Relevant bibliographies by topics / Invasive shrubs

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Invasive shrubs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Invasive shrubs"

1

Ward, Jeffrey S., Scott C. Williams, and Megan A. Linske. "Influence of invasive shrubs and deer browsing on regeneration in temperate deciduous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 1 (January 2018): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0208.

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While both chronic white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) overbrowsing and invasive shrubs have been linked to native regeneration failure in temperate hardwood forests, little is known of their relative importance and possible synergistic effects. Therefore, we established three study areas in Connecticut to examine the interaction of three levels of invasive shrub control and absence or presence of deer herbivory on forest regeneration over 9 years. Five observations suggest that obtaining forest regeneration requires a comprehensive management strategy. First, competitive interference by invasive shrubs in intact thickets continued to impede forest regeneration, especially taller seedlings, after deer were excluded. Second, density of small seedlings increased following removal of the competitive interference by invasive shrubs. Third, deer browsing depressed growth of small seedlings into taller height classes. Fourth, preferential browsing reduced species richness, especially in taller seedling classes, by favoring growth of low palatability species such as beech. Lastly, if a disturbance (e.g., cutting) does not kill the root system of the invasive shrubs, the window of forest regeneration recruitment may be narrow because invasive shrubs can quickly recover. In stands with both established shrub thickets and high deer densities, invasive shrub control and multiyear reduction of deer densities are both recommended to obtain adequate forest regeneration.
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Maynard-Bean, Erynn, and Margot Kaye. "Invasive shrub removal benefits native plants in an eastern deciduous forest of North America." Invasive Plant Science and Management 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2018.35.

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AbstractIn eastern deciduous forests of North America, invasive shrubs are increasing in richness and abundance at the expense of native species across taxa. Invasive shrubs create an understory that is more dense than both recent and historical preinvasion conditions. Interest in invasive shrub removal to restore native habitat is growing, but our understanding of natural regeneration following treatment of a diverse invasive shrub community is lagging. Using an invasive shrub removal experiment, we provide insight into the effect of repeated removal of a suite of 18 invasive shrub species dominated by border privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.). In 2009, invasive shrubs were removed from five 20-m-diameter treatment plots, each with a paired control plot. Seven years later, we find an increase in plant diversity, native understory species abundance, and overstory tree species regeneration for individuals under a meter in height. For plants 1 to 4 m in height, the removal treatment has a positive effect on understory woody species, but there has been no change in regenerating overstory trees. A lack of overstory tree regeneration to greater heights is not surprising, given the time frame and the closed-canopy conditions. However, other factors, such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) browse, could be serving as an impediment to taller tree regeneration in the forest understory. An ambient sampling approach in unmanaged, invaded, and uninvaded forest has been used in other studies to estimate the potential impacts of invasive shrub species to native plant communities. However, in this study the ambient sampling approach underestimated the impacts of invasive shrubs compared to their experimental removal. Overall, invasive shrub removal increased plant diversity and allowed passive natural regeneration of native plants that exceeded native cover in the unmanaged, ambient forest under minimal invasive shrub abundance.
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Seburanga, Jean Leonard. "Purpose of Introduction as a Predictor of Invasiveness among Introduced Shrubs in Rwanda." Journal of Botany 2015 (January 28, 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/167186.

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The introduced shrub flora in Rwanda was analyzed and the risk of invasion was assessed based on the species’ purposes of introduction. The results showed that more than half of invasive alien shrubs in Rwanda were introduced as ornamentals. They include Agave americana L., Bryophyllum proliferum Bowie ex Hook., Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston, Lantana camara L., and Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray. However, these represented only 3.16% of the total number of introduced ornamental shrubs. At the time when the study was conducted, no introduced food crop had become invasive. Species introduced for purposes other than food or culinary use showed higher likelihood of becoming invasive.
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Möllerová, J. "Notes on invasive and expansive trees and shrubs." Journal of Forest Science 51, Special Issue (May 17, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11844-jfs.

