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1
Ershov, Vitalii F. "EUROPEAN UNION FINANCIAL POLICY IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY. EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 3 (2020): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-3-10-28.
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The paper deals with the formation of a modern style of financial relations between the European Union and post-Soviet states. The author explores the objectives and features of the implementation of two main components of the European financial policy in the post-Soviet space: investment in the development and commercial activities of private capital. The EU financial policy in the post-Soviet states advances in the context of pan-European humanitarian, geopolitical and energy concepts established at the beginning of the 21st century. Despite certain differences that exist in the approaches of the European Union to dialogue with groups of countries within the frameworks of the Eastern Partnership and the EU Strategy for Central Asia, a common line is seen here on investments in promoting the education, European values, legal standards of banking. At the same time, in relations between Europe and the post-Soviet countries there is a tendency towards the adoption of the principles of financial pragmatism and a desire for long-term investment ties. The expanding role of the European banks and investment companies in economic life in the post-Soviet space is in direct connection with the realization of the modernization potential in post-Soviet states.
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ALDIYAROVA, Aidana. "KAZAKHSTAN: A CASE STUDY IN STATE SUCCESSION TO INVESTMENT TREATIES." Public Administration and Civil Service, no. 3-78 (September 29, 2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2021-319.
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Two arbitral cases were initiated against Kazakhstan on the basis of the 1989 Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. The tribunal of the first case (World Wide Minerals v. Republic of Kazakhstan) determined that Kazakhstan was a legal successor to the Canada-USSR BIT and found breaches of fair and equitable treatment. While in the second case (Gold Pool Limited Partnership v. Republic of Kazakhstan) the tribunal rejected the claimant’s argument that the Canada-USSR BIT was applicable to Kazakhstan. Since the decisions in these two cases have not been published, there is currently speculation that investors from other states besides Canada can take advantage of the Soviet Union’s treaties, even if there is no treaty in force with Kazakhstan. Thus, the aim of this paper is to show the legal framework and practice for treaty-making related to investment in Kazakhstan both pre-and post- collapse of the Soviet Union. In particular, this paper examines the relevant international treaties, diplomatic notes, intergovernmental-level statements regarding the succession to the USSR treaties, and the USSR and Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic investment legislations. It also provides recommendations for the future development of state succession and investment treaties.
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Arndt, Melanie. "Environmentalism or Sausages? Politicizing the Environment in the Late Soviet Union." European History Quarterly 52, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 418–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914221103152.
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This paper analyzes the politicization of the environment in the late Soviet Union based on a new perception of the interconnection between the human being and the ‘rest’ of nature. On the basis of previously ignored sources, it shows the emerging rise and ultimate decline of human subjectivity as a political force in the Soviet Union, and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) in particular. Experts, politicians, and the secret service had long understood the need to conserve natural resources and the ecological consequences of relentless industrialization or nature transformation projects, and they had at least partially attempted to counter them. However, the disclosure, in the late 1980s, of the extent and consequences of the Soviet Union's ecological legacies, particularly the Chernobyl disaster, triggered an unprecedented awareness of the vulnerability of the human body and the Soviet state's disregard of the dangers to human health. This new awareness mobilized Soviet citizens, including state functionaries who had previously seemed untouched by ecological issues, to call for a right to life in an unprecedented way. Despite some achievements, such as new protection laws and investments in health care, this ‘ecological revolution’ was short lived. The social and economic difficulties linked to the collapse of the Soviet Union allowed the concern for a healthy, livable environment to fade into the background again in the early 1990s.
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Pūras, Dainius, and Eglė Šumskienė. "Psichikos negalią turinčių asmenų globa Lietuvoje: priklausomybė nuo paveldėtos paslaugų teikimo kultūros." Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 6 (January 1, 2012): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2012.0.1856.
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Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto Psichiatrijos klinikaVasaros g. 5, tel. (+370 5) 261 10 43. El. paštas: dainius.puras@gmail.comVilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakulteto Socialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, Tel. (+370 5) 266 76 10. El. paštas: egle.sumskiene@gmail.com Straipsnyje nagrinėjama sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto asmenų globa didelėse uždarose stacionariose globos įstaigose. Iki Sovietų Sąjungos žlugimo šios įstaigos ne tik globojo, bet ir izoliavo sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto individus. Tvirtas šių įstaigų pozicijas to meto socialinės apsaugos sistemoje lėmė ideologinės priežastys, dominuojantis defektologijos mokslas, sukurta materialinė ir teisinė bazė, neigiamas visuomenės nusistatymas sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto asmenų atžvilgiu. Žlugus Sovietų Sąjungai, stacionarios globos sistema pasirodė esanti ypač atspari permainoms – ji ne tik atsilaikė prieš bandymus veiksmingai transformuoti, bet ir sulaukė investicijų iš Europos Sąjungos fondų. Atkūrus Nepriklausomybę įvykusios permainos – darbuotojų mokymai, pastatų rekonstrukcija, paslaugų įvairovės didinimas – neatnešė institucinės kultūros, atskirties tradicijos permainų ir tik sustiprino stacionarios globos institucijų padėtį.Tai sudarė prielaidas Lietuvoje susiformuoti unikaliam sutrikusios psichikos ir sutrikusio intelekto asmenų globos būdui, kurį galima įvardyti kaip visuomenės ir valstybės raidai nepalankią ydingo sovietinio paveldo ir atsirinktų ES paramos bei vertybių kombinaciją.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: stacionari globa, psichikos ir intelekto sutrikimai, Europos Sąjunga, ideologija.Care for persons with memental disability: dependency on inherited culture of srevicesDainius Pūras, Eglė Šumskienė SummaryGoal of this article is to identify main obstacles while transforming Lithuanian system of residential care for persons with mental and intellectual disabilities from repressive and isolating Soviet tradition to individualised community care. During the Soviet times the goal of large residential institutions was to take physical care after individuals with mental and intellectual disabilities as well as to isolate them from the rest of the society. These institutions were deeply anchored in the Soviet system of social assistance, based on the principles of defectology and stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with mental health problems. After collapse of the Soviet Union this system appeared to be eminently resistant to reforms: it withstood attempts of transformation and even managed to receive investments from the European Union structural funds thus strengthening the positions of large residential institutions over modern community care. More than two decades of investments in training of staff, reconstruction of buildings, modernisation of services and other components of mental health services in Lithuania have not resulted in the change of paradigm, as institutional culture and tradition of exclusion remains still very strong.Thus, current system of care for persons with mental and intellectual disabilities in Lithuania can be defined as a combination of strong effects of former Soviet system and selectively chosen components of modern mental health policy and services.Key words: residential care, intellectual and mental disabilities, European Union, ideology.
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Ershov, Vitalii F. "FINANCIAL POLICY OF THE USA AND CANADA IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY (THE CASE OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION MEMBERS)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, no. 2 (2021): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2021-2-10-27.
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The paper deals with the development of financial and economic relations of the United States and Canada with post-Soviet states in the context of geopolitical processes in the Eurasian space. The author analyzes the nature of the North American investment capital impact on the internal development of the countries of Eurasia and on the dynamics of Eurasian integration. The paper highlights the most important events in the field of economic diplomacy of the United States and Canada, dynamics of volumes and sectoral focus of North American investments in the Eurasian region. A distinctive feature of the United States and Canada investment policy in the post-Soviet space is its politicization, its involvement in the global geopolitical projects of the West of the 21 st century. American business is most active in the countries of Eurasian Economic Union that already have developed the market institutions – Re- public of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Armenia, but it also acts in the Central Asia countries interested in attracting foreign capital. The work focuses on an analysis of the development of financial and economic rela- tions of the United States and Canada with post-Soviet states by the example of the Eurasian Economic Union members – Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic (except of Russian Federation, whose relationship with the United States and Canada should be the subject of a separate study).
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Huelmo, Clàudia Baró. "Is Kazakhstan a State Successor to the USSR? A Perspective from Investment Treaty Arbitration." ASA Bulletin 36, Issue 2 (May 1, 2018): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2018027.
