 10 years and become invasive. The Database served as the starting point for the compilation of the National List of Alien Invasive Species (HELLAS-ALIENS) in compliance with the EU Regulation 1143/2014. Overall, the HELLAS-ALIENS comprises 126 species, i.e. 32 terrestrial and freshwater plant species, 14 terrestrial invertebrates, 28 terrestrial vertebrates, 30 freshwater fishes and invertebrates and 22 marine species. Terrestrial invertebrates, birds and mammals are mainly of Asiatic origin. Most of the terrestrial plants have their native geographical distribution in the Americas (North and South). Most of the freshwater invertebrates and fishes are of North American origin, while the majority of the marine species are of Indo-Pacific origin. The first records of IAS concern terrestrial plant species, and date back to the 19th century, while those in freshwater and marine ecosystems seem to have been systematically recorded some decades later. Regarding the pathways of introduction, most of the taxa arrived in Greece or are expected to arrive through escape from confinement and unaided. The majority of the terrestrial, freshwater and marine species have been evaluated as of High-risk for the indigenous biodiversity and only 3% of the species listed have been evaluated of Low-risk. Our results provide an important baseline for management and action plans, as required by the priorities set by the European Union through the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.

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EVANS, J., J. BARBARA, and P. J. SCHEMBRI. "Updated review of marine alien species and other ‘newcomers’ recorded from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean)." Mediterranean Marine Science 16, no. 1 (2015): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1064.

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An updated review of marine alien species and other ‘newcomers’ recorded from the Maltese Islands is presented on account of new records and amendments to a previous review in 2007. Species were classified according to their establishment status (‘Questionable’, ‘Casual’, ‘Established’, ‘Invasive’) and origin (‘Alien’, ‘Range expansion’, ‘Cryptogenic’). A total of 31 species were added to the inventory, while 6 species have been removed, bringing the total number of species to 73. Of these, 66 are considered to be aliens (or putative aliens but with uncertain origin) with the remaining 7 resulting from range expansion. Six records are considered to be questionable and hence unverified. For verified records, the dominant taxonomic groups are Mollusca (represented by 21 species) and Actinopterygii (15 species), followed by Crustacea (8 species) and Rhodophyta (7 species). Eight of these species (aliens: Caulerpa cylindracea, Lophocladia lallemandi, Womersleyella setacea, Brachidontes pharaonis, Percnon gibbesi, Fistularia commersonii, Siganus luridus; range extender: Sphoeroides pachygaster) are considered to be invasive. The introduction pathway for 30 species is unknown. Amongst the alien species, ‘Shipping’ is the most common introduction pathway, followed by ‘Secondary dispersal’ from elsewhere in the Mediterranean Sea. An increasing trend in the number of alien marine species reported from the Maltese Islands is evident, with a peak of 22 species recorded during the last decade (2001–2010). A discussion on the rationale for including range-expanding species in national inventories of recent arrivals, and in the analysis of trends in records from the Maltese Islands, is included. In particular, the general warming trend of Mediterranean surface waters appears to be facilitating the westward spread of thermophilic alien species from the Eastern to the Central Mediterranean, and the eastward range expansion of tropical and subtropical Eastern Atlantic species.

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Šefrová, Hana. "Introduced and invasive insect species in the Czech Republic and their economic and ecological impact (Insecta)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 5 (2005): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553050151.

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A total of 383 alien insect species were registered in the Czech Republic, which represents 1.4% of local fauna. The most numerous taxonomic groups are Homoptera (116 species, 30.3%), Coleoptera (110; 28.7%) and Lepidoptera (37; 9.7%). The occurrence of 200 species (52.2%) are limited to closed heated spaces, casual aliens (28; 7.3%) infiltrate the outdoor environment for a short term only, 36 (9.4%) naturalized non-invasive species do not spread from the location of introduction, 50 (13.1%) species are post-invasive and 69 (18.0%) invasive. From the species registered, 61 (15.9%) are stored product pests (especially Coleoptera 36 species, Psocoptera 11, and Lepidoptera 9), 50 (13.1%) are plant pests indoors (especially Coccinea 33 species, Aphidinea 7, and Thysanoptera 6), 25 (i.e. 6.5% of aliens) are pests in agriculture, forestry, and in ornamental cultures, 15 species (3.9%) are important animal parasites, and 5 species (1.3%) can affect biodiversity. Of the remaining 227 species (59.3%), no economic or ecological effects were found. The origin of most of the species living eusynanthropically is in the tropics and subtropics; of the 155 naturalized (non-invasive, post-invasive, and invasive) species, 42 (27.1%) originate from the Mediterranean, 36 (23.2%) from North America, 28 (18.1%) from Central to Southwest Asia, 14 (9.0%) from East Asia, 13 (8.4%) from South and Southeast Asia, with the remaining 22 species (14.2%) coming from other areas.

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18

Corlett, Richard T. "Invasive aliens on tropical East Asian islands." Biodiversity and Conservation 19, no. 2 (2009): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9624-4.

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19

Arianoutsou, Margarita, Chloe Adamopoulou, Pavlos Andriopoulos, et al. "HELLAS-ALIENS. The invasive alien species of Greece: time trends, origin and pathways." NeoBiota 86 (May 30, 2023): 45–79. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.86.101778.

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Abstract:

The current paper presents the first effort to organize a comprehensive review of the Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of Greece. For this purpose, a database was developed with fields of information on the taxonomy, origin, ecology and pathways of introduction of terrestrial, freshwater and marine species. Our database includes a) taxa in the Union's list that are present in Greece, b) taxa already present in Greece and considered to be invasive, and c) taxa highly likely to enter Greece in the next 10 years and become invasive. The Database served as the starting point for the compilation of the National List of Alien Invasive Species (HELLAS-ALIENS) in compliance with the EU Regulation 1143/2014. Overall, the HELLAS-ALIENS comprises 126 species, i.e. 32 terrestrial and freshwater plant species, 14 terrestrial invertebrates, 28 terrestrial vertebrates, 30 freshwater fishes and invertebrates and 22 marine species. Terrestrial invertebrates, birds and mammals are mainly of Asiatic origin. Most of the terrestrial plants have their native geographical distribution in the Americas (North and South). Most of the freshwater invertebrates and fishes are of North American origin, while the majority of the marine species are of Indo-Pacific origin. The first records of IAS concern terrestrial plant species, and date back to the 19th century, while those in freshwater and marine ecosystems seem to have been systematically recorded some decades later. Regarding the pathways of introduction, most of the taxa arrived in Greece or are expected to arrive through escape from confinement and unaided. The majority of the terrestrial, freshwater and marine species have been evaluated as of High-risk for the indigenous biodiversity and only 3% of the species listed have been evaluated of Low-risk. Our results provide an important baseline for management and action plans, as required by the priorities set by the European Union through the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.