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Expansion and invasion of plants indicate successful colonization and competitive abilities of species. There are fewer invasive and expansive woody plants than herbs. Main expansive (native species) trees and shrubs are Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus sp. div., Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus spinosa, Rubus sp. div., Sambucus nigra. Main invasive (alien species) are Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Amorpha fruticosa, Cytisus scoparius, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Lycium barbarum, Mahonia aquifolium, Physocarpus opulifolius, Pinus strobus, Populus × canadensis, Prunus serotina, Quercus rubra, Rhus typhina, Robinia pseudoacacia, Symphoricarpos albus, Syringa vulgaris. Dominant characteristics of expansive and invasive species are dispersibility of seeds and capacity of vegetative propagation.
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Boyce, Richard L. "Invasive Shrubs in Kentucky." Northeastern Naturalist 17, mo7 (March 1, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.017.m701.

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Guiden, Peter W., and John L. Orrock. "Invasive shrubs modify rodent activity timing, revealing a consistent behavioral rule governing diel activity." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz050.

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Abstract Animals adjust the timing of their activity to maximize benefits, such as access to resources, and minimize costs, such as exposure to predators. Despite many examples of invasive plants changing animal behavior, the potential for invasive plants to alter the timing of animal activity remains unexplored. In eastern North America, invasive shrubs might have particularly strong effects on animal activity timing during spring and fall, when many invasive shrubs retain their leaves long after native species’ leaves senesce. We experimentally removed an invasive shrub (buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica) and monitored the activity timing of a ubiquitous small-mammal species (white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus) in spring, summer, and fall. We captured nearly 3 times as many P. leucopus in plots invaded by R. cathartica compared with plots with R. cathartica removed, and P. leucopus were captured 2 h earlier in invaded plots. Regardless of invasion treatment, P. leucopus appear to follow a common rule to set activity timing: P. leucopus were only active below a threshold of ground-level moonlight illuminance (0.038 lux). Diel and monthly lunar cycles play an important role in regulating small-mammal activity, but our data suggest that decreased light penetration dampens the influence of moonlight illuminance in habitats invaded by R. cathartica, allowing P. leucopus to remain active throughout the night. By changing the temporal niche of ubiquitous native animals, invasive shrubs may have unappreciated effects on many ecological interactions, including processes that alter community diversity and affect human health.
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Boyce, Richard L. "Invasive Shrubs and Forest Tree Regeneration." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 28, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2009): 152–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549810802626449.

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Mauritz, M., and D. L. Lipson. "Altered phenology and temperature sensitivity of invasive annual grasses and forbs changes autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration rates in a semi-arid shrub community." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2013): 6335–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-6335-2013.

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Abstract. Many invasions, like the wide-spread establishment of annual grasses and forbs in semi-arid shrublands, are associated with climate change. In order to predict ecosystem carbon (C) storage it is critical that we understand how invasion affects soil respiration (Rt). Because plants and microbes have different seasonal dynamics, determining the relative contribution of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) respiration provides critical insight into soil C processes. Using automated soil respiration measurements and root exclusion cores we evaluated the moisture and temperature sensitivity of Rt and Rh and calculated the contribution of Ra in native shrub and invaded areas. Invasion increased cumulative Rt by 40% from 695 (±51) g C m−2 under shrubs to 1050 g C m−2 (±44) in invaded areas. Cumulative Rh did not change but invasion altered the seasonal pattern of Rh. Throughout the season Rt and Rh responded positively to temperature increases when soils were wet and negatively when soils were dry. Invasion increased temperature sensitivity of Rt and Rh in wet soils and decreased temperature sensitivity in dry soils. The altered temperature sensitivity of invasives was attributed largely to differences in phenology. Early phenology of invasive grasses caused rapid Ra increases early in the season; late phenology of invasive forbs resulted in the surprising maintenance of diurnal Ra and Rh signals despite high temperatures and low soil moisture. Invasion extended the respiration season of the system. Ability of the invasive community to withstand high temperatures and drought could confer greater resilience if temperature and precipitation patterns in the region change. The high contribution of Ra by invasive annuals means ecosystem C storage will depend heavily on seasonal rainfall dynamics and productivity of invasive annuals. In semi-arid ecosystems even small scale changes in plant community composition alter Rt, Ra and Rh and should be considered when attempting to predict Rt.
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Ramsfield, T. D., and M. W. P. Power. "Assessing the potential for biological control of Buddleja davidii with the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6876.