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In its decision on jurisdiction, the arbitral tribunal in World Wide Minerals v. Republic of Kazakhstan held that Kazakhstan succeeded to the obligations of the Soviet Union with regards to its 1989 Agreement with Canada on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. The aim of this article is to examine the potential legal reasoning by which the arbitral tribunal reached this conclusion. In order to do so, the rules of State succession, as partly codified in the 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, are considered. Taking special note of the particularities of the case of the USSR, the specific circumstances of the dissolution of the Soviet Union are examined. In particular, the question of which (if any) obligations may have fallen upon Kazakhstan as a former Soviet Republic is explored. The article concludes by suggesting which arguments may have been used by each of the parties with regards to State succession during the arbitral proceeding and why the Tribunal may have found the arguments proposed by the Claimant to be more persuasive. As a result of this decision, the door could be opened for investors wishing to benefit from the protections included in bilateral investment treaties from the USSR-era, which had until now remained inactive or whose commitments had been honoured exclusively by the Russian Federation.
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Zykin, Ivan. "Construction Program of the First and the Second Five-Year Plans in Timber Industry of the USSR: Experience in the Study." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 529–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(4).529-552.
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Timber industry was a very meaningful component element of the «social industrialization» project in the Soviet Union of the late 1920s and the early 1940s. The national economy and the population of the country were in urgent need of products provided by the industry; timber resources and materials generated much revenue from their export. The main directions and parameters of the forest-timber complex were the subject of the first soviet five-year plans. They included establishing timber-industry centers in the European North, Ural, Siberia and the Far East. The plans also contained the itemized lists of the main construction sites made by the Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR (for the First Five-Year plan), as well as by the Peoples Commissariat of Timber Industry of the USSR (for the Second Five-Year Plan). The present paper introduces for the first time the analysis of timber industry construction program: investments, dynamics of quantity and value of new construction sites, plan target timelines and completion dates of the construction sites. The analysis was based on the materials of the first and the second five-year plans, in reference to timber industry components and regions of the Soviet Union. The study identified the main investment priorities in regional levels, such as sawmilling and wood processing industries as well as pulp and paper industry. The article also contains conclusions about underperformance of some projects and readjustment of tasks for the Soviet timber industry in 1933-1934 (after failure of the First-Year Plan), while remaining the baselines of the industry.
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Golsong, Heribert. "France-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments." International Legal Materials 29, no. 2 (March 1990): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900023093.
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Hale-Dorrell, Aaron. "Industrial Farming, Industrial Food: Transnational Influences on Soviet Convenience Food in the Khrushchev Era." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 42, no. 2 (July 9, 2015): 174–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04202004.
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In the 1960s, food processing and production in the Soviet Union increasingly embraced an ideal inspired by foreign—especially American—innovations. Principles of speed and consistency meant that consumers more often encountered convenience foods, a category including canned vegetables, frozen fruits, and preprepared dishes, as well as popcorn, potato chips, and similar novelties for eating in public places. Detailing attempts to develop output and distribute these foods for consumption in homes and away from them, this article shows that Soviet ideals developed in dialogue those in other industrial societies, entangling the Soviet history with foreign counterparts. Noting that the results substantiate known failures of the state-socialist economy, the article emphasizes how inadequate capital investments limited these policies’ effectiveness. Tapping published sources and documents in the Moscow archives, it underscores how Soviet efforts to produce convenience foods interacted with evolving gender norms, cultural practices related to the home, and popular expectations about consumption.
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LAMBERT, KERI. "‘IT'S ALL WORK AND HAPPINESS ON THE FARMS’: AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE BLOCS IN NKRUMAH'S GHANA." Journal of African History 60, no. 01 (March 2019): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853719000331.
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AbstractThis study assesses the agricultural sector under the government of Kwame Nkrumah as a dynamic Cold War front. After Ghana's independence in 1957, Nkrumah asserted that the new nation would guard its sovereignty from foreign influence, while recognizing that it needed foreign cooperation and investment. His government embarked upon a development program with an emphasis on diversifying Ghana's agriculture to decrease her dependence on cocoa. Meanwhile, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought to establish footholds in Ghana through agricultural aid, trade, and investments. In the first years of independence, the Ghanaian state encouraged smallholder farming and American investment. Later, in a sudden change of policy, the government established large-scale state farms along the socialist model. This article brings to light the ways that Ghanaians in rural areas engaged with and interpreted the increasingly interventionist agriculture projects and policies of Nkrumah's government.
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Festervand, Troy A. Festervand. "Perceptions Of Select, Newly Established Nations Of The Former Soviet Union As Foreign Direct Investment Options: A Longitudinal Perspective." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i6.4369.
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This study replicates a 2002 study that used perceptual mapping to identify the collective and individual positions of nine, newly established nations of the former Soviet Union as foreign direct investment (FDI) options. With the continued growth of FDI globally, the purpose of the 2010 study was to determine if significant shifts had occurred in the perceived positions of the individual nations, as well as that of the "ideal" nation. FDI executives surveyed indicated that a limited number of newly established nations (e.g., Azerbaijan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Ukraine) are positioned most strategically to benefit from future foreign direct investments. Of the newly established nations studied, Azerbaijan appears to hold a strategically unique position. The abundance of natural resources, the nations improving political and economic environments, and favorable business requirements all contribute significantly to this nations perceived position. Some nations (e.g., Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, and Moldova) continue to face significant FDI obstacles.
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Gilmore, A. B. "Tobacco and transition: an overview of industry investments, impact and influence in the former Soviet Union." Tobacco Control 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2002.002667.
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Golsong, Heribert. "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-United Kingdom: Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments." International Legal Materials 29, no. 2 (March 1990): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900023123.
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Rindzevičiūtė, Eglė. "When Formal Organisations Meet Informal Relations in Soviet Lithuania: Action Nets, Networks and Boundary Objects in the Construction of the Lithuanian Sea Museum." Lithuanian Historical Studies 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2010): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01501007.
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This study considers organisation in countries under the Soviet regime. The focus is on the creation of the Sea Museum in Klaipėda from the 1960s to the 1980s, a massive undertaking that required huge capital investments, use of rare foreign materials, cooperation between many different sectors (Soviet military, heritage preservation, seaport management, seagoing fishing vessels and zoos in Eastern bloc countries), and many innovations in designing the local sea aquarium system. The whole project was formally illegal: there was an all-union wide restriction on building so-called ‘spectator venues’. This article analyses the roles of formal and informal relations in the construction of the Sea Museum as a project concerning the public good. It suggests that the presence of informality did not undermine formal organising in the overtly centralised Soviet regime. Belonging to formal organisations was an important resource for actors who constructed action nets that went beyond the boundaries of these organisations. Although it is widely known that the successful functioning of formal organisations often depended on informal relations, this point raises complex questions about the identity and uniqueness of the Soviet system.
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Cui, Su Ping, Ji Guang Zhang, Ying Liang Tian, Shi Bing Sun, Zhong Wei Wu, and Wen Cai Liu. "Generation Review on the Production Line Development of Foam Glass at Home and Abroad." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.524.
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According to domestic and international history of foam glass, the foam glass development situation of the United States, France, Japan, the former Soviet Union and China was specifically introduced. Moreover ,the foam-glass-production-lines history was divided by generations and the production-lines characteristics each generation was presented in detail. Compared with the production scale ,investments and unit production cost of foam glass production line on different generations ,we could find that building high-generation production lines, increasing productivity, improving quality, reducing costs and enhancing competitiveness will be the development trend of foam glass industry in the future.
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Golsong, Heribert. "Belgium-Luxembourg-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Agreement Concerning the Promotion and the Reciprocal Protection of Investments." International Legal Materials 29, no. 2 (March 1990): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002078290002307x.
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ZYKIN, Ivan V. "SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THE SOVIET UNION TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX: THE IDEA BEHIND THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 3 (2021): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-3-131-154.
