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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Investments Foreign (International law)'
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1
Okhomina, Grace Esohe. "The quest for a multilateral agreement on investment (MAI)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The aim of this examination was to identify those evolving trends that are common to multilateral agreements some of which have been entered into by African developing countries, bearing in mind the debates and position of African developing countries. The study also aimed at examining the effects of these regulations on African countries especially with key provisions and the kinds of rights and obligations they confer on investors as well as the host country. As there is a need to create a balance between the interest of the host nation and the investor, the study also aimed at identifying if those evolving common trends can be used to establish a guideline for a standard bilateral investment treaty or on the other hand whether they can be used as a template for a multilateral agreement on investment.
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Garcia-Bolwar, O. "Emerging international law of foreign investment." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.651316.
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This thesis examines the emerging international law of foreign investment (FI). The thesis is divided into two parts and a conclusion. The first part is divided into two chapters. A general approach to the concept of FI is made in the first one. The second chapter explores the legal doctrines used to solve the problems involved in FI. Concepts such as sovereignty, State responsibility and property are described therein. At the end of the first part, it is concluded that there are four issues that are the most important for the international law of FI. They are: a) what kind of FI should be protected by the law of FI; b) what standard should be used for admission of investors; c) what kind of general and specific standards of treatment (treatment of the right of property) should be given to the investors after it has been admitted; d) whether there should be a mechanism of dispute settlement. If so, then what kind of disputes would be settled; what that be State-State disputes or also Investors-State disputes? The second part of the thesis describes the emerging rules of FI and looks at how these rules have approached the above mentioned four issues. Chapter III looks at the Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). Chapter IV deals with a selection of multilateral instruments of international law of FI: the World Bank guidelines, the OECD Guidelines and the United Nations draft code of conduct for Transitional Corporations. The chapter also deals with the recent OECD proposal for a binding multilateral agreement on FI. The chapter focuses on how these instruments have solved the issues raised in the first part of the thesis. Another part of this chapter deals with binding multilateral instruments such as the ICSID Convention and the MIGA Convention. The chapter also examines the World Trade Organisation (WTO) instruments related to FI, such as the General Agreement on Trade of Services (GATS) and the agreement of Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM).
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Bordukh, Oyunchimeg. "Choice of law in state contracts in economic development sector :is there party autonomy?" Gold Coast, Australia : Bond University, 2008. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/bordukh.
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Esan, Adenike Oluwatoyin. "Stability guarantees in investment treaty arbitration : a question of balancing competing rights." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239415.
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Fouret, Julien. "The notion of fair and equitable treatment of foreign direct investment /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80921.
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To be fair and equitable are aims inherent in most legal systems, whether domestic or international, but are usually tacitly stated. With respect to foreign direct investment (FDI) they constitute a standard of treatment which lacks a clear definition. Nevertheless, the recurrence of this standard in conventional instruments makes it one of the focal points of this branch of international law.The main goal of this thesis is to explore and understand the standard of fair and equitable treatment. To understand its definition, it is first necessary to undertake a theoretical analysis of the notion. Secondly, having assessed the general meaning to fair and equitable treatment, an attempt is made to assess the difficulties which have arisen from its incorporation in Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Finally, the thesis tries to assess where the concept stands in international law and whether or not it has passed into the corpus of customary international law.
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Posman, Kisakiu Pomalat. "Compensation for nationalization of private foreign investment international law standards." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5078.
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Alhijazi, Yahya Z. D. "Developing countries and foreign direct investment." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21670.
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Along with international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) has been the engine driving the current economic globalization of the world economy. The growth rate of FDI, which exceeded that of international trade and world output throughout the 1990s, raises important questions regarding the value of FDI to developing countries as host countries to FDI and the role it can play in their development.In an attempt to answer these questions, this thesis tackles the main issues underlining FDI and developing countries. After analysing the pros and cons of FDI for developing countries and other interested parties, this thesis scrutinizes the regulation of FDI as a means to balance the interests of the concerned parties, giving an assessment of the balance of interests in some existing and potential FDI regulations. Furthermore, this thesis highlights the case against the deregulation of FDI and its consequences for developing countries. It concludes by formulating regulatory FDI guidelines for developing.
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Costanza, Livia. "The security of international investments : a synthesis of impacts on public policies and domestic law of host states : a dissertation submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1145.
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Onyeani, Onyema Awa. "The obligation of host states to accord the standard of 'full protection and security' to foreign investments under international investment law." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16087.
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The analysis of this thesis is to examine whether foreign investors can fully rely on the standard of FPS in BITs for the protection of their investments in the territories of host States which has been mandated to States by international law. This question cannot be answered without giving insights into the content and structure of the origin of FPS standard and adopts a dynamic based-perspective of the interpretation of FPS under VCLT 1969, encompassing the relationship between FPS and CIL. It investigates the tribunals' interpretation of the clause using case laws and literatures to identify and explore the underlying explanatory process behind tribunals' case findings and outcomes. The study examines the critical realism that the obligation of FPS standard does not place absolute liability to a host State, rather the exercise of a reasonable degree of vigilance. It evaluates the controversy surrounding the relationships between FPS and FET, and illuminates on how the two standards may co-evolve which has led to various arbitral tribunals' divergence opinions interpretation of the two principles. The evaluation of the application of FPS to digital assets is dynamic in this research as it addresses the nature of threats investors face globally today over cyber attacks of digital investments. The thesis also emphasis on balancing up investors' rights and obligation, which explains the measures that States can apply to prevent foreign investors from engaging in illegitimate activities. Having look at all these issues, circumstances, and the controversies surrounding FPS standard, the result found is that there is a existence of a gap in this area of the law, that would mean that foreign investors cannot completely rely on the principle of FPS for the protection of their investments in the territories of the host unless this lacunae is properly filled by both the States and arbitral tribunals, especially the tribunals' interpretative meaning of the standard of FPS.
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Ke, Jie Jing. "Analysis of Chinese bilateral investment treaties : focusing on provisions of performance requirements and national treatment." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2287820.
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Gu, Weishi. "The impact of foreign intellectual property rights protection on U.S. exports, FDI, and licenses." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 78 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1605143631&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Puvimanasinghe, Shyami Fernando. "Foreign investment, human rights and the environment : a perspective from South Asia on the role of public international law for development /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0712/2007276511.html.
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Pauker, Saar. "Characterization problems in investment treaty arbitration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609210.
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Bamodu, Olugbenga O. "Transnational law of international commercial transactions with particular reference to Commonwealth Africa." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363921.
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Liu, Wei. "The regulation of international investment incentives : the role of international legal order and national measures in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2132687.
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Supapa, Rattapong. "The protection of upstream energy contracts under investment treaty arbitration : a study of the interaction between contract and treaty instruments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225686.
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This thesis analyses how and to what extent the contractual and treaty instruments interact in protecting upstream energy contracts against political interference by the host state. The study considers whether the interaction between the upstream contracts and international investment treaties provide effective protection for the upstream investors and whether the interaction between them prevents the host state from exercising its regulatory rights. By examining both jurisdictional and substantive aspects of the interaction between these two instruments, the study found that political risks in the upstream industry are not effectively mitigated and managed. The study therefore calls for a higher degree of interaction between these two instruments. This can be achieved by drafting the relevant upstream contracts and investment treaties in a more interactive manner so that they would together provide maximum protection for the upstream investors.
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Marong, Alhagi. "Economic integration and foreign direct investment in West Africa." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20540.
