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Journal articles on the topic 'Invasive forest pests'
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Choi, Won Il, Youngwoo Nam, Cha Young Lee, Byoung Ki Choi, Yu Jin Shin, Jong-Hwan Lim, Sang-Hyun Koh, and Young-Seuk Park. "Changes in Major Insect Pests of Pine Forests in Korea Over the Last 50 Years." Forests 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080692.
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Understanding the occurrence patterns of forest pests is fundamental for effective forest management from both economic and ecological perspectives. Here, we review the history of the occurrence patterns and causes of outbreaks and declines of pests in Korean pine forests over the last 50 years. During this period, the major pests of pine forests in Korea have shifted from pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler) to the pine needle gall midge (PNGM, Thecodiplosis japonensis (Uchida and Inouye)) and finally to pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle). Outbreaks of pine caterpillar, a native species in Korea, have been recorded as far back as 900 years, and it was the most relevant forest pest in Korea until the 1970s. The decline of its importance has been attributed to reforestation and higher levels of subsequent natural enemy activity. The PNGM is an invasive species, first discovered in Korea in 1929, that became widely distributed by 1992 and the major forest pest in the 1980s and 1990s. A suite of parasitic wasps attacking the PNGM contributed at least partially to the decline of PNGM densities. Following the decline of the PNGM, damage from PWD has increased since 2003. These shifts in major forest pests might be related to changes in forest composition and interactions among forest pests. Therefore, a new management strategy for controlling forest pests is required to mitigate the decline of pine forests in Korea.
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Dara, Surendra K., Cristian Montalva, and Marek Barta. "Microbial Control of Invasive Forest Pests with Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Review of the Current Situation." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100341.
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The health of the forestlands of the world is impacted by a number of insect pests and some of them cause significant damage with serious economic and environmental implications. Whether it is damage of the North American cypress aphid in South America and Africa, or the destruction of maple trees in North America by the Asian long horned beetle, invasive forest pests are a major problem in many parts of the world. Several studies explored microbial control opportunities of invasive forest pests with entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and some are successfully utilized as a part of integrated forest pest management programs around the world. This manuscript discusses some invasive pests and the status of their microbial control around the world with entomopathogenic fungi.
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Adams, Damian C., José R. Soto, John Lai, Francisco J. Escobedo, Sergio Alvarez, and Abu S. M. G. Kibria. "Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Invasive Forest Pest Prevention Programs in Urban Areas." Forests 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101056.
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Invasive forest pests can cause environmental and economic damage amounting to billions of dollars (US) in lost revenues, restoration and response costs, and the loss of ecosystem services nationwide. Unfortunately, these forest pests do not stay confined to wildland forest areas and can spread into suburban and urban areas, imposing significant costs on local governments, homeowners, and management agencies. In this study, a contingent valuation experiment is used to estimate Florida residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) a monthly utility fee that would protect urban forests from invasive pests by implementing a monitoring and prevention program for their early detection and eradication. On average, the respondents are WTP US $5.44 per month to implement the surveillance program, revealing an aggregate WTP in the order of US $540 million per year. The results also reveal that respondents are sensitive to the scope of the program, with higher rates of participation and higher WTP for a program that is more effective at preventing forest pest invasions.
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Nealis, V. G. "A risk analysis framework for forest pest management." Forestry Chronicle 91, no. 01 (January 2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-008.
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A risk analysis framework comprised of assessment, response and communication elements is discussed in the context of forest pest management in Canada. Despite many shared pests and common issues in resource management, capacity in forest pest management varies greatly by jurisdictions depending on historical, socio-economic and cultural expectations. Research and operational expertise is separated among jurisdictions as is responsibility for native and alien pests. A risk analysis framework provides a structure for the development of common evidence-based analysis, harmonized responses and best practices. Two case studies: mountain pine beetle, a native insect, and gypsy moth, an alien invasive insect, are presented to illustrate the process.
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Coulston, John W., Frank H. Koch, William D. Smith, and Frank J. Sapio. "Invasive forest pest surveillance: survey development and reliability." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 9 (September 2008): 2422–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-076.
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Worldwide, a large number of potential pest species are introduced to locations outside their native ranges; under the best possible prevention scheme, some are likely to establish one or more localized populations. A comprehensive early detection and rapid-response protocol calls for surveillance to determine if a pest has invaded additional locations outside its original area of introduction. In this manuscript, we adapt and spatially extend a two-stage sampling technique to determine the required sample size to substantiate freedom from an invasive pest with a known level of certainty. The technique, derived from methods for sampling livestock herds for disease presence, accounts for the fact that pest activity may be low at a coarse spatial scale (i.e., among forested landscapes) but high at a fine scale (i.e., within a given forested landscape). We illustrate the utility of the approach by generating a national-scale survey based on a risk map for a hypothetical forest pest species threatening the United States. These techniques provide a repeatable, cost-effective, practical framework for developing broad-scale surveys to substantiate freedom from non-native invasive forest pests with known statistical power.
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Anderson, Robert L. "Changing Forests and Forest Management Policy in Relation to Dealing with Forest Diseases." Phytopathology® 93, no. 8 (August 2003): 1041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.1041.
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The forest landscape of the United States has changed over time, as has public concern for the trees, water, and wildlife. Early in the history of the United States, forests were viewed as an encumbrance and an inexhaustible resource, used to meet the needs of a growing nation. Around 1900, it became clear that old approaches were not sustainable and forest pathology saw its beginning. Annual lumber production increased from 5.4 billion to 44.5 billion board feet. Forest pathologists were called upon to help manage forests for a variety of products, with a focus on decays of wood and wood products. Projection of timber famine stirred public concern, and a number of laws were enacted to deal with the issue. Pathologists were called upon to deal with many of the issues associated with intensive management, and new pests such as chestnut blight and white pine blister rust demanded attention. Then pathologists were called upon to help manage for multiple benefits, and the issues became more complex. Pests such as mistletoes, root diseases, rusts, nursery pests, and urban pests presented new challenges. Concepts such as landscape level assessments, ecosystem management, and multiple-use led to the management of forests to provide for a complex variety of needs. Management objectives vary across the landscape, and pathologists find themselves working with managers who want to maximize fiber production, those that manage areas set aside for special purposes, and all combinations in between. Issues such as acceptable levels of pests, nonnative invasive species, landowner values, visual and watershed quality, and best management practices must be considered in an ever-changing landscape.
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Tkacz, Borys, Ben Moody, and Jaime Villa Castillo. "Forest Health Status in North America." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.85.
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The forests of North America provide a variety of benefits including water, recreation, wildlife habitat, timber, and other forest products. However, they continue to face many biotic and abiotic stressors including fires, native and invasive pests, fragmentation, and air pollution. Forest health specialists have been monitoring the health of forests for many years. This paper highlights some of the most damaging forest stressors affecting North American forests in recent years and provides some projections of future risks.
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Bobadoye, B. O., and A. O. Bobadoye. "Biosecurity risks of invasive alien insect pest species pathways through shared borders with Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 16, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v16i2.2.
