Relevant bibliographies by topics / Invertebrates, Fossil

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Invertebrates, Fossil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Invertebrates, Fossil"

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JABLONSKI, D. "The Invertebrate Record: Fossil Invertebrates." Science 238, no. 4830 (1987): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4830.1153.

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Hughes, Nigel C., Frederick J. Collier, Joanne Kluessendorf, Jere H. Lipps, Wendy L. Taylor, and Russell D. White. "Fossil Invertebrate and Microfossil Collections: Kinds, Uses, Users." Paleontological Society Special Publications 10 (2000): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008935.

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INVERTEBRATE and micro-fossil collections vary in size, scope, degree of documentation, quality of curation, purpose, usage, and security. This chapter introduces the main categories of fossil collections and curatorial attention, and documents the sources and uses of invertebrate paleontological materials. The term ‘permanent collection’ is used to describe collections housed in professional collections-care institutions that provide long-term commitment to collection security and curation. Invertebrate fossils include the hardparts (spicules, shells, etc., other body fossils [e.g., impressions, casts, and molds]), tracks, trails, and burrows attributed to invertebrates, and organic molecules. Microfossils, included here for convenience only, include the same kinds of remains of prokaryotes, protists, and tiny invertebrates. This book is the product of an National Science Foundation funded workshop organized to address specific concerns about curatorial practices in invertebrate paleontology. For this reason the focus of this chapter is on invertebrate fossils. Nevertheless, the concepts and uses of collections described below apply directly to paleobotanic specimens, and to most vertebrate fossils.
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Hoffman, Antoni, Richard S. Boardman, Alan H. Cheetham, and Albert J. Rowell. "Fossil Invertebrates." PALAIOS 2, no. 1 (1987): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3514579.

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Moldovan, O. T., S. Constantin, C. Panaiotu, R. D. Roban, P. Frenzel, and L. Miko. "Fossil invertebrates records in cave sediments and paleoenvironmental assessments – a study of four cave sites from Romanian Carpathians." Biogeosciences 13, no. 2 (2016): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-483-2016.

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Abstract. Fossil invertebrates from cave sediments have been recently described as a potential new proxy for paleoenvironment and used in cross-correlations with alternate proxy records from cave deposits. Here we present the results of a fossil invertebrates study in four caves from two climatically different regions of the Romanian Carpathians, to complement paleoenvironmental data previously reported. Oribatid mites and ostracods are the most common invertebrates in the studied cave sediments. Some of the identified taxa are new to science, and most of them are indicative for either warm and/or cold stages or dry and/or wetter oscillations. In two caves the fossil invertebrates records indicate rapid climate oscillations during times known for a relatively stable climate. By corroborating the fossil invertebrates' record with the information given by magnetic properties and sediment structures, complementary data on past vegetation, temperatures and hydraulic regimes could be gathered. This paper analyzes the potential of fossil invertebrate records as a paleoenvironmental proxy, potential problems and pitfalls.
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Moldovan, O. T., S. Constantin, C. Panaiotu, R. D. Roban, P. Frenzel, and L. Miko. "Fossil invertebrates records in cave sediments and paleoenvironmental assessments: a study of four cave sites from Romanian Carpathians." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 11 (2015): 8849–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-8849-2015.

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Abstract. Fossil invertebrates from cave sediments have been recently described as a potential new proxy for paleoenvironment and used in cross-correlations with alternate proxy records from cave deposits. Here we present the results of a fossil invertebrates study in four caves from two climatically different regions of the Romanian Carpathians, to complement paleoenvironmental data previously reported. Oribatid mites and ostracods are the most common invertebrates in the studied cave sediments. Some of the identified taxa are new for science, and most of them are indicative for either warm/cold stages or dry/wetter oscillations. In two caves the fossil invertebrates records indicate rapid climate oscillations during times known for a relatively stable climate. By corroborating the fossil invertebrates' record with the information given by magnetic properties and sediment structures, complementary data on past vegetation, temperatures, and hydraulic regimes could be gathered. This paper analyses the potential of fossil invertebrate records as a paleoenvironmental proxy, potential problems and pitfalls.
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Allmon, Warren D. "Patterns of Change in Fossil Invertebrates." Paleontological Society Special Publications 11 (2002): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009886.

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The problem with using fossils as evidence for evolution is that they are dead. You cannot experiment on them or watch them do anything. However, fossils more than make up for this shortcoming and provide compelling evidence for evolutionary change, because of their unique temporal dimension. Fossils give us information not just about the form of organisms, but also about their form through time. “Reading” this information from the fossil record, however, requires that we understand a central concept about how all science (and especially historical science) works, namely that processes produce patterns and, therefore, process can be reconstructed or inferred from those patterns. This is true even in the “hard” or “experimental” sciences. You do not have to see a process occur to have confidence that it did. When we look at the fossil record and ask, “How did it come to be this way?”, we answer by inferring continuity among the patterns resulting from a process of change that took place millions of years ago. We call that inferred process of continuity with change evolution.
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Allmon, Warren D. "Patterns of Change in Fossil Invertebrates." Paleontological Society Special Publications 9 (1999): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200014088.