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Economic integration and foreign direct investment were adopted by developing countries particularly in Africa, as strategies for economic development. For these countries, economic integration became not only a tariff issue, but a strategy for development; hence the term "developmental regionalism". This thesis is a study of the concept of developmental regionalism in West Africa. It concentrates on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which was formed in 1975.It is argued that as a strategy for development, the ECOWAS integration effort was inadequate because of undue reliance on tariff reductions--- so called "negative integration" measures. It is suggested that to facilitate a more cohesive integration program, countries in the region ought to adopt positive integration measures in the form of common policies on money and payments, industrialization and most significantly, a common policy on investments.
With respect to investment regulation, it is my argument that because liberalization of investment laws at the national level failed to attract the desired flow of foreign investment to the region, ECOWAS Member States ought to harmonize their regulatory framework with a view to ultimately adopting a single legal regime for international investment.
As a framework for analysis, I adopt the criteria of economic efficiency. This is a cost/benefit analysis of the transformations that occur as the result of contractual transactions. Where the costs to the parties exceed or are likely to exceed the benefits of the transaction, it is said to be inefficient. Using these criteria, I argue that in order to inject a level of fairness in investor/host state relations, and to avoid the costs of FDI to host societies exceeding the gains therefrom, international law ought to make binding prescriptions to govern corporate conduct. Based on this reasoning, I suggest a framework for improving the investment climate in West Africa.
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Fernandez, Monica. "Integration of foreign investment policies and regulations in the Western Hemisphere." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ44055.pdf.
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Lebero, Richard Karugarama. "The international law framework for foreign investment protection : an analysis of African treaty practice." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3833/.
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Traditionally, African states have played an active and relevant role in the formulation and development of international investment law. Generally, the contribution of African states is demonstrated through the active participation of African states in deliberations of the Non-Aligned Movement, the role of African states in the creation of specialized institutions such as UNCTAD and the strategic use of numerical strength by African states to sponsor numerous United Nations Resolutions. During the epitome of Africa’s active participation, African states aggressively resisted the internationalization of foreign investment rules. However, the practice of African states appears to have changed through the conclusion of BITs containing far-reaching treaty provisions. On the basis of the foregoing, the thesis reviews the types of BITs concluded by African states with the objective of establishing the investment treaty practice of African states. In so doing, the thesis examines whether African treaty practice conforms or differs from general investment law. While reviewing the treaty practice of African states the thesis also explores the extent to which the emerging investment treaty practice interferes or restrains legitimate policy making of African states. This thus raises awareness to (i) African specific concerns with respect to the international law of foreign investment (ii) the controversy entrenched in substantive treaty standards (iii) the suitability of treaties concluded by African states and (iv) the possibility of drafting more acceptable rules that balance the interests of African states vis-à-vis interests of foreign investors. The thesis argues that there has been a paradigm shift in the investment treaty practice of African states. Specifically, the present treaty practice of African states suggests that African states have retreated from previously held positions augmenting for state sovereignty to a more peculiar position of acquiescence. Broadly, the current state of African investment treaty practice is all surprising when contrasted with the fierce resistance African states mounted against the internationalization of foreign investment rules in the last century. The thesis demonstrated the extent to which African treaty provisions restrain legitimate policy making and suggests how African states can contribute to the further development of international investment law.
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Homami, Shahab Mokhtari. "Some aspects of the law and procedure relating to the 1965 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389438.
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Sinha, Piya. "DATA SHARING LEGISLATIONS BY HOST STATES AND RIGHTS OF FOREIGN INVESTORS UNDER INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443423.
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Cotula, Lorenzo. "Property rights, negotiating power and foreign investment : an international and comparative law study on Africa." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3235.
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Property rights are crucial in shaping foreign investment and its socio‐economic outcomes. Their allocation, protection and regulation influence the way the risks, costs and benefits of an investment are shared. For investors, the protection of property rights is a tool to shelter their business interests from arbitrary host state interference. For local people affected by an investment project, it may offer an avenue to secure their livelihoods, through providing safeguards against arbitrary land takings. Tensions may arise between different sets of property rights, as host state regulation to strengthen local resource rights may raise project costs and interfere with investors’ rights ‐ for example, under the international‐law regulatory taking doctrine, or “stabilization clauses” in investor‐state contracts. While there are vast literatures about the international law on foreign investment, the human right to property, and national law on investment, land and natural resources in Africa, this study analyses in an integrated way how the different sets of property rights involved in an investment project are legally protected under applicable law, whether national, international or “transnational”. The study explores whether the property rights of foreign investors and affected local people tend to enjoy differentiated legal protection; and, if so, whether the legal protection of “stronger” property rights may constrain efforts to strengthen “weaker” ones. This research question has both theoretical and practical implications. Differences in the strength of legal protection may affect negotiating power. Weak legal protection and negotiating power make local resource users vulnerable to arbitrary dispossession of their lands. From a theoretical standpoint, linking legal analysis to an analysis of negotiating power in foreign investment projects can provide insights on the relationship between law and power ‐ in a globalised world, does the law serve more powerful interests, can it be used to empower disadvantaged groups, or is it rather irrelevant?.
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Diakite, Ansoumane Douty. "Settlement of international investment disputes by arbitrationp: an analysis of the challenge of inconsistency in the outcomes of investment arbitrations between investors and states and the available remedies." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1943651.
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Bonnitcha, Jonathan Merrington. "How much substantive protection should investment treaties provide to foreign investment?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5e74c893-2224-403f-b3d3-06f23ed5c28f.
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This thesis contributes to academic debate about the question: how much substantive protection should investment treaties (IITs) provide to foreign investment? Chapters 5 and 6 argue that arbitral tribunals have interpreted fair and equitable treatment and indirect expropriation provisions of existing IITs in several different ways. Each of these interpretations is sketched as a model level of protection that could be explicitly adopted by states in the future, either through inclusion in new IITs, or through amendment to existing IITs. In this way, the thesis defines a range of prospective options available to states concerning the level of protection to provide to foreign investment through IITs. The thesis evaluates the relative desirability of these different levels of protection. The thesis argues that different levels of protection should be evaluated according to their likely consequences. The thesis develops a framework for inferring and understanding the likely consequences of adopting different levels of protection. The framework proposes that the consequences of a given level of protection can be understood in terms of its likely effect on: economic efficiency; the distribution of economic costs and benefits; flows of foreign direct investment into host states; the realisation of human rights and environmental conservation in host states; and respect for the rule of law in host states. Within this framework, the thesis provides an assessment and synthesis of existing empirical evidence and explanatory theory so far as they relate to the consequences of IIT protections. It also specifies the normative criteria by which these consequences should be evaluated. Through the application of this framework, the thesis concludes that lower levels of protection of foreign investment are, in general, likely to be more desirable than higher levels of protection.
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Weeramantry, Joseph Romesh Gregory. "The interpretation of treaties by foreign investment arbitral tribunals." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28971.