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Understanding the biosecurity risks that invasive alien insect pest species currently ravaging forest trees pose is of great importance to forest ecosystems and health. This problem has posed significant challenges to researchers, relevant stakeholders, policy makers and national biosecurity agencies worldwide. This study gives an overview of the top 15 suspected insect pest species most likely to invade or have already invaded forested habitats in order to disrupt ecosystem services and biodiversity within the borders of Nigeria through borderline states (Gombe, Jigawa, Borno, Yobe, Sokoto, Cross River and Lagos). For Nigeria as a whole, all of these top 15 pest species have already established, with identified intra- border line states having no significant effect on severity of invasions ( F1,6=0.07, P=0.910) when compared to identified inter-border line states. This study concludes that the immediate biosecurity risks from already identified invasive insect pests are greater from outside country (inter) borders of Nigeria than within state-to-state (intra) borders of Nigeria. Our findings have potentially significant implications for immediate implementation of national biosecurity forest policy Acts in compliance with Cartagena and Nagoya protocols, emphasizing the need to initiate and implement biosecurity measures simultaneously with any ongoing trans-national border interventions.
Keywords: Biosecurity, invasive alien pest species, forests, Nigeria
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Li, Hui-Ping, Jacob D. Wickham, Kathryn Bushley, Zhi-Gang Wang, Bin Zhang, and Jiang-Hua Sun. "New Approaches in Urban Forestry to Minimize Invasive Species Impacts: The Case of Xiongan New Area in China." Insects 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050300.
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China is implementing an extensive urban forestry plan in Xiongan New Area (XNA), a new city in Hebei province. The city has been designated to serve Beijing’s noncapital functions and promote the integration of the broader Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei city-region. As part of a green initiative to minimize environmental impacts and its carbon footprint, a massive urban forestry system has been planned on an unprecedented scale, expected to cover over 600 km2 by 2030. Using science to inform policy, one major goal is to simultaneously minimize impacts of invasive species, while making urban forests more resilient to potential invasive species threats. In this review, we introduce these urban forestry plans such as basic concepts and principles for afforestation, tree species to be planted, delineation of existing pests already established, and expected forest invasive species of concern threatening the new area. Finally, we introduce a framework for invasive pest management strategies in XNA based on a “big data” approach and decision system to minimize impacts of invasive species. This new approach to urban forestry has the potential to become an exemplary global model for urban forestry planning, one that integrates research activities focused on forest health surveys and monitoring with sustainable forestry management. Finally, we provide an overview of the forest health policy required for the design of an unprecedentedly large new urban forest from initial planning to full implementation of an integrated forest management program.
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Crowley, Katherine F., and Gary M. Lovett. "Effects of nitrogen deposition on nitrate leaching from forests of the northeastern United States will change with tree species composition." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 8 (August 2017): 997–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0529.
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As tree species composition in forests of the northeastern United States changes due to invasive forest pests, climate change, or other stressors, the extent to which forests will retain or release N from atmospheric deposition remains uncertain. We used a species-specific, dynamic forest ecosystem model (Spe-CN) to investigate how nitrate (NO3–) leaching may vary among stands dominated by different species, receiving varied atmospheric N inputs, or undergoing species change due to an invasive forest pest (emerald ash borer; EAB). In model simulations, NO3– leaching varied widely among stands dominated by 12 northeastern North American tree species. Nitrate leaching increased with N deposition or forest age, generally with greater magnitude for deciduous (except red oak) than coniferous species. Species with lowest baseline leaching rates (e.g., red spruce, eastern hemlock, red oak) showed threshold responses to N deposition. EAB effects on leaching depended on the species replacing white ash: after 100 years, predicted leaching increased 73% if sugar maple replaced ash but decreased 55% if red oak replaced ash. This analysis suggests that the effects of tree species change on NO3– leaching over time may be large and variable and should be incorporated into predictions of effects of N deposition on leaching from forested landscapes.
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Šefrová, Hana, and Zdeněk Laštůvka. "Catalogue of alien animal species in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 4 (2005): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553040151.
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The catalogue of alien animal species registered in the Czech Republic, with data on their origin, date on the first observation, way of introduction (accidental, deliberate, spontaneous), invasive status (casual, non-invasive, post-invasive, invasive), habitat (eusynanthropic, urban, agricultural, natural), trophic requirements and possible influences (plant or stored-product pest, biodiversity influence). In total 595 species are listed, i.e. 1.8% of the fauna of this country; of these, 22 species of molluscs (8.8% of the local fauna), 451 spp. of arthropods (1.5%), 383 spp. of insects (1.4%), and 55 spp. of vertebrates (9.2%). Among the registered species, 248 spp. (41.8%) are confined to closed and heated spaces by their occurrence, and 287 spp. have become naturalized (48.2%). Of these 113 spp. are considered invasive (19% of alien spp.). 65 spp. (10.9% of aliens) are pests of stored products, 84 spp. (14.1%) are parasites of important animals, 53 spp. (8.9%) are pests of plants grown in heated rooms (above all, glasshouses), 28 ssp. (4.7%) are agricultural or forest pests, and 39 spp. (6.6%) may influence local biodiversity. The origin of the naturalized alien species is mostly in North America (70; 24.4%), the Mediterranean (61; 21.3%), E Asia (44; 15.4%), Central and SW Asia (43; 15%), and S or SE Asia (30; 10.5%).
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Holmes, Stephen B., and Chris J. K. MacQuarrie. "Chemical control in forest pest management." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (January 25, 2016): S270—S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.71.
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AbstractChemical insecticides have been an important tool in the management of forest insect pests in Canadian forests. Aerial application of insecticides began in the 1920s and expanded greatly after World War II with the widespread adoption of DDT primarily for the suppression of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and other defoliating insects. Significant progress was made in the development of new chemical insecticides and formulations including fenitrothion and tebufenozide, as well as technology for the application of insecticides against various insect pests. However, widespread opposition to the use of chemical insecticides in forest management has led to significant reductions in the number of insecticides registered for use in Canadian forests. Developments in the past 20 years have focussed on new insecticides, formulations, and technologies that seek to limit the impacts on non-target organisms and subsequent ecosystem effects. These developments have resulted in significant improvements in the management of traditional management targets, such as the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) but also the management of invasive species, especially wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae).
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Denisova, N. B., A. A. Sobolev, and U. S. Shipinskaya. "Study results of siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetw.) outbreak foci in Vasyugan forestry of Tomsk region." FORESTRY BULLETIN 24, no. 6 (December 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2020-6-65-72.
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This article presents the results of the inventory of outbreak foci of D. sibiricus in the Vasyugan forestry, Tomsk region. The purpose of the article was reflecting the state of the pest population and assessing a threat of defoliation of forests. Pests were measured by caterpillars using the method of knocking on model trees. According to the results, 29 isolated foci were identified, including 9 foci requiring actions to target pests. The threat of defoliation of forest areas in these foci was 76,3 %. The article gave us the examples of calculation of population characteristics determination in one foci using the conversion factors based (Ilyinsky, 1965). Defoliation, weather conditions in 2018 and development of entomophage have had a negative impact on the population. Also there is a risk of the pest spreading beyond its natural habitats. Möykkynen and Pukkala in the article «Modelling of the spread of a potential invasive pest, the Siberian moth in Europe» makes a forecast of D. sibiricus resettlement in Europe, Belarus and the Baltic States will be most at risk of settlement. Also, of particular concern are the prerequisites for the occurrence of pest outbreaks in the European part of Russia, therefore, in order to prevent insect resettlement beyond the boundaries of their range, it is necessary to conduct forest-pathological monitoring of populations on the territory of existing outbreaks and in places of primary reservation.
