Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inventory of greenhouse gases

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Academic literature on the topic 'Inventory of greenhouse gases'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Inventory of greenhouse gases"

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Castro, Rafael, Fabio Pereira, and Nobel Freitas. "Inventory of greenhouse gases for steel foundries." Sistemas & Gestão 13, no. 1 (March 10, 2018): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20985/1980-5160.2018.v13n1.1180.

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Yazykov, Sergey Alekseevich. "Greenhouse gases’ inventory control – carbon policy – competitiveness." Interactive science, no. 4 (June 20, 2016): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-81156.

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Zdraveva, Pavlina, Teodora Obradovic Grncarovska, Natasa Markovska, Elena Gavrilova, Emilija Poposka, and Igor Ristovski. "Building a sustainable greenhouse gases inventory system in Macedonia." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 25, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2013-0131.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the lessons learned and good practices regarding the greenhouse inventory system in the Republic of Macedonia. Design/methodology/approach – A comparative analysis for the preparation of the three national communications (NCs) to UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Republic of Macedonia. Findings – The findings reveal the shift from a project approach, based on external consultants, towards a more process-oriented approach, where a multi-disciplinary national team has been established to prepare the inventory. Also, notable results include improvements in the technical capacity of the inventory team, communications with data sources and other stakeholders, quality assurance/quality control procedures, documenting and archiving, regional cooperation, as well as, the reliability of data series for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Practical implications – The study may serve well for countries with similar national circumstances and priorities for preparation of greenhouse inventory systems. Originality/value – Developing national database (inventory) of GHGs is an essential first step towards managing better climate change policy planning. A complete and transparent national greenhouse inventory is an essential tool for understanding emissions and trends, projecting future emissions and identifying sectors for cost-effective emission reduction opportunities. It is also a core element of national climate change reports to the UNFCCC (NCs). This case study shows the development of a sustainable system for preparation of GHG inventories and it describes the data collection and analysis procedures within that system.
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Exnerová, Z., and E. Cienciala. "Greenhouse gas inventory of agriculture in the Czech Republic." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 8 (September 9, 2009): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2528-pse.

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As a part of its obligations under the Climate Convention, the Czech Republic must annually estimate and report its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This also applies for the sector of agriculture, which is one of the greatest producers of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. This paper presents the approaches applied to estimate emissions in agricultural sector during the period 1990–2006. It describes the origin and sources of emissions, applied methodology, parameters and emission estimates for the sector of agriculture in the country. The total greenhouse gas emissions reached 7644 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. in 2006. About 59% (4479 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) of these emissions has originated from agricultural soils. This quantity ranks agriculture as the third largest sector in the Czech Republic representing 5.3% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The emissions under the Czech conditions consist mainly of emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management and agricultural soils. During the period 1990–2006, GHG emissions from agriculture decreased by 50%, which was linked to reduced cattle population and amount of applied fertilizers. The study concludes that the GHG emissions in the sector of agriculture remain significant and their proper assessment is required for sound climate change adaptation and mitigation policies.
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Martínez-Prado, M. A. "GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORY OF DURANGO STATE, MEXICO." Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 15, no. 2 (May 15, 2016): 575–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/ia1183.

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Flores-Velázquez, Roberto, Ramón Muñoz Ledo-Carranza, and Daniel Villalba-Valle. "Inventario de emisiones en 2005 de gases de efecto invernadero por el sector energético mexicano." Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología 11, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2010.11n1.004.

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Simonyan, L. M. "Analysis of the methodology for determining CO2 emissions on the territory of the Russian Federation in respect to the ferrous metallurgy." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 9 (October 21, 2018): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-9-721-730.

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Nowadays there are different points of view about the cause of global climate change. The current warming, according to one version, is related to the greenhouse effect, i.e. with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2) in the atmosphere. It is believed that the uncontrolled growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may lead to negative consequences. The position of UNFCCC and IPCC proposing accounting of greenhouse gases is of recommendatory nature. In particular, an inventory of greenhouse gases can be produced, taking into account the particularities of national development. The main objective of the greenhouse gas inventory is defining reserves to reduce them. Main anthropogenic sources of CO2formation in the Russian Federation are reviewed. Comparative indicators of CO2emissions in different sectors of production are provided. The methodology for greenhouse gases in Russia is considered, in particular with respect to the steel industry. The analysis has shown that official methods to assess CO2emissions into the atmosphere are mainly Base and Sectoral approaches and Level 2 method. Detailed approach and Level 3 method are used for a limited number of metallurgical processing. Part of the CO2emissions from ferrous metallurgy, in particular the emissions from the production of blast furnace coke, is accounted in the energy sector. According to the inventory estimation, total anthropogenic CO2emissions on the territory of RF have decreased and amounted in 2015 75 % from the level of 1990: compared to 1990, the CO2emissions of the steel industry also decreased. Estimated share of the ferrous metallurgy in anthropogenic emissions of CO2compared to 1990 (4.0 %) has increased and amounted to 4.8 % in 2015.
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Lyalko, V. I., A. I. Sakhatsky, Yu V. Kostyuchenko, I. G. Artemenko, G. M. Zholobak, E. I. Levchik, and D. M. Movchan. "Space monitoring of balance of greenhouse gases to clarify their inventory." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 18, no. 2(75) (March 30, 2012): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2012.02.003.