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This thesis explores the rules of treaty interpretation as they are applied by foreign investment arbitral tribunals ("FIATs"). Its primary aims are: a) to determine whether FIAT treaty interpretation practice is generally consistent with other international courts and tribunals; b) to assess whether the treaty interpretation rules contained in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ("Vienna Convention") are suitable for application in investor-State treaty disputes; and c) to evaluate the contribution of FIAT treaty interpretation jurisprudence to international law. The body of the thesis provides a background to treaty interpretation rules in international law and then examines in detail the application of the rules of interpretation contained in the Vienna Convention by both international courts and tribunals and FIATs. It also explores modes of interpretation that have been deployed by these two groups which are not explicitly referenced in the Vienna Convention. Investigation is also made of some unique or notable aspects of FIAT jurisprudence that relates to treaty interpretation. The research was carried out primarily through the analysis of international court and tribunal decisions and FIAT awards. The principal findings of the thesis are that: a) a general congruence exists between the interpretative practice of FIATs and that of other international courts and tribunals; b) the application of the Vienna Convention rules on treaty interpretation are suitable for investment treaty arbitration, with some exceptions, e. g., in situations where investors have vastly disproportionate access to the preparatory work of treaties as compared with respondent States; and c) FIATs have made a significant contribution to the international law of treaty interpretation.
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Wang, Feng. "International law and the evolving legal regime of foreign direct investment, a developing country's perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ53034.pdf.
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Lee, Meng-bin. "Promotion and protection of foreign trade and investment in China : a study with particular reference to Chinese law and policy and their conformity with international law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315789.
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Andrade, Thiago Pedroso de. "Aspectos metodológicos do direito internacional do investimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-15122015-133808/.
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O Direito e o investimento estrangeiro guardam uma relação muito íntima. Sabese que o Direito exerce o papel de induzir ou de reduzir o investimento estrangeiro, tendo em conta o tratamento legal conferido ao receber capital ou bens vindos do exterior. O núcleo central da presente tese é o estrangeiro. Costuma-se estudar a relação de investimento, porém é exatamente sobre a discriminação no tratamento conferido ao investidor estrangeiro que reside o principal papel a ser exercido pelo Direito Internacional do Investimento. Diante desta falha metodológica, a presente tese propõe-se estudar uma nova aproximação metodológica para o Direito Internacional do Investimento, sobretudo para adequar sua análise do contemporâneo Direito Internacional Público e seu princípio da cooperação internacional. Ao final da presente tese, conclui-se que o Direito Internacional do Investimento tem analisado as relações das chamadas Empresas Transnacionais e desconsiderado as pequenas e médias empresas, cuja participação no cenário internacional deve ser incentivada, em especial por meio do associativismo, entre empresas nacionais e estrangeiras.The law and foreign investment maintain a very close relationship. It is known that the law plays the role of inducing or reducing foreign investment, taking into account the legal treatment given to capital or goods received from abroad. The core of this thesis is the foreigner. It is often study the investment relationship, but it is exactly on discrimination in treatment given to foreign investors that lay the main role to be exercised by international Law Investment. Given this methodological weakness, this thesis proposes to study a new methodological approach to the International Investment Law, mainly to adjust its analysis to contemporary International Law and its principle of international cooperation. At the end of this thesis, it is concluded that the International Investment Law already has explored the relationship of the Transnational Corporations and yet disregarded the small and medium companies, whose involvement in the international arena should be encouraged, in particular through associations, among national and foreign companies.
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Mikenberg, Eero. "Pskov region of the Russian Federation as foreign policy actor." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/211/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2006.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow, 2006. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Marinov, Marin kandidat na i︠u︡ridicheskite nauki. "Foreign direct investment in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary : a comparative study of the current legislation." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26212.
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The author's goal is to illuminate the current business legislation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) through a comparison of three countries from the region, namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.The present study is divided into four parts. The first part states the thesis itself, the goals, and the structure of the discussion.
The second part provides the basic premises of the analysis, with emphasis on the current data on foreign investment in the three countries.
The third part presents the core of the comparative study and deals with the following issues: basic foreign investment laws, including corporate laws, property rights of foreign persons, currency regimes. Among other important aspects, attention is paid to the following subjects: general treatment of FDI, foreign investment in corporate capital, branches of transnational corporations, forms of FDI, special procedures for banking and insurance, closed sectors for FDI, financing of investment, incentives of FDI, domestic and international guarantees for FDI etc. The set of criteria used to assess the compared legislation focuses primarily on the essential features of that legislation. This narrow approach is expedient in terms of the huge area that relates to foreign investment.
The final part uses the findings of the comparative study of the relevant legislation in order to determine the reasons for the lagging interest of foreign investors in Bulgaria. These reasons are found not to be due to any deep-seated differences in the pertinent legislation, but rather to some other factors, such as historical, socio-cultural, and geopolitical.
The law in the present work is stated as of 1 January 1994. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Kondo, Tinashe. "Invesment law in a globalised enviroment: A proposal for a new foreign direct invesment regime in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6459.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)Most developed countries that enjoy the lion's share of foreign investment do not have domestic legal frameworks on foreign direct investment. This is because investors are attracted by a holistic picture of these countries. Such countries have strong institutions of governance, enjoy political and economic stability, embrace democracy, have respect for rights, and have high levels of development - factors which attract investors. In terms of regulation, many of these countries are heavily reliant on bilateral investment treaties. However, this is not the case in developing countries such as Zimbabwe. The existence of an effective and efficient legal framework on the governance of foreign direct investment is an important consideration for investors. This emanates from the fact that developing countries often have weak legal systems, shaky economies and uncertain political environments.
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Shamsaei, Mohammad. "Compensation for expropriation and nationalization of foreign investment : the contribution of the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1992. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3514/.
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This study encompasses an examination of the awards of the Iran-U. S. Claims Tribunal in cases of expropriation and nationalization of Foreign Investment. The question of compensation for expropriation and nationalization of alien property has always been a controversial issue in the relationship between the foreign investors and investees particularly in the third world countries. This question has been a major point of discussion in international law as well. The Iran-U. S. Claims Tribunal is the most recent body to deal with the question of expropriation; nationalization and compensation. In this study I have attempted to see what the awards of the Tribunal have contributed to the resolution of the controversial question of compensation for expropriation and nationalization. In 1982 when the Tribunal began work, the International law standard to be applied in determining compensation in cases of expropriation and nationalization was a controversial issue. The period from 1982 onwards might be considered as a new era in international law. Thus to explore the present status of the international law of compensation the awards of the Tribunal have been examined. I have attempted to find out what standard of compensation has been applied in the awards of the Tribunal; what has been the governing law; what has been the context of that. law; and finally what have been the justifications' for the application of that law. These issues are discussed within eight chapters. The ninth chapter, however, reviews the findings of the study and contains some general conclusions. The final assessment of this study is that, the decisions of the Tribunal have been given against a background of the increasing recognition of the need for foreign investment in the developing countries and have made an important contribution to the law in this field.
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Maniruzzaman, Munir. "Arbitral process and protection of foreign investment in contemporary international law : a study in the context of economic development agreements." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/8049/.
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Falsafi, Alireza. "Common good and the concept of expropriation in international law on foreign investment: Determinacy of substance in legitimacy of structure." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103465.