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During the years of Soviet power, principal changes took place in the country’s wood industry, including in spatial layout development. Having the large-scale crisis in the industry in the late 1980s — 2000s and the positive changes in its functioning in recent years and the development of an industry strategy, it becomes relevant to analyze the experience of planning the spatial layout of the wood industry during the period of Stalin’s modernization, particularly during the first five-year plan. The aim of the article is to analyze the reason behind spatial layout of the Soviet wood industry during the implementation of the first five-year plan. The study is based on the modernization concept. In our research we conducted mapping of the wood industry by region as well as of planned construction of the industry facilities. It was revealed that the discussion and development of an industrialization project by the Soviet Union party-state and planning agencies in the second half of the 1920s led to increased attention to the wood industry. The sector, which enterprises were concentrated mainly in the north-west, west and central regions of the country, was set the task of increasing the volume of harvesting, export of wood and production to meet the domestic needs and the export needs of wood resources and materials. Due to weak level of development of the wood industry, the scale of these tasks required restructuring of the branch, its inclusion to the centralized economic system, the direction of large capital investments to the development of new forest areas and the construction of enterprises. It was concluded that according to the first five-year plan, the priority principles for the spatial development of the wood industry were the approach of production to forests and seaports, intrasectoral and intersectoral combining. The framework of the industry was meant to strengthen and expand by including forests to the economic turnover and building new enterprises in the European North and the Urals, where the main capital investments were sent, as well as in the Vyatka region, Transcaucasia, Siberia and the Far East.
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Evdokimova, O. M. "ACCESSIONS OF KYRGYSTAN TO THE CUSTOMS UNION: PRECONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-169-175.
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The aspiration to associate in new integration structures, such as the CIS and EurAsEC, came to change to dezintegratsionny processes after disintegration of the Soviet Union. This article is devoted to a problem of development and deepening of degree of interrelation between CIS countries in such associations, as EurAsEC and EEP, to stages of formation of integration groups. The special attention is paid to one of the most topical issues – prospect of accession of Kyrgyzstan to the Customs Union. The following aspects are distinguished from favorable consequences of decision-making on accession for Kyrgyzstan:– sustainable development of economy and cooperation with other countries from Custom Union in long-term prospect; – attraction of additional investments into national economy;– liberalization of the legislation on migration, improvement of working conditions for migrants, growth of the budgetary income of host countries, formation of new workplaces;– economic and political support of Russia and other participating countries of EEP. As negative consequences are called probability of outflow of the qualified and unqualified labor from Kyrgyzstan and possible falling of Chinese goods' import because of cancellation of the simplified order of declaring. In the article it is spoken about the main measures accepted by the participating countries of the Custom Union and Kyrgyzstan for acceleration of inclusions process of the Kyrgyz republic in structure of the Customs union. The author comes to the conclusion that integration of Kyrgyzstan into the Customs union will lift economy of Kyrgyzstan which becomes a component of huge intercontinental economic association – the Custom Union and EEP - on new qualitative level. This factor will increase investment appeal of the country for foreign partners, becomes the guarantor of development of the long-term mutually advantageous relations.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. "LIMITS OF INTERACTION OF RUSSIAN AND CHINESE BUSINESS IN THE COUNTRIES OF EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 10, no. 5 (December 20, 2017): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-5-15-29.
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The article is dedicated to the possibility of joining the Russian and Chinese integration initiatives on the EEU space from the side of business-actors. The author stresses the necessity for a wider type of analysis, which would not be limited by such narrow research object as perspectives of the so-called Silk Road Economic Belt. The study is based on the statistic analysis of the partnerstates foreign trade and official information, as well as expert evaluation of the investments` scale and structure. Besides, the author collected data about the direct investment provided by Chinese and Russian TNC in order to support the EEU member-states (directly or via third states). The significant part of the article is dedicated to the issues of competition between the Chinese and Russian TNC in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and possibilities of the fruitful cooperation between those businesses in Central Asia. The author also sheds light on the growing impact of the Chinese business in Belarus and Armenia, where Russian firms are the most powerful foreign economic actors, what, nevertheless, does not re duce the significant impact of the Western European and other TNC. Those considerations are followed by the author`s examination of the limitation of the ChinaRussia business partnership in Russia itself; the author also presents an original comparative analysis of the Chinese direct investments in Russia and vice versa. Finally, the author attempts to verify the hypothesis about the positive perspectives of the Russia-China economic partnership outside of the post-soviet space. The author claims that the lack of such a cooperation between Russian and Chinese TNCs in Africa or Latin America illustrates the power of political limiting factors, rather than the absence of mutual interest of the parties.
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Francis, Patrick. "Financing Environmental Protection in Economies in Transition: The Role of Environmental Funds." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, no. 3 (June 2000): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2663.
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Most countries with economies in transition in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union use earmarked, environmental funds to channel subsidised finance for environmental protection. In some Central and Eastern European countries in particular, the funds are major financiers of environmental investments. The funds are typically governmental institutions capitalised by various revenue sources, including environmental charges and fines. They generally provide grants or soft loans for a wide range of environmental protection activities. Although a number of circumstances in economies in transition may justify the provision of subsidised finance for environmental investments, and though funds have been endorsed as potentially effective transitional mechanisms, a number of concerns remain as regards their role vis-à-vis other environmental policy tools, their effectiveness and efficiency, and their impact on the development of more market-based financing mechanisms. In this paper I will review development trends among the funds, examine issues critical to their role and operation, and identify institutional strengthening needs.
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Stankevičius, Vytautas, Jūratė Karbauskaitė, Arūnas Burlingis, Jolanta Šadauskienė, and Romaldas Morkvėnas. "EXPANDING THE POSSIBILITIES OF BUILDING MODERNIZATION: CASE STUDY OF LITHUANIA." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 6 (July 7, 2014): 819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.929599.
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Energy saving has become one of the foremost priorities in the European Union and a great deal of attention is directed towards the sector of sustainable building. However, the EU members that have an extensive Soviet heritage now face a great difficulty in reducing energy consumption. Since many apartment buildings are in especially poor thermal condition, and the heat supply infrastructure is morally and physically outdated, energy consumption for heating is significant. The modernization (renovation) of such old buildings is impeded not only by legal and technical factors, but also financial and social aspects in regard to the residents. Thus, this paper provides new model of investments and modernization of apartment buildings on the basis of the calculation of energy input per one degree-day of the heated floor area. The presented degree-days calculation method enables the calculation and inter-comparison of data gathered in all European Union member states without taking into account specific climate parameters of each.
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GAUR, Punit, Anurag TRIPATHI, and Shovan Sinha RAY. "INDIA’S ROLE IN KAZAKHSTAN’S MULTI-VECTOR FOREIGN POLICY." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.03.
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After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan’s economy was weak since most of the industrial enterprises were located in Russia. To attain economic growth, Kazakhstan crafted a unique foreign policy known as the multi-vector foreign policy, which facilitated an easy inflow of direct foreign investments into the state economy. After economic liberalization in 1991, India took a serious interest in Central Asia, and since then the two nations have come a long way marked by complex interdependence in the international arena. They have demonstrated a successful and sustained upward trend in their bilateral relationship through soft power, trade and long-standing historical connections. Thus, the prospects of mutual cooperation between Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan, and India are quite promising in the near future.
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O'Brien, David, Li Zong, and Harley Dickinson. "The Reach and Influence of Social Capital for Career Advancement and Firm Development Elite Managers and Russia's Exit from Socialism." Management and Organization Review 7, no. 2 (July 2011): 303–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740877600002473.
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The initiation of market liberalization resulted in a sharp decline in economic output and market disorganization across the former Soviet Union. Inadequate physical, financial, and human capital are among the explanations for the slow pace of enterprise restructuring and market development. The role of social networks, however, is less understood. Using survey data from a management-training programme in Russia, we examine the effects of entrepreneurial networks on both individual's professional advancement and firm's business development. We find that their participation in work-and association-based social networks varied and differentially affected outcomes at the individual and firm levels. We conclude that active participation in social capital networks catalyses returns on investments in human capital. Implications of this study for research on Chinese social networks are discussed.
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Burnasov, Alexander, Ilyushkina Maria, Yury Kovalev, Anatoly Stepanov, and Gulnara Nyussupova. "The Transformation of Economic Development in the Border Regions of Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Period." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 33, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.332.10.