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Ambarita, H., Soeharwinto, N. Ginting, M. Basyuni, and Z. Zen. "Inventory and projection of greenhouse gases emissions for Sumatera Utara Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 126 (March 2018): 012114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012114.

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Baldasano, José M., Cecilia Soriano, and Lluı́s Boada. "Emission inventory for greenhouse gases in the City of Barcelona, 1987–1996." Atmospheric Environment 33, no. 23 (October 1999): 3765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00086-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inventory of greenhouse gases"

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Anderson, Linse N. "A greenhouse gas emissions inventory and emissions offset strategies for the University of Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663116701&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2008.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 4, 2009). Interdisciplinary thesis in International Studies and Environment and Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63).
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Pumilio, John F. "Carbon neutrality by 2020 The Evergreen State College's comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Pumilio_J%20MESThesis%202007%20.pdf.

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Uhl, Gislain. "Territorial greenhouse gases inventory, analysis and reduction plan design : Analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from a predefined territory (Territoire de la Côte Ouest) on the island of Réunion." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147247.

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This report presents a summary of the work done by the author for the Eco2 Initiative, a French energy consulting company, during the development of an official document (PCET) concerning the climate and a French island off the Madagascar coast in the Indian Ocean. Firstly, the thesis examines some background details including a short description of the PCET contents and goals, and describes the studied regional territory occupying the western quarter of La Réunion. The PCET aims at reducing both the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the territory and the territory's vulnerability to climate change in the future. The report treats only the GHG inventory and the beginning of an action plan design for the reduction of GHG emissions from all possible local sources. Secondly, the methodology is discussed. The chosen method for the inventory is Bilan Carbone® which accounts for all Kyoto protocol gases the territory is responsible for or depends on, during one year. The emissions are split into ten categories: energy industry, industrial processes, residential, tertiary, agriculture and fishing, freight, people transportation, roads and construction, waste management, and import and local goods production. Finally, the results of the inventory are displayed for each of the ten categories. The design process of the action plan is then described and an account example of selecting and adding an action is given. The current state of the PCET is also displayed, warning the reader that the analysis can further be extended and more actions can be added until a final feasible version is reached for any specific territory. As a conclusion, the main results are summarized, the directions for the next steps in the particularly studied region are pointed out, and a critical point of view is adopted for the wider implementation of the devised action plan and its influence on the decision making process for future energy policies.
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Mitkiewicz, Elzbieta. "Cálculo do inventário de emissões de gases efeito estufa, estudo de caso em uma indústria química." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7259.

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O Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas da ONU (IPCC) tem comprovado com nível de confiança cada vez maior, ao longo dos últimos anos, a forte relação entre o aumento da temperatura média global e o aumento dos gases de efeito estufa (GEEs) principalmente quanto ao gás que mais contribui para a composição desses gases: o gás carbônico ou CO2. O Brasil se insere no rol dos emissores desse gás, principalmente devido ao desmatamento das reservas florestais que possui. Assim, assumiu o compromisso na Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC) de estabilizar suas emissões e inventariar periodicamente os seus GEEs. Dentro deste contexto, cabe também à indústria levantar sua parcela de responsabilidade significativa neste processo ameaçador para a vida no planeta terra. Desta forma, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de levantar e contabilizar o Inventário dos GEEs emitidos em 2006 por uma empresa que produz importantes insumos para a indústria de petróleo. A pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a metodologia mais adequada e sua aplicação para a empresa em estudo foram os principais objetivos específicos. A autora não encontrou fatores de emissão de CO2 (kg CO2/TJ do combustível, detalhado no decorrer deste trabalho) desenvolvidos no Brasil para levantar o inventário, com um nível razoável de confiança, que reflita a situação real e local. Toda a pesquisa bibliográfica feita mostrou que os trabalhos realizados mesmo por órgãos governamentais brasileiros usaram a metodologia do IPCC (versão anterior à usada neste trabalho) que foi elaborada por países desenvolvidos, que não é o nosso caso ou realidade. Foram feitas diversas visitas à empresa, levantadas todas as fontes potenciais de emissão, consumos e características de todos os combustíveis usados, bem como o levantamento do trabalho desenvolvido sobre geração de mudas de plantas no seu horto. Através de cálculos por essa metodologia reconhecida mundialmente (IPCC) a autora encontrou um valor em torno de 76.000 toneladas de CO2 emitidos pela empresa em 2006. A empresa neutralizou cerca de 80 toneladas de CO2, através da produção de mudas (para doação e plantio em torno de uma área que é um passivo ambiental) em seu horto e o que plantou na área desse passivo em 2006. Isso significou cerca de 0,1% do que emitiu
The Intergovernamental Panel Climate Change - IPCC from ONU has proved with higher level of confidence, along last years, a strong relation between the global average temperature increasing and the Greenhouse Gases increasing mainly about the biggest contributor to the composition in these gases: the carbonic gas or CO2. Brazil is included in the list of these gas polluters, mainly because of its deforestation. Then, it assumed the commitment with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC of stabilize and calculate his Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Inventory. In this context, the industries must to survey their part of responsibility in this threatening process for the life in this planet. For the reasons above, the main purpose from the present work is to calculate the Greenhouse Gases emissions inventory in 2006 from a enterprise that produces important inputs for a petroleum industry. The specific purposes were to research the bibliography about the most suitable methodology and its application for this enterprise. The author of this work didnt find any emission factors for CO2 developed in Brazil for calculate the inventory, with a reasonable level of confidence, which can show the real and local situation about this subject. Then, the entire bibliographic search done showed that the works found even in governmental institutions used the IPCC methodology, done by developed countries, that isnt our reality. For this study, it was done several visits to that enterprise and identified all the sources from these GHG, fuel uses and their quantities and intensive bibliographic searches about several national and international methodologies. It was seen the developed work done by this enterprise about generation of seedling (plants) in its market garden. It was chosen the IPCC methodology that was the tool to calculate about 76.000 t of CO2 emitted by the enterprise in 2006. This studied enterprise neutralized 80 t of CO2, through the production of plants cuttings (for donation to people and to plant in around an area that is an environmental passive) in its market garden and what it planted in that passive area in 2006. This was about 0,1% on that it emitted
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Gryzagoridis, Olivia Bertoche. "O Protocolo de Kyoto e o mercado de crédito de carbono: estudo de caso das emissões de gases de efeito estufa da fábrica de combustível nuclear pertencente às Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil no ano de 2008." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2670.

