Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inversion champ'
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Goguitchaichvili, Avthandil. "Fluctuations du champ magnétique terrestre au mio-Pliocène et auto-inversion de l'aimantation thermorémanente." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20015.
Full textArnst, Maarten. "Inversion de modèles probabilistes de structures à partir de fonctionsde transfert expérimentales." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00238573.
Full textTsareva, Olga. "Variabilité temporelle du champ magnétique terrestre et son influence sur l'environnement spatial proche." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30122.
Full textThe Earth's magnetic field undergoes strong temporal variabilities with characteristic periods as short as ten seconds (magnetospheric substorms triggering the polar aurora) and as long as a million years (geomagnetic reversals). Its temporal variations, although of very different origin and characteristics, affect the dynamics of the near-Earth space environment.The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the development of a new kinetic theory of instabilities in the magnetospheric tail which could explain the origin of substorms. Starting from a known theory of drift instabilities linked to the presence of a pressure gradient in the magnetotail, the proposed model includes trapped bouncing electrons which can enter into resonance with drift Alfvén instability modes if the density gradient in the tail becomes large. Taking this the bouncing motion into account significantly increases the growth rate of this universal instability. To try to validate this new model, an example of an auroral observation by the THEMIS mission (February 3, 2008) was analyzed. This event was chosen because it corresponds to an isolated auroral arc observed both by the All-sky cameras located on the ground and by the THEMIS satellites orbiting at 10 RE. This auroral activation seems to have been triggered by a sudden compression of the magnetospheric tail towards 10 RE significantly increasing the pressure gradient and causing significant fluctuations in the magnetic field. The orders of magnitude of the period and the growth rate of these oscillations are compatible with the dispersion curves deduced from the theoretical model.Second part of the thesis is devoted to changes in the radiation situation on Earth, the radiation belts and the terrestrial atmosphere during Earth's magnetic field reversal. We calculated the variations in galactic cosmic proton flux during a geomagnetic reversal to infer the radiation doses to which human population and astronauts could be exposed. The radiation background should increase by a factor of about three during the solar minimum period, and the elevated radiation regions should be redistributed and their areas will apparently increase due to the dipole field decrease, such radiation doses are not dangerous for humans and other living creatures. At the same time, for astronauts aboard the ISS orbiting at 400 km above the ground, during a reversal period a 14-fold radiation increase can be dangerous. Undoubtedly, in this case, a correction of the orbits of space vehicles would be required. Classical Störmer theory was generalized to the case of an axisymmetric superposition of dipole and quadrupole fields. [...]
Alvarez, Aramberri Julen. "hp-Adaptive Simulation and Inversion of Magnetotelluric Measurements." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3056/document.
Full textThe magnetotelluric (MT) method is a passive exploration technique that aims at estimating the resistivity distribution of the Earth's subsurface, and therefore at providing an image of it. This process is divided into two different steps. The first one consists in recording the data. In a second step, recorded measurements are analyzed by employing numerical methods. This dissertation focuses in this second task. We provide a rigorous mathematical setting in the context of the Finite Element Method (FEM) that helps to understand the MT problem and its inversion process. In order to recover a map of the subsurface based on 2D MT measurements, we employ for the first time in Mts a multi-goal oriented self adaptive hp-Finite Element Method (FEM). We accurately solve both the full formulation as well as a secondary field formulation where the primary field is given by the solution of a 1D layered media. To truncate the computational domain, we design a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) that automatically adapts to high-contrast material properties that appear within the subsurface and on the air-ground interface. For the inversion process, we develop a first step of a Dimensionally Adaptive Method (DAM) by considering the dimension of the problem as a variable in the inversion. Additionally, this dissertation supplies a rigorous numerical analysis for the forward and inverse problems. Regarding the forward modelization, we perform a frequency sensitivity analysis, we study the effect of the source, the convergence of the hp-adaptivity, or the effect of the PML in the computation of the electromagnetic fields and impedance. As far as the inversion is concerned, we study the impact of the selected variable for the inversion process, the different information that each mode provides,and the gains of the DAM approach
Lasaygues, Philippe. "Tomographie ultrasonore osseuse : Caractérisation de la diaphyse des os par inversion d'un champ acoustique diffracté ; Intérêt pour l'imagerie pédiatrique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440673.