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The prospects and trends for the development of border regions of the former Soviet Union have become one of the profound research areas in the field of economic geography recently. In the conditions of planned economy in the Republics of the USSR, a vertical system of industrial complexes was formed, with the focus on performing national economic tasks. There have been some significant changes in the border regions of independent post-Soviet States in the process of transition to the market economy model. The analysis of the industrial and territorial structure is done on the example of Russia and Kazakhstan. The formation of a common market on the basis of the Eurasian Economic Union allowed the border regions to make the most of their competitive advantage in attracting investments. The unique geographical particularity of the research object is manifested in the fact that there are no analogues of the longest land border in the world as between Russia and Kazakhstan. The new forms of production organisation are implemented in the border regions of the studied countries over more than 7,000 km. More than a quarter of a century later, transformation processes are clearly observed in the mining and manufacturing industries, agriculture, transport and services. As a result, the “regional asymmetry” of industrial development can be observed when manufacturing regions with high added value become the “cores” of economic development of cross-border relations between Russia and Kazakhstan.
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BLUFFSTONE, RANDALL. "Are the costs of pollution abatement lower in Central and Eastern Europe? Evidence from Lithuania." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1999): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000285.
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It is often claimed that pollution reductions can be achieved at lower cost in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, because more possibilities exist to update production processes and reduce waste. To date, however, there has been little or no systematic evaluation of what the costs actually are in these countries. The main purpose of this paper is to partially fill this research gap using firm-level data from Lithuania. Abatement cost estimates for key air pollutants are presented based on investments made in Lithuania during 1993–4. The paper also attempts to estimate the demand for pollution directly using data on pollution charges from 1994. Using both methods, it is shown that for at least some key pollutants marginal and average abatement costs are probably substantially lower in Lithuania than in western countries.
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Satskyi, Pavlo Viktorovych. "Construction Management South-Ukrainian and North-Crimean channels in 1950−1953." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (August 23, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261712.
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In the current article the analysis of the mechanisms of the providing of management of the building process of the Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimean channels in the command-administrative system of USSR during the late Stalinist period has been made. The building of Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimea channels had a particular political value for USSR in the beginning of 1950s, while the realization of this project was supposed to create the prerequisites for the economic development of the Southern regions of Ukraine (until 1954) and the Northern regions of the Crimea. The General Directorate 'Ukrvodstroy" of the Ministry of Cotton of USSR was supposed to be responsible for the building of the Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimean channels. However, the Ministry of Cotton as well as other union ministries turned out to be ineffective in the process of administering of "communism construction". On the other hand, the Council of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were very effective in providing of the building of the Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimean channels. Due to the effective activity of the leadership of Ukrainian SSR related to the providing of the building of Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimean channels, the revival of the social-economic development of the Crimea took place, particularly in the far end regions of the Crimea it happened due to the development of capital investments required for the program of channels building. Thus, the Council of Ministers of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Central Committee of Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine was actively expanding its territory competence on the territory of the Crimea.
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Franca, Tanos, Daniel Kitagawa, Samir Cavalcante, Jorge da Silva, Eugenie Nepovimova, and Kamil Kuca. "Novichoks: The Dangerous Fourth Generation of Chemical Weapons." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051222.
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“Novichoks” is the name given to the controversial chemical weapons supposedly developed in the former Soviet Union between the 1970s and the 1990s. Designed to be undetectable and untreatable, these chemicals became the most toxic of the nerve agents, being very attractive for both terrorist and chemical warfare purposes. However, very little information is available in the literature, and the Russian government did not acknowledge their development. The intent of this review is to provide the IJMS readers with a general overview on what is known about novichoks today. We briefly tell the story of the secret development of these agents, and discuss their synthesis, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, and possible ways of treatment and neutralization. In addition, we also wish to call the attention of the scientific community to the great risks still represented by nerve agents worldwide, and the need to keep constant investments in the development of antidotes and ways to protect against such deadly compounds.
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Zykin, I. V. "PRIORITIES OF PARTY-STATE BODIES OF THE USSR IN FINANCING AND PLACEMENT OF ENTERPRISES OF TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX IN THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1928-1932)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-1-66-78.
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In the Soviet Union, with the beginning of the first five-year plan (1928-1932), it was planned to carry out on a large scale the reconstruction and construction of forest industry enterprises, bringing them closer to the sources of raw materials. Large production facilities in the fields of mechanical processing and deep processing of wood were to appear in different regions of the country, but primarily in the European North and the Ural. Active industrial development of the northern and eastern regions of the country led to increased interest of researchers, including on issues of capital investments and new construction in the forest industry. However, many aspects have been unaffected or considered superficially. This updates the appeal to the problems of financing and placement of enterprises in the forest industry. The basic theory is the concept of modernization. The novelty of the study is that for the first time an analysis of the indicators of the first five-year plan and statistical data on the forest industry has been undertaken, and the peculiarities of the placement of enterprises of the industry have been summarized. Conclusions were drawn about the plans of the party-state bodies of the Soviet Union to develop the spheres of mechanical processing and deep processing of wood, including the combination of enterprises, the approach of new industries to forest areas and waterways in the northern, north-eastern and eastern regions of the country. However, due to economic, technological, natural and resource reasons, during the first five-year plan, the emphasis on financing of the forest industry shifted to the development of forests and the construction of mechanical wood processing plants. Many indicators of the plan have not been implemented, a number of large projects, especially in the pulp and paper industry, have not been implemented.
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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Gospodarczo-militarne problemy i dylematy Związku Radzieckiego w latach 30. XX wieku." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.4512.
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In December of 1927, the 15th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unionapproved the guidelines for the elaboration of a five-year plan of the economic development of the country. According to J. Stalin, “the basic task of the five-year plan was to set […] a technologically backward country – on the tracks of a new modern technology”. The idea entailed make the Soviet Union an industrial state, strong one as well as completely self-sufficient and independent of the capitalist world. At the same time, the task of transforming the country into an industrial state was combined with a different objective, namely to completely rid the economy of capitalist elements, which in turn was to lead directly to the creation of a socialist society. At the same time the creation of a modern industry was to serve as a basis for the retooling and reorganization of not only the industrial sector, but also of transport and agriculture in accordance with the precepts of socialism. In the case of the agricultural sector, the objective was defined as the transformation of agricultural holdings into large collective farms, which was supposed to lead to the creation of a socialist economic base in the countryside (with peasants being perceived as an obstacle for this effort), with the ultimate objective of preventing the restoration of capitalism in the Soviet Union. The five-year plan was also aimed at creating necessary economic and technical foundations which would allow to overtake the leading capitalist economies (United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Japan) in the perspective of a few years (5–6 years). This objective was to be energetically pursued in order to be achieved at the turn of the first and second five year plan. However, the economic reality turned out to be more complicated and the strategy of “catching up and overtaking” was systematically delayed, which – unavoidably – stirred up irritation and rage in the circles of Joseph Stalin. The leap from the “kingdom of coercion” to the “kingdom of freedom” turned out to be a spectacular flop. Purges and terror (addressed also at the party-state apparatus, army and security organs) in the 1930s, which caused millions of victims, did not bring the expected economic effects. The engulfing atmosphere of threat and fear led to paralysis, which in turn resulted in declining PRZEGLĄD WSCHODNIOEUROPEJSKI X/1 2019: 163–186 164 Zbigniew Klimiuk economic efficiency. At that time, a distinctive barrier to economic growth surfaced in the Soviet economy, namely the impossibility of achieving an increase in production on the basis of existing assets, which was due to the quality of management and the inefficiency of the economic system. Economic growth was thus possible only through new investments – the phenomenon (known as the so-called investment pressure) which was besetting the socialist economies until their very end. The existence of such a barrier was also confirmed by the course of the implementation of the third (unfinished) five-year plan (for the period 1938–1942).
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Zykin, Ivan V. "Behind the Five-Year Plan: the Timber Processing Complex of the USSR in Annual Plans for 1935–1937." Economic History 17, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.053.017.202102.161-177.