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A presente dissertação discute as questões relacionadas à intensificação das mudanças climáticas por causas antrópicas conforme a evolução no uso dos recursos naturais, inovações nos processos produtivos, transformações econômicas, sociais, culturais, políticas e, especialmente ambientais. Aborda a comercialização dos créditos de carbono através de projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), um dos mecanismos de flexibilização criados pelo Protocolo de Kyoto. No contexto de mudanças climáticas, uma matriz energética que utilize fontes de energia que não emitam gases causadores do efeito estufa (GEE) se mostra uma importante estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável. Sob essa perspectiva, a energia nucleoelétrica é apresentada como uma alternativa viável aos combustíveis fósseis, considerando que esta é uma energia limpa e compatível com a perspectiva de desenvolvimento sustentável. A Fábrica de Combustível Nuclear (FCN), localizada em Resende (Rio de Janeiro), pertencente às Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB), é um conjunto de sofisticadas fábricas nas quais se processam etapas importantes do ciclo do combustível nuclear. Na FCN, o Centro Zoobotânico realiza a gestão das atividades voltadas para a conservação da natureza tais como o Programa de Recuperação de Mata Ciliar, Reflorestamento e Fauna. O Relatório de inventário das emissões diretas e indiretas de GEE da FCN, elaborado pela INB para o ano de 2008, permite a auto-avaliação da empresa, retratando a preocupação corporativa com as questões relativas às mudanças climáticas. Segundo este Relatório, o total de emissões de GEE quantificado corresponde a 12,14% da capacidade total de sequestro de dióxido de carbono, no período de Janeiro a Dezembro de 2008. A proteção de florestas e a plantação de árvores são componentes essenciais de qualquer estratégia global para mitigação da mudança climática, e a participação da INB no mercado de crédito de carbono pode proporcionar externalidades positivas, tais como ganhos de imagem, adequação a padrões ambientais e melhoria do relacionamento com a sociedade.
This dissertation discusses issues related to intensification of climate change by anthropogenic causes for the evolution in use of natural resources, innovations in production processes, economic, social, cultural, political and especially environmental. Approaches marketing of carbon credits through projects of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the flexible mechanisms created by the Kyoto Protocol. In context of climate change, an energy matrix that uses energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases (GHG) proves an important strategy for sustainable development. From this perspective, the nuclear-electric energy is presented as a viable alternative to fossil fuels, considering that this is a clean energy and compatible with sustainable development perspective. The Nuclear Fuel Factory (FCN), located in Resende (Rio de Janeiro), belonging to the Nuclear Industries of Brazil (INB), is a sophisticated set of factories where important steps of nuclear fuel cycle are processed. In FCN, the Zoobotanical Center performs the management of activities for conservation of natures, as the Recovery Program of Riparian Vegetation, Forestry and Wildlife. The report of inventory of direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases from FCN, produced by INB for the year 2008, allows the self-assessment of the company,portraying the corporate preoccupation with issues related to climate change. According to the report, total GHG emissions measured corresponds to 12.14% of the total capacity of sequestration of carbon dioxide in the period January to December 2008. Protecting forests and planting trees are essential components of any comprehensive strategy for mitigating climate change and the share of INB in the carbon credit market can provide positive externalities, such as earnings picture, fitness for environmental standards and improving the relationship with society.
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Figueiredo, Silvio de Andrade. "Avaliação técnico-econômica das principais tendências e alternativas do transporte rodoviário nacional sob o ponto de vista energético e ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-18122013-153849/.