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The problem with using fossils as evidence for evolution is that they are dead. You cannot experiment on them or watch them do anything. However, fossils more than make up for this shortcoming and provide compelling evidence for evolutionary change, because of their unique temporal dimension. Fossils give us information not just about the form of organisms, but also their form through time. “Reading” this information from the fossil record, however, requires that we understand a central concept about how all science (and especially historical science) works, namely that processes produce patterns and, therefore, process can be reconstructed or inferred from those patterns. This is true even in the “hard” or “experimental” sciences. You do not have to see a process occur to have confidence that it did. When we look at the fossil record and ask, “How did it come to be this way?”, we answer by inferring continuity among the patterns resulting from a process of change that took place millions of years ago. We call that inferred process of continuity with change evolution.
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Lewis, D. N., and S. K. Donovan. "Trace fossils - the poor relations of museum palaeontological collections?" Geological Curator 8, no. 5 (2006): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc370.

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Collections of fossil invertebrates in museums are dominated by certain taxa, such as molluscs, whereas other minor groups are "Cinderella" taxa, of little general interest. Invertebrate trace fossils belong to this latter group, rarely utilised for museum displays and of scientific interest to only a small audience of experts. Organisation of such collections may be alphabetical, stratigraphical, geographical, ethological or a combination of these, but should not be "biological". As illustrations, two national collections are discussed, those of the Natural History Museum, London, and the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.
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Lockley, Martin G. "Tracks and Traces: New Perspectives on Dinosaurian Behavior, Ecology, and Biogeography." Short Courses in Paleontology 2 (1989): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000000921.

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Conventional paleontological wisdom holds that there are two major categories of fossil evidence: body fossils (skeletal remains), and trace fossils (including tracks and traces). Ichnology, the study of trace fossils, requires a parallel taxonomy of scientific names (parataxonomy or ichnotaxonomy), like the form taxa of fossil plant remains. This ichnotaxonomy describes a large variety of traces attributable to invertebrates (Hantzschel, 1975) and vertebrates (Haubold, 1984; Leonardi, 1984; Leonardi et al., 1986).
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Wick, Steven L. "Paleontological inventory of Paleozoic, Late Mesozoic, and Cenozoic plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate fossil species from Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA - over a century of paleontological discovery." Zitteliana 95 (November 19, 2021): 95–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.95.73026.

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The extraordinary paleontological record from Big Bend National Park (BIBE), Texas chronicles nearly 120 million years of largely uninterrupted deposition through Late Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene time. Therefore, the park records one of the most complete and continuous fossil records of its kind in North America, if not the world. Paleontologists have collected and studied fossils from BIBE for over a century and nearly 1400 fossil species have been reported thus far. The BIBE paleontological record includes type specimens representing 44 scientifically valid species (five plants, nine invertebrates, and 30 vertebrates). Numerous other reported specimens are very likely new to science but have yet to be formally named. The present catalog presents the currently known assemblage of fossil plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate species from BIBE within a single, comprehensive record with significant references for each. This work is designed and written to be a research and resource management tool for scientists and non-scientists alike.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Invertebrates, Fossil"

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Morris, Scott L. "Cluster and Classification Analysis of Fossil Invertebrates within the Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Implications for Relative Rise and Fall of Sea-Level." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2207.

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Carbonate strata preserve indicators of local marine environments through time. Such indicators often include microfossils that have relatively unique conditions under which they can survive, including light, nutrients, salinity, and especially water temperature. As such, microfossils are environmental proxies. When these microfossils are preserved in the rock record, they constitute key components of depositional facies. Spence et al. (2004, 2007) has proposed several approaches for determining the facies of a given stratigraphic succession based upon these proxies. Cluster analysis can be used to determine microfossil groups that represent specific environmental conditions. Identifying which microfossil groups exist through time can indicate local environmental change. When new observations (microfossils) are found, classification analysis can be used to predict group membership. Kristen Briggs (2005) identified the microfossils present in sedimentary strata within a specific time interval (Morrowan) of Pennsylvanian-age rocks. In this study we expand analysis to overlying Atokan and Desmoinesian strata. The Bird Spring Formation in Arrow Canyon, Nevada records cycles of environmental change as evidenced by changes in microfossils. Our research investigates cluster and classification analyses as tools for determining the marine facies succession. Light, nutrients, salinity, and water temperature are very dependent on water depth; therefore, our analyses essentially indicate the relative rise and fall of sea-level during Early to Middle Pennsylvanian time.
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Schlirf, Michael. "Revision and description of Keuper (Middle Ladinian to Rhaetian) invertebrate trace fossils from the southern part of the Germanic Basin and studies of related material." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974391433.

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Cipriani, Roberto. "Construction, function, and evolution of accretionary morphologies with examples of larval and postlarval coiling in heterobranch gastropods /." 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9951775.

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Pryor, Austin L. "Examination of the abundance and geographic range of rare taxa : survivorship patterns of Miocene-Pliocene marine invertebrate fauna of the Virginia coastal plain /." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10288/530.

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Schlirf, Michael [Verfasser]. "Revision and description of Keuper (Middle Ladinian to Rhaetian) invertebrate trace fossils from the southern part of the Germanic Basin and studies of related material / vorgelegt von Michael Schlirf." 2005. http://d-nb.info/974391433/34.

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McLachlan, Sandy Melvin Stuart. "Macro- and microfossils from the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, 2017. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/8447.