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Buddleja davidii is a perennial woody shrub that is highly invasive in many parts of the world including New Zealand This study was conducted to assess the potential for inundative biological control of this weed using Chondrostereum purpureum a wound invasive basidiomycete The fungus has been registered for woody weed control in Canada and the Netherlands and is present throughout New Zealand Mature B davidii shrubs planted at the Scion campus Rotorua were cut 30 cm from the ground and the cut surface of the stems was immediately inoculated with C purpureumcolonised malt extract agar (MEA) and sealed with Parafilm There were four replicate shrubs for each of three isolates and the control (inoculation with sterile MEA) One year following inoculation no fruiting bodies of C purpureum have been observed on the treated B davidii Although the inoculated stems appear dead most replicates have extensive epicormic shoot development and are forming coppices
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Madritch, Michael D., and Richard L. Lindroth. "Removal of invasive shrubs reduces exotic earthworm populations." Biological Invasions 11, no. 3 (May 13, 2008): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9281-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Invasive shrubs"

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Miranda, Courtney Elizabeth. "Facilitative Interactions Among Native Perennial Shrubs and Native and Exotic Annuals in Recovering Coastal Sage Scrub." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/280.

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Facilitative interactions can have a powerful influence on the structure of plant communities and must be accounted for in efforts to restore disturbed and invaded habitats, such as the now rare coastal sage scrub (CSS) of California. In this study, I tested for evidence of facilitative effects by the native shrubs Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum and Artemisia californica on germination and survival of the CSS native annual forb Phacelia distans. P. distans seeds were planted near patches of native shrubs, both under the shrub canopy where any facilitative effects should be strongest, and 0.5 m away in the more exposed grassland. To determine whether the shrub-forb relationship was affected by the presence of invasive annuals, E. fasciculatum sites were assigned either invasive annual removal or non-removal control treatment; no removal treatments were carried out for A. californica. P. distans had significantly higher germination but lower survivorship under the canopy of E. fasciculatum. The results showed no overall effect of invasive removal, but there was a weak interaction effect with location; in shrub-canopy plots, invasive species further lowered survivorship. A. californica showed neither facilitative nor negative effects of this shrub species on either germination or survivorship of P. distans, in contrast with the results for E. fasciculatum. Although E. fasciculatum appears to facilitate the germination of native forbs under its canopy, it also seems to have a negative effect on survival. The weak interaction between location and removal to further decrease survival under the canopy when invasives are present, and the abundance of grasses growing under the canopy, suggest that native shrubs may facilitate the growth of invasive annuals as well as the germination of natives. Consequently, controlling invasive grass abundance may be necessary to capture the benefits of shrub facilitation for the restoration of native CSS herbs.
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Lash, Kevin D. "Facilitative effects of dead Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) shrubs on native tree seedling growth and survival." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1540296714970484.

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Pieterson, Elisabeth Corrie. "Nature versus Nurture: The Influence of Phylogenetic Relatedness, Origin, and Environment on Native and Introduced Woody Shrubs in the Eastern United States." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534521742118989.

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Mottl, Erik Charles. "Oak forest decline and effects of two invasive shrubs in the Midwest Driftless Area current status and implications for the future /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Hoven, Brian Michael. "The Effect of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus Planipennis)-Caused Ash Mortality and White-Tailed Deer Abundance on Understory Invasive Shrubs and Forest Regeneration." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1627656584529987.

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Gayek, Ann. "Effect of Habitat Variation on Rate and Success of Colonization of Two Invasive Shrubs, Lonicera Maackii and Ligustrum Vulgare, in a Forested Glen." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1391593413.

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Peterson, Thomas E. "FACTORS AFFECTING DENSITIES OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) IN EASTERN DECIDUOUS FOREST: THE ROLES OF AND SURROUNDING LAND USE, FOREST HABITAT EDGE, AND INVASIVE SHRUBS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1526295117069628.

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Beniušis, Aurelijus. "Pavasarinio vikio būklė ir invazinių krūmų plitimas Palangos botanikos parke." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100621_113854-61774.