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Ferramentas computacionais, baseadas em modelos de inventários, que consigam predizer, com precisão apropriada, o consumo de combustíveis e as emissões veiculares, principais motivadores do desenvolvimento automotivo atual, são fundamentais para a elaboração de políticas públicas eficazes vinculadas a essas questões. No Brasil, apesar de afetarem significativamente a sociedade, muitas das intervenções governamentais nesse segmento são realizadas sem a adequada avaliação de seus impactos. Isso ocorre ou porque a importância dessas ferramentas nem sempre é reconhecida ou por não se ter ferramentas apropriadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de desenvolver uma ferramenta de prognóstico do consumo de combustíveis e das emissões da frota rodoviária, estatisticamente consistente, que pudesse ser utilizada para esse propósito. Para tanto, inicialmente buscou-se identificar os aspectos relacionados às questões que deveriam ser considerados nesse desenvolvimento, por meio do levantamento das tendências evolutivas e alternativas que estão sendo apresentadas relativas a combustíveis, tecnologia veicular e sistemas de transportes. A seguir foram revistos os principais modelos e ferramentas públicos, nacionais e estrangeiros, dessa natureza. E, diante da constatação que eles não poderiam ser empregados, apesar dos limites impostos pela disponibilidade de dados, foi proposta uma nova abordagem para se atingir esse objetivo. Primeiro foi desenvolvido um conjunto de planilhas integrando todos os dados e cálculos de um modelo bottom-up similar ao utilizado nos inventários de emissões tóxicas nacionais, totalmente interconectado e configurado para facilitar, por meio de um processo iterativo, o ajuste fino das estimativas mais incertas, de forma que os consumos totalizados resultantes do modelo coincidissem tanto quanto possível com os consumos observados no país. A seguir, foram desenvolvidos modelos econométricos, para estimar os consumos totalizados de combustíveis a partir de indicadores econômicos pertinentes. E pela inserção desses modelos econométricos no modelo bottom-up anterior, foi gerado um modelo híbrido que permite inventariar e prognosticar, segregadas por classes, o consumo de combustíveis e as emissões veiculares. Os consumos de combustíveis obtidos por meio desses modelos, quando comparados com valores observados, forneceram resultados estatisticamente robustos, que podem ser, em algumas condições, convertidos na emissão de CO2. O mesmo não é possível afirmar com relação às demais emissões, inclusive em função da dificuldade de vincular as fontes emissoras a indicadores de qualidade do ar, o que não invalida o uso do modelo híbrido para obtenção de resultados comparativos. Finalmente, os modelos foram submetidos a análise sensibilidade e sua aplicabilidade foi verificada para alguns cenários.
Computational tools, based on inventory models, which are able to predict, with the appropriated accuracy, vehicular fuel consumption and emissions, main current drivers of the automotive development, are essentials for the development of effective public policies related to these issues. In Brazil, despite their significantly influence over the society, many government interventions in this segment are undertaken without the adequate assessment of their impacts. This happen because the importance of these tools is not always recognized or because proper tools are not available. The goal of this study was to develop a statistically consistent prognostic tool of road fuel consumption and emissions, which could be used for this purpose. Initially, by surveying the evolutionary trends and known alternatives related to fuels, vehicular technology and transportation systems, it was examined all the aspects that should be considered for this work. Next it was reviewed the main domestic and foreign public models and tools of this sector. Realizing that they could not be used, due to the limits imposed by data availability, it is proposed a new approach to achieve this goal. First it is developed a set of worksheets integrating all data and calculations of a bottom-up model, similar to the ones used in national inventories of toxic emissions. The set was interconnected and configured to facilitate, through an iterative process, the fine tuning of the uncertain estimates, in such way that the model total consumptions as much as possible reproduce the fuel consumptions observed in the country. Next econometric models were developed to estimate total fuel consumptions based on identified relevant economic indicators. And inserting these econometric models in the previous bottom-up model, it was generated a hybrid model that allows inventorying and forecasting of fuel consumptions and vehicular emissions segregated by classes. When compared with the observed fuel consumptions, these models presented statistically robust results. Under some conditions, these results can be converted in CO2 emissions. The same cannot be said with respect to other emissions, partially due to the difficulty to link emission sources to air quality measurements, which does not invalidate the use of the hybrid model to obtain comparative results for these emissions. Finally, the models were submitted to a sensitivity analysis and their applicability was verified for some scenarios.
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Frost, Robin. "Quantifying greenhouse gases in business supply chains." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/87614/.

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This thesis is written in the context of a world that is on the brink of experiencing severe climate change, and as a result must explore a variety of methods for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Whilst national governments and international organisations enact treaties and frameworks, the role of business as a driver of increasing GHG emissions is also being examined. In these circumstances the measurement of organisational footprints is of considerable interest. (Berners-Lee, et al., 2011) showed how the supply chain footprint of a small leisure business could be estimated using Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EEIO) modelling. The research presented in this thesis describes the updating of this model to use the most up to date ONS data. This model was used over several years with a UK based international telecommunications company. The implementation of the model, and several extensions to the methodology are presented along with summary results of the analysis. The case study demonstrates the suitability and flexibility of EEIO models for reporting supply chain footprints in organisations. A critique of the technique and further developments of the model are described.
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Jachym, Anne-Laure. "Economic Growth, Greenhouse Gases and Environmental Regulation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38154.