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Heteromorph ammonites and dinoflagellate cysts from the Upper Cretaceous Northumberland Formation on Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada are examined. The collection and preparation of new material has enabled the recognition of eleven species of which only three have been reported from the locality. Of these taxa represented from three heteromorph ammonite families in the study area, five are new occurrences and three are new to science. This expansion of the Hornby Island ammonite fauna is presented alongside a pioneering taxonomic survey of dinoflagellate cysts from the same rocks. Together, these macro- and microfossils reinforce a late Campanian age for the Northumberland Formation with the upper extent of the section approaching the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (CMB) interval. The palaeoecology and evolutionary relationships of these heteromorph ammonoids are considered with new insights into their ontogenetic development and neritic palaeoenvironmental circumstances. The dinoflagellate cysts and associated terrestrial palynomorphs have also allowed for enhanced palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and depositional setting inference. The scope of the studied material, and the presence of key index taxa, enables refined biostratigraphy and a stronger basis for correlation of the Hornby Island succession with neighboring coeval biotic provinces.
Graduate
2018-08-10
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Books on the topic "Invertebrates, Fossil"

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S, Boardman Richard, Cheetham Alan H, and Rowell A. J, eds. Fossil invertebrates. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987.

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Morris, S. Conway. Fossils of the Burgess Shale: A national treasure in Yoho National Park, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, 1985.

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Levin, Harold L. Ancient invertebrates and their living relatives. Prentice Hall, 1999.

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Sarjeant, William Antony S. Vertebrate footprints and invertebrate traces from the Chadronian (late Eocene) of Trans-Pecos Texas. Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin, 1994.

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Willmer, Pat. Invertebrate relationships: Patterns in animal evolution. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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White, Charles A. Contribuições à paleontologia do Brasil. Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró, Fundação Guimarães Duque], 1988.

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Squires, Richard L. Upper Paleocene to lower Eocene ("Meganos Stage") marine megafossils in the uppermost Santa Susana Formation, Simi Valley, Southern California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 1999.

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Skompski, Sylwester. Fauna czwartorzędowa Polski: Bezkręgowce. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1991.

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Fraunfelter, George H. Invertebrate megafauna of the Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico area. University Museum and Dept. of Geology, Southern Illinois University, 1985.

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Coats, Robert Roy. Invertebrate and paleobotanical fossils collected in Elko County, Nevada. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Invertebrates, Fossil"

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Enay, Raymond. "The Start of Life on Earth and the First Fossils." In Palaeontology of Invertebrates. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76548-3_1.

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Barrera, Enriqueta, and Michael J. S. Tevesz. "Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes: Utility for Environmental Interpretation of Recent and Fossil Invertebrate Skeletons." In Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5740-5_22.

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Barrera, Enriqueta, and Michael J. S. Tevesz. "Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes: Utility for Environmental Interpretation of Recent and Fossil Invertebrate Skeletons." In Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends. American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/sc005p0261.

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Hunt, Adrian P., Spencer G. Lucas, and Hendrik Klein. "Late Triassic Nonmarine Vertebrate and Invertebrate Trace Fossils and the Pattern of the Phanerozoic Record of Vertebrate Trace Fossils." In Topics in Geobiology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_12.

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Fordyce, R. Ewan. "<i>Simocetus rayi</i> (Odontoceti: Simocetidae, New Family): A Bizarre New Archaic Oligocene Dolphin from the Eastern North Pacific." In Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.93.185.

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<i>Simocetus rayi</i> (new genus, new species) is based upon a skull and mandible of a small archaic dolphin (Cetacea: Odontoceti) from the upper Oligocene Alsea Formation of Oregon, bordering the northeast Pacific. The species shows many primitive features reminiscent of the archaic odontocete family Agorophiidae: the cheek teeth appear nonpolydont, the nares and premaxillary sac fossae lie anteriorly, the orbit and facial fossa are elevated above the level of the rostrum, the ascending processes of premaxillae are narrow and long, the supraorbital processes of the maxillae are narrow, the intertemporal constriction is prominent, and the pterygoid sinus fossae are restricted to the basicranium. These features are consistent with a basal position among the odontocetes, but they do not justify placement in the paraphyletic- and probably polyphyletic-grade family Agorophiidae. <i>Simocetus rayi</i> shows some unusual autapomorphies (toothless premaxillae, anterior of rostrum and mandible downtumed) that exclude it from described taxa of odontocetes, and for this reason it is placed in a new and currently monotypic family, Simocetidae. Broader relationships are uncertain; some cranial features hint at affinities with Eurhinodelphinidae. For now, <i>S. rayi </i>is regarded as a specialized archaic odon-tocete that lies sternward (more basal) to all extant groups of Odontoceti (namely, Physeteroidea, Ziphiidae, Platanistoidea, and Delphinida). <i>Simocetus rayi </i>was perhaps a bottom feeder that preyed through suction feeding on soft-bodied invertebrates. The inferred presence of nasal turbinals and a vomeronasal organ contrasts with the situation in living odontocetes. Features of the face and basicranium point to echolocation abilities comparable to those of extant Odontoceti. <i>Simocetus rayi</i> and other contemporaneous archaic odontocetes from Oregon and Washington indicate that odontocetes were taxonomically and ecologically diverse by the late Oligocene.
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Purdy, Robert W., Vincent P. Schneider, Shelton P. Applegate, Jack H. McLellan, Robert L. Meyer, and Bob H. Slaughter. "The Neogene Sharks, Rays, and Bony Fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina." In Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.90.71.