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Magistro darbe tiriama į Lietuvos Raudonąją knygą įrašyto pavasarinio vikio būklė, bei invazinių krūmų plitimo ypatumai. Darbo objektas – Palangos botanikos parke augantis pavasarinis vikis (Vicia lathyroides L.) ir aštuoni invaziniai krūmai: guobalapė lanksva (Spiraea chamaedryfolia L.), šermukšnialapė lanksvūnė (Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun), paprastasis ligustras (Ligustrum vulgare L.), baltoji sedula (Cornus alba L.), blizgantysis kaulenis (Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl.), darželinis jazminas (Philadelphus coronarius L.), baltauogė meškytė (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake), šluotinis sausakrūmis (Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) W. D. J. Koch). Darbo tikslas – nustatyti pavasarinio vikio būklę ir invazinių krūmų plitimo ypatumus. Darbo metodai. Pavasarinio vikio būklės nustatymui buvo vertinta žydinčių ir derančių vikių kiekis, vegetacijos trukmė, bendrijos įvairovė. Aprašant kiekvienos radavietės medyno sudėtį ir žolinę augaliją, buvo naudojama Braun – Blanquet skalė. Invazinių krūmų plitimo intensyvumo nustatymui buvo vertinta šakninių atžalų plitimo atstumas nuo motininio krūmo, nugenėtų ūglių rudeninis ir pavasarinis žėlimas. Statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant Microsoft Exel skaičiuoklę. Darbo rezultatai. Nustatytos trys pavasarinio vikio augavietės Palangos botanikos parke. Lyginant su senesniaisiais tyrimo duomenimis, pavasarinis vikis aptiktas 3 naujose vietose. Gausiausias pavasarinių vikių padengimas, žiedų ir anksčių skaičius rastas tokiose sąlygose, kur... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Master thesis examined the spring vetch condition and the spread of invasive shrub. The object of the study – spring vetch (Vicia lathyroides L.) and eight invasive shrubs: Spiraea chamaedryfolia L., Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun, Ligustrum vulgare L., Cornus alba L., Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl., Philadelphus coronaries L., Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake, Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) W. D. J. Koch growing in Palanga Botanical Park, The aim of the study – to determine the Vicia lathyroides L. condition and the spread of invasive shrub features. The methods. Spring vetch condition determination was calculated by the density of flowering plants and established their growing time. Description of each finding local stand composition and herbs have been used by Braun – Blanquet scale. Spread of invasive shrubs were evaluated in determining the intensity of root suckers spread of the distance from the parent bush, intensity of shoots spreading after autumn cut. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The results. There were we found the three habitats of Vicia lathyroides L. in Palanga Botanical Park. To the comparison of the old survey, spring vetch was detected in three new places. Abundant spring vetch cover, flowers and pods appeared in such conditions with adequate lighting, absence of walk trails. Root suckers most intensive spread of Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun, Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) W. D. J. Koch, Symphoricarpos albus (L... [to full text]
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Parker, Ingrid Marie. "Ecological factors affecting rates of spread in Cytisus scoparius, an invasive exotic shrub /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5218.

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Soley, Nathan. "Reproductive Biology of the invasive plant Elaeagnus umbellata: breeding system, pollinators, and implications for invasive spread." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1164.

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Reproductive studies in invasive plants are necessary for an understanding of their potential to establish and spread in foreign environments. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. (autumn olive) is an invasive woody shrub that flowers early in the spring and is often noted for its abundant fruit set. This study examined the reproductive biology of E. umbellata in Illinois, where it is highly invasive. Hand-pollination experiments were performed to determine the breeding system of E. umbellata, and floral visitors were collected to determine its pollinators. Experiments showed that E. umbellata is a predominantly outcrossing species with a self-incompatible breeding system. However, individual variation was detected in several reproductive characteristics. Pollen tube analyses revealed that a small percentage of individuals allow successful self-pollen tube growth, and self-fruit set resulting from automatic self-pollination (autogamy) was relatively high in a few plants. Automatic self-pollination is possible because the male and female parts of flowers mature sychronously, but the likelihood of autogamy may vary among individuals due to variability in the spatial separation of male and female parts (herkogamy). Variability in the incompatibility system and the level of herkogamy may impact the outcrossing rates and reproductive success of individuals. The majority of floral visitors to E. umbellata were generalist pollinators. Frequently visiting bees included small and large species such as native Andrena spp., Augochlorella aurata, Bombus spp., Ceratina calcarata, Xylocopa virginica, and the introduced Apis mellifera. Bombylius major (large bee fly) and the moth Mythimna unipuncta (armyworm) were also frequent visitors. Most of the above insect taxa are pollinators of E. umbellata based on analysis of pollen on insect bodies. E. umbellata is likely to achieve its abundant fruit set where these common pollinators and other E. umbellata are present. However, in my study sites, many individuals experienced low fruit set on branches that were open to pollinator visitation, suggesting pollen limitation may be common in some years and at certain sites. The discovery of autogamous individuals demonstrates that some E. umbellata individuals may be able to establish and spread even when mates or pollinators are limiting.
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Books on the topic "Invasive shrubs"

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Laurito, Vanda Nilsson. Hierbas y arbustos: Comunes en cafetales y otros cultivos : guía para su identificación. San José: Herbario Juvenal Valerio Rodríguez, 2005.