Full textLi, Liang. "Modélisation gros grain de macromolécules végétales : champ de force paramétré par dynamique moléculaire et application à des assemblages cellulose-xylane." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0087/document.
Full textNowadays, the understanding of plant cell walls' structure-properties relationship leans more and more on the use of molecular modeling approaches and of molecular dynamics in particular. To date, numerical weight of such an approach is usually out of the reach of available computing power if the atomic scale is used. As a consequence, building approximate methods is of crucial importance to perform numerical simulation of realistic supramolecular systems. Within the framework of this PhD, a “coarse grain” molecular dynamics model was built at plant cell wall macromolecule monomer's scale, it's parameters being fixed with the help of atom-scale molecular dynamics simulations. Then, several numerical studies were carried out: a single xylan chain was adsorbed on a crystalline cellulose surface, a single xylan chain was pulled from a crystalline cellulose surface with the help of the tip of an AFM cantilever, an amorphous xylan phase was adsorbed on a cellulose surface and an amorphous xylan phase was adsorbed on a cellulose crystal, which three surfaces were exposed. Local structuring effects were observed
Ramirez, Velez Julio César. "Etude spectropolarimétrique des distributions du champ magnétique solaire au niveau de la photosphère et développement de nouvelles techniques multi-raie d'analyse des champs magnétiques stellaires." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066358.
Full textPouliquen, Gaud. "Les anomalies magnétiques marines : contraintes sur les variations courtes périodes des processus de l'accrétion et de l'intensité du champ magnétique terrestre." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077236.
Full textPrieux, Vincent. "Imagerie sismique des milieux visco-acoustiques et visco-élastiques à deux dimensions par stéréotomographie et inversion des formes d'ondes : applications au champ pétrolier de Valhall." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00722408.
Full textVallée, Martin. "Etude cinématique de la rupture sismique en champ lointain : méthodes et résolution." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745005.
Full textZhang, Ting. "Electromagnetic wave imaging of targets buried in a cluttered medium using an hybrid Inversion-DORT method." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037906.
Full textBenachir, Mohcine. "Simulation numérique et modélisation des transistors MOS sur silicium sur isolant à inversion volumique." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0090.
Full textSemmane, Fethi. "Caractérisation de la source sismique à partir des données en champ proche : application aux séismes de Tottori (Japon) et Boumerdes (Algérie)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009839.
Full textHonore, Thibault. "Sculpture et cinéma : emprunts et perméabilités dans le champ de l'art contemporain et du cinéma." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAC003.
Full textThe meeting of cinema and sculpture must be analyzed through a principle of interrelationships. The work of movie directors, who tried to realize sculptures and installations, proves similar phenomena of hybridization. When cinema leaves the theatre for an exhibition, it is also to find again, with the updating of new plastic forms, the secular data of its screening. With its transfer towards the sculpture the cinematographic art acquires the new expression of its personal history. Knowing this, the movement of cinema towards sculpture must also be questioned in the light of a principle of survival. By pretending to a-mortalize the beings that it shoots, the cinema find in sculpture a means to nurture its macabre labour. Besides, this display of death undergoes a very identifiable formal process : the inversion. We may then identify this plastic gesture with the metonymical figure of a burying. Thus, both cinema and sculpture seem to join in a funeral system of art
Krysta, Monika. "Modélisation numérique et assimilation de données de la dispersion de radionucléides en champ proche et à l'échelle continentale." Phd thesis, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652840.
Full textIonescu, Adrian M. "Modèles et méthodes associes a la caractérisation électrique du tmos : application aux technologies SOI." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0009.
Full textMénabréaz, Lucie. "Production atmosphérique du nucléide cosmogénique 10 Be et variations de l'intensité du champ magnétique terrestre au cours des derniers 800 000 ans." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4316/document.