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The fish remains, including 104 species from 52 families, collected at the Lee Creek Mine near Aurora, Beaufort County, North Carolina, constitute the largest fossil marine fish assemblages known from the Coastal Plain of the eastern United States. The fish faunas came principally from the Pungo River Formation (Burdigalian, planktonic foraminifera zones N6-7) and the Yorktown Formation (Zanclian, planktonic foraminifera zone N18 and younger). A few specimens were obtained from the James City Formation (early-middle Pleistocene). As an assemblage, the fishes found in the Pungo River Formation, including 44 species of selachians and 10 species of teleosts, are most similar to those from the “Muschelsandstein” of the Swiss Molasse. The Yorktown Formation fish assemblage includes 37 species of selachians and 40 species of teleosts, derived mostly from the base of the Sunken Meadow Member. Although the Pungo River Formation fish fauna is dominated by warm-water (18°-25°C) taxa, the Yorktown Formation fossil fish fauna includes warm and cool water species. Both fish assemblages occur with a cool-temperate invertebrate fauna. The abundant remains in both faunas permit us to make the following interpretations concerning shark taxonomy. We reassign Megascyliorhinus to the family Parascyllidae and Parotodus benedenii (Le Hon) to the Lamnidae. Among the mako sharks, we designate the lectotype of Isurus desori (Agassiz) and synonymize it with 7. oxyrinchus Rafinesque and separate Isurus xiphodon (Agassiz) from I. hastalis (Agassiz). Palaeocarcharodon, Procarcharodon, Megaselachus, and Carcharocles are synonymized with Carcharodon. Sphyrna laevissima (Cope) is synonymized with S. zygaena (Linnaeus), and Galeocerdo triqueter Cope is synonymized with Alopias cf. A. vulpinus (Bonnaterre). This fauna produced four new records and two new species. Among the selachians, we note the first records of Megascyliorhinus, Rhincodon, Megachasma, and Isistius from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and among the bony fishes, the first occurrences in the fossil record of Caulolatilus and Pomatomus. We also describe two new species of bony fishes, Lopholatilus rayus and Pagrushyneus.
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Muizon, Christian de, Daryl P. Domning, and Darlene R. Ketten. "<i>Odobenocetops peruvianus</i>, the Walrus-Convergent Delphinoid (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Early Pliocene of Peru." In Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.93.223.

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<i>Odobenocetops peruvianus</i> Muizon, 1993 (early Pliocene, southern Peru), is a bizarre cetacean that is convergent in its skull, general aspect, and presumably feeding habits with the modem walrus <i>Odobenus rosmarus</i> (Linnaeus). Its cranial specializations are unique among cetaceans and include loss of the elongated rostrum, development of large premaxillary processes housing asymmetrical tusks, forward migration of the bony nares, reversal of the typical cetacean telescoping of the skull, dorsal binocular vision, large vaulted palate, and an inferred upper lip. The structure of the basicranium (possession of palatine expansions of the pterygoid sinus and presence of a large cranial hiatus) and face (possession of a medial portion of the maxillae at the anterior border of the nares) indicates that it belongs to the odontocete infraorder Delphinida and to the superfamily Delphinoidea. Within this group <i>Odobenocetops</i> is related to the Monodontidae because of the lateral lamina of its palatine flooring the optic groove, the anteroposterior elongation of the temporal fossa, and the thickness of the alisphenoid and squamosal in the region of the foramen ovale. We hypothesize that <i>Odobenocetops</i>, like the walrus, fed upon shallow-water benthic invertebrates and probably used its tongue and upper lip jointly in extracting the soft parts of bivalves or other invertebrates by suction. The highly modified morphology of the rostrum indicates that there was no melon as in all other odontocetes, and therefore that <i>Odobenocetops</i> was probably unable to echolocate; binocular vision could have compensated for this inability. The most probable function of the tusks themselves was social, as in the living walrus, but we suggest that the historically primary function of both the premaxillary processes of <i>Odobenocetops</i> and the tusks of <i>Odobenus</i> was as orientation guides in feeding. This reopens the question of whether the tusks of walruses play a role in feeding, as it seems that these also may be useful as orientation guides for the mouth and vibrissal array.
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Frýda, J. "Fossil Invertebrates: Gastropods." In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.02806-2.

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Rigby, J. K. "FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES | Porifera." In Encyclopedia of Geology. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369396-9/00020-4.

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Rickards, R. B. "FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES | Graptolites." In Encyclopedia of Geology. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369396-9/00021-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Invertebrates, Fossil"

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Alexopoulos, Adonia, Giana Maniaci, and Jennifer Bauer. "CHARACTERIZING AND TREATING PYRITE DISEASE IN FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES." In Joint 56th Annual North-Central/ 71st Annual Southeastern Section Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022nc-375471.

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Thompson, Carmi Milagros, and Roger W. Portell. "FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES FROM THE MONTBROOK VERTEBRATE SITE (LEVY COUNTY, FLORIDA)." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345070.

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Turner, Charles A., Asher Jacob Lichtig, Spencer G. Lucas, and Adrian P. Hunt. "An Assemblage of Freshwater Invertebrates and other Fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Fossil Forest Member of the Fruitland Formation, Fossil Forest Research Natural Area, San Juan County, New Mexico." In 2019 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. New Mexico Geological Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2019.1001.

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Tennakoon, Shamindri, Carmi Milagros Thompson, and Carmi Milagros Thompson. "HOLEY ROCKS! THE APPLICATION OF FLORIDA FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES TO MIDDLE SCHOOL LEARNING STANDARDS IN ALACHUA COUNTY, FL." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-344799.

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Suharyogi, Ifan Yoga Pratama, Agustina Djafar, Rahajeng Ayu Permana Sari, and Paradita Kenyo Arum Dewantoro. "Geological Museum Innovations to Dealing with Covid-19 Pandemic | Inovasi Museum Geologi dalam Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-34.