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This thesis, exploring the rule of law for international rules, offers a human bond of common good between determinacy of substance and legitimacy of structure of rules in order to evaluate international obligations of States in international law on foreign investment. In an in-depth exposition of the theoretical underpinnings and practices underlying the normative structure of rules in international law, the thesis critically questions the legal reasoning embedded in—and the authority of rules borrowed from—principles and precedents or moral and political evaluations by arbitrators in interpretation of States' contractual, customary, and treaty obligations in investment arbitrations. With crucial moral, political, social and economic ramifications for the constitutional functions of States and concomitant interests of their human members implicated in the concept of expropriation in international law, the thesis provides a framework of legitimacy in a common good approach with structural criteria of recognition and coherence for the interpretation of States' obligations in investment arbitration. Coherence brings to the fore conflicting demands of justice requiring fresh evaluation divesting a general rule of its authoritative force, and recognition brings to the fore the validation of the power to engage in moral and political evaluation. Together, these structural criteria offer a common good approach of legitimacy to test the authority of States' obligations and the power of arbitrators in hard cases. By virtue of these criteria, the thesis characterizes the nature of substantive property rights of corporations and corresponding obligations of States in foreign investment as contingent and consensual in contrast with the absolute and constitutional rights of human beings in human rights. Through coherence and recognition, the thesis also portrays a supreme status for customary international law for the normative structure and substance of States' contractual or treaty obligations in the interpretation of hard cases in international law on foreign investment. The thesis espouses a new horizon for legal reasoning in foreign investment arbitration that eschews the lex lata veneer for lex ferenda propositions manufactured from precedents and principles, on the one hand, and the sheen of law for the conception of justice of investor-State arbitrators, on the other, in cases of hard confrontation between the demands of justice.Cette thèse, en explorant l'état de droit pour les règles internationales, présente un lien de la déterminabilité de la substance et la légitimité de la structure des règles en vue de bien commun des êtres humains afin d'évaluer les obligations internationales des États en droit international concernant les investissements étrangers. Dans un exposé profond des fondements théoriques et des pratiques qui sous-tendent la structure normative des règles internationales, cette thèse conteste le raisonnement juridique et l'autorité des règles qui sont fondés sur principes et les precedents, ou des évaluations morales et politiques par les arbitres, dans l'interprétation des obligations contractuelles, conventionnelles, et coutumières des États en arbitrages d'investissement. Étant donné les ramifications morales, politiques, sociales et économiques pour les fonctions constitutionnelles des Etats et leurs peuples impliquées dans la notion d'expropriation en droit international, cette thèse fournit un cadre de légitimité dans une approche de bien commun avec les critères structurels de la reconnaissance et la cohérence pour l'interprétation des obligations des États en arbitrages entre les États et d'investissement les investisseur étrangers. La cohérence concerne des exigences de la justice pour une évaluation nouvelle d'une règle générale, et la reconnaissance concerne la validation de le pouvoir pour exercer une évaluation morale et politique. Ces critères structurels offrent une approche de la légitimité en vue de bien commun pour tester l'autorité des obligations des États et le pouvoir des arbitres dans les cas difficiles. Avec ces critères la thèse caractérise la nature des droits de propriété des entreprises et des obligations correspondantes des Etats dans le domaine d'investissement étranger comme contingente et consensuelle distingué de droits absolus et constitutionnel des êtres humains dans le domaine de droits de l'homme. Grâce à la cohérence et la reconnaissance, la thèse décrit aussi un statut suprême du droit international coutumier pour la structure et substance normative des obligations des États dans l'interprétation des cas difficiles dans le droit international concernant les investissements étrangers. La thèse adopte un nouvel horizon qui rejette la prétention de lex lata pour les propositions de lex ferenda fabriqués par des précédents et des principles, d'un côté, et la prétention de loi pour la conception de la justice des arbitres en arbitrages d'investissement, de l'autre côté, dans l'interprétation des cas difficiles de la confrontation entre les exigences de la justice.
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Petit, Elizabeth J. "The Rule of Law and U.S. Direct Investment Abroad." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/623.
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This paper employs an augmented gravity model for a sample of 96 host countries to examine the impact of host country rule of law on direct investment from the United States. This paper further investigates the gap between property rights and freedom from corruption, the two primary components of a country’s rule of law. Property rights and freedom from corruption are both shown to have a significant positive effect on U.S. outward foreign direct investment. This thesis argues that freedom from corruption is a more powerful measure than property rights for determining the location of U.S. direct investment. This suggests that for host countries, reducing the level of corruption may be more effective at stimulating direct capital investment from U.S. investors than expanding property rights.
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Zerbini, Eugenia Cristina Godoy de Jesus. "O regimento internacional dos investimentos - sistemas regional, multilateral, setorial e bilateral (balanço da década de 1990, seguido do estudo de dois casos: o Mercosul e o projeto da ALCA)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-22112007-073410/.
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O objeto do presente trabalho é a análise das mudanças no regime jurídico do investimento estrangeiro ocorridas na última década. Após o estudo histórico sobre o desenvolvimento desse regime, as quatro tendências que conduziram a elaboração das regras daquele período são examinadas. A primeira delas foi a criação de regimes regionais, como as regras sobre o investimento internacional do NAFT A, ASEAN, APEC e Mercosul. A segunda, as tentativas de estabelecimento de um regime multilateral, como comprovam não só as negociações do MAI e das TRIM\'s, nos quadros da OCDE e OMC, como a consolidação pelo Banco Mundial das Diretivas sobre o investimento direto estrangeiro. Em terceiro lugar, o surgimento de normas internacionais setoriais, a exemplo do Tratado da Carta da Energia. E, por último, o crescimento extraordinário do número de acordos bilaterais sobre a matéria. O estudo leva em consideração a jurisprudência internacional, principalmente as sentenças proferidas pelo CIRDI. O exame dessas quatro tendências é seguido pelo estudo de dois regimes regionais que dizem respeito aos interesses brasileiros: o do Mercosul e o da ALCA. Se comparado com os regimes anteriores, aquele dos anos 90 se distingue por privilegiar a flexibilização das regras sobre o fluxo de capitais e o incremento de seu ganho. Preocupações com regras concernentes à proteção do investimento estrangeiro parecem estar ultrapassadas em razão de dois motivos. Inicialmente, pela implementação de seguros e garantias contra riscos políticos que, além de contornar o risco decorrente das interferências governamentais nos investimentos, também minimizou as discussões sobre as indenizações. Em segundo lugar, pelo endosso dado pela maioria dos países em desenvolvimento às políticas neoliberais -o que inibiu a ação governamental no regime doméstico do investimento internacional- e pela concorrência entre esses países em atrair esse investimento. O direito internacional dos investimentos passou a contar com poucas lacunas, a basear-se menos no costume e a formalizar-se em instrumentos. Questões vitais em décadas anteriores, como aquelas relativas à cláusula Calvo e aos critérios indenizatórios, foram resolvidas por tratados ou pela jurisprudência. Esta tomou-se abundante, consolidando um entendimento conservador. Objetivamente, pouco restou do discurso inflamado dos anos 60 e 70 sobre a NOEI. Desmontou-se o binômio investimento e desenvolvimento, desarticulando-se um sistema anterior chamado de Direito Internacional do Desenvolvimento. Essa desarticulação deu-se por caminhos diversos. O direito internacional dos investimentos, antes objeto de Resolução da ONU, teve seus debates transpostos para outras organização, como o Banco Mundial A preocupação com o desenvolvimento foi realocada de capítulo do Direito Econômico Internacional para o campo dos Direitos Humanos. Das quatro tendências acima, uma delas parece que não terá continuidade: o tratamento setorial da matéria. Todavia, nos próximos anos, as outras três continuarão a ser seguidas: não há indicação de refluxo nos acordos bilaterais; a busca por um regime multilateral irá continuar, como aponta o compromisso assumido na reunião da OMC, em Doha de assinatura das TR!M\'S em 2005; e, finalmente, as negociações da ALCA, que incluem disposições sobre investimentos, indicam continuidade na tendência regional.The purpose of this work is to analyze the changes introduced in the international legal regime applicable to foreign investment in the last decade. After an historical study on the development of this regime, the four trends that shaped the elaboration of these rules during this period are examined. Firstly, the tendency to the creation of international regional regimes -like NAFTA, Mercosur, ASEAN and APEC\'s special rules on investment- is analyzed. Secondly, the several attempts to establish a multilateral regime on foreign investment -as evidenced by the negotiation of the MAL in the OECD, and of the TRIM\'s, in the WTO, as well as the edition of the Guidelines on Foreign Direct Investment by the Word Bank- are reviewed. In the third place, the international rules applicable to investments in special sectors, as is the case of the Energy Chart Treaty, are focused. Finally, the increase in number of the bilateral treaties is examined. This study takes into account the international jurisprudence, mainly the awards rendered by the lCSID. This exam is followed by the study of two regional regimes that affect Brazilian interests: the Mercosur and the FTAA. If compared with the previous regimes, the one that prevailed in the nineties appears to be more concerned with both the flexibility of the rules