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Blackstock, Philip. Broad-leaved tree and shrub invasion of conifer plantations in Ireland. [S.l: The Author], 1998.

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Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management (1989 Las Vegas, Nev.). Proceedings--Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management: Las Vegas, NV, April 5-7, 1989. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1990.

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Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management (1989 Las Vegas, Nev.). Proceedings--Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management: Las Vegas, NV, April 5-7, 1989. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1990.

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Symposium, on Cheatgrass Invasion Shrub Die-off and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management (1989 Las Vegas Nev ). Proceedings--Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management: Las Vegas, NV, April 5-7, 1989. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1990.

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Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management (1989 Las Vegas, Nev.). Proceedings--Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management: Las Vegas, NV, April 5-7, 1989. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1990.

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Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management (1989 Las Vegas, Nev.). Proceedings--Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management: Las Vegas, NV, April 5-7, 1989. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1990.

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Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management (1989 Las Vegas, Nev.). Proceedings--Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die-off and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management: Las Vegas, NV, April 5-7, 1989. Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1990.

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Collier, Matthew Hanby. Diminished plant richness and abundance below crowns of Lonicera maackii, an invasive exotic shrub. 1996.

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Trisel, Donald E. The invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae): Factors contributing to its success and its effect on native species. 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Invasive shrubs"

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Richardson, David M. "Commercial Forestry and Agroforestry as Sources of Invasive Alien Trees and Shrubs." In Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management, 237–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4523-7_16.

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Hill, Martin P., and Julie A. Coetzee. "How can progress in the understanding of antagonistic interactions be applied to improve biological control of plant invasions?" In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 363–76. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0363.

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Abstract Classical biological control has been used as a management tool for invasive non-native plant species globally for over 200 years. There have been some very successful programmes, most notably on waterweeds, cacti and seed reduction in perennial trees. Seventy per cent of agents released have established in at least one instance, and 66% of the targeted invasive species have showed some level of control. However, some programmes have failed to meet expectations, for example on Lantana camara. The most commonly cited reasons for the failure of establishment or limited efficacy of biological control agents are unsuitable climatic conditions and genotype incompatibility. We propose that antagonistic biotic interactions play a significant role in the outcomes of weed biological control programmes. Induced plant defences (physical and chemical) that can be mounted rapidly by the invasive non-native plants can result in the reduction in agent populations after initial attack. Rapid induction of plant defences have been implicated in the lack of long-term establishment of the agent Falconia intermedia that showed great initial promise against the widespread invasive shrub L. camara. Host range expansion by native natural enemies onto biological control agents have also been shown to reduce population growth of agents. Finally, competition from indigenous plant species aids invasive alien plant population reduction in the presence of herbivory. All three factors have been poorly studied and further work is needed to better explain the outcomes of weed biological control programmes.
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Peters, Debra P. C., and Robert P. Gibbens. "Plant Communities in the Jornada Basin: The Dynamic Landscape." In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0014.