Full textAmong the methods for reconstructing the geomagnetic field history, studying the variations in cosmogenic isotopes production in the atmosphere has recently developed. At multi millennial scales, this production is mainly modulated by the geomagnetic field intensity. Its record in terrestrial archives provides an independent reading to complement paleomagnetic methods. This work aims at tracing the changes in 10Be production rates recorded in marine sediments, in order to reproduce the geomagnetic variations for the past 800,000 years. Authigenic 10Be/9Be ratios measured using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry along three sequences from different latitudes, characterize the 10Be global production during two time intervals. (1) During the dipole moment low associated with the Laschamp excursion (~ 41,000 years BP), the 10Be overproduction at 38°N and 2°S, confirmed by measurements of 10Be/230Thxs, is identical to that recorded in the Greenland ice sheet. (2) Studying a core collected near the equator and covering the interval 800,000 – 250,000 years BP (Brunhes epoch) reveals the successive phases of global 10Be overproductions triggered by dipole moment lows associated to the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal and also to several other documented excursions. Calibrating these records with absolute values available in the literature allows quantifying dipole moments. These are then compared to paleomagnetic reference reconstructions over the same time series. Bearing out the number and extent of these dipole field lows allows considering to refine their chronology before using their features to get a better understanding of the geodynamo rhythms throughout the last Million years
Vu, Dinh Toan. "Unification du système de hauteur et estimation de la structure lithosphérique sous le Vietnam utilisant la modélisation du champ de gravité et du quasigéoïde à haute résolution." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30050.
Full textThe goal of this work was twofold. The first part was devoted to the research of the size and physical shape of the Earth in Vietnam through the determination of a local gravimetric quasigeoid model. The second part was to better constrain the Earth's interior structure beneath Vietnam by determining the Moho and Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) depth models. For the first objective, a high-resolution gravimetric quasigeoid model for Vietnam and its surrounding areas was determined based on new land gravity data in combination with fill-in data where no gravity data existed. The resulting quasigeoid model was evaluated using 812 GNSS/levelling points in the study region. This comparison indicates that the quasigeoid model has a standard deviation of 9.7 cm and 50 cm in mean bias. This new local quasigeoid model for Vietnam represents a significant improvement over the global models EIGEN-6C4 and EGM2008, which have standard deviations of 19.2 and 29.1 cm, respectively, when compared to the GNSS/levelling data. An essential societal and engineering application of the gravimetric quasigeoid is in GNSS levelling, and a vertical offset model for Vietnam and its surrounding areas was determined based on the GNSS/levelling points and gravimetric-only quasigeoid model for this purpose. The offset model was evaluated using cross-validation technique by comparing with GNSS/levelling data. Results indicate that the offset model has a standard deviation of 5.9 cm in the absolute sense. Thanks to this offset model, GNSS levelling can be carried out over most of Vietnam's territory complying to third-order levelling requirements, while the accuracy requirements for fourth-order levelling networks is met for the entire country. To unify the height system towards the International Height Reference Frame (IHRF), the zero-height geopotential value for the Vietnam Local Vertical Datum W_0^LVD was determined based on two approaches: 1) Using high-quality GNSS/levelling data and the estimated gravimetric quasigeoid model, 2) Using the Geodetic Boundary Value Problem (GBVP) approach based on the GOCE global gravity field model enhanced with terrestrial gravity data. This geopotential value can be used to connect the height system of Vietnam with the neighboring countries. Moreover, the GBVP approach was also used for direct determination of the gravity potential on the surface at three GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) stations at epoch 2018.0 in Vietnam. Based on time series of the vertical component derived from these GNSS observations as well as InSAR data, temporal variations in the geopotential were also estimated on these permanent GNSS stations. This enables monitoring of the vertical datum and detect possible deformation. These stations may thus contribute to increase the density of reference points in the IHRF for this region. For the second objective, the local quasigeoid model was first converted to the geoid. Then, high-resolution Moho and LAB depth models were determined beneath Vietnam based on the local isostatic hypothesis using the geoid height derived from the estimated geoid, elevation data and thermal analysis. From new land gravity data, a complete grid and map of gravity anomalies i.e., Free-air, Bouguer and Isostatic was determined for the whole of Vietnam. The Moho depth was also computed based on the gravity inversion using the Bouguer gravity anomaly grid. All new models are computed at 1' resolution. The resulting Moho and LAB depth models were evaluated using available seismic data as well as global and local lithospheric models available in the study region. [...]