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Garcia-Serrano, Hèctor, Josep Escarré, and F. Xavier Sans. "Factors that limit the emergence and establishment of the related aliens Senecio inaequidens and Senecio pterophorus and the native Senecio malacitanus in Mediterranean climate." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 9 (2004): 1346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-097.

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Three series of seed addition experiments in natural sites and in common experimental conditions are described to compare the effect of disturbance, water availability, and habitat type on the emergence and establishment of the two alien congeners Senecio inaequidens D.C. and Senecio pterophorus D.C. and the native Senecio malacitanus Huter. The emergence of the three species was favored by disturbance, while establishment was enhanced by water availability. Habitat also had a dramatic effect on emergence, with more seedlings germinating under the shrubs and in the forest. However, only the plants that emerged in the open annual grassland survived until the adult stage, some of which flowered, mostly S. inaequidens. The emergence of the alien S. pterophorus was lower than that of the other species, but once established it produced significantly more biomass than the others. The effect of disturbance and water availability on emergence and establishment does not explain the differences in invasive capacity between the two aliens and the native; however, some traits, such as the biomass production of S. pterophorus and the early flowering of S. inaequidens, can contribute to the capacity of the two aliens to colonize new habitats.Key words: Senecio, alien invasive, emergence, disturbance, water addition, seed or site limitation.

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Katsanevakis, Stelios, Konstantinos Tsirintanis, Maria Sini, Vasilis Gerovasileiou, and Nikoletta Koukourouvli. "Aliens in the Aegean – a sea under siege (ALAS)." Research Ideas and Outcomes 6 (April 13, 2020): e53057. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53057.

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ALAS aims to fill knowledge gaps on the impacts of marine alien species in the Aegean Sea, and support marine managers and policy makers in prioritizing mitigation actions. The project will focus on under-studied alien-native interactions, priority and vulnerable habitats (such as shallow forests of canopy algae and underwater caves), and apply a multitude of approaches. It will apply a standardized, quantitative method for mapping Cumulative IMpacts of invasive Alien species on marine ecosystems (CIMPAL), according to which cumulative impact scores are estimated on the basis of the distributions of invasive species and ecosystems, and both the reported magnitude of ecological impacts and the strength of such evidence. Towards that direction, ALAS will improve our knowledge base and compile the needed information to estimate CIMPAL by (1) conducting a series of field experiments and surveys to investigate the impacts of selected invasive alien species on marine habitats, (2) producing high-resolution habitat maps in the coastal zone, refining the results of previous research efforts through fieldwork, remote sensing and satellite imaging, (3) producing species distribution models for all invasive species, based on extensive underwater surveys for the collection of new data and integrating all existing information. ALAS will incorporate skills and analyses in novel ways and provide high-resolution results at a large scale; couple classic and novel tools and follow a trans-disciplinary approach, combining knowledge from the fields of invasion biology, conservation biology, biogeography, fisheries science, marine ecology, remote sensing, statistical modelling; conduct for the first time in the Aegean Sea a comprehensive, high-resolution analysis of cumulative impacts of invasive alien species; and report results in formats appropriate for decision-makers and society, thus transferring research-based knowledge to inform and influence policy decisions.

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Těšitelová, Tamara, Kateřina Knotková, Adam Knotek, Hana Cempírková, and Jakub Těšitel. "Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment." NeoBiota 90 (January 15, 2024): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069.

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Alien invasive plants threaten biodiversity by rapid spread and competitive exclusion of native plant species. Especially, tall clonal invasives can rapidly attain strong dominance in vegetation. Root-hemiparasitic plants are known to suppress the growth of clonal plants by the uptake of resources from their below-ground organs and reduce their abundance. However, root-hemiparasites’ ability to interact with alien clonal plants has not yet been tested. We explored the interactions between native root-hemiparasitic species, Melampyrum arvense and Rhinanthus alectorolophus and invasive aliens, Solidago gigantea and Symphyotrichum lanceolatum. We investigated the haustorial connections and conducted a pot experiment. We used seeds from wild hemiparasite populations and those cultivated in monostands of the invasive plants to identify a possible selection of lineages with increased compatibility with these alien hosts. The hemiparasitic species significantly suppressed the growth of the invasive plants. Melampyrum inflicted the most substantial growth reduction on Solidago (78%), followed by Rhinanthus (49%). Both hemiparasitic species reduced Symphyotrichum biomass by one-third. Additionally, Melampyrum reduced the shoot density of both host species. We also observed some transgenerational effects possibly facilitating the growth of hemiparasites sourced from subpopulations experienced with the host. Native root hemiparasites can effectively decrease alien clonal plants’ biomass production and shoot density. The outcomes of these interactions are species-specific and may be associated with the level of clonal integration of the hosts. The putative selection of lineages with higher performance when attached to the invasive novel hosts may increase hemiparasites’ efficiency in future biocontrol applications.

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Zimmermann, Heike, Jacqueline Loos, Henrik von Wehrden, and Joern Fischer. "Aliens in Transylvania: risk maps of invasive alien plant species in Central Romania." NeoBiota 24 (January 16, 2015): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.24.7772.

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Damian, Chmura, and Sierka Edyta. "Problem gatunków inwazyjnych i ekspansywnych w leśnych rezerwatach przyrody Wyżyny Śląsko-Krakowskiej." Środowisko i Rozwój 15, no. 1 (2007): 98–105. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5121512.