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Plant communities of the Jornada Basin are characteristic of the northern Chihuahuan Desert both in structure and dynamics. Although a number of plant communities can be differentiated, five major vegetation types are often distinguished that differ in plant species cover and composition, as well as other factors, such as animal populations, soil properties, and elevation. These five types are black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grasslands, playa grasslands, tarbush (Flourensia cernua) shrublands, creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) shrublands, and mesquite (Prosopis grandulosa) shrublands. Similar to many other parts of the Chihuahuan Desert, these plant communities have experienced major shifts in vegetation composition over the past 50–150 years (York and Dick-Peddie 1969). The most dramatic changes in vegetation and associated ecosystem processes have occurred as a result of a shift in life form due to woody plant encroachment into perennial grasslands (Grover and Musick 1990; Bahre and Shelton 1993). This encroachment of shrubs has occurred in many arid and semiarid regions of the world, including the Western United States, northern Mexico, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, and Australia (McPherson 1997; Scholes and Archer 1997). A number of drivers have been implicated in these grass–shrub dynamics, including various combinations of livestock grazing, small animal activity, drought, changes in fire regime, and changes in climate (Humphrey 1958; Archer 1989; Allred 1996; Reynolds et al. 1997; Van Auken 2000). The causes of shrub invasion are quite variable and often poorly understood, although the consequences consistently lead to the process of desertification (Schlesinger et al. 1990). This chapter describes the characteristics of each vegetation type and the documented changes in each type at the Jornada Basin. We then discuss the key drivers influencing these dynamics. Vegetation in the Chihuahuan Desert region has been classified as desert-grassland transition (Shreve 1917), desert savanna (Shantz and Zon 1924), desert plains grasslands (Clements 1920), desert shrub grassland (Darrow 1944), and shrubsteppe (Kuchler 1964). Desert grassland is often used as a general descriptive name for the area (McClaran 1995), although landscapes at the Jornada and throughout the northern Chihuahuan Desert often consist of a mosaic of desert grasslands, Chihuahuan Desert shrublands, and plains-mesa sand scrub (Dick-Peddie 1993).
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Peters, Debra P. C., and William H. Schlesinger. "Future Directions in Jornada Research: Applying an Interactive Landscape Model to Solve Problems." In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0022.

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The long history of research at the Jornada Basin (through the Agricultural Research Service [ARS] since 1912, New Mexico State University in the late 1920s, and joined by the Long-Term Ecological Research [LTER] program in 1981) has provided a wealth of information on the dynamics of arid and semiarid ecosystems. However, gaps in our knowledge still remain. One of the most perplexing issues is the variation in ecosystem dynamics across landscapes. In this concluding chapter to this volume, we propose a new conceptual model of arid and semiarid landscapes that focuses explicitly on the processes and properties that generate spatial variation in ecosystem dynamics. We also describe how our framework leads to future research directions. Many studies have documented variable rates and patterns of shrub invasion at the Jornada as well as at other semiarid and arid regions of the world, including the Western United States, northern Mexico, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and China (York and Dick-Peddie 1969; Grover and Musick 1990; McPherson 1997; Scholes and Archer 1997; see also chapter 10). In some cases, shrub invasion occurred very rapidly: At the Jornada, areas dominated by perennial grasses decreased from 25% to < 7% from 1915 to 1998 with most of this conversion occurring prior to 1950 (Gibbens et al. 2005; Yao et al. 2002a). In other cases, shrub invasion occurred slowly, and sites were very resistant to invasion; for example, perennial grasses still dominate on 12 out of 57 research quadrats originally established in black grama (Bouteloua eropoda) grasslands in the early twentieth century (Yao et al. 2002b). Soil texture, grazing history, and precipitation patterns are insufficient to account for this variation in grass persistence through time (Yao et al. 2002a). It is equally perplexing that although many attempts to remediate these shrublands back to perennial grasses have led to failure, some methods worked well, albeit with long (> 50 year) time lags (Rango et al. 2002; see also chapter 14). Although variations in vegetation dynamics and shrub invasion are the most well known, other lesser known aspects of arid and semiarid systems have been found to be quite variable as well.
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Becker, Mathias, Miguel Alvarez, Gereon Heller, Paul Leparmarai, Damaris Maina, Itambo Malombe, Michael Bollig, and Hauke Vehrs. "Land-use changes and the invasion dynamics of shrubs in Baringo." In Resilience and Collapse in African Savannahs, 111–29. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315267647-6.

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Hill, Martin P., and Julie E. Coetzee. "How can progress in the understanding of antagonistic interactions be applied to improve biological control of plant invasions?" In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 363–76. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0020.

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Classical biological control has been used as a management tool for invasive non-native plant species globally for over 200 years. There have been some very successful programmes, most notably on waterweeds, cacti and seed reduction in perennial trees. Seventy per cent of agents released have established in at least one instance, and 66% of the targeted invasive species have showed some level of control. However, some programmes have failed to meet expectations, for example on <i>Lantana camara</i>. The most commonly cited reasons for the failure of establishment or limited efficacy of biological control agents are unsuitable climatic conditions and genotype incompatibility. We propose that antagonistic biotic interactions play a significant role in the outcomes of weed biological control programmes. Induced plant defences (physical and chemical) that can be mounted rapidly by the invasive non-native plants can result in the reduction in agent populations after initial attack. Rapid induction of plant defences have been implicated in the lack of long-term establishment of the agent <i>Falconia intermedia</i> that showed great initial promise against the widespread invasive shrub <i>L. camara</i>. Host range expansion by native natural enemies onto biological control agents have also been shown to reduce population growth of agents. Finally, competition from indigenous plant species aids invasive alien plant population reduction in the presence of herbivory. All three factors have been poorly studied and further work is needed to better explain the outcomes of weed biological control programmes.
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Ribeiro, Nuno de Almeida, Peter Surový, and António Cipriano Pinheiro. "Adaptive Management on Sustainability of Cork Oak Woodlands." In Green Technologies, 624–36. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-472-1.ch402.