Godavarthi, Charankumar. "Optical diffraction tomography microscopy : towards 3D isotropic super-resolution." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4337/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is devoted to the three-dimensional isotropic resolution improvement using optical tomographic diffraction microscopy (TDM), an emerging optical microscope technique. The principle is to illuminate the sample successively with various angles of coherent light, collect the complex (amplitude and phase) diffracted field and reconstruct the sample 3D permittivity map through an inversion algorithm. A single TDM measurement was shown to combine several popular microscopy techniques such as bright-field microscope, dark-field microscope, phase-contrast microscope, confocal microscope, 2D and 3D synthetic aperture microscopes. All rely on scalar and linear approximations that assume a linear link between the object and the field diffracted by it, which limit their applicability to retrieve the object quantitatively. Thanks to a rigorous numerical inversion of the TDM diffracted field data which takes into account the polarization of the field and the multiple scattering process, we were able to reconstruct the 3D permittivity map of the object with a λ/4 transverse resolution. A further improvement to λ/10 transverse resolution was achieved by providing a priori information about the sample to the non-linear inversion algorithm. Lastly, the poor axial resolution in microscopes is due to the fundamental asymmetry of illumination and detection. To overcome this, a mirror-assisted tomography configuration was implemented, and has demonstrated a sub-λ/2 axial resolution capability. As a result, TDM can be seen as a powerful tool to reconstruct objects in three-dimensions with their optical material properties at resolution far superior to conventional microscopes
Wang, Fang. "L'inversion des formes d'ondes par décomposition des champs d'ondes." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0043/document.
Full textFull Waveform Inversion (FWI) is a seismic imaging procedure to image the subsurface of the Earth. FWI is resolved as an optimization problem . Depending on the frequency content of the data, the objective function of FWI may be highly nonlinear. If a data set mainly contains reflections, this problem particularly prevents the gradient-based methods from recovering the long wavelengths of the velocity model.In this thesis, I propose a variant of FWI based on the wavefield separation, typically between up- and down- going waves, to mitigate the nonlinearity of the problem. The new method consists of decomposing the gradient of FWI into a short-wavelength part and a long-wavelength part after wavefield decomposition. The inversion is performed in an alternating fashion between these two parts. We apply this method to several case studies and show that the new method is more robust especially for constructing the long-wavelength model
Valet, Jean-Pierre. "Inversions géomagnétiques du Miocène supérieur en Crète : modalités du renversement et caractéristiques du champ de transition." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112265.
Full textDetailed paleomagnetic records of four distinct geomagnetic reversals have been obtained from these adjacent. Tortonian marine clay sections in western Crete. Comparison of the results with the predictions of a simple model simulating a post-depositional remanence acquisition in a sedimentary column showed that the marls of these sections are well adapted to this type of study. The precision of the records has been evaluated from multiple studies of the same transitions. From the results we can observe the evolution of the reversal configuration over a period of 1. 5 My. The mechanisms of reversal remained invariant during the time interval of 1. 3 My corresponding to the first three reversals and then changed for the next transition. The detailed record of a reversal shows that directional changes with similar time constants as those preceding the transition are also present during the transition. Some characteristics of the non-dipolar field are thus not affected by the polarity change. Very rapid fluctuations also occur during the transition. The dynamic structure of the reversal is characterized by several episodes, the fastest corresponding to the middle of the transition
Gdoura, Souhir. "Identification électromagnétique de petites inclusions enfouies." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651167.
Full textChauvin, Annick. "Intensité du champ magnétique terrestre en périodes stables et de transition, enregistrée par des séquences de coulées volcaniques du quaternaire /." Rennes : Centre armoricain d'étude structurale des socles, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35030568p.
Full textMary, Claire. "Les inversions de polarite du champ magnetique terrestre : etude de la fidelite de deux enregistrements magnetostratigraphiques et representation vectorielle du champ magnetique transitionnel." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077186.
