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1
Calder, Andrew J. Does Facial Identity and Facial Expression Recognition Involve Separate Visual Routes? Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559053.013.0022.
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Nigel, Blackaby, Partasides Constantine, Redfern Alan, and Hunter Martin. 11 Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198714248.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. It discusses the carrying out, or performance, of awards, so as to place recognition and enforcement in their proper context. In arbitration, if the losing party fails to carry out an award, the winning party needs to take steps to enforce performance of it. Two steps may be taken. The first is to exert some form of pressure, commercial or otherwise, in order to show the losing party that it is in its interests to perform the award voluntarily. The second is to invoke the powers of the state to obtain a charge over the losing party’s assets or in other ways to compel performance of the award. Pressure may also be exerted through adverse publicity. This method is adopted by trade associations and has the effect of discouraging other traders in the market from dealing with the defaulting party.
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Trevor C, Hartley. Part III Recognition and Enforcement, 18 Brussels and Lugano: Grounds for Refusal of Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729006.003.0018.
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The general rule in Brussels 2012 and Lugano 2007 is that all judgments from other Member States or Lugano States must be recognized unless there is a reason why they should not be. This chapter discusses those reasons. The grounds for refusal set out in the instruments apply to both recognition and enforcement of a judgment. However, in the case of enforcement, the judgment-debtor may also invoke grounds that apply under national law for the non-enforcement of national judgments — for example, that the judgment has been satisfied. This is not possible with regard to recognition: recognition may be refused only on the grounds set out in the instruments. The principal grounds are set out in Brussels 2012, Article 45, and Lugano 2007, Articles 34 and 35.
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McLachlan, Neil M. Timbre, Pitch, and Music. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.44.
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The perception of a sound’s timbre and pitch may be related to the more basic auditory function of sound recognition. Timbre may be related to the sensory experience (or memory) by which we recognize the source or meaning of a sound, while pitch may involve the recognition and mapping of timbres along a cognitive spatial dimension. Musical dissonance may then result from failure of sound recognition mechanisms, resulting in poor integration of pitch information and heightened arousal in musicians. Neurobiological models of auditory processing that include cortico-ponto-cerebellar and limbic pathways provide an account of the neural plasticity that underpins sound recognition and more complex human musical behaviors.
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Church, Jennifer. Boundary Problems. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, et al. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0031.
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Many psychiatric disorders involve problems with the recognition and preservation of personal boundaries. Philosophy can help to clarify what is at stake, both socially and phenomenologically, in drawing such boundaries. In particular, assignments of responsibility and determinations of loss are deeply implicated in the determination of personal boundaries. Understanding these implications can help make sense of the volatile emotions of borderline personality disorder, for example, and it can clarify what is missing from DSM descriptions more generally.
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Alessandra, Gianelli. Part IV Invalidity and Termination of Treaties, 20 Absolute Invalidity of Treaties and Their Non-Recognition by Third States. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0020.
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The 1969 Vienna Convention leaves to States parties a treaty invalid because of its conflict with a peremptory norm the initiative, and the choice of having the International Court of Justice declare the invalidity or of reaching an agreement to the same result. The Vienna Convention provides a similar solution with regard to the invalidity of treaties concluded as a result of coercion. According to widespread opinion, third States may not consider those treaties invalid independently from the parties' action. This outcome is particularly problematic, given that both are cases of so-called absolute invalidity, where nullity is the consequence of a contrast with rules of fundamental importance in contemporary international law. This chapter explores ways in which third States may invoke such an absolute invalidity, reaching the conclusion that through the well-established practice of non-recognition States have long declared their intention to consider treaties in such cases invalid, notwithstanding any lack of initiative of the States parties.
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Salama, Alan D. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0159_update_001.
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Primary systemic vasculitis frequently leads to renal involvement and is responsible for significant numbers of patients progressing to end-stage renal disease. Frequently this is due to small vessel vasculitis, in association with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody, which requires prompt recognition and timely therapeutic intervention to optimize renal and patient outcomes. Other organ systems are often affected. Relapses occur in about 50%.Less commonly medium or larger vessel vasculitis may involve the kidneys and through ischaemia lead to impaired renal function and renovascular hypertension, as in Takayasu’s or Kawasaki disease, and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN).
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O'Hara-O'Connor, Erin. Choice of Law and Conflict of Laws. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.039.