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Dans cette étude, nous cherchons à mesurer l’impact des émissions anthropogéniques de gaz à effet de serre sur la croissance économique dans un modèle de convergence conditionnelle. Nous nous intéressons au dioxyde de carbone, au méthane, au protoxyde d’azote et au groupe des "gaz F", ainsi qu’à l’effet de la somme de ces polluants, c’est-à-dire la quasi totalité des gaz à effet de serre. Notre échantillon est composé de 81 pays, avec une variété de niveaux de revenu par habitant, entre 1993 et 2012. Nous définissons deux sous-périodes de 10 ans et nous régressons la croissance économique sur la croissance des émissions de chaque polluant séparément, sur le PIB de la première année de la période et sur plusieurs variables de contrôle. Face au risque de biais de causalité inversée entre les émissions de pollution et la croissance économique, et entre l’investissement et la croissance économique, nous décidons d’utiliser les données passées comme variables instrumentales. Plus précisément, les données de la première année de la période sont utilisées comme instruments pour la pollution et l’investissement. Mis à part le CO2, nous trouvons qu’aucun des gaz à effet de serre n’a d’impact significatif sur la croissance économique. La croissance des émissions de CO2 semble avoir un impact positif sur la croissance économique. Cet impact apparaît moins fort sur la seconde période (2003-2012) que sur la première (1993-2002). De plus, il semble plus fort pour la moitié la plus riche des pays de notre échantillon.
In this study, we investigate the effect of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on economic growth in a conditional convergence framework. We look at carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and the group of "F gases", as well as the effect of the sum of these pollutants, i.e. almost all greenhouse gases. Our sample is composed of 81 countries with a variety of per capita income levels and covers the period between 1993 and 2012. We define two ten-year periods and regress economic growth on emissions growth of each pollutant separately, on the first-year GDP of the period and on several control variables. To address the issue of inverse causality bias between pollution emissions and economic growth, as between investment and economic growth, we use an instrumental variable methodology. We use past data to instrument pollution and investment. More precisely, the data of the first year of the period are used as instruments. We find that, except for CO2, greenhouse gas emissions growth does not generate economic growth. CO2 emissions growth has a positive impact on economic growth. Interestingly, this impact is less pronounced between 2003 and 2012, as compared to the 1993-2002 period. In addition, the impact of CO2 emissions growth is stronger in the richer half of countries in our sample.
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Leung, Wing Chi. "Modelling greenhouse gases in a general equilibrium model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43724.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-52).
by Wing Chi Leung.
M.Eng.
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Boereboom, Thierry. "Greenhouse gases investigations in ice from periglacial environments." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209673.

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L’environnement périglaciaire en général et les régions de permafrost en particulier, connus pour être très sensibles au changement climatique actuel, sont le sujet de beaucoup d’études sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En effet, le dégel de ces milieux engendre la mobilisation d’une quantité importante de matière organique, précédemment piégée par le froid, favorisant les émissions de dioxyde de carbone et/ou de méthane. L’objectif premier, du présent travail, est de contribuer à l’étude des gaz enfermés dans certains types de glace de ces régions afin de mieux quantifier leur impact potentiel sur le climat.

Dans un premier temps, une analyse multiparamétrique a été menée sur deux coins de glace du nord de la Sibérie dans la cadre d’une collaboration avec l’Alfred Wegener Institut (Allemagne). Cette première approche a révélé que l’analyse conjointe de la cristallographie, de l’orientation des axes optiques, du contenu en gaz total et de la composition en gaz des coins de glace est un outil puissant, complémentaire aux analyses des isotopes stables, pour comprendre les conditions paléo-climatiques qui ont régi la construction des coins de glace. Cette étude soutient également l’hypothèse de variations spatiales importantes de l’origine des masses d’air durant les variations climatiques du Pléistocène.

Dans un deuxième temps, une analyse des caractéristiques de la glace annuelle de 4 lacs du nord de la Suède a été réalisée afin d’étudier le rôle de la couverture de glace sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En effet, les lacs de ces régions contribuent fortement aux émissions de méthane durant la période d’eau libre et très peu d’études ont analysé la quantité de méthane emprisonnée dans la glace hivernale et relâchée au printemps. Ce projet nous a amené à établir une nouvelle classification des bulles dans la glace de lac basée sur leur contenu en méthane, leur origine, leur forme et leur densité. Il nous a également permis de montrer que plusieurs facteurs interviennent sur le contenu en gaz dans la couverture de glace :le système hydrologique, la variation de la pression atmosphérique, la variabilité des émissions et potentiellement la proximité des sédiments sont autant de facteurs qui déterminent le contenu en gaz. L’analyse de la composition des gaz a révélé que la composition observée dans la glace est sensiblement différente de celle observée durant les périodes d’eau libre. Nous avons également, pour la première fois, établit un budget des émissions de méthane relâchées par la fonte de la couverture de glace au niveau mondial.

Cette étude a été complétée par l’analyse des isotopes 13C des gaz des différents types de bulles de notre classification en collaboration avec l’Université d’Utrecht. Nous avons alors mis en évidence que la couverture de glace influence l’équilibre biogéochimique dans l’eau en favorisant l’oxydation du méthane en dioxyde de carbone.


Doctorat en Sciences
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Books on the topic "Inventory of greenhouse gases"

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National Communication of Switzerland (2nd 1997 Berne, Switzerland). Second National Communication of Switzerland, 1997: Greenhouse gas inventory, 1995. Berne: Swiss Confederation, 1997.

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Madelene, Ostwald, ed. Carbon inventory methods: Handbook for greenhouse gas inventory, carbon mitigation and roundwood production projects. [Dordrecht?]: Springer, 2008.

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Energy, Missouri Division of. Inventory of Missouri's estimated greenhouse gas emissions in 1990: Technical report. Jefferson City, Mo: Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy, 1996.