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In the present article a problem of very abundant occurrence of plant species both of native and alien origin with a tendency to fast spread and consequences of this phenomenon was highlighted. The spread of species considered as invasive or expansive is a serious threat to biodiversity of natural plant communities, especially in protected areas e. g. nature reserves. The aim of this work is to qualify a roll of species, expanding their range with fast rate, in forest vegetation of 15 chosen nature reserves of the Silesian-Kraków Upland. In woodland phytocoenoses of the reserves of the Silesian-Kraków Upland 3 expansive and 11 invasive alien plant species were observed. Of native vascular plant the most frequent were: Carex brizoides, Calamagrostis epigeios and Rubus hirtus. Among aliens Impatients parviflora was recorded in all nature reserves expect one. Species which tend to colonize new areas and habitats are characterized by highly specialized mechanisms of growth and seed disperal. Also disturbed ecological balance of forest ecosystems due to various forms of certification of them encourages abundant expansive and invasive species occurrence. In future rate of expansion and invasion probably will intensify.

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Těšitelová, Tamara, Kateřina Knotková, Adam Knotek, Hana Cempírková, and Jakub Těšitel. "Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment." NeoBiota 90 (January 15, 2024): 97–121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069.

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Alien invasive plants threaten biodiversity by rapid spread and competitive exclusion of native plant species. Especially, tall clonal invasives can rapidly attain strong dominance in vegetation. Root-hemiparasitic plants are known to suppress the growth of clonal plants by the uptake of resources from their below-ground organs and reduce their abundance. However, root-hemiparasites' ability to interact with alien clonal plants has not yet been tested. We explored the interactions between native root-hemiparasitic species, Melampyrum arvense and Rhinanthus alectorolophus and invasive aliens, Solidago gigantea and Symphyotrichum lanceolatum. We investigated the haustorial connections and conducted a pot experiment. We used seeds from wild hemiparasite populations and those cultivated in monostands of the invasive plants to identify a possible selection of lineages with increased compatibility with these alien hosts. The hemiparasitic species significantly suppressed the growth of the invasive plants. Melampyrum inflicted the most substantial growth reduction on Solidago (78%), followed by Rhinanthus (49%). Both hemiparasitic species reduced Symphyotrichum biomass by one-third. Additionally, Melampyrum reduced the shoot density of both host species. We also observed some transgenerational effects possibly facilitating the growth of hemiparasites sourced from subpopulations experienced with the host. Native root hemiparasites can effectively decrease alien clonal plants' biomass production and shoot density. The outcomes of these interactions are species-specific and may be associated with the level of clonal integration of the hosts. The putative selection of lineages with higher performance when attached to the invasive novel hosts may increase hemiparasites' efficiency in future biocontrol applications.

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Pérez-Postigo, Isabel, Jörg Bendix, Heike Vibrans, and Ramón Cuevas-Guzmán. "Diversity of alien roadside herbs along an elevational gradient in western Mexico." NeoBiota 65 (May 28, 2021): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.67192.

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Growing numbers of alien plant species threaten natural ecosystems worldwide. Mexico, as a megadiverse country, has lower numbers of alien species than other regions in America. However, there is a lack of information on the factors that determine the diversity patterns of alien species and their relative importance in the vegetation. The diversity of alien roadside herbs was analysed along an elevational gradient in western Mexico, including their relationship with environmental factors. Three hundred and seventeen herbaceous species were found in 37 sampling sites; 10% were aliens. The proportion of alien species in the ruderal herbaceous communities was lower than the average for this vegetation type in the country. Absolute species richness of natives was significantly and positively correlated with elevation. Absolute species richness of aliens was not significantly correlated with elevation, still; higher values were found at lower elevations. Generalised linear models for relative species richness and relative abundance of aliens with elevation had positive estimates near 0, which, though statistically significant, indicated a weak relationship. Other environmental co-factors, such as the distance to roads and highways, climatic variables, and disturbance indicators, were included in a random forest model. No clear correlation patterns were found. This seemingly random distribution of alien herbaceous plants in the region might be caused by the relatively recent introduction of most of the species. They have not yet had time to expand their distribution to their potential maximum. The early stage of the naturalisation process allows us to minimise the further spread of some species with targeted management and prevent them from becoming invasive.

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Pérez-Postigo, Isabel, Jörg Bendix, Heike Vibrans, and Ramón Cuevas-Guzmán. "Diversity of alien roadside herbs along an elevational gradient in western Mexico." NeoBiota 65 (May 28, 2021): 71–91. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.67192.

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Growing numbers of alien plant species threaten natural ecosystems worldwide. Mexico, as a megadiverse country, has lower numbers of alien species than other regions in America. However, there is a lack of information on the factors that determine the diversity patterns of alien species and their relative importance in the vegetation. The diversity of alien roadside herbs was analysed along an elevational gradient in western Mexico, including their relationship with environmental factors. Three hundred and seventeen herbaceous species were found in 37 sampling sites; 10% were aliens. The proportion of alien species in the ruderal herbaceous communities was lower than the average for this vegetation type in the country. Absolute species richness of natives was significantly and positively correlated with elevation. Absolute species richness of aliens was not significantly correlated with elevation, still; higher values were found at lower elevations. Generalised linear models for relative species richness and relative abundance of aliens with elevation had positive estimates near 0, which, though statistically significant, indicated a weak relationship. Other environmental co-factors, such as the distance to roads and highways, climatic variables, and disturbance indicators, were included in a random forest model. No clear correlation patterns were found. This seemingly random distribution of alien herbaceous plants in the region might be caused by the relatively recent introduction of most of the species. They have not yet had time to expand their distribution to their potential maximum. The early stage of the naturalisation process allows us to minimise the further spread of some species with targeted management and prevent them from becoming invasive.

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Denux, Olivier, and Pierre Zagatti. "Coleoptera families other than Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae. Chapter 8.5." BioRisk 4 (July 6, 2010): 315–406. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.61.

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Here we consider 274 alien Coleoptera species belonging to 41 of the 137 beetle families in Europe (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae are treated separately elsewhere). Among the families we consider asinvaded the European fauna, Acanthocnemidae and Ptilodactylidae represent new arrivals. Many species-rich families have surprisingly few aliens, whereas some relatively minor families such as Dermestidae, Nitidulidae and Anobiidae have a relatively high representation of alien species. Since the start of the 19th century, the number of coleopteran aliens introduced into Europe has continued to increase. Alien species colonizing Europe derive from a wide range of geographic regions as well as ecozones, but the most important source area is Asia. The countries with the largest number of alien species established are France, Germany and Italy. The majority have been introduced accidentally via international transport mechanisms. The most important route for importation is stored products and crops, followed by transport of wood, then horticultural and ornamental plants. Most alien species in these families are found within anthropogenic habitats in Europe. The introduction of invasive alien beetles in these families has had significant economic impacts, particularly as pests of stored foodstuffs, as well as serious ecological impacts. For example, the buprestid species Agrilus planipennis, recently recorded in Russia, is an important potential economic threat which may also impact the biodiversity associated with ash trees.