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Bandung Geological Museum as the thematic earth museum in Indonesia has been established on 16 May 1929. This museum has 417,882 collections, there are mineral and rock collections, vertebrate, invertebrate, paleobotanical fossils, and artifacts. As a government museum, the Geological Museum has a duty to disseminating geological information. This article aims to identify the Geological Museum’s activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. After the temporary closure in March 2020, the museum activities were carried out virtually, including Collection Talk, Day and Night at the Museum, virtual tours, Bincang Museum, virtual geoscience socialization, and introduce the collections by social media. Museum Geologi Bandung sebagai museum kebumian di Indonesia telah berdiri sejak 16 Mei 1929. Museum ini memiliki 417.882 koleksi, berupa koleksi mineral dan batuan, fosil vertebrata, fosil invertebrata, fosil paleobotani dan artefak. Sebagai instansi yang bertugas menyebarluaskan informasi kegelogian, dimasa pandemi Covid-19, Museum Geologi berinovasi melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan edukasi dalam bentuk virtual. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah melakukan identifikasi kegiatan dilakukan Museum Geologi selama pandemi Covid-19. Pasca penutupan sementara Museum Geologi pada bulan Maret 2020, kegiatan yang dilakukan berupa kegiatan virtual diantaranya: Collection Talk, Day and Night at the Museum, virtual tour, Bincang Museum, sosialisasi kebumian secara virtual, dan pengenalan koleksi melalui sosial media.
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Oldham, Jordan C. "INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF OHIO CAVERNS." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-359616.

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Mayer, Paul, and Jessica Utrup. "FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE SLABS AND MULTISPECIES SPECIMENS: HIDDEN DATA IN FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE COLLECTIONS." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382945.

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Spielmann, Justin A., John McDonnell, Dick Traeger, et al. "THE ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER INVERTEBRATE FOSSIL COLLECTION: CONSERVATION AND CURATION." In 2008 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. New Mexico Geological Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2008.905.

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Mayer, Paul, and Patricia Coorough. "EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMING AND RESOURCES FROM THE FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE COLLECTION AT THE FIELD MUSEUM." In Joint 55th Annual North-Central / 55th Annual South-Central Section Meeting - 2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021nc-362888.

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Nolan, Rhiannon, and Corinne Myers. "TESTING ABUNDANCE CENTER HYPOTHESES IN THE FOSSIL RECORD OF NORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATE SPECIES." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382259.

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Reports on the topic "Invertebrates, Fossil"

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Tronstad, Lusha. Aquatic invertebrate monitoring at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument: 2019 data report. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293128.

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Monitoring ecosystems is vital to understanding trends over time and key to detecting change so that managers can address perturbations. Freshwater streams are the lifeblood of the surrounding landscape, and their health is a measure of the overall watershed integrity. Streams are the culmination of upland processes and inputs. Degradation on the landscape as well as changes to the stream itself can be detected using biota living in these ecosystems. Aquatic invertebrates are excellent indicators of ecosystem quality because they are relatively long-lived, sessile, diverse, abundant and their tolerance to perturbation differs. Aquatic invertebrates were monitored at three sites along the Niobrara River at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument in 2019 completing 23 years of data using Hester-Dendy and Hess samplers. Hess samplers are artificial multi-plate samplers suspended in the water column to allow invertebrates to colonize and Hess samples collect invertebrates in a known area on natural substrate and vegetation. We identified 45 invertebrate taxa from four phyla (Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Nematoda) using both samplers in the Niobrara River (Appendix A and B). Hester-Dendy samplers collected 4 taxa not found in Hess samples and Hess samples collected 17 taxa not collected with Hester-Dendy samplers. Hess samples captured more (91%) than Hester-Dendy samples (62%). Crustacea, Diptera and Ephemeroptera were the most abundant groups of invertebrates collected in the Niobrara River. The proportion of Insecta, Annelida, Trichoptera and Diptera differed between Hester-Dendy and Hess samples (p < 0.05). EPT richness, proportion EPT taxa and Hilsenhoff’s Biotic Index (HBI) (p < 0.0001) differed between sampler types, but taxa richness, taxa diversity and evenness (p > 0.29) did not. We collected the highest density of invertebrates at the Agate Middle site. Agate Spring Ranch had the lowest taxa richness and HBI, and the highest proportion of EPT taxa. HBI at the sites ranged from 4.0 to 6.3 (very good to fair from Hilsenhoff 1987) using the Hester-Dendy and 5.2 to 6.9 (good to fairly poor from Hilsenhoff 1987) using the Hess sampler.
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Rich, Megan, Charles Beightol, Christy Visaggi, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Vicksburg National Military Park: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297321.