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Ciborowski, Peter. Minnesota greenhouse gas inventory, 1990. [St. Paul: Air Quality Division, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 1995.

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Plessis, Pierre Du. First greenhouse gas inventory: A report on sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Namibia in 1994. Windhoek: DFRN, 1999.

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Division, Oklahoma Air Quality. Inventory of Oklahoma greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990 and 1999. Oklahoma City, OK: Oklahoma Dept. of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Division, 2002.

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Larsen, John. Charting the Midwest: An inventory and analysis of greenhouse gas emissions in America's heartland. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2007.

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Montana. Dept. of Environmental Quality. Montana greenhouse gas emissions inventory: Estimate for 1990 : phase I report. Helena, Mont: Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality, 1997.

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United States. Department of Agriculture. Global Change Program Office. U.S. agriculture and forestry greenhouse gas inventory: 1990-2008. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Office of the Chief Economist, Global Change Program Office, 2011.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. Climate Leaders greenhouse gas inventory protocol: Design principles. Washington, DC]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Inventory of greenhouse gases"

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Obioh, I. B., S. A. Momodu, W. O. Siyanbola, F. O. Oketola, F. I. Ibitoye, J. F. K. Akinbami, and A. O. Adegbulugbe. "Nigeria’s Greenhouse Gases Inventory: Estimates for 1990." In Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories, 119–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1722-9_5.

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Koch, J., U. Dayan, and A. Mey-Marom. "Inventory of Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in Israel." In Environmental Challenges, 259–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4369-1_22.

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Ramírez, Patricia, and Ana Rita Chacón. "National Inventory of Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases in Costa Rica." In Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories, 357–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1722-9_23.

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Laing, Richard K., and Imoh B. Obioh. "Emission Inventory for Nigeria with CAREAIR." In Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Why and How to Control?, 115–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0982-6_10.

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Rodríguez, Humberto, and Fabio González. "The Colombian GHG Inventory 1990: Results and Uncertainties." In Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation, 529–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9343-4_81.

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Moritomi, Hiroshi, and Isao Mochida. "N2O Emission Inventory and the Abatement Technologies in Japan." In Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation, 567–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9343-4_87.

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Santovito, Rogerio Fonseca, and Alex Kenya Abiko. "Recommendations for Preparation of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases Emission Inventory for University Campuses." In World Sustainability Series, 297–313. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76885-4_19.

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Freibauer, Annette. "New approach to an inventory of CH4 and N2O emissions from agriculture in Western Europe." In Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation, 147–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9343-4_17.

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Kokorin, A. O., and A. I. Nakhutin. "Inventory of non-CO2 GHG and first estimates of emissions of New Gases in Russia." In Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control and Implementation, 217–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9343-4_33.

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Buder, Irmgard. "Greenhouse Gases." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_298-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Inventory of greenhouse gases"

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Rankin, Matthew J., Thomas A. Trabold, and Robert Blythe. "Environmental Impact Assessment of an Anaerobic Codigestion System in Western New York State." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18187.

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Anaerobic codigestion of dairy manure and food-based feedstocks reflects a cradle-to-cradle approach to organic waste management. Given both of their abundance throughout New York State, waste-to-energy processes represent promising waste management strategies. The existing waste-to-energy literature has not yet fully realized the environmental impacts associated with displaced grid electricity generation and feedstock-hauling emissions on the net environmental impact of centralized codigestion facilities. The key objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive environmental impact assessment with the purpose of understanding the existing environmental status of centralized codigestion facilities. Real-time data from an operational codigestion facility located in Western New York State was used to conduct this environmental impact statement. A comprehensive inventory of greenhouse gas emissions associated with renewable electricity production at the codigestion facility was developed using the Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) (U.S. EPA), while emissions associated with feedstock hauling were quantified using the fuel life-cycle approach developed by the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation model (GREET) (U.S. DOE). With each of the emissions models used for this analysis, it was determined that the net environmental impact associated with hauling food-related feedstocks from the many locations throughout the Northeast U.S. region would be acceptably low, and thus could be part of future sustainable development of centralized codigestion facilities.
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Ramirez, Angel D., Danilo Arcentales, and Andrea Boero. "Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through the Shift From Fossil Fuels to Electricity in the Mass Transport System in Guayaquil, Ecuador." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87732.

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Climate change is a serious threat to sustainability. Anthropogenic climate change is due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere beyond natural levels. Anthropogenic GHG emissions are mostly associated with carbon-dioxide (CO2) originated in the combustion of fossil fuels used for heat, power, and transportation. Globally, transportation contributes to 14% of the global GHG emissions. The transport sector is one of the main contributors to the greenhouse gas emissions of Ecuador. In Guayaquil, the road mass transportation system comprises regular buses and the bus rapid transit (BRT) system. Electricity in Ecuador is mostly derived from hydropower, hence incurs relatively low GHG emissions along its life cycle. Therefore, electrification of transport has been seen as an opportunity for mitigation of GHG emissions. In this study, the effect of partial replacement of the bus rapid system fleet is investigated. Feeders have been chosen as the replacement target in five different scenarios. GHG emissions from diesel-based feeders have been calculated using the GREET Fleet Footprint Calculator tool. The GHG emissions associated with the electricity used for transportation is calculated using the life cycle inventory of the electricity generation system of Ecuador. Three energy mix scenarios are used for this purpose. The 2012 mix which had 61% hydropower; the mix of 85% hydropower and the marginal electricity scenario, which supposed the extreme case when the new demand for electricity occurs during peak demand periods. Results indicate that mitigation of GHG emissions is possible for almost all scenarios of percentage fleet replacement and all mix scenarios. Electric buses efficiency and the carbon intensity of the electricity mix are critical for GHG mitigation.
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Zabihian, Farshid, and Alan S. Fung. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculation Methodology in Thermal Power Plants: Case Study of Iran and Comparison With Canada." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60071.