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Introduction. The timber processing complex became an important component of the project of “socialist industrialization” of the late 1920s – early 1940s in the Soviet Union. The first five-year plan was not implemented by the industry, despite a significant increase in indicators compared to the period of the “new economic policy”. The development of the forest industry in the second five-year plan should have become more balanced and not lose dynamism. During this period, the economic structure of the industry was relatively homogeneous. An analysis of the indicators of annual national economic plans in the context of the second five-year plan becomes relevant. Historiography of the period of “socialist industrialization” and, in particular, 1933–1937 consists mainly of studies of foreign and domestic scientists on the Soviet economy and works on the history of the forest industry of certain regions. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the concept of modernization. Based on the information of the second five-year plan and annual plans, series of data on the development of the timber processing complex of the Soviet Union were formed. Results. At the beginning of the second five-year plan, the industry experienced stagnation of production and financial indicators, failure to fulfill annual plans. Then, as capital investments increased, the construction of enterprises was completed, capacities were developed, new forms of socialist competition developed, the timber processing complex demonstrated a significant improvement in the results of activities. Labor productivity increased at a relatively high rate in the fields of machining and deep processing of wood, but slowly grew in the field of timber harvesting. Unsatisfactory tasks were performed to reduce the cost of production. Conclusions. The main volumes of work in the timber processing complex were carried out by the Narkomles (People’s Committee of Forest Industry) of the USSR. In 1935–1936 it became possible to approach the target values of the second five-year plan, which, however, was not fully implemented due to the beginning of mass repressions and the transfer of part of the enterprises to forced labor camps. Summing up the planned and actual results of the timber processing complex for 1933–1937 showed that the industry fulfilled the five-year plan by 80–90 %, and in some areas surpassed it.
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OLSEN, Julia, Marina V. NENASHEVA, Grete K. HOVELSRUD, and Gjermund WOLLAN. "Island Communities’ Viability in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Arctic: The Role of Livelihoods and Social Capital." Arctic and North, no. 42 (March 23, 2021): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2021.42.13.
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Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, local communities have been adapting to new political and socioeconomic realities. These changes have prompted dramatic outmigration among rural populations, especially in the Russian Arctic. Despite these changes, some communities remain viable, with some residents exploring new economic opportunities. This study uses findings from qualitative interviews to understand what factors shape community viability, interviewing residents and relevant regional stakeholders in two case areas in the Arkhangelsk oblast: the Solovetsky Archipelago in the White Sea and islands in the delta of the Northern Dvina River. The results indicate that community viability and the reluctance of community members to leave their traditional settlements are shaped by livelihoods, employment opportunities, and social capital. Social capital is characterized by such empirically identified factors as shared perceptions of change and a willingness to address changes, place attachment, and local values. We conclude that further development or enhancement of community viability and support for local livelihoods also depends on 1) bottom-up initiatives of engaged individuals and their access to economic support and 2) top-down investments that contribute to local value creation and employment opportunities.
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Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Moshe Semyonov, Irena Kogan, and Richard A. Wanner. "Institutional Structure and Immigrant Integration: A Comparative Study of Immigrants’ Labor Market Attainment in Canada and Israel." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 389–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00142.x.
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The present study focuses on the incorporation of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in two receiving societies, Israel and Canada, during the first half of the 1990s. Both countries conducted national censuses in 1995 (Israel) and 1996 (Canada), making it possible to identify a large enough sample of immigrants and provide information on their demographic characteristics and their labor market activity. While both Canada and Israel are immigrant societies, their institutional contexts of immigrant reception differ considerably. Israel maintains no economic selection of the Jewish immigrants and provides substantial support for newcomers, who are viewed as a returning Diaspora. Canada employs multiple criteria for selecting immigrants, and the immigrants’ social and economic incorporation is patterned primarily by market forces. The analysis first examines the characteristics of immigrants who arrived in the two countries and evaluates the extent of selectivity. Consistent with our hypotheses, Russian immigrants to Canada were more immediately suitable for the labor market, but experienced greater difficulty finding and maintaining employment. Nevertheless, immigrants to Canada attained higher-status occupations and higher earnings than their compatriots in Israel did, although the Israeli labor market was more likely to reward their investments in education.
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Tsetsiarynets, Tat'iana. "Investments into the human capital as a factor of innovative economy formation." University Economic Bulletin, no. 41 (March 30, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-41-75-82.
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Article is devoted to the current problems characteristic not only for Belarus, but practically to all countries of the former Soviet Union which main essence consists in the analysis of investment ensuring formation of the human capital. Purpose: the analysis and assessment of the key macroeconomic indicators, socio-economic factors and institutional conditions of investment ensuring formation of the human capital in Republic of Belarus. Methods – are used the main methods of scientific knowledge, such as analysis, synthesis, comparisons, tabular, etc. Results of work: The paradigm of innovative and technological development which is based on such progressive factors as digitalization of economy, scientific and technical progress, the intellectual capital, industrialization, etc. has the dominating impact on formation of modern society. It is aggregated them it is possible to divide into two big groups: the investment, including structure and structure of fixed assets and intangible assets of the industry, volumes of investment resources, innovative activity, and the human, including quantities of human resources, labor productivity level, degree of qualification of workers, scientific and innovative potential, etc. Their influence is defining and does not raise doubts in scientific and practical community. Formation of innovative economy assumes active introduction of achievements of scientific and technical progress, modernization of the production technology of products, improvement of organizational and economic mechanisms of management. The economy of knowledge is produced directly by the people generating the new ideas, knowledge, technologies. Progressive rates of technological progress are caused not only by existence of certain material and technical resources, but also quantitative structure and a qualitative condition of human resources. In this regard the special relevance is acquired by questions of investment of human development for the purpose of transformation of human resources of society in the most valuable capital – human. In article the main theoretical approaches to definition of the concept «human capital» are considered. The analysis of the key macroeconomic indicators reflecting trends in the sphere of investment ensuring formation and development of the human capital is carried out. An assessment of an intellectual and innovative component of the human capital in Republic of Belarus is given. Conclusions: The main directions of increase in efficiency of investment ensuring formation and development of the human capital are defined.
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Molchanov, Igor, and Natalia Molchanova. "On the Development of Planning Methodology During Turbulence." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 3 (October 2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2022.3.2.
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The purpose of the article is to study the accumulated domestic experience of macroeconomic planning in retrospect, the specifics of its application in the post–Soviet period, to identify advantages and disadvantages, to determine possible vectors of development of the methodology of national planning: its principles, methods, techniques, technologies, logic and options for the implementation of existing scientific and applied developments in the practice of management. The positive aspects are established and the imperfections of the centralized and indicative planning systems used in the Soviet Union and a number of foreign socialist countries are revealed. Conclusions are drawn about the need to preserve the experience of national economic planning accumulated in the Soviet period, in-depth study of its state in the transition to a market economy period, substantiation of probable options (scenarios) of development applied to the current conditions of macroeconomic uncertainty. Based on the study of the evolution of the scientific basis of planning, the problems of drawing up and executing national plans and programs of socio-economic development in modern Russia are analyzed. The accumulated experience of the program-target planning, limitations and prospects of its use are considered in the historical context. The potential opportunities and features of the use of the available strategic planning tools are presented. The necessity of creating a coherent national planning system focused on the implementation of the tasks of ensuring sustainable economic growth is substantiated. Recommendations are formulated aimed at activating the activities of economic agents on the use of principles and methods of planning adapted to market conditions of management and their application in the conditions of transformation of economic relations during the transition to Industry 4.0. Possible directions for further research may be the search for ways to link the strategic plans being developed with the provision of public investments, the systematization of various instruments of economic and financial regulation and the identification of opportunities for their development in accordance with the peculiarities of the organization of the emerging ecosystems of the digitalization period.
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Gogiashvili, Salome. "Current Issues of the Formation of the Investment Environment and Potential in Georgia." Creative and Knowledge Society 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cks-2016-0002.