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The cork oak woodland production systems result from the integration of conflicting activities in the same space creating the need of constant search of equilibrium between its components in order to achieve sustainability. In a climate change environment, associated with recent modifications in rural societies, adaptive management concepts are needed so as to maintain cork oak woodland systems sustainable. Nowadays/Currently cork oak woodlands are facing disturbances that are affecting the production system sustainability both by intensification of the activities undercover- that leads to a lack of regeneration and consequent disappearing of the crown cover, loss of cork production and site degradation mainly by soil loss-, or by the abandonment that conducts to an invasion of shrubs and other oaks increasing the competition (reducing cork production) and the risk of forest fire. Only adaptive management techniques associated with growth models and decision support systems, constructed in knowledge based monitoring system, are able to prevent cork wood land decline with the adoption of management practices focused in long term objectives. For the present study it was selected a set of permanent plots according with site quality and stand age and structure. Simulation studies results indicates that cork oak woodland system sustainability (both economical and ecological) is supported in regeneration events associated with the shrub control techniques without soil mobilization with strong dependency of cork prices and valuation of carbon sequestration, especially in the less productive soils. Without modification of actual funding policies and the valuation of carbon sequestration, the system faces increased risks of decline due to the maintenance of actual non sustainable management practices by the stake holders driven by their financial needs. This study is particularly relevant regarding that woodlands dominate the landscape of the south-western Iberian Peninsula, occupying approximately 3.1 million hectares in Spain and 1.2 million hectares in Portugal.
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Sabattini, Julian Alberto, and Rafael Alberto Sabattini. "CHANGES IN SHRUB INVASION IN SOUTH AMERICA PROTECTED TEMPERATE NATIVE FORESTS." In Agrárias: Pesquisa e Inovação nas Ciências que Alimentam o Mundo V, 132–42. Editora Artemis, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37572/edart_29042134710.

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"Isolation and characterisation of microsatellite markers in the invasive shrub Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceae) and their applicability in related species." In Invasion Success by Plant Breeding, 27–33. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-9563-9_2.

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Lou, Der-Chyuan, Jiang-Lung Liu, and Hao-Kuan Tso. "Evolution of Information-Hiding Technology." In Information Security and Ethics, 144–54. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-937-3.ch010.