on the flow of capitals and the increase of earnings. Concerns about rules on the investment protection have vanished for two main reasons. Initially, the availability of insurance and guaranties against political risks besides minimizing the risks presented by any governmental interference on the investor\'s control over its investment, also contributes to make issues on the value of indemnities irrelevant. In the second place, the majority of the developing countries not just endorsed neo-liberal policies, which made governmental restrictive postures on foreign investment difficult, but have started to compete against each other to attract foreign capitals. The International Law on Investments turned into a system with few gaps, based rather on written treaties than on customary law. Crucial issues of the past few decades, like these related to the Calvo doctrine or to indemnities criteria, were solved by treaties and arbitral decisions. Not only did the jurisprudence become abundant, but also consolidated conservative views on the matter. Objectively, very little remained of the fiery speech on the NEIO. The dual investment and development was undone and the previous system of the International Law of Development collapsed. This collapse was caused by different reasons. The most determining, however, is the fact that the International Law on Investment, based before on customary roles and precariously settled by UN\'s resolutions, were relocated to different fora, like the World Bank. The concern with development switched from an important chapter of the International Economic Law to Human Rights\' domain. Amidst the four trends pointed out in this work, apparently just one will be discontinued in the near future: the sectorial treatment of foreign investment. Nonetheless, the others will continue to be present: there is no evidence of reflux in the signing of bilateral treaties; the search for a multilateral regime will continue, as shown in the commitment made in the WTO Conference of Doha, in 2001, fixing for 2005 the signing of the agreement on TRIM\'s; and finally, the negotiation of FTAA, including dispositions on investments, indicates that the regional tendency will remain.
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Chidede, Talkmore. "Entrenching the right to regulate in the international investment legal framework: The African experience." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7582.
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Doctor Legum - LLDThe existing traditional international investment law regime which is largely based on the conventional European and North American Model Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) has come under intense criticism. The argument is that this regime, among other things, prioritises the protection of foreign investors and investments while sidelining significant public interest issues of the host countries. The inability to adequately accommodate public interest issues in the international investment law has unduly constrained the host countries’ sovereign right to regulate investments in public interests and pursue their public policy objectives.
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Adamska, Monika. "International telecommunications alliances and foreign direct investment as means of globalization : legal and regulatory responses to the emergence of super carriers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0024/MQ50915.pdf.
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Juang, Hsiao-Jan. "Droit des investissements directs étrangers : le cas de la Chine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0035/document.
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Cette étude tente de donner un aperçu général du développement historique, des particularismes et des principales problématiques du droit positif des investissements directs étrangers. En effet, une étude exégétique des textes législatifs et règlements portant sur des investissements étrangers est, certes, nécessaire pour la compréhension du régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers, mais sa connaissance ne suffit pas pour qu'un investisseur puisse réussir son investissement sur le territoire chinois. Le régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers est le fruit d'un travail d'imitation législative de systèmes de droits étrangers. Son développement est indéniablement lié aux éléments de la vie politique, culturelle, sociale et économique du pays. De la politique de l'économie planifiée à l'économie de marché, en quarante ans, le gouvernement a pu créer un droit quasiment exhaustif à partir du vide. Cependant, la rapidité du travail législatif n'est nullement une preuve de sa qualité. En effet, dans le but de rattraper son retard sur les systèmes juridiques des pays économiquement développés, le gouvernement a dû implanter les solutions étrangères, sans pour autant effectuer un travail approfondi d'adaptation ou d'harmonisation, diminuant ainsi la qualité et l'efficacité des lois.Initialement, le droit des investissements directs étrangers était uniquement constitué de trois lois distinctes et des règlements d'application desdites lois. Il s'agissait de la Loi sur les EJV sino-étrangères et son règlement d'application, la Loi sur les WFOE et son règlement d'application, et CJV sino-étrangères et son règlement d'application. Ce régime est ensuite complété par d'autres textes, chacun régissant qu'une seule forme spécifique d'entreprise à participation étrangère.Les litiges font partie de la vie courante non seulement des personnes morales, mais, également des personnes physiques, et permettent de mesurer l'efficacité de la justice au sein d'un État. Malgré le fait que les litiges constituent le moyen ultime de tester l'efficacité de la loi ou d'un système de droit, ils ne surviennent qu'en dernier ressort, surtout dans les États tels que la Chine, où l'histoire démontre une préférence constante envers les modes informelles de résolution des différends au détriment de la procédure étatique contentieuse.Après trois décennies de réforme, la Chine fait désormais partie intégrante de la scène internationale. Par conséquent, ses pratiques portant sur la résolution des différends sont de plus en plus en harmonie avec les standards internationaux. En d'autres termes, la recherche d'une résolution efficace des différends est similaire de celle des autres États occidentaux : idéalement un différend doit être résolu dans le délai court, à un coût bas et avec moins de stress que possible, mais, arrivant tout de même à un résultat acceptable.Le droit chinois des investissements directs étrangers a subi le plus de réformes législatives en Chine. Il est donc primordial de suivre constamment l'actualité juridique. En effet, les deux catalogues récent (2015 et de 2017) illustrent une tendance libéralisatrice du marché national en ouvrant de plus en plus les secteurs d'industrie aux investissements étrangers, et en introduisant un système proche de la " liste négative ". Puis la Réforme de 2016 est venue remplacer la procédure d'autorisation des projets d'investissements directs étrangers par un simple système d'enregistrement. Certes, ces éléments récents ont su apporter des solutions à des difficultés existantes, mais en raison du nombre de vices du droit positif, une réforme en profondeur est nécessaire. Le Projet de loi des investissements étrangers, publié par le Ministère du Commerce en 2015, a le potentiel d'effacer tous les défauts du régime actuel. Cependant, malgré les promesses du gouvernement, son futur demeure très incertain à l'heure actuelleThis study aims to give a general overview of the historical development, particularisms and main issues of the positive law of foreign direct investment, by looking at different areas of law, ranging from the history of law to the very content of foreign investment law, and through dispute settlement mechanisms for foreign investment. An exegetical study of laws and regulations on foreign investments is a necessary step for the understanding of the legal regime of foreign direct investment, but its knowledge of the law is not sufficient for an investor to succeed in his investment.Its development is undeniably linked to the elements of the political, cultural, social and economic aspects of the country. From the promotion of Marxist values of the Soviet system under the Mao Zedong period, to the adoption of legal pragmatism under the direction of Deng Xiaoping; from the policy of the planned economy to the market economy. In forty years, the government was able to create an entire legal system from almost nothing. However, the speed of legislative work is by no means a proof of its quality. Indeed, in order to catch up with the legal systems of the economically developed countries, the government had to implement foreign solutions, without carrying out any in-depth adaptation or harmonization work, thus reducing the value and the effectiveness of the law.Initially, the foreign direct investment law consisted only of three separate laws and their implementing regulations : Sino-Foreign EJV Law and its Implementing Regulation, the WFOE Law and its Implementing Regulation, and Sino-Foreign CJV and its Implementing Regulation. This was then competed by other laws and regulations, each governing only one specific form of foreign-invested enterprise.Litigation is part of everyday life which allows the legislator to measure the efficiency of justice within a State. Despite the fact that litigation is the ultimate means of testing the effectiveness a legal system, it is only a last resort, especially in states such as China, in which its history demonstrates a constant preference for alternative modes of dispute resolution to the detriment of contentious proceedings.After three decades of reform, China has become an integral part of the international scene. As a result, its practice of resolving disputes is increasingly aligned with international standards. The quest for effective dispute resolution is now similar to that of other Western states: ideally a dispute must be resolved in the short time frame, at a low cost and with as little stress as possible, but with an acceptable result.It is therefore essential to constantly follow legal news. Indeed, the two recent catalogs (2015 and 2017) illustrate a liberalizing trend of the national market by opening more sectors to foreign investments, and by introducing a system close to the "negative list". And the 2016 Reform replaced the authorization procedure for foreign direct investment projects with a simple registration system. While these recent developments have provided solutions to existing difficulties, due to the number of flaws in substantive law, a thorough reform is needed. The Draft Law on Foreign Investment, published by the Ministry of Commerce in 2015 for public commentary, has the potential to erase all the flaws of the current regime. However, despite the promises made by the government, its future remains very uncertain at the moment
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夏璐. "論澳門外來直接投資法律制度的完善 : 以新加坡外資法為借鑒." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2537413.