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Pyšek, Petr, Sven Bacher, Ingolf Kühn, et al. "MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA): disentangling large-scale context dependence in biological invasions." NeoBiota 62 (October 15, 2020): 407–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.62.52787.

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Macroecology is the study of patterns, and the processes that determine those patterns, in the distribution and abundance of organisms at large scales, whether they be spatial (from hundreds of kilometres to global), temporal (from decades to centuries), and organismal (numbers of species or higher taxa). In the context of invasion ecology, macroecological studies include, for example, analyses of the richness, diversity, distribution, and abundance of alien species in regional floras and faunas, spatio-temporal dynamics of alien species across regions, and cross-taxonomic analyses of species traits among comparable native and alien species pools. However, macroecological studies aiming to explain and predict plant and animal naturalisations and invasions, and the resulting impacts, have, to date, rarely considered the joint effects of species traits, environment, and socioeconomic characteristics. To address this, we present the MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA). The MAFIA explains the invasion phenomenon using three interacting classes of factors – alien species traits, location characteristics, and factors related to introduction events – and explicitly maps these interactions onto the invasion sequence from transport to naturalisation to invasion. The framework therefore helps both to identify how anthropogenic effects interact with species traits and environmental characteristics to determine observed patterns in alien distribution, abundance, and richness; and to clarify why neglecting anthropogenic effects can generate spurious conclusions. Event-related factors include propagule pressure, colonisation pressure, and residence time that are important for mediating the outcome of invasion processes. However, because of context dependence, they can bias analyses, for example those that seek to elucidate the role of alien species traits. In the same vein, failure to recognise and explicitly incorporate interactions among the main factors impedes our understanding of which macroecological invasion patterns are shaped by the environment, and of the importance of interactions between the species and their environment. The MAFIA is based largely on insights from studies of plants and birds, but we believe it can be applied to all taxa, and hope that it will stimulate comparative research on other groups and environments. By making the biases in macroecological analyses of biological invasions explicit, the MAFIA offers an opportunity to guide assessments of the context dependence of invasions at broad geographical scales.

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Pyšek, Petr, Sven Bacher, Ingolf Kühn, et al. "MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA): disentangling large-scale context dependence in biological invasions." NeoBiota 62 (October 15, 2020): 407–61. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.62.52787.

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Macroecology is the study of patterns, and the processes that determine those patterns, in the distribution and abundance of organisms at large scales, whether they be spatial (from hundreds of kilometres to global), temporal (from decades to centuries), and organismal (numbers of species or higher taxa). In the context of invasion ecology, macroecological studies include, for example, analyses of the richness, diversity, distribution, and abundance of alien species in regional floras and faunas, spatio-temporal dynamics of alien species across regions, and cross-taxonomic analyses of species traits among comparable native and alien species pools. However, macroecological studies aiming to explain and predict plant and animal naturalisations and invasions, and the resulting impacts, have, to date, rarely considered the joint effects of species traits, environment, and socioeconomic characteristics. To address this, we present the MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA). The MAFIA explains the invasion phenomenon using three interacting classes of factors – alien species traits, location characteristics, and factors related to introduction events – and explicitly maps these interactions onto the invasion sequence from transport to naturalisation to invasion. The framework therefore helps both to identify how anthropogenic effects interact with species traits and environmental characteristics to determine observed patterns in alien distribution, abundance, and richness; and to clarify why neglecting anthropogenic effects can generate spurious conclusions. Event-related factors include propagule pressure, colonisation pressure, and residence time that are important for mediating the outcome of invasion processes. However, because of context dependence, they can bias analyses, for example those that seek to elucidate the role of alien species traits. In the same vein, failure to recognise and explicitly incorporate interactions among the main factors impedes our understanding of which macroecological invasion patterns are shaped by the environment, and of the importance of interactions between the species and their environment. The MAFIA is based largely on insights from studies of plants and birds, but we believe it can be applied to all taxa, and hope that it will stimulate comparative research on other groups and environments. By making the biases in macroecological analyses of biological invasions explicit, the MAFIA offers an opportunity to guide assessments of the context dependence of invasions at broad geographical scales.

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Milanović, Marija, Sonja Knapp, Petr Pyšek, and Ingolf Kühn. "Trait–environment relationships of plant species at different stages of the introduction process." NeoBiota 58 (July 1, 2020): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.58.51655.

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The success of alien plant species can be attributed to differences in functional traits compared to less successful aliens as well as to native species, and thus their adaptation to environmental conditions. Studies have shown that alien (especially invasive) plant species differ from native species in traits such as specific leaf area (SLA), height, seed size or flowering period, where invasive species showed significantly higher values for these traits. Different environmental conditions, though, may promote the success of native or alien species, leading to competitive exclusion due to dissimilarity in traits between the groups. However, native and alien species can also be similar, with environmental conditions selecting for the same set of traits across species. So far, the effect of traits on invasion success has been studied without considering environmental conditions. To understand this interaction we examined the trait–environment relationship within natives, and two groups of alien plant species differing in times of introduction (archaeophytes vs. neophytes). Further, we investigated the difference between non-invasive and invasive neophytes. We analyzed the relationship between functional traits of 1,300 plant species occurring in 1000 randomly selected grid-cells across Germany and across different climatic conditions and land-cover types. Our results show that temperature, precipitation, the proportion of natural habitats, as well as the number of land-cover patches and geological patches affect archaeophytes and neophytes differently, regarding their level of urbanity (in neophytes negative for all non-urban land covers) and self-pollination (mainly positive for archaeophytes). Similar patterns were observed between non-invasive and invasive neophytes, where additionally, SLA, storage organs and the beginning of flowering were strongly related to several environmental factors. Native species did not express any strong relationship between traits and environment, possibly due to a high internal heterogeneity within this group of species. The relationship between trait and environment was more pronounced in neophytes compared to archaeophytes, and most pronounced in invasive plants. The alien species at different stages of the invasion process showed both similarities and differences in terms of the relationship between traits and the environment, showing that the success of introduced species is context-dependent.