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Slippers, Bernard, Brett P. Hurley, and Michael J. Wingfield. "SirexWoodwasp: A Model for Evolving Management Paradigms of Invasive Forest Pests." Annual Review of Entomology 60, no. 1 (January 7, 2015): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021118.
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Roy, Bitty A., Helen M. Alexander, Jennifer Davidson, Faith T. Campbell, Jeremy J. Burdon, Richard Sniezko, and Clive Brasier. "Increasing forest loss worldwide from invasive pests requires new trade regulations." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, no. 8 (October 2014): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/130240.
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Macpherson, Morag F., Adam Kleczkowski, John R. Healey, Christopher P. Quine, and Nick Hanley. "The effects of invasive pests and pathogens on strategies for forest diversification." Ecological Modelling 350 (April 2017): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.003.
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Hudgins, Emma J., Andrew M. Liebhold, and Brian Leung. "Predicting the spread of all invasive forest pests in the United States." Ecology Letters 20, no. 4 (February 8, 2017): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12741.
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Fischbein, D., and J. C. Corley. "Classical biological control of an invasive forest pest: a world perspective of the management ofSirex noctiliousing the parasitoidIbalia leucospoides(Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no. 1 (June 13, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000418.
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AbstractClassical biological control is a key method for managing populations of pests in long-lived crops such as plantation forestry. The execution of biological control programmes in general, as the evaluation of potential natural enemies remains, to a large extent, an empirical endeavour. Thus, characterizing specific cases to determine patterns that may lead to more accurate predictions of success is an important goal of the much applied ecological research. We review the history of introduction, ecology and behaviour of the parasitoidIbalia leucospoides. The species is a natural enemy ofSirex noctilio, one of the most important pests of pine afforestation worldwide. We use an invasion ecology perspective given the analogy between the main stages involved in classical biological control and the biological invasion processes. We conclude that success in the establishment, a common reason of failure in biocontrol, is not a limiting factor of success byI. leucospoides. A mismatch between the spread capacity of the parasitoid and that of its host could nevertheless affect control at a regional scale. In addition, we suggest that given its known life history traits, this natural enemy may be a better regulator than suppressor of the host population. Moreover, spatial and temporal refuges of the host population that may favour the local persistence of the interaction probably reduce the degree to whichS. noctiliopopulation is suppressed by the parasitoid. We emphasize the fact that some of the biological attributes that promote establishment may negatively affect suppression levels achieved. Studies on established non-native pest–parasitoid interactions may contribute to defining selection criteria for classical biological control which may prove especially useful in integrated pest management IPM programmes of invasive forest insects.
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Marzano, Mariella, and Julie Urquhart. "Understanding Tree Health under Increasing Climate and Trade Challenges: Social System Considerations." Forests 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101046.
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Tree and forest health is increasingly influenced by climate change as well as growing globalisation and trade. Climate change enables species to colonise new environments, and species that previously were constrained by native predators are now able to flourish in these new environments with little or no resistance. Additionally, the growing trade in live plants and wood products results in the inadvertent movement of species (such as pests or fungi in soil) from far away areas of the globe. As a result, new forest and tree risks may occur with the potential for significant impacts on forest and tree health. However, managing these impacts through legislation and policy is a challenge, particularly in terms of balancing a predominant free trade policy alongside substantial biosecurity concerns. This Special Issue highlights the social system considerations around forest health: the ways in which specific legislative and policy systems, at the national, regional or local level, aim at regulating or managing increasing invasive species risks and outbreak events; the ways in which policy instruments, technologies or management practices can be developed to manage tree pests and pathogens; and the socioeconomic and cultural implications of pest or disease outbreaks. It illustrates the possibilities and limitations in specific socioeconomic and political systems to manage and limit the impacts of increasing challenges to forest health under climate change and globalisation.
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Srivastava, Vivek, Wanwan Liang, Melody A. Keena, Amanda D. Roe, Richard C. Hamelin, and Verena C. Griess. "Assessing Niche Shifts and Conservatism by Comparing the Native and Post-Invasion Niches of Major Forest Invasive Species." Insects 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080479.
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Invasive species experience biotic and abiotic conditions that may (or may not) resemble their native environment. We explored the methodology of determining climatic niches and compared the native and post-invasion niches of four invasive forest pests to determine if these species experienced shifts or changes in their new climatic niches. We used environmental principle components analysis (PCA-env) method to quantify climatic niche shifts, expansions, and temporal changes. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of variable selection in the delineation and comparison of niche space. We found that variable selection influenced the delineation and overlap of each niche, whereas the subset of climatic variables selected from the first two PCA-env axes explained more variance in environmental conditions than the complete set of climatic variables for all four species. Most focal species showed climatic niche shifts in their invasive range and had not yet fully occupied the available niche within the invaded range. Our species varied the proportion of niche overlap between the native and invasive ranges. By comparing native and invasive niches, we can help predict a species’ potential range expansion and invasion potential. Our results can guide monitoring and help inform management of these and other invasive species.
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Holderegger, Rolf. "Vielfältige Anwendungen genetischer Methoden im Wald." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 167, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2016.0308.
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Diverse applications of genetic methods in forest ecosystems Swiss forests are managed in a close-to-nature way, and they mainly get naturally rejuvenated. This leads to a forest situation most beneficial for the conservation of the genetic diversity of forest trees. If tree breeding and artificial planting are not main targets in Switzerland, why then using genetics in Swiss forests? In fact, the applications of genetic methods in forests are manifold. They can be used for the identification of connectivity and the evaluation of the success of connectivity measures, e.g., among total reserves, old-growth stands and habitat trees. With genetic methods, one may also study how native tree species and their genetic varieties can best be used for adaptation to climate change. Other applications comprise the investigation of biodiversity and ecology, e.g., the influence of forest management on soil biodiversity, or the diagnosis of invasive pests and pathogens and the search for agents of biological control. In the framework of multifunctional forest management, genetic applications can play an important role, if used in a sensible way.
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Dukes, Jeffrey S., Jennifer Pontius, David Orwig, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Vikki L. Rodgers, Nicholas Brazee, Barry Cooke, et al. "Responses of insect pests, pathogens, and invasive plant species to climate change in the forests of northeastern North America: What can we predict?This article is one of a selection of papers from NE Forests 2100: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Forests of the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 2 (February 2009): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-171.
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Climate models project that by 2100, the northeastern US and eastern Canada will warm by approximately 3–5 °C, with increased winter precipitation. These changes will affect trees directly and also indirectly through effects on “nuisance” species, such as insect pests, pathogens, and invasive plants. We review how basic ecological principles can be used to predict nuisance species’ responses to climate change and how this is likely to impact northeastern forests. We then examine in detail the potential responses of two pest species (hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand) and forest tent caterpillar ( Malacosoma disstria Hubner)), two pathogens (armillaria root rot ( Armillaria spp.) and beech bark disease ( Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. + Neonectria spp.)), and two invasive plant species (glossy buckthorn ( Frangula alnus Mill.) and oriental bittersweet ( Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.)). Several of these species are likely to have stronger or more widespread effects on forest composition and structure under the projected climate. However, uncertainty pervades our predictions because we lack adequate data on the species and because some species depend on complex, incompletely understood, unstable relationships. While targeted research will increase our confidence in making predictions, some uncertainty will always persist. Therefore, we encourage policies that allow for this uncertainty by considering a wide range of possible scenarios.