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Rabiee, Sohrab. "Protection of foreign investment : the development of international law and the contribution of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292373.
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This study begins with a generel review of the developments of international law and relations especially during this century and then continues to consider these developments within the specific contexts of permanent sovereignty over natural resrouces and bilateral investment treaties from which it is concluded that there have been many changes in the context in which foreign investment is made as well as the substantive rules governing it. However, despite the changes in attitude and the developments. there seems to be no specific and detailed set of rules universally accepted to be governing foreign investment especially in the area of compensation which is the core of the matter. Having considered this general background, the study turns to the contribution of one of the most unique experiences in the history of arbitration i. e. the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal. After studying the general factual and legal background of the creation of the Tribunal and the examination of the instruments upon which the Tribunal's jurisdiction and structure are based, the thesis examines the practice of the Tribunal with regard to both expropriation and compensation. Attempt has been made to examine these issues from almost every relevant aspect. The conclusion reached in the final analysis of this part is that despite the consistency of the Tribunal's practice with regard to some general issues, there has not been much coherence when it comes to more specific and concrete issues such as the method of valuation and some aspects of expropriation and compensation. The final conclusion of the study is that there is still a long way to go before establishing a universal, specific and detailed set of rules governing foreign investment although the bilateral approach can be, and in fact is, considered as a safe interim measure of protection as far as the capital exporting countries are concerned. It also questions the viability and wisdom of adopting the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal experience as a pattern for resolving future investment disputes in light of the extraordinary background of its creation and controversies as to the precedential value of some of its decisions.
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Haro, Benavides Javier Raúl. "The expropriation clause and the tension between foreign investment and the public interest: — An analysis of recent international investment arbitration case law." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/106752.
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Tesis (magister en derecho internacional)The recent globalized economy, and the substantial number of bilateral and multilateral agreements that have been signed, have become a constant incentive to foreign investors willing to invest in a host State. For its part, the host State is also concerned with investments, specifically with the restraint on its regulatory powers when it is in compliance with its treaties. Many countries today receive a great amount of foreign direct investment (FDI). It is this substantial level of FDI that is part of the source of the rapid development of countries we see these days. The idea of State expropriation is an act which is recognized in the international plane, which it is established pursuant the public interest and its requirements. The problem arises when the act does not regard a direct taking which is “more noticeable”, but appears certain conducts of the State disguised as “measure pursuant the public interest”, when actually is trying to control or deprive the investor form its peaceful enjoyment of its assets without the proper compensation. I will deal with the different concepts of expropriation, indirect expropriation in its different forms, such as regulatory takings, creeping expropriation, and measures tantamount to expropriation in order to establish how government’s measures take place and harm private owners. I will analyze the current treaties on investment, the principles that can be extracted in today’s BIT and Regional Agreements such as NAFTA, and the main problem of the lack of a concrete definition of expropriation, which today is saved by the principles of international customary law. Then I will analyze the denominator problem, which deals with the dilemma Courts face when determining the extent of damage to the property owner’s assets, which may regard a compensable act of expropriation, the way courts try to define the relevant parcel affected by the government’s measure, and if that harm amounts a damage to the investment, great enough to be compensable, or simply regards a burden, the investor must bear, in order for the State to fulfill the public interest. Finally I will analyze the recent jurisprudence regarding foreign investor claims against outright deprivations by the host State, and the evolution of the diverse concepts and principles extracted of those awards. To summarize I will establish when the State has the legitimacy to affect foreign private property, under what circumstances can do so, when privates have been affected in their property, in a way that entitles them to compensation for the harm caused by the State, when can we talk about expropriation or indirect expropriation of investment (affectation of property at its core and to its periphery), and finally what are the principles that can be extracted through the different treaties signed, the diverse concepts regarding indirect expropriation and of the recent jurisprudence on these muddied matters judges are somewhat reluctant to address in the international plane.
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Ge, Jun Wei. "Implication of Merger and Acquisitions by foreign investors in national security in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944049.
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Chadwick, Marcus J. D. "The Overseas Private Investment Corporation: Political Risk Insurance, Property Rights and State Sovereingty." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1857.
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This thesis is concerned with the role of the United States investment insurance agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), in enforcing property and contract rights on behalf of United States (U.S.) infrastructure investors, pursuant to the deregulation of infrastructure markets across the developing world. Drawing on evidence from two recent high profile breach of regulatory contract disputes between OPIC insured U.S. energy companies and Indonesia and India respectively, the thesis finds that while legalized modes of dispute settlement have proliferated, the ‘rules of the game’— their efficacy in delimiting outcomes—emerge as a function of state power and interests, as states undertake to enforce or resist legal obligations. Second, and contrary to the image of U.S. foreign economic policy-makers as beholden to corporate interests, the thesis finds that the agency’s transformation from ‘aid to trade’ as underpinned the expansion of U.S. infrastructure investors to the developing world during the 1990s was driven by state officials consistent with evolving conceptions of U.S. national interests, central to which was the desire to expand markets for U.S. foreign investors and capital goods exporters. In this regard, the transformation of developing country infrastructure markets and the shift in the modes of resolving investor-state expropriation disputes as but one element of economic globalization and the ‘legalization’ of dispute settlement respectively are revealed as a function of U.S. material interests and power at the point of enforcement. The thesis contends, however, that the changes observed reflect not only U.S. power and interests but a specifically American conception of private property and contract rights so as to reveal OPIC investment insurance as a conduit for the diffusion of shifting property norms concerning regulatory taking (expropriation) from the United States to the world economy at large.