Full textTric, Emmanuel. "Les instabilites du champ magnetique terrestre au cours du quaternaire : inversions, evenements et fluctuations de l'intensite." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112095.
Full textGallet, Yves. "La magnetostratigraphie : aspects fondamentaux et appliques." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077056.
Full textQUESNEL, Yoann. "INTERPRETATION DES DONNEES MAGNETIQUES MARTIENNES : CONTRAINTES SUR L' EVOLUTION PRIMITIVE DE MARS." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766102.
Full textLandis, Stefan. "Réseaux de plots magnétiques sub-microniques réalisés à partir de substrats pré-gravés." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10090.
Full textGoudard, Laure. "Transitions entre dynamos, de type terrestre et de type solaire : une approche numérique." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0005.
Full textThe solar magnetic field exhibits regularly polarity reversals, both on small scales and on large dipolar scales. The magnetic field of the Earth looks quite different : it is essentially dipolar and reverses very irregularly. This observation leads us to ponder on the origin of each of these behaviour, and their possible common features. To address this question, we use a fully three dimensional convective code that models the dynamo zone in the shell formed by two spheres. The ratio between the inner and the outer sphere radius, surrounding the dynamo zone, is called the aspect ratio. For the Earth, the aspect ratio of the dynamo zone, the outer core, is about 0. 35. It is about 0. 7 for the solar dynamo, that takes place in the convective zone. During this PhD work, we investigate how the aspect ratio controls the behaviour of the magnetic field. A second feature can play an important role in the behaviour of the magnetic field produced by dynamo effect : the boundary conditions. For the Earth, the dynamo zone is bounded by solids (the inner core and the mantle), with regards to the motion of the fluid in the outer core. Thus, no-slip boundary conditions can suitably model the top and the bottom of the dynamo zone (in this thesis, such dynamos are called No-Slip No-Slip dynamo). For the Sun, the convective zone is surrounded by fluids. But at the base of the convective zone an important shear is be observed. That is why we modeled the bottom boundary with a no-slip condition while the top one is assumed to be stress free (such dynamo are called No-Slip Stress-Free dynamos). During this work, we test the influence of these different boundary conditions on the magnetic field behaviour. Finally, the inner sphere bounded the dynamo zone (like the inner core for the Earth) is conducting and can rotate under the magnetic and viscous torques. The influence of a conducting inner core has also been investigated. We show that, while increasing the aspect ratio, both No-slip Stress-Free dynamos (with and without insulating inner core) and No-Slip No-Slip dynamos with a conducting (and rotating) inner core present a transition from large scales steady dipolar dynamos to multipolar and regularly reversing dynamos. We show that the wavy dynamo present both hydrodynamic and dynamo waves. In the case ofNo-slip Stress-Free dynamos, a transition between two kinds ofwavy solutions has been found : by increasing the aspect ratio, the waves stop drifting in azimuth and oscillate around a fixed location. Only wavy solutions drifting in azimuth have been found in the case of No-slip Stress-Free dynamos with conducting (but not rotating) inner core. Increasing the Rayleigh number or decreasing the magnetic Prandtl number favors the growth of wavy solutions. Moreover, by increasing further the aspect ratio, No-Slip No-Slip dynamos with a conducting inner core present a transition from regularly multipolar wavy dynamos to large scales dipolar irregularly oscillating dynamos. No transition between steady and oscillating dynamos have been found with No-Slip No-Slip boundary conditions when the inner core is insulating. These results show that reversing dynamo are generated by important shear of the magnetic field lines, and that this shear can be due to the different scales of the fluid or to the conducting inner core. We also propose some interpretations to explain the oscillations of wavy dynamos and the transition between the different dynamo’s regimes
Viadieu, Thierry. "Analyse expérimentale des mécanismes de coercitivité dans les aimants obtenus par trempe rapide d'un alliage Nd-Fe-B." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10152.
Full textChauvin, Annick. "Intensité du champ magnétique terrestre en périodes stables et de transition, enregistrée par des séquences de coulées volcaniques du quaternaire." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619436.
Full textIAQUINTA, JEAN. "Champs de rayonnement emergeant des surfaces terrestres : modelisation et inversion dans le cas de milieux optiquement finis et couples avec une couche atmospherique." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF21772.