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Moussa, Zinette, Elia Choueiri, and Abdallah Hanna. "New Invasive Insects Associated with Oak Forests in Lebanon." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 39, no. 2 (June 2021): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.2.164172.
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Oak forests (Fagaceae) are native in Lebanonand occupy the largest areas of approximately 40,000 ha. The most common species are Quercus calliprinos, Q. infectoria, Q. cerris var. pseudo cerris andQ.brantii. Due to climate change and human activities, oak forests have become more vulnerable to native and exotic invasive pests. A total of 26insect species associated with oak trees were recently identified in Lebanon. The most dangerous insect pestisthe gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera), onQ. calliprinos andQ. Cerris. The oak leafminer Phyllonorycter libanotica (Lepidoptera)and the Eriophidae(Accari) arethe most species recorded on Q. infectoriaand Q.calliprinosfollowed by the giant mealybug Ceroputo pilosellae(Hemiptera) on Q. infectoriaand Q.calliprinosandthe oak mothThaumetopoea sp.(Lepidoptera) on Q. calliprinos and Q. Cerris. Eightnew species were recorded for the first time in Lebanon on oak and are listed in this paper. Fivespecies of Cinipidae (Hymenoptera): Andricus caputmedusae, A. cecconi, A. sternlichti, Plagiotrochus quercusilicisand Neuroterus quercusbaccarum, one speciesof Scolytidae,Xylosandrus compactus(Coleoptera),one species ofKermesidaeKermes echinatus (Hemiptera)and one species of Diaspididae,Koroneaspis aegilopos(Hemiptera).Keywords: Lebanon, oak, forest decline, invasive species, outbreak
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Branco, Manuela, Pedro Nunes, Alain Roques, Maria Rosário Fernandes, Christophe Orazio, and Hervé Jactel. "Urban trees facilitate the establishment of non-native forest insects." NeoBiota 52 (November 11, 2019): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.52.36358.
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Cities, due to the presence of ports and airports and the high diversity of trees in streets, parks, and gardens, may play an important role for the introduction of invasive forest pests. We hypothesize that areas of urban forest facilitate the establishment of non-native forest pests. Based on scientific literature and a pan-European database on non-native species feeding on woody plants, we analysed where the first detections occurred in European countries. We collected site data for 137 first detections in Europe and 508 first European country-specific records. We also estimated the percentage of tree cover and suitable habitat (green areas with trees) in buffers around detection points. The large majority of first records (89% for first record in Europe and 88% for first records in a European country) were found in cities or suburban areas. Only 7% of the cases were in forests far from cities. The probability of occurrence decreased sharply with distance from the city. The probability to be detected in urban areas was higher for sap feeders, gall makers, and seed or fruit feeders (>90%) than for bark and wood borers (81%). Detection sites in cities were highly diverse, including public parks, street trees, university campus, arboreta, zoos, and botanical gardens. The average proportion of suitable habitat was less than 10% in urban areas where the species were detected. Further, more than 72% of the cases occurred in sites with less than 20% of tree cover. Hotspots of first detection were identified along the coastal regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and near industrial areas of central Europe. We conclude that urban trees are main facilitators for the establishment of non-native forest pests, and that cities should thus be intensely surveyed. Moreover, as urban areas are highly populated, the involvement of citizens is highly recommended.
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Yemshanov, Denys, Frank H. Koch, Yakov Ben-Haim, and William D. Smith. "Detection capacity, information gaps and the design of surveillance programs for invasive forest pests." Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 12 (December 2010): 2535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.009.
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Yang, Zhong-Qi, Xiao-Yi Wang, and Yi-Nan Zhang. "Recent advances in biological control of important native and invasive forest pests in China." Biological Control 68 (January 2014): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.06.010.
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Frank, Steven D., and Michael G. Just. "Can Cities Activate Sleeper Species and Predict Future Forest Pests? A Case Study of Scale Insects." Insects 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11030142.
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Sleeper species are innocuous native or naturalized species that exhibit invasive characteristics and become pests in response to environmental change. Climate warming is expected to increase arthropod damage in forests, in part, by transforming innocuous herbivores into severe pests: awakening sleeper species. Urban areas are warmer than natural areas due to the urban heat island effect and so the trees and pests in cities already experience temperatures predicted to occur in 50–100 years. We posit that arthropod species that become pests of urban trees are those that benefit from warming and thus should be monitored as potential sleeper species in forests. We illustrate this with two case studies of scale insects that are important pests of urban trees in parts of the US. Melanaspis tenebricosa and Parthenolecanium quercifex are geographically native to the US but take on invasive characteristics such as higher survival and reproduction and become disconnected from natural enemies on urban trees due to the urban heat island effect. This allows them to reach high densities and damage their host trees. Parthenolecanium quercifex density increases up to 12 times on urban willow oaks with just 2 °C of warming due to higher survival and adaptation to warmer temperatures. The urban heat island effect also creates a phenological mismatch between P. quercifex and its parasitoid complex, and so egg production is higher. Melanaspis tenebricosa density can increase 300 times on urban red maples with 2.5 °C of warming. This too is due to direct effects of warmer temperatures on survival and fecundity but M. tenebricosa also benefits from the drought stress incurred by warmer urban trees. These effects combine to increase M. tenebricosa density in forests as well as on urban trees at latitudes higher than its native range. We illustrate how cities provide a unique opportunity to study the complex effects of warming on insect herbivores. Studying pestilent urban species could be a pragmatic approach for identifying and preparing for sleeper species.
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Sciarretta, A., L. Marziali, M. Squarcini, L. Marianelli, D. Benassai, F. Logli, and P. F. Roversi. "Adaptive management of invasive pests in natural protected areas: the case of Matsucoccus feytaudi in Central Italy." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 1 (November 2, 2015): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000851.
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AbstractInvasive species are a significant threat to affected ecosystems, having serious environmental, economic and social impacts. The maritime pine bast scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae), causes serious damage to Pinus pinaster forests in SE France, Corsica and Italy where it has been introduced. This study illustrates the adaptive management plan implemented in the Migliarino, San Rossore, Massaciuccoli Regional Natural Park in Tuscany, Italy, where M. feytaudi arrived in 2004, leading to the decay of local P. pinaster stands. The management programme, aimed at slowing the establishment and growth of M. feytaudi, was carried out in the main sector of the park, Tenuta di San Rossore, to retard the destruction of the P. pinaster coastal strip protecting the more internal woodland from sea salt and to allow replacement of P. pinaster trees with a more stable broad-leaved wood. The combined use of mass trapping and silvicultural interventions, applied in a targeted manner according to distribution maps of pest captures and damage, helped to delay forest destruction compared with a nearby unmanaged area of the park Tenuta di Tombolo. Although M. feytaudi continued to spread during the management period, the populations remained at low levels for 6 years, showing a marked increase in 2012. During this period, the P. pinaster stands were reduced from 320 to 249 ha. The final result of this ongoing gradual conversion process will be transformation of the P. pinaster forest into Holm oak woods and Mediterranean shrub land, while P. pinaster will survive as clusters or blocks of trees.