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Nowadays, the global climate change has been a worldwide concern and the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are considered as the primary cause of that. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) divided countries into two groups: Annex I Parties and Non-Annex I Parties. Since Iran and all other countries in the Middle East are among Non-Annex I Parties, they are not required to submit annual GHG inventory report. However, the global climate change is a worldwide phenomenon so Middle Eastern countries should be involved and it is necessary to prepare such a report at least unofficially. In this paper the terminology and the methods to calculate GHG emissions will first be explained and then GHG emissions estimates for the Iranian power plants will be presented. Finally the results will be compared with GHG emissions from the Canadian electricity generation sector. The results for the Iranian power plants show that in 2005 greenhouse gas intensity for steam power plants, gas turbines and combined cycle power plants were 617, 773, and 462 g CO2eq/kWh, respectively with the overall intensity of 610 g CO2eq/kWh for all thermal power plants. This GHG intensity is directly depend on efficiency of power plants. Whereas, in 2004 GHG intensity for electricity generation sector in Canada for different fuels were as follows: Coal 1010, refined petroleum products 640, and natural gas 523 g CO2eq/kWh, which are comparable with same data for Iran. For average GHG intensity in the whole electricity generation sector the difference is much higher: Canada 222 vs. Iran 610g CO2eq/kWh. The reason is that in Canada a considerable portion of electricity is generated by hydro-electric and nuclear power plants in which they do not emit significant amount of GHG emissions. The average GHG intensity in electricity generation sector in Iran between 1995 and 2005 experienced 13% reduction. While in Canada at the same period of time there was 21% increase. However, the results demonstrate that still there are great potentials for GHG emissions reduction in Iran’s electricity generation sector.
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Hernandez Castillo, Gianella. "Greenhouse Gases." In MOL2NET 2017, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 3rd edition. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-03-04592.

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Balaguer-Da´tiz, Giselle, and Nikhil Krishnan. "Life Cycle Comparison of Two Options for MSW Management in Puerto Rico: Thermal Treatment vs. Modern Landfilling." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1928.

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The management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Puerto Rico is becoming increasingly challenging. In recent years, several of the older landfills have closed due to lack of compliance with federal landfill requirements. Puerto Rico is an island community and there is limited space for construction of new landfills. Furthermore, Puerto Rico residents generate more waste per capita than people living on the continental US. Thermal treatment, or waste to energy (WTE) technologies are therefore a promising option for MSW management. It is critical to consider environmental impacts when making decisions related to MSW management. In this paper we quantify and compare the environmental implications of thermal treatment of MSW with modern landfilling for Puerto Rico from a life cycle perspective. The Caguas municipality is currently considering developing a thermal treatment plant. We compare this to an expansion of a landfill site in the Humacao municipality, which currently receives waste from Caguas. The scope of our analysis includes a broad suite of activities associated with management of MSW. We include: (i) the transportation of MSW; (ii) the impacts of managing waste (e.g., landfill gas emissions and potential aqueous run-off with landfills; air emissions of metals, dioxins and greenhouse gases) and (iii) the implications of energy and materials offsets from the waste management process (e.g., conversion of landfill gas to electricity, electricity produced in thermal treatment, and materials recovered from thermal treatment ash). We developed life cycle inventory models for different waste management processes, incorporating information from a wide range of sources — including peer reviewed life cycle inventory databases, the body of literature on environmental impact of waste management, and site-specific factors for Puerto Rico (e.g. waste composition, rainfall patterns, electricity mix). We managed uncertainty in data and models by constructing different scenarios for both technologies based on realistic ranges of emission factors. The results show that thermal treatment of the unrecyclable part of the waste stream is the preferred option for waste management when compared to modern landfilling. Furthermore, Eco-indicator 99 method is used to investigate the human health, ecosystem quality and resource use impact categories.
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Kandukuri, Sastry Yagnanna, and Ole-Bjørn Ellingsen Moe. "Quality Assurance Framework to Enable Additive Manufacturing Based Digital Warehousing for Oil and Gas Industry." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31261-ms.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) makes it possible to produce parts on demand, close to operations, with significantly reduced lead times compared to conventional manufacturing. However, without standardization or guidelines, additively manufactured parts could raise the risk of unexpected or premature failures due to inherent variation of mechanical and metallurgical properties associated with this new technology. This is especially true when the reduced lead time is the desired advantage, where speed may be prioritized over quality. A standardised framework is proposed to free up value locked in physical warehouse inventory and reduce inventory management cost through digital warehousing in a safe and cost-efficient way. Through a joint industry project, with participating companies throughout the entire AM value chain, we propose an assurance framework that answers questions such as: can the digital drawing be available when needed? Can the parts be made ‘first time’ right when needed? Can it be made with the same quality at another location next time? Which party is responsible for the different stages? What requirements should be in place for the companies who wish to manufacture on demand? The digital warehouse assurance framework discussed in this work demonstrates that digital warehousing powered by AM could potentially shorten lead times for sourcing parts and reduce the need for costly storage, maintenance and coordination of spare parts that are rarely used. We also discuss the different variants of digital warehousing we may see, and the roles and responsibilities various digital warehouse stakeholders have for facilitating unambiguous communication. AM is already disrupting supply chains in many other industries, but it is in its infancy in the oil & gas, offshore and maritime sectors as they ponder challenges with intellectual property (IP) and usage rights for original equipment manufacturers (OEM) designs, standardization of technology interfaces and the lack of knowledge and trust of the technology. The digital warehouse quality assurance framework proposed and discussed in this work is unique and has potential to not only accelerate adoption of AM in oil & gas and offshore sectors, but also contribute to a significant reduction of emissions, including greenhouse gases.
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Brinton, Samuel, and Akira Tokuhiro. "An Initial Study on Modeling the United States Thermal Fuel Cycle Mass Flow Using Vensim." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48571.