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Milanović, Marija, Sonja Knapp, Petr Pyšek, and Ingolf Kühn. "Trait–environment relationships of plant species at different stages of the introduction process." NeoBiota 58 (July 1, 2020): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.58.51655.

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The success of alien plant species can be attributed to differences in functional traits compared to less successful aliens as well as to native species, and thus their adaptation to environmental conditions. Studies have shown that alien (especially invasive) plant species differ from native species in traits such as specific leaf area (SLA), height, seed size or flowering period, where invasive species showed significantly higher values for these traits. Different environmental conditions, though, may promote the success of native or alien species, leading to competitive exclusion due to dissimilarity in traits between the groups. However, native and alien species can also be similar, with environmental conditions selecting for the same set of traits across species. So far, the effect of traits on invasion success has been studied without considering environmental conditions. To understand this interaction we examined the trait–environment relationship within natives, and two groups of alien plant species differing in times of introduction (archaeophytes vs. neophytes). Further, we investigated the difference between non-invasive and invasive neophytes. We analyzed the relationship between functional traits of 1,300 plant species occurring in 1000 randomly selected grid-cells across Germany and across different climatic conditions and land-cover types. Our results show that temperature, precipitation, the proportion of natural habitats, as well as the number of land-cover patches and geological patches affect archaeophytes and neophytes differently, regarding their level of urbanity (in neophytes negative for all non-urban land covers) and self-pollination (mainly positive for archaeophytes). Similar patterns were observed between non-invasive and invasive neophytes, where additionally, SLA, storage organs and the beginning of flowering were strongly related to several environmental factors. Native species did not express any strong relationship between traits and environment, possibly due to a high internal heterogeneity within this group of species. The relationship between trait and environment was more pronounced in neophytes compared to archaeophytes, and most pronounced in invasive plants. The alien species at different stages of the invasion process showed both similarities and differences in terms of the relationship between traits and the environment, showing that the success of introduced species is context-dependent.

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Srivastava, Sumit, Ashish Dvivedi, and Ravindra Prasad Shukla. "Invasive Alien Species of Terrestrial Vegetation of North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh." International Journal of Forestry Research 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/959875.

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The vegetational landscape of north-easternTerairegion at the foot hills of Central Himalayas is a mosaic of grassland, old-field, wasteland, and forest ecosystems. Like many other parts of the country, this region is also infested with alien intruders which not only interfere with the growth and production of food crops but also exercise adverse effects on the biodiversity of native species. The present study attempts to catalogue the invasive alien species of the terrestrial vegetation of north-eastern Uttar Pradesh especially with reference to their habit, taxonomic position, and nativity. A total of 1135 plant species within 580 genera under 119 families are so far known to occur in the region. Of these, only 149 species within 100 genera under 41 families have been found to be invasive aliens as evident from their center of origin, past history, nature of aggregation, and invasion observed under field conditions. About 80% of these invaders have been introduced from neotropics. Out of 173 invasive plants across India, this region shares 149 species, out of which 66% of species have come from Tropical America, 14% from African continent, and the rest from other countries. A better planning in the form of early identification and reporting of infestation and spread of noxious weeds is needed for their control.

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Šefrová, Hana, and Zdeněk Laštůvka. "Catalogue of alien animal species in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 4 (2005): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553040151.

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The catalogue of alien animal species registered in the Czech Republic, with data on their origin, date on the first observation, way of introduction (accidental, deliberate, spontaneous), invasive status (casual, non-invasive, post-invasive, invasive), habitat (eusynanthropic, urban, agricultural, natural), trophic requirements and possible influences (plant or stored-product pest, biodiversity influence). In total 595 species are listed, i.e. 1.8% of the fauna of this country; of these, 22 species of molluscs (8.8% of the local fauna), 451 spp. of arthropods (1.5%), 383 spp. of insects (1.4%), and 55 spp. of vertebrates (9.2%). Among the registered species, 248 spp. (41.8%) are confined to closed and heated spaces by their occurrence, and 287 spp. have become naturalized (48.2%). Of these 113 spp. are considered invasive (19% of alien spp.). 65 spp. (10.9% of aliens) are pests of stored products, 84 spp. (14.1%) are parasites of important animals, 53 spp. (8.9%) are pests of plants grown in heated rooms (above all, glasshouses), 28 ssp. (4.7%) are agricultural or forest pests, and 39 spp. (6.6%) may influence local biodiversity. The origin of the naturalized alien species is mostly in North America (70; 24.4%), the Mediterranean (61; 21.3%), E Asia (44; 15.4%), Central and SW Asia (43; 15%), and S or SE Asia (30; 10.5%).

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Razanajatovo, Mialy, and Mark Kleunen. "Non‐invasive naturalized alien plants were not more pollen‐limited than invasive aliens and natives in a common garden." Functional Ecology 30, no. 9 (2016): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12633.

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Ööpik, Merle, Robert G.H. Bunce Bunce, and Monika Tischler. "Horticultural markets promote alien species invasions: an Estonian case study of herbaceous perennials." NeoBiota 17 (June 28, 2013): 19–37. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.17.4217.

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Gardening is a popular pastime, but commercial horticulture is responsible for the introduction of alien species and contributes to invasions in a variety of ways. Although an extensive international literature is available on plant invasions, it is still important at the national level to examine the influence of local factors. Accordingly, 17 nurseries in Estonia that cultivated and sold perennial alien species were selected, and a list of species and prices was compiled. The relationships between species status, and factors such as their abundance in the wild were examined statistically. A qualitative list of the nationally problematic species among herbaceous perennials was also completed. A total of 880 taxa were recorded, of which 10.3% were native and 89.7% alien. In all, 87.3% of the alien species were still confined to cultivated areas. The ecological and socio-economic characteristics of the taxa were described, and lists of the families of casual, naturalised and invasive aliens were provided. Both native and increasing wild alien species have a very similar profile on the market. Alien species that are less expensive, widely available and have more cultivars per species on the market are also more likely to escape. The invasive status and abundance of escaped aliens in an area increases with residence time. In general, socio-economic factors create new and reflect previous propagule pressures from commercial horticulture, which continuously increase the likelihood of alien species surviving and invading new areas. Our findings suggest that these national socio-economic market-related factors explain much of the invasiveness of various perennial ornamental species, and therefore regional and national authorities urgently need to regulate and control the ornamental plant trade to diminish the risk of new invasions.