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Bernard, Jared, Curtis Ewing, and Russell Messing. "The Structure and Phenology of Non-Native Scolytine Beetle Communities in Coffee Plantations on Kauaʻi." Insects 9, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040123.
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Populations and communities are known to respond to abiotic conditions, but the forces determining the distribution of particular insect pests are sometimes overlooked in the process of developing control methods. Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are important pests of crops, forestry, and ecosystems worldwide, yet the factors that influence their success are unknown for many species. The Hawaiian archipelago is host to over three dozen invasive scolytines, many of which occur on Kauaʻi and are pests of agriculture. We analyzed scolytine community dynamics at two coffee estates: a hand-harvested site in a tropical wet forest and a mechanically harvested site in a tropical dry savanna. Our regression analyses show overall scolytine abundance was negatively correlated with rainfall, as were four species: the tropical nut borer (Hypothenemus obscurus), H. brunneus, Cryphalus longipilus, and Xyleborinus andrewesi. These relationships contributed to the compositions of the communities being markedly dissimilar despite having the same species richness. Multivariate analysis found no influence from temperature or harvest method on community dynamics. This information can be valuable for the timing of pest control methods, for predicting the success of possible new scolytine arrivals on Kauaʻi, and for forecasting how these species may spread with climate change.
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Hulcr, Jiri, and Robert R. Dunn. "The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect–fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1720 (July 13, 2011): 2866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1130.
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Invasive symbioses between wood-boring insects and fungi are emerging as a new and currently uncontrollable threat to forest ecosystems, as well as fruit and timber industries throughout the world. The bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) constitute the large majority of these pests, and are accompanied by a diverse community of fungal symbionts. Increasingly, some invasive symbioses are shifting from non-pathogenic saprotrophy in native ranges to a prolific tree-killing in invaded ranges, and are causing significant damage. In this paper, we review the current understanding of invasive insect–fungus symbioses. We then ask why some symbioses that evolved as non-pathogenic saprotrophs, turn into major tree-killers in non-native regions. We argue that a purely pathology-centred view of the guild is not sufficient for explaining the lethal encounters between exotic symbionts and naive trees. Instead, we propose several testable hypotheses that, if correct, lead to the conclusion that the sudden emergence of pathogenicity is a new evolutionary phenomenon with global biogeographical dynamics. To date, evidence suggests that virulence of the symbioses in invaded ranges is often triggered when several factors coincide: (i) invasion into territories with naive trees, (ii) the ability of the fungus to either overcome resistance of the naive host or trigger a suicidal over-reaction, and (iii) an ‘olfactory mismatch’ in the insect whereby a subset of live trees is perceived as dead and suitable for colonization. We suggest that individual cases of tree mortality caused by invasive insect–fungus symbionts should no longer be studied separately, but in a global, biogeographically and phylogenetically explicit comparative framework.
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Gomez, Demian F., Jiri Hulcr, and Daniel Carrillo. "Invasive Shot Hole Borers Euwallacea fornicatus, E. kuroshio, and E. perbrevis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." EDIS 2020, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr422-2019.
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Invasive species, those that are nonnative and cause economic damage, are one of the main threats to ecosystems around the world. Ambrosia beetles are some of the most common invasive insects. Currently, severe economic impacts have been increasingly reported for all the invasive shot hole borers in South Africa, California, Israel, and throughout Asia. This 7-page fact sheet written by Demian F. Gomez, Jiri Hulcr, and Daniel Carrillo and published by the School of Forest Resources and Conservation describes shot hole borers and their biology and hosts and lists some strategies for prevention and control of these pests. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr422
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Huber, John T., and David W. Langor. "Systematics: Its role in supporting sustainable forest management." Forestry Chronicle 80, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc80451-4.
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Understanding the natural world around us requires knowledge of its component parts. From an ecological function perspective, these parts are species. Partitioning the world of living things into distinguishable, universally recognized species, each with a unique scientific name, is difficult, especially when one considers the numerous kinds of microscopic organisms that make up most of the planet's biodiversity. Biosystematics is the study of the origin of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among species and higher-level groups (taxa). Taxonomy is the theory and practice of identifying, describing, naming and classifying organisms. Despite the emergence of national and international issues and programs concerning conservation of biodiversity, climate change and invasive alien organisms, all of which demand significant taxonomic input and require an increased investment in systematics, Canada's investment in this discipline has not risen to meet the challenge. Since the mid-1970s the number of taxonomists employed by the federal government has been reduced by about one half. Canada must do more than maintain the inadequate status quo by increasing its investment in systematics in order to meet our nation's obligations, both domestically and internationally. Key words: systematics, taxonomy, definitions, importance for biology, sustainable forestry, biodiversity, invasive pests
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Klapwijk, Maartje J., Anna J. M. Hopkins, Louise Eriksson, Maria Pettersson, Martin Schroeder, Åke Lindelöw, Jonas Rönnberg, E. Carina H. Keskitalo, and Marc Kenis. "Reducing the risk of invasive forest pests and pathogens: Combining legislation, targeted management and public awareness." Ambio 45, S2 (January 7, 2016): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0748-3.
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Leelesh, Ramya Shanivarsanthe, and Lynne K. Rieske. "Oral Ingestion of Bacterially Expressed dsRNA Can Silence Genes and Cause Mortality in a Highly Invasive, Tree-Killing Pest, the Emerald Ash Borer." Insects 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070440.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring process inhibiting gene expression, and recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism have allowed its development as a tool against insect pests. A major challenge for deployment in the field is the development of convenient and efficient methods for production of double stranded RNA (dsRNA). We assessed the potential for deploying bacterially produced dsRNA as a bio-pesticide against an invasive forest pest, the emerald ash borer (EAB). EAB feeds on the cambial tissue of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.), causing rapid death. EAB has killed millions of trees in North America since its discovery in 2002, prompting the need for innovative management strategies. In our study, bacterial expression and synthesis of dsRNA were performed with E. coli strain HT115 using the L4440 expression vector. EAB-specific dsRNAs (shi and hsp) over-expressed in E. coli were toxic to neonate EAB after oral administration, successfully triggering gene silencing and subsequent mortality; however, a non-specific dsRNA control was not included. Our results suggest that ingestion of transformed E. coli expressing dsRNAs can induce an RNAi response in EAB. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an effective RNAi response induced by feeding dsRNA-expressing bacteria in a forest pest.
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Gagić-Serdar, Renata, Radovan Nevenić, Svetlana Bilibajkić, Tomislav Stefanović, Zoran Poduška, Ilija Đorđević, and Goran Češljar. "The most invasive five woody plants control risks assessment: Strategic precondition for sustainable governance of natural resources in Serbia." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 65-66 (2012): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1265149g.