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This chapter explores the contribution of law and economics to conflict of laws, including choice of law, personal jurisdiction, and judgment recognition and enforcement. Consistent with developments in the literature, the majority of discussion focuses on choice of law, or how best to allocate sovereign authority over governing law when private disputes involve people or events that span multiple states or nations. The tension between private and state interests and the contributions of jurisdictional competition are considered, as is state incentives to cooperate, harmonize, and/or reciprocate in each of the substantive areas covered. Both federalism and international relations issues are briefly discussed.
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Sjoblom, Matthew D., Diane Gordon, and Lori A. Aronson. Hypopituitarism. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0041.
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Hypopituitarism is a decreased secretion of pituitary hormones. It is especially concerning during surgery and anesthesia if it results in adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, or diabetes insipidus. Common causes in children include pituitary tumor and/or treatment, traumatic brain injury, and empty sella syndrome. Perioperative management includes recognition of clinical symptoms, such as hypotension, fatigue, polydipsia, and increased urine output. Unrecognized adrenal insufficiency may result in significant morbidity or mortality. Intraoperative treatment may involve stress-dose corticosteroids, careful fluid management, and desmopressin. This chapter uses the case study of a 9-year-old boy who presents for bilateral removal of tibial orthopedic hardware to illustrate the concepts.
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Killmister, Suzy. Contours of Dignity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844365.001.0001.
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Contours of Dignity develops a theory geared towards explaining the complex and varied role dignity plays in our moral lives. This includes the relationship between dignity and respect; the ways in which shame and humiliation can constitute dignity violations; and the relationship between dignity and human rights. Dignity, according to this theory, comes in three strands: personal dignity, social dignity, and status dignity. Each strand involves a specific form of respect. On the one hand, personal dignity involves self-respect while social and status dignity involve the respect of others. On the other hand, personal and social dignity both involve appraisal respect, while status dignity involves recognition respect. With these distinctions in hand, Contours of Dignity then explores the moral significance of dignity, offering a novel explanation of the source and scope of individuals’ claims to have their dignity respected. The book concludes with a discussion of the relationship between dignity and human rights, arguing that we should understand human dignity as a social construct, but one that nonetheless vindicates the human rights project.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Physical health care. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0022.
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This chapter deals with an increasingly important topic: the recognition that individuals with severe mental illness die nearly 20 years before they should. The situational factors contributing to this excess mortality are outlined—failure to register with a GP, homelessness, and dysfunctional help-seeking behaviour. Individual risks, including self-neglect, co-morbid conditions, and the impact of treatments (e.g. metabolic syndrome caused by novel antipsychotics), are also outlined. The role of the outreach worker can involve building liaison with the GP and, on occasions, taking direct responsibility for the physical care of some of the more severely ill patients. There are risks of blurred confidentiality, marginalization, and withdrawal by GP services in this approach, but sometimes it is inevitable.
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Fox, Susan H. Could It Possibly Be … ? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0027.
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There is increasing recognition of adult presentations of metabolic diseases typically associated with children. These phenotypes are often milder and potentially mistaken for more common adult-onset disorders, therefore requiring a high index of suspicion. The most common adult-onset clinical features involve focal dystonias and parkinsonism. Making a diagnosis of dopa-responsive dystonia in an adult typically involves a therapeutic trial of low-dose levodopa. Genetic testing may be useful to confirm dopa-responsive dystonia and rule out other causes of dystonia and tremor. The neurological examination should be performed carefully to ensure that subtle dystonia is not missed. A trial of levodopa may be warranted to ensure that late-onset dopa-responsive dystonia is not missed.
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Valpey, Robin, and Amy Crawford-Faucher. Behavioral Health Emergencies (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0016.
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Behavioral health emergencies typically involve agitation with autonomic instability. Many medical and psychiatric conditions can precipitate agitation that could necessitate rapid response interventions. Non-pharmacologic therapies can be useful to modulate agitation or delirium, but the mainstay of pharmacologic treatment is either antipsychotics or benzodiazepines, depending on the underlying problem. Psychosis and delirium generally respond better to antipsychotics, while mania, catatonia, toxidromes, withdrawal, and agitation from head injuries are more effectively treated with benzodiazepines. Prompt recognition of severe alcohol withdrawal can improve mortality; getting a history of other drug use, including “designer drugs” can help inform care. This chapter discusses the treatment of agitation, catatonia, medication-related disturbances, and intoxication and withdrawal during emergencies.