Full textYe, Jing. "Utilisation de mesures de champs thermique et cinématique pour la reconstruction de sources de chaleur thermomécaniques par inversion de l’équation d’advection-diffusion 1D." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0027/document.
Full textThis work concerns the way intrinsic observables can be produced, which are related to the thermomechanical behavior of materials and necessary for better formulation of state laws. These observables are Thermomechanical Heat Sources (THS) which are activated through mechanical excitation. These sources can be reconstructed both in space and time by the inversion of measured temperature fields obtained through IR thermography. We develop two main methods in this work which rely on spectral reduced approaches (one of them being the decomposition on Branch Modes) and both on a sequential inversion (Beck’s method) and an iterative one (Conjugated Gradient). Regarding the latter, we suggest to combine the standard approach with an efficient regularization method which comes from the filtering techniques based on TSVD. As we are concerned with materials which can be subjected to plastic instabilities (High Density PolyEthylene) for which local velocities of matter displacement can be non negligible, the inversion of the measurements must be performed with the advection-diffusion operator of heat transfer. It is then necessary to obtained additional knowledge: the velocity field. This one is measured by 3D Digital Image Correlation and we detail the experimental work we have carried out, which are based on tensile tests monitored with video-extensometry. We show that for quasi-static tests at relatively high strain rates, the advective effects are generally negligible. We also show the richness of the information brought by this dual thermomechanical (heat sources) and kinematical (strain-rates, velocities) information. It allows for a better understanding of the plastic instability (necking) dynamics. Lastly, we criticize the obtained results on THS reconstruction by the confrontation between the two algorithms and by a physical analysis of the observed phenomena
Dongo, Caycho Pedro Abel. "Estudio de pre-factibilidad para la implementación de una industria que elabore champú con extracto de jojoba." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2007. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/998.
Full textTesis
Robini, Marc. "Inversion bayesienne et algorithmes stochastiques de type recuit. Application a la restauration d'images et a la reconstruction 3-D a partir d'un nombre très limite de projections." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0122.
Full textThis work deals with restoration and reconstruction of multi-dimensional signals observed through a linear, ill-conditioned operator. This class of ill-posed inverse problems is addressed in a bayesian framework, the solution being defined as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. The original objects to be recovered are made up of smooth regions separated by sharp transitions. This feature is modeled via a Markov random field which implicitly allows the detection of discontinuities. In such a case, the MAP estimate corresponds to the global minimum of a non-convex functional and its exact computation is a great challenge. We are focused on Metropolis-type annealing algorithms and we investigate some inexpensive acceleration techniques which do not alter their theoretical convergence properties ; namely, restriction of the state space to a locally bounded space and increasing concave trans form of the cost functional. We also propose to carry out the minimization process on the discrete wavelet transform space and we show that the smoothness of the underlying discontinuity field can be incorporated by means of a simple penalty term defined over the high frequency channels. Successful experiments about image restoration illustrate the benefits coming with the use of these various techniques. Subsequently, we consider a 3-D reconstruction problem from a few radiographs (around' '). The corresponding concrete application lies -within the scope of a nondestructive testing program launched by Electricité de France. The available dam first requires non-trivial processing steps dictated by a complex and specific study of the image formation process. Then, the implementation of annealing leads to very satisfactory results and it is checked that the above mentioned acceleration techniques significantly improve the convergence speed
Kanj, Mahmoud. "Inversion de données électromagnétiques par algorithme génétique pour la télédétection en zone forestière." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112350/document.