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Risks assessmentand management can play a key role in the reduction of damage caused by different types of forest pests, diseases and weeds in sustainable forestry practice development. Significant diversity of serious threats to forest ecosystems condition demands special governance instruments in a goal of increasing productivity while an environmental contamination and health hazard needs to be reduced to a minimum. Sustainable forest management can be better achieved through the preferment of appropriate assessment tools (with proper risk evaluation model developing and adapting it). During testing the increasing desire to apply the "precautionary principle" in the face of scientific uncertainty had been recognized. There's luck of scientific knowledge; studies are ongoing intensive but with decade or less delay of our country/ forest practice/ introduced plant influence research object existing results or their control usage background. Potentially serious consequences prejudgment leads to the driving force of a multidisciplinary approach in research process, with objective and invaluable field experience at the first place and guidance of it.
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Zobrist, Kevin W., Lauren A. Grand, and Mary A. Rozance. "Fostering Adaptation by Changing Landowners’ Knowledge Framework – Responses to Extension Education in Northwest Washington State, USA." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aslh-2016-0004.
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AbstractLandscape urbanization and fragmentation, spread of invasive pests, biodiversity loss, social value changes, and loss of manufacturing infrastructure are some of the changing ecological, economic and environmental framework conditions facing small-scale forest owners in northwest Washington State, USA. To successfully adapt to these changes, landowners’ knowledge framework must change. Washington State University Extension has been offering comprehensive, multi-week training courses for small-scale forest owners. From 2008 - 2013, participants were surveyed at the conclusion of the training, one year following the training, and again at three years following the training. These follow-up surveys demonstrate a progression from knowledge change to behaviour (management) change and, ultimately, to condition change. Condition changes included increased wildlife diversity, decreased invasive species cover, and increased economic sustainability. The results demonstrate that changing a landowner’s knowledge framework through education is a highlyeffective approach for helping them successfully adapt to changing external framework conditions.
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Sena, Kenton L., Zachary J. Hackworth, and John M. Lhotka. "Forest Development over a Twenty-Year Chronosequence of Reforested Urban Sites." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050614.
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Urbanization causes a variety of negative ecological impacts, impairing forests, streams, and other ecosystems. While urban forests are the subject of increasing research attention, planted urban forests are less well-understood than remnant forests; however, these systems may be distinct in terms of ecosystem structure and function. The current study investigates a chronosequence of reforested urban sites in Lexington, KY, USA, with a focus on overstory and understory woody plant community characteristics. Monitoring plots were established in each of the 20 sites; tree height, dbh, and species were surveyed for the overstory, and species and height were surveyed for the understory. Canopy height increased non-linearly with time since planting, rapidly increasing in years 6–10, but remaining relatively steady after year 15. While the overstory was dominated by planted native species, the understory was predominately non-native species, some of which are considered invasive. Overall, the nonlinear logistic relationship of canopy height to time since planting may be driven by species-specific effects—with trees such as ash (Fraxinus spp. L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) important during the early years after planting, but declining over time due to pests and other pressures. Alternatively, this complex relationship of canopy height with time may be driven by uncontrolled factors such as site quality, landscape position, planted species, etc. The significance of invasive species in the understory suggests that the long-term health of these sites will be compromised without intentional ongoing maintenance to ensure continued forest development toward desired native community characteristics.
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Orwig, David A., Richard C. Cobb, Anthony W. D’Amato, Matthew L. Kizlinski, and David R. Foster. "Multi-year ecosystem response to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 4 (April 2008): 834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-196.
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The introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) ( Adelges tsugae Annand) has generated widespread tree decline and substantial mortality of eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) throughout the eastern United States. To assess the magnitude of ecosystem response to this disturbance, we conducted a multi-year study of forests with and without damage from HWA. Infested forests had significantly higher HWA-induced foliar loss and significantly lower forest floor C:N ratios and soil organic matter than uninfested forests. There were no significant soil temperature differences among stand types, although infested stands did have lower forest floor soil moisture than uninfested stands. Net nitrification and net N mineralization rates were significantly higher in infested versus uninfested forests by the second and third year of this study, respectively. In addition, total N pools and resin bag capture of NH4 and NO3 were significantly higher in infested versus uninfested forests throughout this study. Increases in N were likely due to a combination of factors including enhanced decomposition, reduced uptake of water and N by declining trees, sparse understory vegetation, and N-enriched throughfall from infested canopies. These results confirm that invasive pests can initiate substantial changes in ecosystem function soon after infestation occurs, prior to substantial overstory mortality or understory reorganization.
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Brockerhoff, Eckehard G., Andrew M. Liebhold, and Hervé Jactel. "The ecology of forest insect invasions and advances in their management." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-013.
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Invasions by nonindigenous forest insects can have spectacular effects on the biodiversity, ecology, and economy of affected areas. This introduction explores several critical issues that are generally relevant to invasions by forest insects to provide an extended background for this special issue of the Canadian Journal of Forest Research and highlights the key findings of the papers included in the issue. The topics covered address new information about (1) the role of cargo shipments as invasion pathways for the arrival of insects such as wood borers and bark beetles, (2) biogeographical effects that can influence the ecological and economic impact of insects feeding on exotic tree species, (3) the influence of biodiversity on impacts of forest insects and on the invasibility of ecosystem, and (4) recent advances in the detection, monitoring, and management of invasive species and native pests, including DNA barcoding for identification, the use of pheromones for monitoring and mating disruption, and biological control. These findings are likely to become even more important with elevated prevalence of invasions as a result of increasing global trade and international travel. Avenues of international communication and cooperation among scientists should be encouraged to enhance the sharing of information about biological invasions and to find solutions to this alarming problem.
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Alexander, Kathleen, Micaela Truslove, Rob Davis, Sky Stephens, and Ralph Zentz. "A collaborative approach to preparing for and reacting to emerald ash borer: a case study from Colorado." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz070.
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Abstract Collaboration has been the key to success for urban forest management in Colorado, not only collaboration amongst agencies at all levels of government but also in engaging industry allies, coordinating education and outreach efforts and in fostering community support. A unique interagency team, the Emerging Pests in Colorado (EPIC) Workgroup, was formed in 2009 to address the immediate threat from Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) of walnut and to plan for the arrival of other invasive urban forest pests to Colorado. When the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB) was detected in Boulder, Colorado in 2013, it marked the westernmost occurrence of EAB in the US, threatening millions of planted and naturalized ash trees representing over 25 percent of the tree canopy throughout Colorado’s urban and riparian forests. The detection in Boulder prompted the development of a second multi-agency group, the Colorado EAB Response Team (CORT). The preparedness and established working relationships between stakeholders and responsible authorities allowed for a quick, decisive and unified response. We review as a case study: (1) the formation and history of collaborative interagency groups in Colorado; (2) how the interagency collaborative planning and post-detection EAB response have supported community forestry programmes throughout the state; (3) development of the post-detection EAB management plan and economics behind the strategy in Boulder, Colorado; and (4) the proactive EAB planning and outreach efforts underway in Denver, Colorado.
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Engesser, Roland, Beat Forster, Franz Meier, and Beat Wermelinger. "Forstliche Schadorganismen im Zeichen des Klimawandels | Effects of climate change on forest pests and diseases." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0344.