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Yadav, Chandan, and Rup Narayan. "An Invasive Ecological Study on the Flora of Soil Seed Bank and Standing Vegetation Across Diverse Anthropo-ecosystems in Indian Dry Tropics." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.067.

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Plant invasions in tropical ecosystems are being increasingly realized particularly in highly dynamic but fragile dry tropical ecosystems, where there is generally little ecological information on invasions in subterranean vegetation. The present study was carried out to understand the floristic composition of both seed bank and standing vegetation across a range of five diverse anthropo-ecosystems in an urban region in Indian dry tropics. A total of one hundred soil samples (each of size of 25cm×25cm from 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depth) from five anthropic sites (vegetation of University campus, polluted Kali River bank, Brick kiln, Waste land and Road side) were analyzed for their taxonomic position, life form and bio-geographic origin of the seedling emergents in relation to the flora in standing vegetation. A total of 221 plant species (58% aliens, 34% of aliens of American origin, 75% weedy herbs) in standing vegetation spread over 54 families were recorded in standing vegetation of the study sites with more than 55% representation from eight dominant families led by Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae followed by Malvaceae, Amaranthaceae and Solanaceae. In contrast, a total of 81 seed bank flora (10 unidentified, 62% aliens, 43% of American origin, 87% herbs) distributed over 32 angiospermic families were recorded. While none of the seed bank vegetation at any site showed significant similarity with its standing vegetation indicating the minor role of seed bank flora in the regeneration of the standing plant communities above ground. However, a considerable similarity among seed banks and standing vegetation at other sites indicated a significant possible role of anthropogenic activities in the urban regions of Indian dry tropics, evinced by the largest proportion of grasses and herbs dominated by exotics, especially of American origin. These aliens through successful naturalization via seed banks may cause homogenization of floristic structure. In conclusion, the present study revealed a heavy scale of intrusion by the alien plants dominated by American elements into not only standing vegetation but also in seed banks across the anthropic sites in urban regions in Indian dry tropics which is likely to alter the standing vegetation floristic structure with a larger abundance of alien flora.

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van Kleunen, Mark, Oliver Bossdorf, and Wayne Dawson. "The Ecology and Evolution of Alien Plants." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49, no. 1 (2018): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062654.

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We review the state of the art of alien plant research with emphasis on conceptual advances and knowledge gains on general patterns and drivers, biotic interactions, and evolution. Major advances include the identification of different invasion stages and invasiveness dimensions (geographic range, habitat specificity, local abundance) and the identification of appropriate comparators while accounting for propagule pressure and year of introduction. Developments in phylogenetic and functional trait research bear great promise for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Global patterns are emerging with propagule pressure, disturbance, increased resource availability, and climate matching as major invasion drivers, but species characteristics also play a role. Biotic interactions with resident communities shape invasion outcomes, with major roles for species diversity, enemies, novel weapons, and mutualists. Mounting evidence has been found for rapid evolution of invasive aliens and evolutionary responses of natives, but a mechanistic understanding requires tighter integration of molecular and phenotypic approaches. We hope the open questions identified in this review will stimulate further research on the ecology and evolution of alien plants.

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Kirkendall, Lawrence, and Massimo Faccoli. "Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae) alien to Europe." ZooKeys 56 (September 17, 2010): 227–51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.529.

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Invasive bark beetles are posing a major threat to forest resources around the world. DAISIE’s web-based and printed databases of invasive species in Europe provide an incomplete and misleading picture of the alien scolytines and platypodines. We present a review of the alien bark beetle fauna of Europe based on primary literature through 2009. We find that there are 18 Scolytinae and one Platypodinae species apparently established in Europe, from 14 different genera. Seventeen species are naturalized. We argue that Trypodendron laeve, commonly considered alien in Europe, is a native species; conversely, we hypothesize that Xyleborus pfeilii, which has always been treated as indigenous, is an alien species from Asia. We also point out the possibility that the Asian larch bark beetle Ips subelongatus is established in European Russia. We show that there has been a marked acceleration in the rate of new introductions to Europe, as is also happening in North America: seven alien species were first recorded in the last decade. We present information on the biology, origins, and distributions of the alien species. All but four are polyphagous, and 11 are inbreeders: two traits which increase invasiveness. Eleven species are native to Asia, six to the Americas, and one is from the Canary Islands. The Mediterranean is especially favorable for invasives, hosting a large proportion of the aliens (8/18). Italy, Spain and France have the largest numbers of alien species (15, 10 and 7 respectively). We point out that the low numbers for at least some countries is likely due to under-reporting. Finally, we discuss the difficulties associated with identifying newly invasive species. Lack of good illustrations and keys hinder identification, particularly for species coming from Asia and Oceania.

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ZENETOS, A., M. E. CINAR, M. A. PANCUCCI-PAPADOPOULOU, et al. "Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species." Mediterranean Marine Science 6, no. 2 (2005): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.186.

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This collaborative effort by many specialists across the Mediterranean presents an updated annotated list of alien marine species in the Mediterranean Sea. Alien species have been grouped into six broad categories namely established, casual, questionable, cryptogenic, excluded and invasive, and presented in lists of major ecofunctional/taxonomic groups. The establishment success within each group is provided while the questionable and excluded records are commented in brief. A total of 963 alien species have been reported from the Mediterranean until December 2005, 218 of which have been classified as excluded (23%) leaving 745 of the recorded species as valid aliens. Of these 385 (52%) are already well established, 262 (35%) are casual records, while 98 species (13%) remain “questionable” records. The species cited in this work belong mostly to zoobenthos and in particular to Mollusca and Crustacea, while Fish and Phytobenthos are the next two groups which prevail among alien biota in the Mediterranean. The available information depends greatly on the taxonomic group examined. Thus, besides the three groups explicitly addressed in the CIESM atlas series (Fish, Decapoda/Crustacea and Mollusca), which are however updated in the present work, Polychaeta, Phytobenthos, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton are also addressed in this study. Among other zoobenthic taxa sufficiently covered in this study are Echinodermata, Sipuncula, Bryozoa and Ascidiacea. On the contrary, taxa such as Foraminifera, Amphipoda and Isopoda, that are not well studied in the Mediterranean, are insufficiently covered. A gap of knowledge is also noticed in Parasites, which, although ubiquitous and pervasive in marine systems, have been relatively unexplored as to their role in marine invasions. Conclusively the lack of funding purely systematic studies in the region has led to underestimation of the number of aliens in the Mediterranean. Emphasis is put on those species that are current or potential threats to the marine ecosystems, namely the Worst Invasive Alien Species providing their record across major groups.