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Vicksburg National Military Park (VICK) was established for its historical significance as a one of the principle military sieges resulting in a turning point during the American Civil War. The steep terrain around the city of Vicksburg was integral in the military siege, providing high vantage points and a substrate that was easy to entrench for the armies, but unknown to many is the fossil content, particularly a diversity of fossil mollusks. These fossils at VICK are important paleontological resources which have yet to receive focused attention from park staff, visitors, and researchers. The park’s geology is dominated by windblown silt from the last Ice Age which overlays river-transported gravels and bedrock of the late Oligocene–early Miocene-age Catahoula Formation or early Oligocene Vicksburg Group. The park is home to the type section (a geological reference locality upon which a formation is based) for the Mint Spring Formation, one of the most fossiliferous formations in this group (Henderson et al. 2022). Beginning roughly 32 million years ago (Dockery 2019), the early Oligocene deposits of the Vicksburg Group were deposited as the sea level along the Gulf Coast shore repeatedly rose and fell. The eponymously named Vicksburg Group is comprised of, from oldest to youngest, the Forest Hill, Mint Spring, Marianna Limestone, Glendon Limestone, Byram, and Bucatunna Formations. Each of these formations are within VICK’s boundaries, in addition to outcrops of the younger Catahoula Formation. Paleozoic fossils transported by the ancestral Mississippi River have also been redeposited within VICK as pre-loess stream gravels. Overlying these layers is the Quaternary-age silt which composes the loess found throughout VICK, meaning the park’s fossils span the entire Phanerozoic Eon. The fossils of VICK consist mostly of near-shore marine Oligocene invertebrates including corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, ostracods, and more, though terrestrial and freshwater snails of the loess, microfossils, plant fossils, occasional vertebrates, and others can also be found in the park. Notable historical figures such as Charles Alexandre Lesueur, Charles Lyell, and John Wesley Powell all collected fossils or studied geology in the Vicksburg area. The Vicksburg Group is culturally relevant as well, as the Glendon Limestone Formation has been identified by its embedded fossils as a source rock for Native American effigy pipes. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for VICK. Although Vicksburg fossils have most recently been studied as part of the Gulf Coast Inventory & Monitoring Network (Kenworthy et al. 2007), the park has never received a comprehensive, dedicated fossil inventory before this report. At least 27 fossil species, listed in Appendix B, have been named and described from specimens collected from within VICK’s lands, and VICK fossils can be found at six or more non-NPS museum repositories. Beginning in January 2022, field surveys were undertaken at VICK, covering nearly all the park’s wooded areas, streams, and other portions beyond the preserved trenches and tour road. Fossils were collected or observed at 72 localities. These specimens will be added into VICK’s museum collections, which previously contained no paleontological resources. Considering the minimal attention dedicated to these resources in the past, these newly acquired fossil specimens may be used in the future for educational, interpretive, or research purposes. Future park construction needs should take into account the protection of these resources by avoiding important localities or allowing collection efforts before localities become inaccessible or lost.
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Harrington, Matthew, Amanda Lanik, Chad Hults, and Patrick Druckenmiller. Focused condition assessment of paleontological resources within Katmai National Park and Preserve. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2298782.

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The paleontological resources (fossils) of Katmai National Park and Preserve (also referred to as ?the park? or ?Katmai? throughout this report) record the evolution of the park?s ancient life throughout most of the Mesozoic Era and portions of the Cenozoic Era (see Table 1 for a geologic time scale). A focused condition assessment (FCA) of the paleontological resources of Katmai was conducted in 2021; this report summarizes the findings of the FCA, including information on the park?s geology and paleontology, management issues related to paleontological resources, and the results of a field survey of the Kamishak Bay area. The FCA project also included fieldwork to monitor fossils at Kaguyak Point. The results of the Kaguyak Point monitoring are presented in Harrington et al. (In preparation). The first section of this report (?Paleontology?) examines the fossiliferous geologic units within Katmai as well as the fossils found within them. Fossils range from small bivalves and belemnites to large ammonites and a possible dinosaur bone. Plant fossils are abundant in the Eocene-aged Copper Lake Formation, Ketavik Formation, and Hemlock Conglomerate. The Jurassic-aged Naknek and Cretaceous-aged Kaguyak Formations are the most abundantly fossiliferous units within the park, containing ammonites, bivalves, brachiopods, gastropods, and other invertebrates. The ?Paleontological Resources Monitoring and Management? section of this report discusses potential threats to paleontological resources and management recommendations. The fossils within Katmai are nonrenewable resources that the NPS is mandated to protect, preserve, and manage. Fossils can be at risk of damage or loss from natural (e.g., erosion) and/or anthropogenic (e.g., unauthorized collection) forces. Damage or loss of fossils greatly reduces the scientific value they possess, as well as degrades the overall heritage of the park. Most of the park?s fossils have a low risk for anthropogenic impacts because many fossil sites are remote and receive little visitation. Areas in the park that contain fossils and receive visitors include the Brooks Camp area, Ukak Falls, the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Hallo Bay, and Kaguyak Point. Fieldwork was conducted during the summer of 2021 to explore Katmai for new vertebrate fossil localities (?Kamishak Bay Reconnaissance? section of this report). The current extent of vertebrate fossils within Katmai is limited to a single heavily worn bone chunk that was found in the vicinity of Ukak Falls. Vertebrate fossils have been uncovered south of the park near Becharof Lake and near Chignik Bay in the Indecision Creek Member of the Naknek Formation. To search for vertebrate fossils, exposures of the Indecision Creek Member of the Naknek Formation were surveyed along the coast of Kamishak Bay. Bluffs and outcrops were examined for fossils and evidence supporting the existence of vertebrate trackways or remains. The study determined that exposures of the Indecision Creek Member along Kamishak Bay are unlikely to contain vertebrate fossils. This portion of the member contained marine fossils and driftwood, indicating deposition in a marine environment, and the rock outcrops fractured perpendicularly to the bedding plane, limiting the potential for preserving fossil trackways. Future exploration for vertebrate fossils in Katmai could target Mt Katolinat and Ukak Falls.
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Chriscoe, Mackenzie, Rowan Lockwood, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colonial National Historical Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2291851.