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AbstractThe stage of the formation and establishment of a market economy in Georgia raises the necessity for economic science to solve fundamentally different problems concerning the improvement of the investment environment and investment climate in national economy. After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the replacement with new relationships has been quite difficult and painful in which foreign investments should play a crucial role. Issues to be discussed include the questions that explore some of the categories and the constraints of the investment climate (potential). All this leads to the relevance of the article and, therefore, determines the purpose of the article. The research process uses general dialectical methods of socio-economic research (description, analysis, systematization, abstraction, synthesis) as well as modern methods of research of economic theory (systemic, institutional, evolutionary). The scientific aim of the research is to highlight the current issues of the investment environment and investment climate in economy, to study the transformation processes taking place in Georgia during the last two decades, to conduct analysis using proper methods, to show the current social and political as well as other important processes, to generalize them and to form proper opinions. Findings based on research suggest that it is possible to speed up the process of economic development of Georgia. However, the situation will remain difficult in the region and the factors causing the recession _ instability in oil prices and the weakening of the national currency against the US dollar will still be present. In conclusion, the opinion can be formed that a stable and predictable legislative process is important for the investment environment. Therefore, all the parties that may undergo the changes should be informed and involved in every project planned by the government; At present, it becomes necessary to further extend the deregulation policy, which should include the development of financial and investment sectors and support of the establishment of appropriate infrastructure, promotion of the further development of microfinance institutions, investment companies and funds, designing the system of investment insurance and stimulation, elimination of unnecessary bureaucracy and artificial barriers, etc.
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N'kezi, Silumpunisa Ndombele. "Multinationals Paradox of Geopolitics in Light of the War in Ukraine." Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjhss.2022.v07i07.002.
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The three decades following the fall of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, were marked by the Russian policies of catching up with Western countries. First, at the beginning of the decade that followed this fall, the restructuring of the economy was left to market forces, next there was an implementation of the policy of modernization of certain industrial sectors and the development of new technologies from the following decade. These policies have allowed investments by Western multinationals to access the Russian market, which thus fits into the global just-in-time management approach because of the economic and geopolitical arguments it presents. The war between Ukraine and the Russian Federation produced the opposite effect. That of dismantling these same multinational companies in a short time. It is this paradox that multinational companies established in Russia must resolve in order to participate in the remodeling of socio-economic relations with the Russian Federation. The question is: How do they do it? What risks do they run to achieve this? This article has deciphered the mechanisms of remodeling of socio-economic relations against the background of the risks incurred by these multinational companies in the light of the war between the Russian Federation and the West by the agency of Ukraine.
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Tichá, Michaela. "State or Private Ownership? A Survey of Empirical Studies." Review of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 120–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10135-012-0006-6.
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State or Private Ownership? A Survey of Empirical Studies This paper focuses on property rights and performance of enterprises. The objective of this paper is to summarize existing knowledge from empirical studies dealing with the question of whether private property and privatization of enterprises encourage firms to increase their performance measured as growth of profitability, labor productivity, investments, costs effectiveness, etc. On the basis of empirical studies, it is also determined what the influence of institutional frameworks of property rights and privatization is on the firm performance. The first part of the paper reviews results of studies on the non-transition economies privatized by 1990. The second one evaluates the impact of private ownership on performance of enterprises from transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union. The results of the studies suggest that private ownership is an important but not sufficient determinant of firm prosperity, subsequently resulting in overall rise of wealth of nations. The positive impact of private ownership on economic performance can occur only in an appropriate institutional environment with relevant legal standards (righteous and enforceable contracts, the protection of shareholders and creditors, adequate banking system, functioning bankruptcy courts, capital market supervision, etc.).
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Satskyi, P. "FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SOUTH-UKRAINIAN AND NORTH-CRIMEAN CANALS (1950 – 1953)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 132 (2017): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2017.132.1.11.
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This paper is looking at the financial support for the construction of Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimean Channels. It gained the status of "communism construction" and started in 1951 on the basis of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from the 20th of September in 1950. The research of the financial support for the building of channels was made in the context of the analysis of the command-administrative system of the USSR of the late Stalinist period. In particular, there was also the analysis of the reasons for underfunding of the building and also the role of the Council of Ministers of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the supply of the process of building of Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimean Channels considering the difficulties with the financial support. Thus, a particular attention has been paid to the fact that the financing of the building of Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimean Channels was done together with the building of The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station. However, in the beginning of construction works the financial resources, which were supposed to be spent on the building of channels, in majority were spent on the building of The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station. In the author's opinion, it was related to the fact that during the initial stage of channel building the first constructions build were the buildings for the employees as well as social and transport infrastructure buildings surrounding the channel constructions. Thus, the exploration of the Southern areas of Ukraine and Northern areas of the Crimea has started the backgrounds for the active inhabitance of these regions has started, which was the main target of the constructions works. The research of the financial support of the building was done on the basis of the backgrounds of the budget system and the budget politics of USSR. We can conclude that the building of the Southern-Ukrainian and the Northern-Crimean Channels attracted the incoming investments for the construction sites built on the territory of the Crimea. This fact had a particular impact for the social-economic development in terms of ineffective economical system of USSR in the late Stalinist period. Moreover, this was a start of the Crimea's integration in the Ukrainian social-economical system.
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SHENAI, Vijay, Artem SHCHERBYNA, Sergei VORONIN, and Dmitriy OLKHOVSKYY. "THE DETERMINANTS OF FDI IN SIX FORMER FSU COUNTRIES: A STUDY OF DATA 1995–2017." Vol 19, No 1 (2020), Vol 19, No 1 (2020) (March 2020): 140–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2020.01.140.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can bring in much needed capital, particularly in emerging markets, help improve manufacturing and trade sectors, bring in more efficient technologies, increase local production and exports, create jobs and develop local skills, bring about improvements in soft and hard infrastructure and overall be a contributor to sustainable economic growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). With all these desirable features, it becomes relevant to ascertain the factors which attract FDI to an economy or a group of adjacent economies. This paper explores the determinants of FDI in six Former Soviet Union (FSU): Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Russia, Moldova and Kazakhstan. After an extensive literature review of theories and empirical research and using a set of cross-sectional data over the period 1995–2017, an ARDL model is estimated with FDI/GDP as the dependent variable. Inflation, exchange rate changes, openness, economy size (GDP), Income levels (GNI per capita), Infrastructure (measured by the number of fixed line and mobile subscription per 100 persons) are tested as independent variables for explanatory power in long run and short run relationships. Over the period, higher inflows of FDI in relation to GDP appear to be have been attracted to the markets with better infrastructure, smaller markets and higher income levels, with lower openness, depreciation in the exchange rate and higher income levels though the coefficients of the last three variables are not significant. The results show the type of FDI attracted to investments in this region and are evaluated from theoretical and practical view points. Policy recommendations are made to enhance FDI inflows and further economic development in this region. Such a study of this region has not been made in the past. JEL: C21, F21, F23.
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Kuznetsov, A. "Promoting Russian Economic Interests in Southern Africa." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 11 (2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-11-79-87.
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In this study Southern Africa refers to 10 countries: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Angola and Mozambique. The author states that this region can take an important place in the general policy of the economic turn of the Russian Federation to the Global South. The Soviet Union developed close ties with some countries, supporting them in their struggle for independence, but after the collapse of the USSR, our country “left the region”. Analysis of main features of modern Russian foreign trade in goods and services, as well as foreign direct investment, has shown that only South Africa and Angola are characterized by a diversified structure of bilateral economic relations, and quite favorable in terms of Russian exports of goods. However, even in South Africa and Angola, the dynamics of trade with Russia is unstable, Russian investment was made by a limited number of leading TNCs (mainly in raw materials). Imports from Angola are associated only with diamonds, which does not distinguish this country from Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, which mainly specialize in the supply of tobacco raw materials to Russia. Russian high-tech exports are primarily related to arms supplies, while a significant proportion of other high value-added goods are usually associated with small volumes of supplies (as in the case of Russia’s pharmaceutical exports to Angola). So far, Russian grain and mineral fertilizers are most in demand in Southern Africa. At the same time, almost all countries in the region have the potential to deepen cooperation with Russia. Russian companies that come to the region as investors will be able to significantly increase trade turnover and diversify its structure. The most significant investments have been made by Russian oil and gas TNCs and diamond mining giant ALROSA. However, Russian investors from other industries, as well as service companies, are also showing interest in Southern Africa. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared at IMEMO under the support of the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 17-78-20216).