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Hamilton, Garry. "Saved by aliens: the positive side of invasive species." New Scientist 209, no. 2795 (2011): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(11)60103-6.

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GALIL, BELLA S., and GIANNA INNOCENTI. "A host, a parasite, and a predator: the dynamics of successive invasions in the eastern Mediterranean." Zootaxa 5476, no. 1 (2024): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5476.1.12.

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The eastern Mediterranean shelf ecosystem has been profoundly disrupted by the influx of invasive alien species introduced through the Suez Canal. Yet, the role of retaining or shedding co-evolved parasitofauna in the success of the invading biota has been scarcely monitored, with the exception of the lesser swimming crab Charybdis (Archias) longicollis Leene, 1938 parasitized by the rhizocephalan Heterosaccus dollfusi Boschma, 1960. Host size, sex ratio, prevalence of ovigerous females, parasitization, and multiple parasitization, were studied over 30 years to determine long-term host-parasite variation. Our results reveal that C. longicollis crabs have shifted their temporal activity pattern shortly following the domination of their preferred depth niche by the invasive diurnal predator, the silver-cheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789), which preferentially feeds on C. longicollis locally. A unique set of predator-host-parasite interactions among three successive Erythraean invasive aliens is considered herein.

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ZENETOS, A., S. GOFAS, M. VERLAQUE, et al. "Errata to the Review Article (Medit. Mar. Sci. 11/2, 2010, 381-493): "Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part I. Spatial distribution"." Mediterranean Marine Science 12, no. 2 (2011): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.49.

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The state-of-art on alien species in the Mediterranean Sea is presented, making distinctions among the four subregions defined in the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive: (i) the Western Mediterranean Sea (WMED); (ii) the Central Mediterranean Sea (CMED); (iii) the Adriatic Sea (ADRIA); and (iv) the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMED). The updated checklist (December 2010) of marine alien species within each subregion, along with their acclimatization status and origin, is provided. A total of 955 alien species is known in the Mediterranean, the vast majority of them having being introduced in the EMED (718), less in the WMED (328) and CMED (267) and least in the Adriatic (171). Of these, 535 species (56%) are established in at least one area.Despite the collective effort of experts who attempted in this work, the number of introduced species remains probably underestimated. Excluding microalgae, for which knowledge is still insufficient, aliens have increased the total species richness of the Mediterranean Sea by 5.9%. This figure should not be directly read as an indication of higher biodiversity, as spreading of so many aliens within the basin is possibly causing biotic homogenization. Thermophilic species, i.e. Indo-Pacific, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Tropical Atlantic, Tropical Pacific, and circum(sub)tropical, account for 88.4% of the introduced species in the EMED, 72.8% in the CMED, 59.3% in the WMED and 56.1% in the Adriatic. Cold water species, i.e. circumboreal, N Atlantic, and N Pacific, make up a small percentage of the introduced species, ranging between 4.2% and 21.6% and being more numerous in the Adriatic and less so in the EMED.Species that are classified as invasive or potentially invasive are 134 in the whole of the Mediterranean: 108 are present in the EMED, 76 in the CMED, 53 in the Adriatic and 64 in the WMED. The WMED hosts most invasive macrophytes, whereas the EMED has the lion’s share in polychaetes, crustaceans, molluscs and fish.

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ZENETOS, A., S. GOFAS, M. VERLAQUE, et al. "Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part I. Spatial distribution." Mediterranean Marine Science 11, no. 2 (2010): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.87.

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The state-of-art on alien species in the Mediterranean Sea is presented, making distinctions among the four subregions defined in the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive: (i) the Western Mediterranean Sea (WMED); (ii) the Central Mediterranean Sea (CMED); (iii) the Adriatic Sea (ADRIA); and (iv) the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMED). The updated checklist (December 2010) of marine alien species within each subregion, along with their acclimatization status and origin, is provided. A total of 955 alien species is known in the Mediterranean, the vast majority of them having being introduced in the EMED (718), less in the WMED (328) and CMED (267) and least in the Adriatic (171). Of these, 535 species (56%) are established in at least one area.Despite the collective effort of experts who attempted in this work, the number of introduced species remains probably underestimated. Excluding microalgae, for which knowledge is still insufficient, aliens have increased the total species richness of the Mediterranean Sea by 5.9%. This figure should not be directly read as an indication of higher biodiversity, as spreading of so many aliens within the basin is possibly causing biotic homogenization. Thermophilic species, i.e. Indo-Pacific, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Tropical Atlantic, Tropical Pacific, and circum(sub)tropical, account for 88.4% of the introduced species in the EMED, 72.8% in the CMED, 59.3% in the WMED and 56.1% in the Adriatic. Cold water species, i.e. circumboreal, N Atlantic, and N Pacific, make up a small percentage of the introduced species, ranging between 4.2% and 21.6% and being more numerous in the Adriatic and less so in the EMED.Species that are classified as invasive or potentially invasive are 134 in the whole of the Mediterranean: 108 are present in the EMED, 76 in the CMED, 53 in the Adriatic and 64 in the WMED. The WMED hosts most invasive macrophytes, whereas the EMED has the lion’s share in polychaetes, crustaceans, molluscs and fish.

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Alejandra, Domínguez-Meneses, Martínez-Gómez Juan Esteban, Mejía-Saulés María Teresa, Acosta-Rosado Israel, and Stadler Stefan. "Vascular Plant Species Inventory of Mexico’s Revillagigedo National Park: Awareness of Alien Invaders as a Sine Qua Non Prerequisite for Island Conservation." Plants 12, no. 19 (2023): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12193455.