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Colonial National Historical Park (COLO) in eastern Virginia was established for its historical significance, but significant paleontological resources are also found within its boundaries. The bluffs around Yorktown are composed of sedimentary rocks and deposits of the Yorktown Formation, a marine unit deposited approximately 4.9 to 2.8 million years ago. When the Yorktown Formation was being deposited, the shallow seas were populated by many species of invertebrates, vertebrates, and micro-organisms which have left body fossils and trace fossils behind. Corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, worms, crabs, ostracodes, echinoids, sharks, bony fishes, whales, and others were abundant. People have long known about the fossils of the Yorktown area. Beginning in the British colonial era, fossiliferous deposits were used to make lime and construct roads, while more consolidated intervals furnished building stone. Large shells were used as plates and dippers. Collection of specimens for study began in the late 17th century, before they were even recognized as fossils. The oldest image of a fossil from North America is of a typical Yorktown Formation shell now known as Chesapecten jeffersonius, probably collected from the Yorktown area and very likely from within what is now COLO. Fossil shells were observed by participants of the 1781 siege of Yorktown, and the landmark known as “Cornwallis Cave” is carved into rock made of shell fragments. Scientific description of Yorktown Formation fossils began in the early 19th century. At least 25 fossil species have been named from specimens known to have been discovered within COLO boundaries, and at least another 96 have been named from specimens potentially discovered within COLO, but with insufficient locality information to be certain. At least a dozen external repositories and probably many more have fossils collected from lands now within COLO, but again limited locality information makes it difficult to be sure. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for Colonial National Historical Park (COLO). Although COLO fossils have been studied as part of the Northeast Coastal Barrier Network (NCBN; Tweet et al. 2014) and, to a lesser extent, as part of a thematic inventory of caves (Santucci et al. 2001), the park had not received a comprehensive paleontological inventory before this report. This inventory allows for a deeper understanding of the park’s paleontological resources and compiles information from historical papers as well as recently completed field work. In summer 2020, researchers went into the field and collected eight bulk samples from three different localities within COLO. These samples will be added to COLO’s museum collections, making their overall collection more robust. In the future, these samples may be used for educational purposes, both for the general public and for employees of the park.
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Lanik, Amanda, Mikaela Ruga, Chad Hults, and Claire Schmid. Paleontological resources monitoring at Fossil Point, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve: 2019 field report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2300633.

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Fossil Point is an exceptionally rich and scientifically important fossil locality found in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. The rocks at Fossil Point are known for their abundant and well-preserved Middle Jurassic invertebrate fossils, including bivalves, ammonites, and belemnites. The abundance and quality, as well as the relatively easy coastal access, makes the fossils at Fossil Point vulnerable to unauthorized collection. Anecdotal evidence suggests that collection without a permit is occurring at Fossil Point and has been for decades. Monitoring of the prevalence and scale of unauthorized collecting was initiated at Fossil Point in 2018 (Lanik et al. 2019). The findings of the 2018 fieldwork indicated that visitors to Fossil Point were exhibiting behaviors related to fossil collection. However, flaws in the study design made it impossible to differentiate if the loss of fossils over the summer season was related to natural erosional processes or anthropogenic activity. This report summarizes monitoring of fossils and visitors at Fossil Point in the summer (May-August) of 2019. This study built upon the monitoring of the previous summer and the purpose was twofold: (1) assess visitation to Fossil Point, and (2) document the loss of paleontological resources via unauthorized collection.
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Tran, Tut, Alexandra Bonham, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Bryce Canyon National Park: Paleontological resource inventory. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302804.

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Originally designated as a national monument in 1923, Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) is recognized for its exceptional pink-orange hoodoo landscapes. Its iconic hoodoos, consisting of the Paleocene?Eocene Claron Formation, are only part of the geology of BRCA, which includes a nearly uninterrupted sequence of Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway evolution and diverse depositional environments from approximately 100 to 77 million years ago. This sequence consists of the coastal Naturita Formation, the marine Tropic Shale, the transitional Straight Cliffs Formation, and the terrestrial Wahweap Formation. These strata, and the Claron Formation, preserve diverse paleontological resources. Fossils at BRCA have received little visibility for most of the park?s history, despite relatively rapid advances in the study of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleontology in neighboring public lands, especially Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM) to the east. The best documentation of paleontological resources at BRCA was produced through concerted field inventory of the park conducted by Dr. Jeff Eaton and several cohorts of interns and students from 1988 to 2015. In that time, Eaton?s team documented nearly 200 paleontological localities within the park that yielded clams, snails, fish, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and mammals from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations and invertebrates, plants, and trace fossils in the Claron Formation. Eaton?s survey resulted in several publications, including the description of new microvertebrate species from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations. Despite this body of work, the park did not develop an internal paleontological resources management program. A new paleontological resources program at BRCA was advanced in response to construction activities that impacted several fossil localities in the Wahweap Formation. Newly hired paleontological staff conducted two seasons of field inventory (2022?2023), relocating as many of Eaton?s sites as possible and recording new fossil occurrences along the way. In this timeframe, BRCA paleontologists encountered more than 150 localities. They also conducted detailed literature review, examined the park?s paleontological collections data, and cultivated partnerships with outside researchers to better comprehend the current state and future potential of the park?s paleontological resources. This document synthesizes the total current body of knowledge on paleontological resources at BRCA to create a comprehensive paleontological inventory report. It combines historical data from the scientific literature, previous work conducted in the park, and recent fieldwork to cover BRCA?s geologic history and fossil diversity and the history of paleontological study, education, and resources management in the park.
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Tran, Tut, Alexandra Bonham, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Bryce Canyon National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303710.