Full textThe objective of radar imaging is to characterize the observed target. In the case of forest remote sensing, the objective is to extract the component of the vegetation physical parameters.This manuscript addresses the problem of the inversion of electromagnetic data for low frequency wave, VHF band to the P band. In these frequency bands, the canopy (leaves and small branches) does not almost interact with the radar wave and the forest can thus, in first approximation, be represented by vertical cylinders (trunks) and tilted (primary branches).In this context, the numerical electromagnetic methods of inversion lean on models which calculate, many times, the scattered fields radiated by such broadcasters. It is then necessary to choose a physical model which compromise speed/accuracy tilts in favor of the speed, thus a "approached" model. The exactness of the chosen model is then studied and then validated by comparison to a model which the compromise speed/accuracy is inverted, thus a "exact" model. Among the many numerical methods of inversion, that of the genetic algorithm (AG) was chosen. This algorithm, well known, is analyzed here then improved to meet the requirements of the composed electromagnetic problem. It is then validated on simulated and measured data. This validation is also an opportunity to study the impact of the set of data used on the speed and the precision of the inversion, according to the configurations of antenna (frequencies, positions, polarizations)
Camps, Pierre. "Comportement du champ magnétique de la terre au cours de ses renversements : étude d'un exemple, variations ultra rapides et caractéristiques statistiques globales." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20203.
Full textKorniyenko, Sheremet Yevgeniya. "Analyse structurale (terre-mer) de l’Est de la Crimée : conséquences sur l’évolution tectonique de la marge nord de la Mer Noire orientale." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4039.
Full textThis study is focused on the main structural features of the Eastern Crimean Mountains (CM) and of their closest offshore, with a purpose to derive and reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the northern inverted margin of the Eastern Black Sea. This study was inspired because the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic age of the oldest exposed flysch-like rocks (so-called Tauric Group) “was” defined as 60 to 110 my younger, namely as the Albian (Middle Cretaceous).The aim of this thesis was to obtain by field observations, new dating of rocks, structural analysis, stress-field analysis and seismic interpretation allowing reconsidering the geology of the CM. The main findings of the thesis are: (1) the Lower Cretaceous sediments have a much wider spatial distribution in the Eastern CM; (2) the presence of two flysch units of different age: the youngest flysch unit of the Early Cretaceous age and the oldest, the Tauric Gp and Middle-Jurassic flysch; (3) the structural analysis in the Eastern CM resulted in new structural geological map of the Eastern CM and showed the evidence of extensional tectonics during the Cretaceous and of compressional structures during the Cenozoic; (4) two-stage compression: 1) during the Paleocene-Early Eocene and 2) during the Oligocene-Middle Pliocene were confirmed by interpretation of seismic lines offshore, correlated with the “Subbotina-403” well; (5) both geological and geophysical data in the on-and- off shore transects evidence connection of structures in the northern inverted Black Sea margin; (6) the paleostress analysis of the brittle fault-slip data allow distinguishing of several tectonic regimes responsible for the developments of main tectonic structures of the study area; (8) finally, this thesis presents a new vision of the tectonic evolution of the northern inverted part of the Eastern Black Sea illustrated with paleotectonic maps providing the reconstruction for each main stage of its geological history since the Late Triassic
Seyed, Aghamiry Seyed Hossein. "Imagerie sismique multi-paramètre par reconstruction de champs d'ondes : apport de la méthode des multiplicateurs de Lagrange avec directions alternées (ADMM) et des régularisations hybrides." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4090.