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Litvinova, T. N. "Russia in the Greater Eurasian Partnership: from Civilization Theory to Political Practice." Journal of Law and Administration 16, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2020-2-55-33-42.
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Introduction. The article overviews the place of Russia in the promotion and construction of the Greater Eurasian partnership. The idea of this partnership was proposed by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin for the interfacing of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) and the Chinese transport initiative “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR).Materials and methods. The study is based on the synthesis of the civilizational concept of Eurasianism and the theory of international integration. The work analyses official documents of EEU and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), declarations of their officials, screening mass media, trade and economic statistics.Results. The statistics show that EEU is gaining success, although at present its developed is slowing. Third countries still play a significant role in foreign trade and investments of EEU member states. China competes with Russia for the dominance in Central Asia. The interface of EEU and SCO integration processes, as well as the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Road” should be developed in view of Russia’s interests.Discussion and conclusion. The Greater Eurasian partnership can be considered as component of a new world architecture underlied by the system of regional and interregional economic and integration groups. The post-Soviet countries of Eurasia are united by a common history, civilizational and cultural prerequisites for integration with the unifying role of Russia. No serious project on the continent can be implemented without its participation.
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Nitavska, Natalija, and Daiga Skujane. "Re-branding Landscapes of Forgotten Resorts. Case of the Healing Resort Kemeri in Latvia." Landscape architecture and art 15 (March 23, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.15.06.
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Health resorts have been important landscape identity elements and economy drivers in European cities since the beginning of their development. The sea coastal area in Latvia is rich in sulphur springs that have been used for health procedures since 19th century. Kemeri resort in Jurmala City is known as a unique place that got its name from the forester house Kemeres where the first health procedures were performed by using sulphur spring mud. In 1836 Kemeri was declared as a resort and became known in the whole Russian Empire and later also in the Soviet Union. Significant landscape changes occurred after Latvia regained its independence in 1990, when the ownership of the land changed from the state to the private. Affected by disagreements between the new owners, lack of private and state investments, decrease of visitors from former Soviet Republics, insufficient capacity for competing with European resorts, the resorts in Latvia often became abandoned and forgotten. Historically valuable buildings and parks of the resorts were degraded, the number of inhabitants and visitors decreased. Today the regional government has found opportunities for re-development of Kemeri resort by searching for a new identity and re-branding the place. Re-branding has been used to enhance attractiveness of the place and increase economic benefits. Therefore, the aim of the study is to identify historic heritage values suitable for re-branding of the place and to analyse a potential development of the resort Kemeri. Assessment part of the article is based on historic heritage study by comparing historic and modern photography, field surveys to identify historic heritage values of the place and their influence on possible development scenarios. Historic heritage values were identified according to the Historicity and authenticity; Aesthetic quality and integrity; Social meaning. The other parts of the article are addressed to re-branding of the place that includes involvement of identified historic heritage values into the new identity to enhance functionality, recognisability and attractiveness of the resort Kemeri.
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al-Hariri, Jasim Unis. "Israeli penetration of Central Asian nations and repercussions for relations with the Arab world*." Contemporary Arab Affairs 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 322–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2011.593956.
Full textAbstract:
Israel has gradually extended its influence in Central Asia, both strengthening and diversifying bilateral relations there in order to open the doors of the region to its investments in ways that will bolster its position in Palestine and the region and have repercussions for Arab relations with the nations of Central Asia. Since the collapse of the former Soviet Union there has been an international scramble for influence in Central Asia and a race to penetrate its markets as well as to ensure access to its vast natural resources including oil, natural gas, gold and uranium. The mechanisms of influence – employed by various powers including Israel, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Egypt (among others) – range from trade and economic incentives to joint business ventures and agreements to exchanges – technical, educational and cultural – as well cultural and religious initiatives inclusive of local Muslim populations and Jewish diasporas. This research paper seeks to respond to a number of important questions and significantly: What are the reasons for Israeli manoeuvring and penetration into Central Asia? What are the means by which Israel employs to facilitate the attendant processes? What are the factors that positively or negatively impact Israeli operations in the region? What are future scenarios for Israeli manoeuvring in and penetration of Central Asia? This paper operates on the hypothesis that Israeli penetration of Central Asia may have possible political and economic effects and negative repercussions for Arab relations with the region.
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Kuklina, Maria, Antonina Savvinova, Viktoria Filippova, Natalia Krasnoshtanova, Viktor Bogdanov, Alla Fedorova, Dmitrii Kobylkin, Andrey Trufanov, and Zolzaya Dashdorj. "Sustainability and Resilience of Indigenous Siberian Communities under the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure Transformation." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106253.
Full textAbstract:
Transport provision in remote territories is one of the most important factors in maintaining the sustainability of socio-economic and ecological systems. Indigenous peoples of Siberia have always been mobile using diverse traditional ways across the taiga. During the Soviet period, the transition to settled life, along with technological development and the emergence of new modes of transport, such as off-road cars, snowmobiles, and motor boats, significantly affected the level of population mobility, including remote areas where people are engaged in traditional nature management. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were significant changes and reductions in the subsidies of transportation systems for remote terrains that made them isolated. Transport connectivity has been realized through rare plane flights (once a month or less) or by cars on dirt roads (actually off-road) that take several days of travel. Siberian territories rich with natural resources, low population density, and weak infrastructure might be attractive for mining companies. Being difficult to access not only for the local population, but also for industrial companies, the territories imply the allocation of a significant share of road construction and transport costs in the cost items of miners and processors. The problems of sustainability and resilience of the indigenous peoples of Siberia require special attention when restructuring transport communications, but they have practically not been studied before. Methods of in-depth and group interviews with local residents were used. Based on comparative geographic and statistical analysis and generalization of data, network and problem approaches applied for various sources and field materials (including in-depth and group interviews), the factors of sustainability and resilience, which the indigenous communities of three remote Siberian territories pin their hopes on in the context of the transformation of transportation infrastructure, have been identified. If geographic remoteness remains an unchanged fact, the expansion of desired transport accessibility (mainly due to investments by industrial companies) is associated by locals with the possibility of additional income related to provision of services, the emergence of new types of employment of the population that have not been observed before, and the implementation of new transport modes to support traditional activities.
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Pachucki-Włosek, Krystian. "Change in the policy of the Uzbek authorities regarding cotton farming as a consequence of civil disobedience." Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/we.2020.6.2.183-197.
Full textAbstract:
The article looks at the issue of civil disobedience in Uzbekistan. The aim of the article is to find an answer to the question of whether a civil society has emerged in Uzbekistan capable of influencing the ruling elite. The confirmation of this thesis was the history of the long-term struggle against the state monopoly on cotton trading, known as white gold. As the main source of the emergence of civil disobedience, the author adopted the economic issue, in particular the regulations that inhibit the possibility of the free sale of cotton, which is the main source of income for half of Uzbekistan's population. In the article, the author presents the actions of the first president of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, and his successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, regarding the approach to the cotton farming sector. The separation of thirty years of independence was aimed at rearranging the length of the process of forming civil disobedience in relation to the law limiting the free-market cotton trade. The article also discusses the influence of an external factor in the form of Kazakhstan's attitude, which made it possible to break the current legal order, as well as the importance of Swiss investments in Uzbek textiles. In the final conclusions, the author states that the process of creating a civil society and popularizing civil disobedience began in Uzbekistan. He confirms this by describing the behavior of both the authorities and society. It shows the negative impact of maintaining the cotton monoculture after the collapse of the Soviet Union on the financial condition of the society.
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Karadeniz, Oğuzhan. "A general overview of Turkish tourism." Journal of Human Sciences 15, no. 3 (August 7, 2018): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i3.5494.