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de Melo-Martín, Inmaculada, and Kristen Intemann. Where Disagreements Can Lie. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869229.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 proposes a second recommendation to deal with the negative adverse effects that normatively inappropriate dissent (NID) can have: it calls for a recognition of the limits of scientific evidence when it comes to public policymaking and for an increased focus on potential differences in the values that underlie policy decisions. It contends that while confusion and doubt about the existing empirical evidence or about its strength can contribute to stalled policies, disagreements about values can also play a significant role. Such disagreements can involve what people take to be valuable, how to interpret shared values, how to weigh conflicting values, and what policies are better for promoting certain valuable goals.
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Furtak, Rick Anthony. On the Emotional A Priori. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492045.003.0005.
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Emotions ought to be understood as an epistemically indispensable mode of experience, because they involve our living bodies in the recognition of what is meaningful within our world of concern. How it is that we have a “world of concern” in the first place, in which things are felt to be significant? Dispositional affective states serve as grounding conditions for the episodes of emotion that arise in particular contexts. Once we care about something, we are liable to have a variety of discrete emotions about it: and it is only if we have some degree of concern for something that we are liable to be moved. The emotional a priori frames our affective involvements and allows us to be receptive to whatever significance our lives might contain. We should therefore not assume that we could easily be conscious of the world around us without love, care, or interest.
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McEwen, Bruce S., and Natalie L. Rasgon. The Brain and Body on Stress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0002.
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Neuroscientists have treated the brain in isolation from the rest of the body, while endocrinology and general medicine have viewed the body largely without regard to the influence of systemic physiology and pathophysiology on higher brain centers outside of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. But now there is greater recognition of brain–body interactions affecting the limbic and cognitive systems of brain and altering systemic physiology; these are conceptualized as allostasis and allostatic load and overload. These concepts look at both the interactions of brain and body to stressors and health-promoting and health-damaging behaviors, and they help integrate behavior and mood with systemic functions. These interactions involve genetic predispositions and epigenetic alterations mediated by circulating steroid and metabolic hormones. Comorbidity and multi-morbidity of disorders will be illustrated by the relationship of systemic and brain insulin resistance to the psychopathology of depression and to the increased risk for dementia.
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Gray, Erik. Love and Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198752974.003.0002.
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This chapter considers the relation between love and poetry by examining different theories of each. It begins with Horace’s Art of Poetry and Ovid’s Art of Love, which give very similar accounts of their respective subjects. Both phenomena are said to involve a counterpointing of contradictory forces: impulse and artistry, spontaneity and deliberate craft. The parallel persists in the work of thinkers across different periods. Thus the Romantics of the early nineteenth century describe a similar balance; both poetry and love, in their accounts, consist of a two-stage process in which momentary inspiration is followed and fulfilled by self-conscious reflection. These dualities find their ultimate model in Plato, who describes love as an effect of simultaneous recognition and disorientation. The same dichotomy is fundamental to poetry, notably through poetry’s use of meter, with its reliance on pattern and variation, and metaphor, with its emphasis on both similarity and difference.
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Jones, Matthew, and Jennifer Thompson. Atypical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0005.
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Alzheimer’s disease usually presents in older age with progressive episodic memory loss. Atypical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease occur and involve non-amnestic and early-onset forms of the disease. Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and logopenic progressive aphasia (lvPPA) are two well-described syndromes that are most commonly due to atypical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease. PCA is a higher-order disturbance of vision whilst lvPPA is characterized by hesitant speech with word-finding difficulties and problems with repetition of words and phrases. Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease presents before the age of 65 and typically consists of a constellation of progressive cortical deficits including language disturbance, apraxia, visuospatial deficits, and poor working memory. Alzheimer’s disease may rarely be inherited because of an autosomal dominant mutation in one of three genes (PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP). Recognition and accurate diagnosis of these atypical forms is vital to ensure patients receive the most appropriate care and treatment.
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Cutter, Mary Ann G. How Is Breast Cancer Evaluated? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637033.003.0004.