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Originally designated as a national monument in 1923, Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) is recognized for its exceptional pink-orange hoodoo landscapes. Its iconic hoodoos, consisting of the Paleocene?Eocene Claron Formation, are only part of the geology of BRCA, which includes a nearly uninterrupted sequence of Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway evolution and diverse depositional environments from approximately 100 to 77 million years ago. This sequence consists of the coastal Naturita Formation, the marine Tropic Shale, the transitional Straight Cliffs Formation, and the terrestrial Wahweap Formation. These strata, and the Claron Formation, preserve diverse paleontological resources. Fossils at BRCA have received little visibility for most of the park?s history, despite relatively rapid advances in the study of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleontology in neighboring public lands, especially Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM) to the east. The best documentation of paleontological resources at BRCA was produced through concerted field inventory of the park conducted by Dr. Jeff Eaton and several cohorts of interns and students from 1988 to 2015. In that time, Eaton?s team documented nearly 200 paleontological localities within the park that yielded clams, snails, fish, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and mammals from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations and invertebrates, plants, and trace fossils in the Claron Formation. Eaton?s survey resulted in several publications, including the description of new microvertebrate species from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations. Despite this body of work, the park did not develop an internal paleontological resources management program. A new paleontological resources program at BRCA was advanced in response to construction activities that impacted several fossil localities in the Wahweap Formation. Newly hired paleontological staff conducted two seasons of field inventory (2022?2023), relocating as many of Eaton?s sites as possible and recording new fossil occurrences along the way. In this timeframe, BRCA paleontologists encountered more than 150 localities. They also conducted detailed literature review, examined the park?s paleontological collections data, and cultivated partnerships with outside researchers to better comprehend the current state and future potential of the park?s paleontological resources. This document synthesizes the total current body of knowledge on paleontological resources at BRCA to create a comprehensive paleontological inventory report. It combines historical data from the scientific literature, previous work conducted in the park, and recent fieldwork to cover BRCA?s geologic history and fossil diversity and the history of paleontological study, education, and resources management in the park.
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Tweet, Justin, Holley Flora, Summer Weeks, Eathan McIntyre, and Vincent Santucci. Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2289972.

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Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument (PARA) in northwestern Arizona has significant paleontological resources, which are recognized in the establishing presidential proclamation. Because of the challenges of working in this remote area, there has been little documentation of these resources over the years. PARA also has an unusual management situation which complicates resource management. The majority of PARA is administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM; this land is described here as PARA-BLM), while about 20% of the monument is administered by the National Park Service (NPS; this land is described here as PARA-NPS) in conjunction with Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE). Parcels of state and private land are scattered throughout the monument. Reports of fossils within what is now PARA go back to at least 1914. Geologic and paleontologic reports have been sporadic over the past century. Much of what was known of the paleontology before the 2020 field inventory was documented by geologists focused on nearby Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) and LAKE, or by students working on graduate projects; in either case, paleontology was a secondary topic of interest. The historical record of fossil discoveries in PARA is dominated by Edwin McKee, who reported fossils from localities in PARA-NPS and PARA-BLM as part of larger regional projects published from the 1930s to the 1980s. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has mapped the geology of PARA in a series of publications since the early 1980s. Unpublished reports by researchers from regional institutions have documented paleontological resources in Quaternary caves and rock shelters. From September to December 2020, a field inventory was conducted to better understand the scope and distribution of paleontological resources at PARA. Thirty-eight localities distributed across the monument and throughout its numerous geologic units were documented extensively, including more than 420 GPS points and 1,300 photos, and a small number of fossil specimens were collected and catalogued under 38 numbers. In addition, interviews were conducted with staff to document the status of paleontology at PARA, and potential directions for future management, research, protection, and interpretation. In geologic terms, PARA is located on the boundary of the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range provinces. Before the uplift of the Colorado Plateau near the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago, this area was much lower in elevation and subject to flooding by shallow continental seas. This led to prolonged episodes of marine deposition as well as complex stratigraphic intervals of alternating terrestrial and marine strata. Most of the rock formations that are exposed in the monument belong to the Paleozoic part of the Grand Canyon section, deposited between approximately 510 and 270 million years ago in mostly shallow marine settings. These rocks have abundant fossils of marine invertebrates such as sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, crinoids, and echinoids. The Cambrian–Devonian portion of the Grand Canyon Paleozoic section is represented in only a few areas of PARA. The bulk of the Paleozoic rocks at PARA are Mississippian to Permian in age, approximately 360 to 270 million years old, and belong to the Redwall Limestone through the Kaibab Formation. While the Grand Canyon section has only small remnants of younger Mesozoic rocks, several Mesozoic formations are exposed within PARA, mostly ranging in age from the Early Triassic to the Early Jurassic (approximately 252 to 175 million years ago), as well as some middle Cretaceous rocks deposited approximately 100 million years ago. Mesozoic fossils in PARA include marine fossils in the Moenkopi Formation and petrified wood and invertebrate trace fossils in the Chinle Formation and undivided Moenave and Kayenta Formations.
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Tronstad, Lusha, and Bryan Tronstad. Aquatic invertebrate monitoring at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument: 2021 data report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296753.

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Tronstad, Lusha, and Bryan Tronstad. Aquatic invertebrate monitoring at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument: 2020 data report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296671.

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