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Chadwick, Marcus J. D. "The Overseas Private Investment Corporation: Political Risk Insurance, Property Rights and State Sovereingty." University of Sydney. (Faculty of Economics and Business), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1857.
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Doctor of PhilosophyThis thesis is concerned with the role of the United States investment insurance agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), in enforcing property and contract rights on behalf of United States (U.S.) infrastructure investors, pursuant to the deregulation of infrastructure markets across the developing world. Drawing on evidence from two recent high profile breach of regulatory contract disputes between OPIC insured U.S. energy companies and Indonesia and India respectively, the thesis finds that while legalized modes of dispute settlement have proliferated, the ‘rules of the game’— their efficacy in delimiting outcomes—emerge as a function of state power and interests, as states undertake to enforce or resist legal obligations. Second, and contrary to the image of U.S. foreign economic policy-makers as beholden to corporate interests, the thesis finds that the agency’s transformation from ‘aid to trade’ as underpinned the expansion of U.S. infrastructure investors to the developing world during the 1990s was driven by state officials consistent with evolving conceptions of U.S. national interests, central to which was the desire to expand markets for U.S. foreign investors and capital goods exporters. In this regard, the transformation of developing country infrastructure markets and the shift in the modes of resolving investor-state expropriation disputes as but one element of economic globalization and the ‘legalization’ of dispute settlement respectively are revealed as a function of U.S. material interests and power at the point of enforcement. The thesis contends, however, that the changes observed reflect not only U.S. power and interests but a specifically American conception of private property and contract rights so as to reveal OPIC investment insurance as a conduit for the diffusion of shifting property norms concerning regulatory taking (expropriation) from the United States to the world economy at large.
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Ejims, Okechukwu Chima. "The role of international law in resource development through foreign investment and the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples : a case study of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522931.
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Stefano, Sarah. "Le retour de l’État en droit international des investissements." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100055.
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Ce travail est exclusivement axé sur l'impact économique du droit international des investissements. Il est démontré ici que seul un impact économique positif permet de légitimer l'existence et l'utilisation de ce cadre normatifThis work is exclusively focused on the economic impact of international investment law. It is shown here that only a positive economic impact can legitimize the existence and use of this normative framework
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Fetais, Abdulmehsen. "Le cadre juridique des investissements directs étrangers au Qatar : mise en perspective avec les législations des Emirats Arabes Unis, de l'Egypte et de la Tunisie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D025.
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L'évolution des activités économiques internationales depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale a eu pour conséquence l'évolution du droit du commerce international. L’objectif du Qatar est d’entrer pleinement dans la modernité du droit des investissements directs étrangers en offrant un cadre sûr aux détenteurs de capitaux. tout en conservant son identité culturelle et juridique. La volonté du Qatar de sortir de la dépendance aux hydrocarbures et de permettre à sa population de bénéficier des effets positifs des investissements est un défi majeur pour l’avenir du pays, particulièrement dans un contexte de fluctuations du prix du pétrole depuis 2014, passant de 100$ à 50$. La comparaison avec d’autres pays arabes nous permet de positionner plus précisément le Qatar sur l’échiquier mondial. Les politiques dédiées aux IDE au Qatar, en Égypte, en Tunisie et aux Émirats arabes unis montrent que l’accueil et le contrôle des flux de capitaux étrangers servent des objectifs différents. La mise en place d’un régime d’investissement très libéral et très favorable aux investisseurs étrangers en Égypte répond davantage à des conditions posées par les institutions internationales (le FMI) contre l’obtention de prêts ou de réduction de la dette. En Tunisie, malgré un engagement dans une importante politique de libéralisation et d’intégration à l'espace européen, l'économie ne s’est pas modernisée suffisamment et n’a pas réussi à opérer une transformation vers des activités à plus haute valeur ajoutée. Enfin, la comparaison avec les Émirats arabes unis est beaucoup plus pertinente car les deux pays ont des économies plus semblables et œuvrent au sein du Conseil de Coopération du GolfeThe evolution of international economic activities since the end or the Second World War resulted in the development of international trade law. Qatar's objective is to fully integrate the modernity of foreign direct investment law by providing a secure framework for capital holders while maintaining its cultural and legal identity. Qatar's willingness to escape oil dependence and allow its people to benefit from the positive effects of investment is a major challenge for the country's future, especially in the lace of fluctuating oil prices since 2014, $ 100 to $ 50. Comparison with other Arab countries allows us to position Qatar more precisely on the world stage. FDI policies in Qatar. Egypt, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates show that the reception and control of foreign capital flows serve different purposes. The establishment of a very liberal investment regime that is very favorable to foreign investors in Egypt responds more to conditions imposed by international institutions (the IMF) against obtaining loans or reducing debt. In Tunisia, despite a commitment to an important policy of liberalization and integration into the European area, the economy has not modernized sufficiently and has foiled to transform into higher value-added activities. Finally, the comparison with the United Arab Emirates is much more relevant because the two countries have more similar economies and work within the Gulf Cooperation Council
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Santino, Jorge Faustino. "Integração económica de Angola na Africa Austral: oportunidades e desafios para as relações económicas com os parceiros da "SADC"." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/16224.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho analisa o processo de Integração Económica de Angola na África Austral, mais concretamente no agrupamento regional SADC. Procuraremos destacar as relações atualmente existentes entre Angola e o conjunto de países membros daquele agrupamento, bem como a dinâmica das futuras relações num contexto de reforço do processo de integração económica regional e as possibilidades de desenvolvimento económico na região.
Considerando como marco inicial a década de 1990 pode-se afirmar que a integração na África Austral foi pensada naquele momento como um instrumento auxiliar à política de substituição de importações adotadas pelos países da região. Com o esgotamento dos efeitos desta política e com a estabilização política e militar em alguns dos países mais relevantes na região, casos da África do Sul e de Angola, o processo de integração económica na região da África Austral evoluiu para outros objetivos.
O Estudo que desenvolvemos sobre o impacto de integração económica de Angola na SADC incidiu sobre alguns aspetos mais relevantes e estratégicos da economia angolana no contexto regional, em especial no plano da intensificação dos fluxos comerciais e de investimento e, ainda, da transferência de tecnologia. Naturalmente tivemos especial atenção à importância que o setor petrolífero angolano, enquanto principal fonte de receita desta economia desempenhou nas relações económicas com os restantes países do agrupamento da SADC, dado que este setor pode desempenhar um papel fulcral no processo de industrialização destes países, podendo contribuir para tornar a região numa potência emergente à escala regional; ANGOLA ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR ECONOMIC RELATIONS
WITH PARTNERS "SADC”
ABSTRACT:
The present work analyzes the process of economic integration of Angola in southern Africa, specifically in the SADC regional grouping. Seek to emphasize the relations existing between Angola and sets of members of that group, and the dynamics of future relations in the context of strengthening regional economic integration and the opportunities for economic development in the region coutries.
Considering as starting point the 1990 can be stated that the integration in Southern Africa was "thought" at that time as an auxiliary to the import substitution adopted by member countries of the region policy instrument. With the depletion of the effects of this policy and the political and military stabilization in some of the most important countries in the region (the case of South Africa and Angola) the process of economic integration in the Southern African region evolved for other purposes.
The study that we propose to develop on the impact of economic integration of Angola in SADC will be developed on some most important and strategic aspects of the Angolan economy in the regional context, in particular in terms of intensification of trade and investment, and the transfer of technology. Of course we will have special attention to the importance that the Angolan oil setor, the main source of revenue in this economy plays in economic relations with other countries in the SADC grouping, as this sector can play a pivotal role in the industrialization process of these countries, contributing to make the region an emerging power on a regional scale.