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The question “How is breast cancer evaluated?” raises a host of considerations, including ones about the role of values in clinical concepts, the kinds of clinical values in medical thinking, and the extent to which our evaluations of clinical phenomenon provide clinical certainty. What we find is that, initially, breast cancer is a treatment warrant and appears to fit the view of a clinical entity that is value-neutral. But things are not as simple as one would initially think. Upon reflection, descriptions and explanations of breast cancer are nested in evaluative frames of reference through which they are seen, interpreted, and acted upon. Clinical evaluations of breast cancer are complex and involve appeals to functional, instrumental, aesthetic, and ethical values. As a consequence, clinicians and patients face the recognition that clinical evaluations of breast cancer are to some extent uncertain, and a healthy sense of skepticism provides a check against an idealized sense of evaluation in breast cancer medicine.
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Cronin, Darryl. Trapped by History. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881816483.
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The Australian nation has reached an impasse in Indigenous policy and practice and fresh strategies and perspectives are required. Trapped by History highlights a fundamental issue that the Australian nation must confront to develop a genuine relationship with Indigenous Australians. The existing relationship between Indigenous people and the Australian state was constructed on the myth of an empty land – terra nullius. Interactions with Indigenous people have been constrained by eighteenth-century assumptions and beliefs that Indigenous people did not have organised societies, had neither land ownership nor a recognisable form of sovereignty, and that they were ‘savage’ but could be ‘civilized’ through the erasure of their culture. These incorrect assumptions and beliefs are the foundation of the legal, constitutional and political treatment of Indigenous Australians over the course of the country’s history. They remain ingrained in governmental institutions, Indigenous policy making, judicial decision making and contemporary public attitudes about Indigenous people. Trapped by History shines new light upon historical and contemporary examples where Indigenous people have attempted to engage and dialogue with state and federal governments. These governments have responded by trying to suppress and discredit Indigenous rights, culture and identities and impose assimilationist policies. In doing so they have rejected or ignored Indigenous attempts at dialogue and partnership. Other settler countries such as New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America have all negotiated treaties with Indigenous people and have developed constitutional ways of engaging cross culturally. In Australia, the limited recognition that Indigenous people have achieved to date shows that the state is unable to resolve long standing issues with Indigenous people. Movement beyond the current colonial relationship with Indigenous Australians requires a genuine dialogue to not only examine the legal and intellectual framework that constrains Indigenous recognition but to create new foundations for a renewed relationship based on intercultural negotiation, mutual respect, sharing and mutual responsibility. This must involve building a shared understanding around addressing past injustices and creating a shared vision for how Indigenous people and other Australians will associate politically in the future.
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Guerra Hernandez, Hector. Estudos africanos: abordagens e possibilidades heurísticas de uma área em construção interdisciplinar. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-990565-1-2.
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Scholars presently engaged in African History have to face obstacles inherent to the constraints which involve academic production and its regimens of truth. It is in the circle of academic debates that one may grasp the lack of epistemic autonomy not only in defining our own historical questions, but also our heuristic models and approaches. Being able to call into question such regimens of truth which sustain the production of knowledge about the African continent is contingent on the critical reframing of epistemic vantage points, in spite of the recognition that that the very conceptual frameworks and categorization systems remain embedded in Western epistemology. Critically grasping this fact represents a challenge of daunting proportions. Therefore, to make historical sense of African societies' constitutive processes it is imperative to provincialize the political historicism which insists in placing the State as a definitive, rational and consolidated form of political organization. The analytical gaze deployed in this book intends to set out of the inverse perspective by focusing upon processes of social mobility, associativism and conflict management as constitutive elements of these societies. It is posited that it is possible to approach these processes out of the usual paradigms of modern states - either colonial or contemporary - in order to build heuristic perspectives conducive to the uplifting of social agency and autonomy of African historical processes.
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Ehrlich, J. Shoshanna. Who Decides? Praeger, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035404.
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The question of whether a young woman should be allowed to terminate a pregnancy without her parents' knowledge has been one of the most contentious issues of the postRoe v. Wadeera. Parental involvement laws reach to the core of the parent-teen relationship in the highly contested realm of adolescent sexuality. This is the first book to examine in thorough detail the decision-making experiences of teens considering abortion. Shoshanna Ehrlich evaluates the Supreme Court's efforts to reconcile the historically based understanding of teens as dependent persons in need of protection with a more contemporary understanding of them as autonomous individuals with adult-like claims to constitutional recognition. Arriving at a compromise, the Court has made clear that, like adult women, teens have a protected right of choice, but that states may impose a parental involvement requirement. However, so that parents are not vested with veto power over their daughters' decisions, young women must be allowed to seek a waiver of the requirement. Integrating a wealth of social science literature, including in-depth interviews with 26 young women from Massachusetts who obtained court authorization for an abortion, the book raises important questions about the logic of a legal approach that requires young women to involve adults when they seek to terminate a pregnancy, but that allows them to make a decision to become mothers on their own.