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The predicted increase in temperature, dry summers, and extreme meteorological events will affect many harmful species both by directly accelerating their propagation rates as well as by weakening their host plants. There might also be shifts in the interrelations in species communities that can hardly be predicted. Some fungal species, that had previously been inconspicuous, caused notable damages in the drought periods of the last two decades. Higher winter temperatures often increase the survival rates of many fungal and insect species. Because hot and dry summers are likely to become more frequent and heavy storms tend to occur more often, an increase in massive outbreaks of bark beetles with corresponding damage is to be expected. As a result of global trade, more invasive alien fungi and insects are introduced into Europe where the climatic conditions become more favorable for them to establish themselves on native or introduced host trees. Insects and diseases can have a profound impact on forest dynamics. Therefore, these disturbances must be included in the discussion of future tree species composition and of forest development scenarios.
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Potter, Kevin, Maria Escanferla, Robert Jetton, and Gary Man. "Important Insect and Disease Threats to United States Tree Species and Geographic Patterns of Their Potential Impacts." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040304.
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Diseases and insects, particularly those that are non-native and invasive, arguably pose the most destructive threat to North American forests. Currently, both exotic and native insects and diseases are producing extensive ecological damage and economic impacts. As part of an effort to identify United States tree species and forests most vulnerable to these epidemics, we compiled a list of the most serious insect and disease threats for 419 native tree species and assigned a severity rating for each of the 1378 combinations between mature tree hosts and 339 distinct insect and disease agents. We then joined this list with data from a spatially unbiased and nationally consistent forest inventory to assess the potential ecological impacts of insect and disease infestations. Specifically, potential host species mortality for each host/agent combination was used to weight species importance values on approximately 132,000 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots across the conterminous 48 United States. When summed on each plot, these weighted importance values represent an estimate of the proportion of the plot’s existing importance value at risk of being lost. These plot estimates were then used to identify statistically significant geographic hotspots and coldspots and of potential forest impacts associated with insects and diseases in total, and for different agent types. In general, the potential impacts of insects and diseases were greater in the West, where there are both fewer agents and less diverse forests. The impact of non-native invasive agents, however, was potentially greater in the East. Indeed, the impacts of current exotic pests could be greatly magnified across much of the Eastern United States if these agents are able to reach the entirety of their hosts’ ranges. Both the list of agent/host severities and the spatially explicit results can inform species-level vulnerability assessments and broad-scale forest sustainability reporting efforts, and should provide valuable information for decision-makers who need to determine which tree species and locations to target for monitoring efforts and pro-active management activities.
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Rossman, Amy Y., Kerry Britton, Doug Luster, Mary Palm, Matthew H. Royer, and Jim Sherald. "Evaluating the Threat Posed by Fungi on the APHIS List of Regulated Plant Pests." Plant Health Progress 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2006-0505-01-ps.
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An evaluation of the potential threat of fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List was conducted by the federal interagency Invasive Terrestrial Arthropods and Pathogens (ITAP) Subcommittee on Plant Pathogens. Each species was evaluated based on the importance of the plant host, geographic distribution, and state of knowledge. Fungi that cause serious diseases of plants of major economic value and forest trees were considered a threat if the fungus does not occur in the United States. Drs. Erica Cline and David Farr recently reviewed the fungi on the APHIS Regulated Plant Pest List, providing an accurate scientific name as well as the disease, plant hosts, and geographic distribution for each species. Accepted for publication 3 May 2006. Published 5 May 2006.
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Zink, Frida A., Luke R. Tembrock, Alicia E. Timm, and Todd M. Gilligan. "A duplex ddPCR assay for simultaneously detecting Ips sexdentatus and Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in bulk trap samples." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 8 (August 2019): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0047.
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Bark beetles in the family Curculionidae present a growing hazard to forests worldwide. Like native bark beetles, introduced exotic species can pose a serious threat to North American forests. Ips typographus (Boerner) and Ips sexdentatus (Linnaeus), both native to Europe, are two such pests that have caused widespread forest loss in their native ranges. International trade has led to increased interceptions of Scolytine beetles at ports of entry to the United States. Most intercepted individuals are not identified to species due to lack of expert identifiers, poor specimen quality, or incomplete taxonomy. These same problems affect identification for domestic surveys. Therefore, development of molecular methods for identification of potentially invasive Ips species is essential. Because of the need to scrutinize large numbers of beetles in an efficient manner, we describe a duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay to identify I. typographus and I. sexdentatus simultaneously in bulk trap samples containing 500 Scolytinae specimens using a scalable, two-step DNA extraction. This ddPCR method is highly effective for processing the entire contents of beetle traps and identifying these potentially invasive species in a timely and definitive manner. We also describe a nondestructive DNA extraction technique that preserves specimens for morphological identification.
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Marler, Thomas E., and Murukesan V. Krishnapillai. "Longitude, Forest Fragmentation, and Plant Size Influence Cycas micronesica Mortality Following Island Insect Invasions." Diversity 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050194.
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Island invasions may cause severe changes in biodiversity, but the factors that influence these changes are not well understood. We established 120 plots in Cycas micronesica habitats throughout Guam in 2005 following the invasion of the armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui, then observed plant mortality through 2020. We used transects in Yap as benchmarks, as the Yap C. micronesica population is not threatened. The initial Guam plots contained about 1600 seedlings, 1160 juveniles, and 1240 mature plants per ha. Seedling mortality was 100% by 2006, juvenile mortality was 100% by 2014, and the 2020 census revealed 96% mortality of the plant population. Localities in western Guam and isolated forest fragments exhibited the greatest mortality, with 100% extirpation from two fragmented western localities. The juvenile and mature trees in Yap were unchanged from 2010 to 2018, but the seedling count was heterogeneous among the years. Constrained recruitment from seedlings to juveniles explained these dynamics. Yap transects contained about 6120 seedlings, 3400 juveniles, and 1250 mature plants per ha. Biological control of the invasive insects remains the acute conservation action needed for the Guam population. Lessons learned may be useful in other regions where invasions of non-native pests threaten biodiversity.
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Byrom, Andrea E., John Innes, and Rachelle N. Binny. "A review of biodiversity outcomes from possum-focused pest control in New Zealand." Wildlife Research 43, no. 3 (2016): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15132.
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Worldwide, introduced vertebrate pests impact primary production, native biodiversity, and human health. In New Zealand, extensive pest control (~10 million ha) is undertaken to protect native biota and to prevent losses to the primary sector from wildlife vectors of bovine tuberculosis (TB), primarily possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Control is conducted by TBfree New Zealand and by conservation agencies. Remote, forested terrain is treated using the toxin 1080 via aerial delivery in bait with a return time of ~5 years. Ground-based control is conducted annually using traps and/or poison bait. Possums are controlled to very low abundance by these operations. Aerial 1080 is effective against another forest-dwelling vertebrate pest, the ship rat (Rattus rattus). Possum control has reduced TB rates, but collateral benefits for native biodiversity have not been quantified, making it difficult to demonstrate a return on investment. We review information from 47 accounts of responses of native biota to possum control. Of these, 60% quantified responses to aerial 1080; the remainder were ground-based. Possum control benefited vegetation by increasing foliage and fruit production, and by reducing tree mortality. Controlling ship rats and possums together improved bird populations, but rats recovered rapidly and long-term outcomes for rat-vulnerable birds are unknown.Large-bodied invertebrates also benefited from extensive pest control. We conducted a meta-analysis of 84 response measures from 35 of these 47 studies in order to provide a quantitative assessment of these findings. The analysis demonstrated that both ground and aerial control of this invasive pest in New Zealand has provided substantial collateral benefits for native biota. Few studies have taken advantage of decades of extensive pest control in New Zealand to monitor ecosystem-level outcomes, which have received only short-term attention thus far. Non-treatment experimental controls and replicate sites that enable validated assessments of outcomes for native biota are vital. Future studies would benefit from a standardised set of biodiversity indicators from a range of taxonomic and functional groupings, and from standardising experimental designs so individual studies can contribute to future meta-analyses, to strengthen the evidence base for the impacts of invasive pests on native biota in New Zealand and worldwide.