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According to current forecasts, nuclear power plant construction and nuclear-generated electricity production is projected to increase in the next half-century. This is likely due to the fact that nuclear energy is an ‘environmental alternative’ to fossil fuel plants that emit greenhouse gases (GHG). Nuclear power also has a much higher energy density output than other alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass energies. There is also growing consensus that processing of low- and high-level waste, LLW and HLW respectively, is a political issue rather than a technical challenge. Prudent implementation of a closed fuel cycle not only curbs build-up of GHGs, but can equally mitigate the need to store nuclear used fuel. The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) is promoting gradual integration of fuel reprocessing, and deployment of fast reactors (FRs) into the global fleet for long-term uranium resource usage. The use of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel burning Light Water Reactors (LWR) has also been suggested by fuel cycle researchers. This study concentrated on modeling the construction and decommissioning rates of six major facilities comprising the nuclear fuel cycle, as follows: (1) current LWRs decommissioned at 60-years service life, (2) new LWRs burning MOX fuel, (3) new (Gen’ III+) LWRs to replace units and/or be added to the fleet, (4) new FRs to be added to the fleet, (5) new reprocessing and MOX fuel fabrication facilities and (6) new LWR fuel fabrication facilities. Our initial work [1] focused on modeling the construction and decommissioning rates of reactors to be deployed. This is being followed with a ‘mass flow model’, starting from uranium ore and following it to spent forms. The visual dynamic modeling program Vensim was used to create a system of equations and variables to track the mass flows from enrichment, fabrication, burn-up, and the back-end of the fuel cycle. Sensible construction and deployment rates were benchmarked against recent reports and then plausible scenarios considered parametrically. The timeline starts in 2007 and extends in a preliminary model to 2057; a further mass flow model scenario continues until 2107. The scenarios considered provide estimates of the uranium ore requirements, quantities of LLW and HLW production, and waste storage volume needs. The results of this study suggest the number of reprocessing facilities necessary to stabilize and/or reduce recently reported levels of spent fuel inventory. Preliminary results indicate that the entire national spent fuel inventory produced over the next ∼50 years can be reprocessed by a reprocessing plant construction rate of less than 0.07 plants/year (small capacity) or less than 0.05 plants /year (large capacity). Any larger construction rate could reduce the spent fuel inventory destined for storage. These and additional results will be presented.
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Schievelbein, Vernon, and Arthur Lee. "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Methodology." In SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/52672-ms.

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Shimoda, Haruhisa, and Toshihiro Ogawa. "Interferometric monitor for greenhouse gases (IMG)." In SPIE's 1994 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by Marija S. Scholl. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.185858.

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Shimoda, Haruhisa, and Toshihiro Ogawa. "Interferometric monitor for greenhouse gases (IMG)." In Aerospace Remote Sensing '97, edited by Hiroyuki Fujisada. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.298071.

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Reports on the topic "Inventory of greenhouse gases"

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Punning, J. M., M. Ilomets, A. Karindi, M. Mandre, V. Reisner, A. Martins, A. Pesur, H. Roostalu, and H. Tullus. Estonian greenhouse gas emissions inventory report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/362596.

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M. Aslam K. Khalil. Emissions Of Greenhouse Gases From Rice Agriculture. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/959124.

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Benkovitz, C. M. Analysis of air pollution and greenhouse gases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5179886.

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Shropshire, David Earl, and Dale Milton Teel. INEEL Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Trend Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/910687.

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FTHENAKIS, V. OPTIONS FOR ABATING GREENHOUSE GASES FROM EXHAUST STREAMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792566.

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Scott, A. R., M. Mukhopadhyay, and D. F. Balin. In-Situ Microbial Conversion of Sequestered Greenhouse Gases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050067.

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Jackson, C. Susi. LLNL FY10 Greenhouse Gas Inventory - Quarters 1 and 3. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1124913.

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Benkovitz, C. Analysis of air pollution and greenhouse gases. Initial studies, FY 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10150163.

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Greenblatt, Jeffery. Estimating Policy-Driven Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trajectories in California: The California Greenhouse Gas Inventory Spreadsheet (GHGIS) Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165005.

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DeLuchi, M. A. Emissions of greenhouse gases from the use of transportation fuels and electricity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5457338.

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