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Milena, Galetin. "Меродавно право у међународним инвестиционим споровима." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Pravni fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=110722&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textAbstract:
Предмет истраживања докторске дисертације представља начин поступања арбитражних судова приликом утврђивања меродавног права за суштину инвестиционог спора. Његово одређење је веома битно јер може пресудно да утиче на сам исход арбитражног поступка. Истраживањем је обухваћена како пракса арбитражних судова који делују под окриљем Међународног центра за решавање инвестиционих спорова (ИКСИД), тако и оних арбитражних судова који поступају ван њега.Након уводних разматрања, у раду су најпре приказани процесни механизми за заштиту имовинских права странаца с обзиром да они представљају претечу инвестиционе арбитраже какву данас познајемо. Потом је указано на комплексност инвестиционих спорова која проистиче из чињенице да се различити извори права на њих примењују-правила међународног права (обичајног и уговорног), национално законодавство државе пријема, као и одредбе уговора о страном улагању између државе пријема и страног улагача. При том се одређивање меродавног права не своди на просто утврђивање извора који би се примењивао на сва спорна питања, већ се за свако појединачно питање одређује који слој правних правила применити.Начело аутономије воље приликом утврђивања меродавног права за суштину спора је било предмет истраживања у трећем делу рада. Оно је најпре разматрано у националном законодавству, арбитражним правилима и конвенцијским текстовима, а потом и у клаузули уговора између државе пријема и страног улагача и у клаузули билатералних и мултилатералних споразума о подстицању и заштити улагања (БИТ). Наведени делови су употпуњени релевантном праксом арбитражних судова, а посебно је разматрано да ли арбитражни судови поштују страначку аутономију воље у сваком случају и како поступају уколико у клаузули БИТ-а о меродавном праву нијеутврђена хијерархија извора који су у њој предвиђени.Затим су анализирана поступања арбитражних судова у случајевима одсуства клаузуле о меродавном праву. Овде се приликом истраживања кренуло од поделе на арбитражне судове који делују под окриљем ИКСИД-а и оне који делују ван ИКСИД система. Посебна пажња је била усмерена на теорије које су се јавиле о поступању арбитражних судова ИКСИД, а које се тичу односа националног и међународног права у случају непостојања споразума страна о меродавном праву за суштину спора.Наредно поглавље се тиче садејства националног и међународног права када се примењују као меродавна на суштину спора. Класификација је направљена тако што су се у оквиру сваког извора инвестиционог права разматрала спорна питања на која се тај извор примењује.Коначно, у последњем делу, су приказана закључна разматрања.Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije predstavlja način postupanja arbitražnih sudova prilikom utvrđivanja merodavnog prava za suštinu investicionog spora. NJegovo određenje je veoma bitno jer može presudno da utiče na sam ishod arbitražnog postupka. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćena kako praksa arbitražnih sudova koji deluju pod okriljem Međunarodnog centra za rešavanje investicionih sporova (IKSID), tako i onih arbitražnih sudova koji postupaju van njega.Nakon uvodnih razmatranja, u radu su najpre prikazani procesni mehanizmi za zaštitu imovinskih prava stranaca s obzirom da oni predstavljaju preteču investicione arbitraže kakvu danas poznajemo. Potom je ukazano na kompleksnost investicionih sporova koja proističe iz činjenice da se različiti izvori prava na njih primenjuju-pravila međunarodnog prava (običajnog i ugovornog), nacionalno zakonodavstvo države prijema, kao i odredbe ugovora o stranom ulaganju između države prijema i stranog ulagača. Pri tom se određivanje merodavnog prava ne svodi na prosto utvrđivanje izvora koji bi se primenjivao na sva sporna pitanja, već se za svako pojedinačno pitanje određuje koji sloj pravnih pravila primeniti.Načelo autonomije volje prilikom utvrđivanja merodavnog prava za suštinu spora je bilo predmet istraživanja u trećem delu rada. Ono je najpre razmatrano u nacionalnom zakonodavstvu, arbitražnim pravilima i konvencijskim tekstovima, a potom i u klauzuli ugovora između države prijema i stranog ulagača i u klauzuli bilateralnih i multilateralnih sporazuma o podsticanju i zaštiti ulaganja (BIT). Navedeni delovi su upotpunjeni relevantnom praksom arbitražnih sudova, a posebno je razmatrano da li arbitražni sudovi poštuju stranačku autonomiju volje u svakom slučaju i kako postupaju ukoliko u klauzuli BIT-a o merodavnom pravu nijeutvrđena hijerarhija izvora koji su u njoj predviđeni.Zatim su analizirana postupanja arbitražnih sudova u slučajevima odsustva klauzule o merodavnom pravu. Ovde se prilikom istraživanja krenulo od podele na arbitražne sudove koji deluju pod okriljem IKSID-a i one koji deluju van IKSID sistema. Posebna pažnja je bila usmerena na teorije koje su se javile o postupanju arbitražnih sudova IKSID, a koje se tiču odnosa nacionalnog i međunarodnog prava u slučaju nepostojanja sporazuma strana o merodavnom pravu za suštinu spora.Naredno poglavlje se tiče sadejstva nacionalnog i međunarodnog prava kada se primenjuju kao merodavna na suštinu spora. Klasifikacija je napravljena tako što su se u okviru svakog izvora investicionog prava razmatrala sporna pitanja na koja se taj izvor primenjuje.Konačno, u poslednjem delu, su prikazana zaključna razmatranja.
The research subject of the doctoral thesis is the manners in which arbitral tribunals deal with determination of applicable law for the substance of investment disputes. This determination is very important because it can decisively affect the very outcome of the arbitral proceedings. The research includes both the practice of arbitral tribunals within the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and the practice of arbitral tribunal outside ICSID.After introductory remarks, the procedural mechanisms for the protection of property rights of foreigners are shown in the thesis since they represent a forerunner of current investment arbitration. Subsequently the complexity of investment disputes is pointed out arising from the fact that different sources of law apply to them-international law (customary and contractual), national legislation of the host state, as well as the provisions of a foreign investment contract between the host state and foreign investor. In doing so, the determination of the applicable law is not simply the determination of the source that would apply to all the contentious issues, but the determination of a layer of legal rules which applies on each individual question.The principle of party autonomy in determining the applicable law for the substance of the dispute was the subject of the research in the third part of the thesis. It was first considered in arbitration rules and conventions, and thereafter in the clauses of the contract between the host State and the foreign investor and then in the clauses of bilateral and multilateral agreements on promotion and protection of investments (BITs). These sections are completed with the relevant practice of arbitral tribunals. It is especially considered whether arbitral tribunals respect the party's autonomy in any case and how they act if the choice of law clause in the BIT does not determinethe hierarchy of sources envisaged therein.Afterwards the practice of arbitral tribunals in cases where the choice of law clause is absent was analyzed. In the course of the research, a division was made between arbitral tribunals operating under the auspices of ICSID and those operating outside the ICSID system. Particular emphasis was paid to the theories which occurred in the practice of ICSID arbitral tribunals,concerning the relationship of national and international law in the absence of agreement between the parties on the applicable law.The next chapter deals with the relationship between national and international law when applied as relevant to the substance of the dispute. The classification was made in such a way that within each source of investment law the contentious issues which are applicable within it were considered.Finally, in the last chapter, concluding remarks are presented.