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Izzedine, Hassan, and Victor Gueutin. Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0084.
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Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is the most common aetiology of ATIN and a potentially correctable cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). An interval of 7–10 days typically exists between drug exposure and development of AKI, but this interval can be considerably shorter following re-challenge or markedly longer with certain drugs. It occurs in an idiosyncratic and non-dose-dependent manner. Antibiotics, NSAIDs, and proton pump inhibitors are the most frequently involved agents, but the list of drugs that can induce ATIN is continuously increasing. The mechanism of renal injury is postulated to involve cell-mediated immunity, supported by the observation that T cells are the predominant cell type comprising the interstitial infiltrate. A humoral response underlies rare cases of ATIN, in which a portion of a drug molecule (i.e. methicillin) may act as a hapten, bind to the tubular basement membrane (TBM), and elicit anti-TBM antibodies. The classic symptoms of fever, rash, and arthralgia may be absent in up to two-thirds of patients. Diagnostic studies, such as urine eosinophils and renal gallium-67 scanning provide only suggestive evidence. Renal biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but it may not be required in mild cases or when clinical improvement is rapid after removal of an offending medication. Pathologic findings include interstitial inflammation, oedema, and tubulitis. The time until removal of such agents and the severity of renal biopsy findings provide the best prognostic value for the return to baseline renal function. Poor prognostic indicators are the long duration of AKI (> 3 weeks), a patient’s advanced age, and the high degree of interstitial fibrosis. Early recognition and appropriate therapy are essential to the management of drug-induced ATIN, because patients can ultimately develop chronic kidney disease. The mainstay of therapy is timely discontinuation of the causative agent, whereas controversy persists about the role of steroids.
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Banerjee, Amitava, and Kaleab Asrress. Screening for cardiovascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0351.
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Screening involves testing asymptomatic individuals who have risk factors, or individuals who are in the early stages of a disease, in order to decide whether further investigation, clinical intervention, or treatment is warranted. Therefore, screening is classically a primary prevention strategy which aims to capture disease early in its course, but it can also involve secondary prevention in individuals with established disease. In the words of Geoffrey Rose, screening is a ‘population’ strategy. Examples of screening programmes are blood pressure monitoring in primary care to screen for hypertension, and ultrasound examination to screen for abdominal aortic aneurysm. The effectiveness and feasibility of screening are influenced by several factors. First, the diagnostic accuracy of the screening test in question is crucial. For example, exercise ECG testing, although widely used, is not recommended in investigation of chest pain in current National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines, due to its low sensitivity and specificity in the detection of coronary artery disease. Moreover, exercise ECG testing has even lower diagnostic accuracy in asymptomatic patients with coronary artery disease. Second, physical and financial resources influence the decision to screen. For example, the cost and the effectiveness of CT coronary angiography and other new imaging modalities to assess coronary vasculature must be weighed against the cost of existing investigations (e.g. coronary angiography) and the need for new equipment and staff training and recruitment. Finally, the safety of the investigation is an important factor, and patient preferences and physician preferences should be taken into consideration. However, while non-invasive screening examinations are preferable from the point of view of patients and clinicians, sometimes invasive screening tests may be required at a later stage in order to give a definitive diagnosis (e.g. pressure wire studies to measure fractional flow reserve in a coronary artery). The WHO’s principles of screening, first formulated in 1968, are still very relevant today. Decision analysis has led to ‘pathways’ which guide investigation and treatment within screening programmes. There is increasing recognition that there are shared risk factors and shared preventive and treatment strategies for vascular disease, regardless of arterial territory. The concept of ‘vascular medicine’ has gained credence, leading to opportunistic screening in other vascular territories if an individual presents with disease in one territory. For example, post-myocardial infarction patients have higher incidence of cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease, so carotid duplex scanning and measurement of the ankle–brachial pressure index may be valid screening approaches for arterial disease in other territories.