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Li, Holmes, Boyle, Crocker, and Nelson. "Hedonic Analysis of Forest Pest Invasion: the Case of Emerald Ash Borer." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090820.
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The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first detected in North America in 2002, and since its introduction, this invasive pest has killed millions of ash trees. While EAB kills native North American ash trees in all settings, its impacts have been especially large in urban areas where ash has been a dominant street tree, especially in residential areas. While some management costs, such as insecticide treatment, tree removal, or tree replacement, are relatively straightforward to compute, the impact that EAB has had on residential property values is less clear. To better understand the economic cost of EAB in urban settings, we conducted a hedonic property value analysis to evaluate the impact of ash tree damages due to EAB infestation on housing sales prices. This study was conducted in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which had high stocking levels of ash trees prior to EAB’s arrival. The objectives of the study are to investigate: (1) how EAB-infested ash trees affect property values; (2) whether the benefits from healthy ash trees to property value change after arrival of EAB; and (3) whether healthy ash trees located within infested neighborhoods provide the same benefits as the healthy ash trees located outside of infested neighborhoods. In general, our results show that the EAB outbreak has had a negative impact on home values for properties located in close proximity to the ash tree component of the urban forest. This result holds true for neighborhoods where EAB does not yet pose an imminent threat, and is amplified for neighborhoods where EAB has been detected. Our results highlight the early stages of a dynamic economic process that impacts urban residential property owners subject to the risk of EAB or other tree pests and diseases. In general, we find that forward-looking behavior of residential property owners is capitalized into property values during the process of forest pest infestation.
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Belitskaya, Maria, and Irina Gribust. "Dendrofagous in the forest reclamation complexes with the participation of introduced tree species in arid zone conditions." SOCIALNO-ECOLOGICHESKIE TECHNOLOGII 9, no. 3 (2019): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2961-2019-9-3-343-361.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of optimization of ecological conditions of urbanized and agricultural areas of the arid zone is especially urgent nowadays. Severe forest conditions make it necessary to optimize the environment due to the protective plantations of different types and ecological categories. The use of woody plants unusual for a given area as part of multifunctional stands is one of the main methods for increasing the ecological capacity of the territory, changing the structure and population of insects. The study was conducted in Volgograd, Samara and Rostov regions. By the degree of biotic potential accumulation among the trees adapted in the arid region, plants of the Ulmaceae, Rosaceae and Fabaceae families are distinguished. The introduction of woody vegetation into new territories is also accompanied by the penetration of alien species of pests. Currently, among the phyllophages of woody plants used in landscaping various landscapes, there are invader insects. In urban areas, these species are particularly closely associated with Robinia pseudoacacia L. The most numerous as part of the pests of assimilation apparatus of this plant are Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman, 1847) and Nematus tibialis (Neuman, 1837). Dissemination of Robinia by these insects in the protective forest plantations varies greatly. In the roadside forest plantations and the agroforest plantations in the composition of dendroflora the species of the family Ulmaceae are predominant. Among the invasive species that appeared in them is Aproceros leucopoda (Takeuchi, 1939); in these stands, it almost completely destroys the elm foliage. In the crowns of trees of recreational landscaping, single individuals of this species are found. Among the dendrophages of the stands of urbanized and forest-agrarian landscapes, open-living leaf-eating insects giving outbreaks of mass reproduction (Xanthogaleruca luteola, Dicranura ulmi, Cladius ulmi, Aproceros leucopoda) stand out. Wide spread and increase in the number is observed in Obolodiplosis robiniae and Fenusa ulmi.
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Guillen-Climent, M. L., H. Mas, A. Fernández-Landa, N. Algeet-Abarquero, and J. L. Tomé. "Uso de imágenes hiperespectrales para la predicción del marchitamiento de Pinus halepensis (Mill.) en el bosque mediterráneo." Revista de Teledetección, no. 55 (June 23, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.13289.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The increasing negative effects of climate change and the emergence of invasive species in forests around the world require the development of innovative methods to monitor and quantitatively measure the health status of woodlands. These effects are especially notable in the Mediterranean area, where the decline of stands due to recurrent droughts has increased the damage caused by secondary pests whose populations would otherwise be in balance. Remote sensing technologies allow us to work on large surfaces with reasonable precision. In particular, new spectral indices obtained from high-resolution hyperspectral and thermal images have been shown to be good predictors for the early detection of physiological changes related to diseases. In this pilot study developed in a stand of Pinus halepensis in the Comunitat Valenciana, a controlled simulation of a decay is carried out by means of sequential girdling of trees, making a subsequent field monitoring of the caused decay. Through a hyperspectral camera, the spectral information of each of these trees is analyzed in relation to their discoloration and state of observed decay. The proposed methodology allows the detection of affected trees three months before the appearance of visual symptoms, obtaining a precision higher than 0.9 with Random Forest and Support Vector Machine classifiers. The vegetation indices with better results were PRI, VGO1, VGO2, GM1 and OSAVI. This pilot study allows us to think that some of these indices can be used in the early detection of general pine wilt and, therefore, have application in the monitoring of the main threats to European forests, borer pests or quarantine organisms such as <em>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.</em></p>
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Petter, Joshua, Paul Ries, Ashley D’Antonio, and Ryan Contreras. "A Tree Selection Survey of Tree City USA Designated Cities in the Pacific Northwest." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.027.
Full textAbstract:
As urban areas expand, there are a greater number of urban trees; however, development often leads to a reduction in urban trees in many areas. A reduction in the canopy volume of trees results in a reduction in the number of benefits. Additionally, urban trees can have additional stressors and must be more actively managed to maintain those services. Selecting tree species for the right site can lead to greater benefits and longer-lived trees. Increasing diversity of urban trees can help to mitigate some of the threats facing urban forests, such as invasive pests and climate change. We surveyed Tree City USA designated cities across Oregon and Washington to explore how they are selecting tree species for their municipalities. Responses were recorded for 79 out of 151 municipalities for a 52.3% response rate. Both open-ended questions and descriptive statistics were used to triangulate how managers are selecting tree species. Emergent themes in open-ended responses indicate a variety of justifications for tree species selection and the challenges of balancing those criteria. There is evidence to suggest that these municipalities are actively diversifying the urban forest; however, there are still 10 municipalities that reported ash (Fraxinus spp.) in their top 5 most frequently planted species in 2016. Many municipalities are still planting large quantities of maple (Acer spp.). Overplanting certain genera and species can lead to an increase in susceptibility to pests and pathogens. We recommend an increase in consideration for the diversification of tree species in urban areas.