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Information-hiding technology is an ancient art and has existed for several centuries. In the past, messages could easily be intercepted because there was no technology of secret communication. Hence, a third party was able to read the message easily. This was all changed during 440 B.C., that is, the Greek Herod’s era. The Greek historian Herodotus in his writing of histories stated that Demaratus was the first person who used the technique of information hiding. Demaratus, a Greek who lived in Persia, smuggled a secret message to Sparta under the cover of wax. The main intent was to warn Sparta that Xerxes, king of Persia, was planning an invasion on Greece by using his great naval fleet. He knew it would be very difficult to send the message to Sparta without it being intercepted. Hence, he came up with the idea of using a wax tablet to hide the secret message. In order to hide the secret message, he removed all the wax from the tablet, leaving only the wood underneath. He then wrote the secret message into the wood and recovered the tablet with the wax. The wax covered his message to make the wax tablet look like a blank one. Demaratus’ message was hidden and never discovered by the Persians. Hence, the secret message was sent to Sparta successfully. Greece was able to defeat the invading Persians by using the secret message. Another example of information hiding was employed by another Greek named Histaiaeus. Histaiaeus wanted to instigate a revolt against the Persian king and had to deliver a secret message about the revolt to Persia. He came up with the shaved-head technique. Histaiaeus decided to shave the head of his most trusted slave and then tattooed the secret message on his bald scalp. When the hair grew back, the secret message was covered, and then Histaiaeus ordered the slave to leave for Persia. When the slave reached his destination, his head was shaved, showing the secret message to the intended recipient. Around 100 A.D., transparent inks made it into the secret field of information hiding. Pliny discovered that the milk of the thithymallus plant could easily be used as transparent ink. If a message was written with the milk, it would soon evaporate and left no residue. It seemed that the message was completely erased. But once the completely dried milk was heated, it would begin to char and turned to a brown color. Hence, the secret message could be written on anything that was not too flammable. The reason it turned brown was because the milk was loaded with carbon, and when carbon was heated, it tended to char. Information hiding became downfallen and won no respect until World Wars I and II. Invisible inks, such as milk, vinegar, fruit juices, and urine, were extensively used during the wars. All of them would darken when they were heated. The technology was quite simple and noticeable. Furthermore, World War II also brought about two inventions of new technologies. The first one was the invention of the microdot technology. The microdot technology was invented by the Germans to convey secret messages to their allies. The microdot was basically a highly detailed picture shrunk to about the size of a period or dot, which permitted hiding large amounts of data into the little microdot. By using a microscope, the hidden message would be revealed. The Germans would put their dots into their letters, and they were almost undetectable to the naked eye. The other technology was the use of open-coded messages. For open-coded messages, certain letters of each word were used to spell out the secret message. Open-coded messages used normal words and messages to write the buffer text that hid the message. Because they seemed normal, they often passed the check of security. For example, the following message was a common example of open-coded messages and was actually sent by a German spy during World War II. Apparently neutral’s protest is thoroughly discounted and ignored. Isman hard hit. Blockade issue affects pretext for embargo on by-products, ejecting suets and vegetable oils. By extracting the second letter in each word, the secret message was revealed: Pershing sails from NY June 1. This technique was effective because it could pass through the check of security and was easy for someone to decode (Johnson, Duric, & Jajodia, 2001; Katzenbeisser & Petitcolas, 2000; Schaefer, 2001). The technologies mentioned here are different ways of information hiding in different eras. With the development of computer technology, it is becoming hard for the third party to discover the secret message.
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Conference papers on the topic "Invasive shrubs"

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Shafer, David S., David DuBois, Vic Etyemezian, Ilias Kavouras, Julianne J. Miller, George Nikolich, and Mark Stone. "Fire as a Long-Term Stewardship Issue for Soils Contaminated With Radionuclides in the Western U.S." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7181.

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On both U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Department of Defense sites in the southwestern United States (U.S.), significant areas of surface soils are contaminated with radionuclides from atmospheric nuclear testing, and with depleted uranium, primarily from military training. At DOE sites in Nevada, the proposed regulatory closure strategy for most sites is to leave contaminants in place with administrative controls and periodic monitoring. Closure-in-place is considered an acceptable strategy because the contaminated sites exist on access-restricted facilities, decreasing the potential risk to public receptor, the high cost and feasibility of excavating contaminated soils over large areas, and the environmental impacts of excavating desert soils that recover very slowly from disturbance. The largest of the contaminated sites on the Tonopah Test Range in Nevada covers over 1,200 hectares. However, a factor that has not been fully investigated in the long-term stewardship of these sites is the potential effects of fires. Because of the long half-lives of some of the contaminants (e.g., 24,100 years for 239Pu) and changes in land-cover and climatic factors that are increasing the frequency of fires throughout the western U.S., it should be assumed that all of these sites will eventually burn, possibly multiple times, during the timeframe when they still pose a risk. Two primary factors are contributing to increased fire frequency. The first is the spread of invasive grasses, particularly cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum and Bromus rubens), which have out-competed native annuals and invaded interspaces between shrubs, allowing fires to burn easier. The second is a sharp increase in fire frequency and size throughout the western U.S. beginning in the mid-1980s. This second factor appears to correlate with an increase in average spring and summer temperatures, which may be contributing to earlier loss of soil moisture and longer periods of dry plant biomass (particularly from annual plants). The potential risk to site workers from convective heat dispersion of radionuclide contaminants is an immediate concern during a fire. Long-term, post-fire concerns include potential changes in windblown suspension properties of contaminated soil particles after fires because of loss of vegetation cover and changes in soil properties, and soil erosion from surface water runoff and fluvial processes.
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Reports on the topic "Invasive shrubs"

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McArthur, E. Durant, Evan M. Romney, Stanley D. Smith, and Paul T. Tueller. Proceedings - Symposium on cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-276.

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