Academic literature on the topic 'Involuntary supply'

This chapter explores neurology, including lesion location, drugs and the nervous system, cerebral blood supply, testing peripheral nerves, dermatomes and peripheral nerves, headache, migraine, blackouts, vertigo and dizziness, hearing loss and tinnitus, acute bilateral leg weakness, abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia), stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), intracranial venous thrombosis (IVT), subdural haematoma, extradural (epidural) haematoma, delirium (acute confusional state), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, Parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis (MS), space-occupying lesions (SOL), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Bell’s palsy, mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, motor neuron disease (MND), bulbar palsy, cervical spondylosis, myopathy, myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), neurofibromatosis, syingomyelia, and retroviruses and neurology.

The hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid–periphery (HPTP) axis has been known to be a vulnerable target for environmental factors and nutritional agents for centuries. Goitrogenesis, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases of this gland have been linked to single or combined deficiencies of several essential trace elements. Normal thyroid function depends on adequate and balanced availability of the essential trace elements iodine, selenium, iron, and the mineral zinc in the daily diet. It has been suggested that the evolution of humankind and Eve’s route of migration out of Africa, to displace the Neanderthal people and to populate the other continents, closely followed coastlines and regions with high availability of iodine, the key element required for thyroid hormone synthesis (1, 2). Involuntary or voluntary environmental or nutritional exposure to adverse factors and agents impairing thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, binding, transport, metabolism, and action (‘goitrogens’) contributes to the development and persistence of thyroid disorders (3). Iodine deficiency, still prevalent in many regions of our world, and iodine excess (4), both of which might occur during embryonal and fetal development as well as in newborns, adolescents, and adults, provide the platform for action of adverse agents, which might be well tolerated by a normally functioning ‘quiescent’ thyroid gland with adequate iodine supply (see Chapters 3.2.3, 3.2.4). Compounds adversely affecting the HPTP axis belong to several chemical classes of food ingredients and environmental contaminants, but might also represent pharmaceutical drugs acting either directly on biomolecules comprising the HPTP axis or after modification by phase I and/or II drug metabolism (see Table 3.2.2.1). Apart from by ingestion, several agents reach their targets after inhalation (e.g. occupational exposure or smoking) or by dermal application (e.g. UV screens).

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic on 12 March 2020. Since then, COVID-19 has significantly influenced the global economic, political, and socio-cultural systems (Sigala, 2020). This pandemic is arguably one of the most substantial challenges facing businesses in the past 100 years (Hall et al., 2020). Although the tourism industry has been generally resilient in recovery from a variety of crises (e.g. terrorism, earthquakes, and outbreaks such as SARS), tourism is one of many industries in which COVID-19 has caused severe adverse effects (UNWTO, 2020b) and has given rise to profound and long-term changes (Sigala, 2020). Moreover, it is not yet clear if, or when, businesses will return to normal (Cankurtaran & Beverland, 2020). As COVID-19 has continued to spread across the world, travel restrictions and border shutdowns have been enforced in many countries to curb its spread (Qiu et al., 2020). Flights have been canceled (Haywood, 2020), forcing millions of travelers to postpone their travel plans (Rwigema, 2020). People all over the world have experienced quarantine or isolation, whilst businesses have been closed in response to the outbreak of COVID-19 (Kabadayi et al., 2020) which has caused supply chain disruptions. Whilst the events sector is considered as a vital part of the tourism industry (Mohanty et al., 2020; Rwigema, 2020), it has been disrupted the most (Gajjar & Parmar, 2020; Gössling et al., 2020) due to the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 (Congrex Switzerland, 2020; Margolis et al., 2020; Min Ho & Ming Sia, 2020; Mohanty et al., 2020; Ranasinghe et al., 2020) which lead to social distancing (Rwigema, 2020; Sigala, 2020), the avoidance of crowd gatherings (Hao et al., 2020), travel restrictions, border controls, and involuntary quarantine (Disimulacion, 2020).

The application of global container logistics to high mobility children, such as those in foster care, asks designers to consider an empathic, human-centered approach to an institutionalized system of involuntary mobility, which can result in as many as 3-4 family “placements” per year for some children. In spite of grim statistics for youth in foster care related to graduation, teen pregnancy, drug use and imprisonment, these children develop many positive resiliencies around adaptability, emotional intelligence, empathy and efficiency. Working with a non-profit serving youth in foster care i