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International tourist movements are increasing every year and tourism revenues are increasing accordingly. The effort to get more shares from this growing market brings competition. when the tourism movements in the country were examined, the revival of the tourism movements took place only in the 1980s, with a record increase in the number of tourists and tourism revenues between 1983-1989. As of 2017 Turkey has regained its sixth world status which it lost in 2016. The most improvement in the number and the ratio of the tourists who came to our country between 2014 and 2018 are from the former Soviet Union and B.D.T. countries. From these countries, Russia has become the country that sends the highest number of tourists to Turkey with 4 715 438 tourists in 2017, compared to 2016 with an increase of 444.35%. It is thought that our country will be among the top 5 countries in the world by giving more opportunity to the promotion of tourism places, and working on alternative tourism places. Especially, it is predicted that the number of foreign visitors will increase greatly by increasing the number of airports constructed in various places of our country, including Airport 3 in Istanbul. The investments made for the development and spread of the tourism in our country will increase the number of tourists coming in and it is thought that it will make a big contribution in the economic sense as well. In this research, it is aimed to present proposals for the development of tourism by examining the development of Turkish tourism in recent years in this direction.
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Mano, Viktorija. "The Vulnerability of a Small, Open Economy in A Situation of Global Fiscal Crisis: The Impact of the Greek Debt Crisis on the Foreign Direct Investments to Macedonia." Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 7, no. 3 (2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.73.3002.
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The objective of my research is to critique the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stance on foreign investment and the benefits for small, open economies of allowing the free movement of capital. In my research as a whole I will explore the extent to which this stance impacted upon and influenced the economic policies of Macedonia. This will involve providing a contextualized, critical account of the policy of the IMF focusing on a comparison of its policies during the early 2000s through policy documents, political discourse and enacted policies in Macedonia. The conditionality associated with these policies, such as the enforcement of austerity measures (including cutting public spending and reducing debt) and the privatization of public institutions has provoked strong reactions in countries which receive such loans (Goldstein et al., 2003; Feldstein, 1998). Moreover, the main aim of the policies and the lack of in-depth analysis on the levels of development of the economies involved has had devastating outcomes in the past (such as with the East Asian currency crisis [1997/8], Latin American – Argentinian crisis [2001], Ex-Soviet Union crisis [1998], Eurozone crisis [2007/8]) (Lal, 1987; Goldstein et al., 2003; Joyce, 2003). My focus in this research is on exploring how the process of Financial Liberalization (FL) of the Macedonian economy affected capital flows in the form of foreign direct investments (FDI) in the private sector and how the recent Greek crisis of 2008 has impacted on this. According to Barnett and Monastiriotis, the neighboring countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Serbia) in which Greece is either the first or the second largest direct investor, are ‘most vulnerable to negative spillover through reduced FDI flows’ as Greek-owned FDI accounts for 7-9% of the GDP of those countries (2010: 47). In the case of Macedonia, the reality of FL was tested by the collapse of the Greek economy. The first part of my research will critically evaluate simplified models used in previous research to explain the influence of crisis on FDI in small economies like Macedonia. I will argue that investigating the impact of FL is much more complex and cannot be explained by linear regression. Instead, by undertaking an in-depth documentary analysis of official reports and documents, I will seek to investigate how the official view of the benefits of FL impacted on the Macedonian economy, thus implicitly testing the accepted IMF position.
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Romanchuk, E. S. "View at the Reform of the Economy of Uzbekistan through the Prism of the Republic’s Cooperation with International Development Institutions." Post-Soviet Issues 9, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2022-9-1-44-57.
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The reforms carried out recently in the Republic of Uzbekistan have caused a wide discussion. For many, the speed with which the liberalization of the economy is carried out, as well as the scale of transformations, came as a surprise. Being one of the most closed economies in the post-Soviet space five years ago, Uzbekistan managed not only to catch up with the progressive countries of the former Soviet Union, but also to do so with relatively small social consequences. As shown in the article, the “Uzbek miracle” was caused by three factors. Firstly, the reforms were prepared in advance. Secondly, after the change in the policy of multilateral development banks in terms of the conditions they set for issuing loans to governments, recapitalizing (in some cases) these organizations and optimizing their balance sheets, their ability to provide loans has expanded. In addition, criticism from the international community has stimulated multilateral development banks to take a more careful approach to the choice of tools used when working with borrowing states and literally “create” stories of successful transformation of national economies. Thirdly, the national development Institutes of the People’s Republic of China and Japan have been active in working with the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan to implement projects aimed at modernizing the old and building new infrastructure. They have invested significant resources to transform certain sectors of the Uzbek economy. Financial institutions of European and Arab states also cooperate with the Uzbek government.Based on the matrix of projects compiled with the volumes of planned investments in the context of institutions and spheres of economic activity, the author pointed out sectors of the Uzbek economy that are the most attractive for individual foreign economic partners of the republic. The rapid growth of the state external debt of the republic has caused a discussion in the country about the effectiveness of the use of foreign loans, as well as the establishment of an upper limit on international borrowing. At the current stage, the Republic of Uzbekistan does not intend to reduce the amount of assistance it attracts from international financial organizations (at the same time, the public debt ceiling will still be set), since, together with loans, these institutions, as a rule, allocate funds free of charge for the preparation of projects and advisory assistance to the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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CHACHINA, SVETLANA. "Developing economic cooperation between Russia and China." Public Administration 23, no. 3 (2021): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2021-23-3-98-102.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of Russian-Chinese economic cooperation over the past 70 years in light of the shift happening in both countries’ political paradigms and economic interests. The evolution of trade, economic and political relations, along with a detailed study of its stages, is described. The author examines the current state of economic relations between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China and pays attention to both positive and negative development trends as well as their further prospects. Despite the fact that economic relations at the state level do not have a very long history from the point of view of a historical perspective and are less than 100 years old, they had a serious impact on the development of China: the participation of the Soviet Union was marked not only by the modernization of production field, but also by extensive investments and training of specialists. The development of Russian-Chinese cooperation was significantly influenced by the well-known political events of 2014 and the subsequent sanctions against the Russian Federation by Western countries, which gave rise to retaliatory sanctions from Russia. At the same time, despite the obvious successes of international economic cooperation between Russia and China, there are still many factors that have or may potentially harm their development. Most economists, along with public administration experts, understand the importance of eliminating the “commodity roll” of Russian exports since the benefits for both countries are relevant only for short time periods, but in the long term, both countries benefit from diversifying production and increasing exports from Russia to China of mechanical engineering products, chemical production, as well as other high-tech products.
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Kamandzhaev, Narma A. "Первый опыт двусторонних консультаций для Госплана Монголии в рамках Совета экономической взаимопомощи (сентябрь–октябрь 1963 г.)." Oriental studies 15, no. 3 (October 17, 2022): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-60-3-451-459.
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Introduction. Since Mongolia joined the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance it became obliged to coordinate its planning activities with other member countries. And the planning coordination process proper essentially included arrangements of bilateral consultations between Mongolia’s planning agency and those of corresponding member countries. Goals. So, the study aims at examining earliest bilateral consultations held by Mongolia’s Planning Commission in September–October of 1963. Materials and methods. The article analyzes documents from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History and the Russian State Archive of the Economy. The key research methods employed are the comparative historical and typological ones. Results. The mentioned bilateral consultations were discussing two groups of questions, namely: a list of enterprises the Mongolian party was going to construct with the aid of other CMEA member countries, and lists of goods to be exchanged between the involved countries through the balance method. Conclusions. The bilateral consultations between the MPR’s Planning Commission and planning agencies of CMEA member governments held in September–October of 1963 proved an absolutely new line of activity for Mongolian economists. The former’s key points were discussions over lists of construction and other facilities required by the Mongolian party. And the almost full absence of data pertaining to construction funding sources implies the negotiation process — at that very stage — was far from being complete. It was the Soviet Union that was still expected to invest most in Mongolia’s economy and bear the bulk of responsibility for the to be constructed enterprises. The ‘greediest’ government engaged in discussions over economic aid to Mongolia was that of Romania, other CMEA member countries to have clustered into a group of so called ‘averages’. The latter did not differ much in scales of to be rendered aid, while essentials of their sector-specific investments did vary to some extent.