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The Revillagigedo Archipelago, located in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, stands out for its unique biological richness and endemism. These islands remained uninhabited until the second half of the twentieth century, allowing a better conservation status than on other oceanic islands. However, the continuous introduction of potentially invasive alien plant species, and the lack of adequate control or eradication actions, jeopardize the conservation and restoration of these islands’ fragile ecosystems. We present the most complete vascular plant species inventory and an updated list of alien plant species of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, which was compiled through an extensive review of national and international plant collections and other sources. Our 272 species list includes 106 alien plant species (39.3%; 104 in Socorro, and 16 in Clarion): 67 (24.8%) are naturalized, 14 (5.2%) are casual aliens, and 25 (9.3%) subsist under cultivation. The documented alien species belong to 73 families. Annual and perennial herbs are the prevailing life forms in the alien flora, while naturalized species are primarily native to North America. The number of introduced species has increased significantly since the islands became inhabited. Many of the recently introduced species pose a major invasion risk like on other islands of the world.

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KATSANEVAKIS, S., K. TSIAMIS, G. IOANNOU, N. MICHAILIDIS, and A. ZENETOS. "Inventory of alien marine species of Cyprus (2009)." Mediterranean Marine Science 10, no. 2 (2009): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.113.

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An updated inventory of alien marine species from coastal and offshore waters of Cyprus is presented. Records were compiled based on the existing scientific and grey literature, including HCMR database of Mediterranean alien species, technical reports, scientific congresses, academic dissertations, and websites, as well as on unpublished/personal observations. The listed species were classified in one of five categories: established, invasive, casual, cryptogenic, and questionable. The mode of introduction and the year of first sighting were also reported for each species. Eight new records based on personal observations of the authors were reported (Chondria coerulescens, Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa, Enchelycore anatina, Lagocephalus spadiceus, Lagocephalus suezensis, Scomberomorus commerson, Sillago sihama, and Sphoeroides pachygaster). Nine species, previously reported as aliens in Cypriot waters, were excluded from the inventory for various reasons. Ten established species were characterized as invasive (Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea, Cerithium scabridum, Strombus persicus, Trochus erythraeus, Brachidontes pharaonis, Pinctada radiata, Fistularia commersonii, Lagocephalus sceleratus, Siganus luridus, and Siganus rivulatus) as they have a substantial impact on biodiversity and/or local economy. The impact of alien marine species in Cyprus is expected to grow in the close future, and further effort directed towards recording alien invasions and their impact will be needed.

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Richardson, David M., and Marcel Rejmánek. "Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework." Diversity and Distributions 10, no. 5-6 (2004): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00096.x.

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Pierini, Brunello, and Lorenzo Peruzzi. "The vascular flora of the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Central Italy)." Italian Botanist 19 (February 18, 2025): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.19.145947.

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We present an updated and critically revised list of the vascular flora occurring in the Apuan Alps (Tuscany), a renowned area of high naturalistic interest. The list is based on a literature survey, herbarium and field studies. The Apuan Alps host an established flora of 1,987 specific and subspecific taxa (including 106 naturalized and 24 invasive aliens), 76 casual aliens and 27 hybrid taxa. Three taxa are new for Tuscany: Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. pulchella, Chaenomeles speciosa (casual alien), and Thalictrum minus subsp. saxatile, while Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. alpestre is excluded from the regional flora; 47 taxa are new for the study area (31 native, 16 alien). Concerning old records, 168 (158 native, four hybrid, and six casual alien taxa) were not confirmed, albeit considered reliable. Moreover, we considered 10 taxa as locally extinct, 44 as doubtfully occurring, and 14 as reported by error. Life forms suggest a transitional situation between a Mediterranean bioclimatic context and a more distinctly subcontinental one. Regarding the chorological spectrum, there is a clear prevalence of species with a distribution centered in the Eurosiberian Region, with a biogeographically relevant component represented by 152 taxa, among which 93 Italian endemics (30 of them narrowly endemic to Apuan Alps). Based on species-area relationship, the number of native taxa exceeds the one expected, while the number of alien taxa is lower than expected. This positions the area as objectively rich in terms of its flora and of high natural value.

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Pierini, Brunello, and Lorenzo Peruzzi. "The vascular flora of the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Central Italy)." Italian Botanist 19 (February 18, 2025): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.19.145947.

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We present an updated and critically revised list of the vascular flora occurring in the Apuan Alps (Tuscany), a renowned area of high naturalistic interest. The list is based on a literature survey, herbarium and field studies. The Apuan Alps host an established flora of 1,987 specific and subspecific taxa (including 106 naturalized and 24 invasive aliens), 76 casual aliens and 27 hybrid taxa. Three taxa are new for Tuscany: Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. pulchella, Chaenomeles speciosa (casual alien), and Thalictrum minus subsp. saxatile, while Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. alpestre is excluded from the regional flora; 47 taxa are new for the study area (31 native, 16 alien). Concerning old records, 168 (158 native, four hybrid, and six casual alien taxa) were not confirmed, albeit considered reliable. Moreover, we considered 10 taxa as locally extinct, 44 as doubtfully occurring, and 14 as reported by error. Life forms suggest a transitional situation between a Mediterranean bioclimatic context and a more distinctly subcontinental one. Regarding the chorological spectrum, there is a clear prevalence of species with a distribution centered in the Eurosiberian Region, with a biogeographically relevant component represented by 152 taxa, among which 93 Italian endemics (30 of them narrowly endemic to Apuan Alps). Based on species-area relationship, the number of native taxa exceeds the one expected, while the number of alien taxa is lower than expected. This positions the area as objectively rich in terms of its flora and of high natural value.

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Ahirrao, Y. A.*. "CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACTS OF INVASIVE PLANT ALIENS IN KHANDESH REGION (MAHARASHTRA, INDIA): LEGUMINOSAE." World Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research 4, no. 2 (2025): 994–1000. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15303425.

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Ecologists, foresters and taxonomists are presently well now acknowledged about bioinvasion and negative impacts on native biodiversity. The exotic plants are appropriated intentionally for human welfare but some other wild taxa invade a region negligently by man or unintentionally. These exert negative impacts on local biodiversity. At this backdrop, the present authors investigated the leguminous invasive alien plants in Khandesh region of Maharashtra. Total 25 invasive alien species belonging to 13 genera of the family Leguminosae are revealed for their characteristics which render them successful in the said region. Negative impacts are also discussed relevantly in this attempt.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Invasive aliens'

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