Full textFull Waveform Inversion (FWI) is a PDE-constrained optimization which reconstructs subsurface parameters from sparse measurements of seismic wavefields. FWI generally relies on local optimization techniques and a reduced-space approach where the wavefields are eliminated from the variables. In this setting, two bottlenecks of FWI are nonlinearity and ill-posedness. One source of nonlinearity is cycle skipping, which drives the inversion to spurious minima when the starting subsurface model is not kinematically accurate enough. Ill-posedness can result from incomplete subsurface illumination, noise and parameter cross-talks. This thesis aims to mitigate these pathologies with new optimization and regularization strategies. I first improve the wavefield reconstruction method (WRI). WRI extends the FWI search space by computing wavefields with a relaxation of the wave equation to match the data from inaccurate parameters. Then, the parameters are updated by minimizing wave equation errors with either alternating optimization or variable projection. In the former case, WRI breaks down FWI into to linear subproblems thanks to wave equation bilinearity. WRI was initially implemented with a penalty method, which requires a tedious adaptation of the penalty parameter in iterations. Here, I replace the penalty method by the alternating-direction method of multipliers (ADMM). I show with numerical examples how ADMM conciliates the search space extension and the accuracy of the solution at the convergence point with fixed penalty parameters thanks to the dual ascent update of the Lagrange multipliers. The second contribution is the implementation of bound constraints and non smooth Total Variation (TV) regularization in ADMM-based WRI. Following the Split Bregman method, suitable auxiliary variables allow for the de-coupling of the ℓ1 and ℓ2 subproblems, the former being solved efficiently with proximity operators. Then, I combine Tikhonov and TV regularizations by infimal convolution to account for the different statistical properties of the subsurface (smoothness and blockiness). At the next step, I show the ability of sparse promoting regularization in reconstruction the model when ultralong offset sparse fixed-spread acquisition such as those carried out with OBN are used. This thesis continues with the extension of the ADMM-based WRI to multiparameter reconstruction in vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) acoustic media. I first show that the bilinearity of the wave equation is satisfied for the elastodynamic equations. I discuss the joint reconstruction of the vertical wavespeed and epsilon in VTI media. Second, I develop ADMM-based WRI for attenuation imaging, where I update wavefield, squared-slowness, and attenuation in an alternating mode since viscoacoustic wave equation can be approximated, with a high degree of accuracy, as a multilinear equation. This alternating solving provides the necessary flexibility to taylor the regularization to each parameter class and invert large data sets. Then, I overcome some limitations of ADMM-based WRI when a crude initial model is used. In this case, the reconstructed wavefields are accurate only near the receivers. The inaccuracy of phase of the wavefields may be the leading factor which drives the inversion towards spurious minimizers. To mitigate the role of the phase during the early iterations, I update the parameters with phase retrieval, a process which reconstructs a signal from magnitude of linear mesurements. This approach combined with efficient regularizations leads to more accurate reconstruction of the shallow structure, which is decisive to drive ADMM-based WRI toward good solutions at higher frequencies. The last part of this PhD is devoted to time-domain WRI, where a challenge is to perform accurate wavefield reconstruction with acceptable computational cost
Korakas, Alexios. "Approche numérique et expérimentale de la propagation sonore en environnements océaniques tridimensionnels : application aux problèmes inverses." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00514915.
Full textFernandes, Mathieu. "Reconstruction 3-D de surfaces à partir de séquences d'images 2-D acquises par sectionnement optique - Application à l'endothélium cornéen humain ex-vivo observé en microscopie optique conventionnelle." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665581.
Full textDi, Benedetto Maria Domenica. "Poursuite de modèle et régulation de sortie des systèmes non linéaires." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112115.
Full textFarnandes, Mathieu. "Reconstruction 3-D de surfaces à partir de séquences d'images 2-D acquises par sectionnement optique - Application à l'endothélium cornéen humain ex-vivo observé en microscopie optique conventionnelle." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0597/document.
Full textIn the cornea transplant process, each graft endothelium is observed by conventional optical microscopy to check that its cell density is sufficient to maintain a proper transparency after the transplantation. The grafts are stored in a specific preservation medium, they are thus impregnated with fluid and therefore exhibit folds which make cell observation and counting difficult. This practical issue led to the following theoretical study about the so-called concepts: extended-depth-of-field and shape-from-focus. Throughout a sequence of images acquired by optical sectioning, the in-focus information allows on the one hand to recover the topography of the observed surface and on the other hand to restore the image of its texture. A 3-D reconstruction is then obtained by mapping the texture onto the topography. This thesis basically considers the fundamental step of the reconstruction process that is the focus measurement. New generic focus measurements exhibiting high sharpness sensitivity are introduced. Another one offering high noise robustness is proposed, due to an original 3-D strategy through the image sequence, unlike traditional methods that operate in 2-D. All of them are tested on simulated data and various real acquisitions, and compared to the state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the aforementioned 3-D focus measurement clearly improves the 3-D surface reconstructions of the corneal endotheliums from their particularly disturbed acquisitions (contrast reversals). A complete iterative process of 3-D reconstruction of the corneal endothelial surfaces is finally described, resulting in solid results that can already be transferred to cornea banks
Moinet, Frederic. "Inversion linéarisée de profils de sismique marine en milieu stratifié élastique." Phd thesis, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739820.
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