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Journal articles on the topic 'Inward-outward asymmetry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Toffoletto, Nadia, Anuj Chauhan, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Benilde Saramago, and Ana Paula Serro. "Asymmetry in Drug Permeability through the Cornea." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050694.

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The permeability through the cornea determines the ability of a drug or any topically applied compound to cross the tissue and reach the intraocular area. Most of the permeability values found in the literature are obtained considering topical drug formulations, and therefore, refer to the drug permeability inward the eye. However, due to the asymmetry of the corneal tissue, outward drug permeability constitutes a more meaningful parameter when dealing with intraocular drug-delivery systems (i.e., drug-loaded intraocular lenses, intraocular implants or injections). Herein, the permeability coe

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2

Grégoire, G., M. Mons, I. Dimicoli, et al. "Photoionization of NaI: inward-outward asymmetry in the wave packet detection." European Physical Journal D 1, no. 2 (1998): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00021554.

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3

Grégoire, G., M. Mons, I. Dimicoli, et al. "Photoionization of NaI: inward-outward asymmetry in the wave packet detection." European Physical Journal D 1, no. 2 (1998): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100530050079.

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4

Albrow, Michael, and P. L. Cottrel. "Asymmetry of metallic spectral lines in Cepheids." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 139 (1993): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100117920.

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AbstractA program of high resolution spectroscopic observations of Cepheids has been carried out at Mt John University Observatory for several years. Radial velocities and asymmetries have been measured for selected metallic lines using the method of Wallerstein et al (1992).The line profiles show the largest asymmetry at phases of maximum inward velocity. The asymmetry at phases of maximum outward velocity is smaller and sometimes in the same direction as for the inward velocity maxima. Enhanced asymmetry is also noticed at phases where the bump appears on the radial velocity curve.To date ou

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5

Dasgupta, Raktim, Markus S. Miettinen, Nico Fricke, Reinhard Lipowsky, and Rumiana Dimova. "The glycolipid GM1 reshapes asymmetric biomembranes and giant vesicles by curvature generation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 22 (2018): 5756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722320115.

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The ganglioside GM1 is present in neuronal membranes at elevated concentrations with an asymmetric spatial distribution. It is known to generate curvature and can be expected to strongly influence the neuron morphology. To elucidate these effects, we prepared giant vesicles with GM1 predominantly present in one leaflet of the membrane, mimicking the asymmetric GM1 distribution in neuronal membranes. Based on pulling inward and outward tubes, we developed a technique that allowed the direct measurement of the membrane spontaneous curvature. Using vesicle electroporation and fluorescence intensi

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6

Bennet-Clark, H. "Tymbal mechanics and the control of song frequency in the cicada Cyclochila australasiae." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 11 (1997): 1681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.11.1681.

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The anatomy of the tymbal of Cyclochila australasiae was re-described and the mass of the tymbal plate, ribs and resilin pad was measured. The four ribs of the tymbal buckle inwards in sequence from posterior to anterior. Sound pulses were produced by pulling the tymbal apodeme to cause the tymbal to buckle inwards. A train of four sound pulses, each corresponding to the inward buckling of one rib, could be produced by each inward pull of the apodeme, followed by a single pulse as the tymbal buckled outwards after the release of the apodeme. Each preparation produced a consistent sequence of p

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7

Knauf, Philip A., Nancy Mendoza Raha, and Laurie J. Spinelli. "The Noncompetitive Inhibitor Ww781 Senses Changes in Erythrocyte Anion Exchanger (Ae1) Transport Site Conformation and Substrate Binding." Journal of General Physiology 115, no. 2 (2000): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.115.2.159.

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WW781 binds reversibly to red blood cell AE1 and inhibits anion exchange by a two-step mechanism, in which an initial complex (complex 1) is rapidly formed, and then there is a slower equilibration to form a second complex (complex 2) with a lower free energy. According to the ping-pong kinetic model, AE1 can exist in forms with the anion transport site facing either inward or outward, and the transition between these forms is greatly facilitated by binding of a transportable substrate such as Cl−. Both the rapid initial binding of WW781 and the formation of complex 2 are strongly affected by

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8

Münch, Thomas A., and Frank S. Werblin. "Symmetric Interactions Within a Homogeneous Starburst Cell Network Can Lead to Robust Asymmetries in Dendrites of Starburst Amacrine Cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 1 (2006): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00628.2005.

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Starburst amacrine cells in the mammalian retina respond asymmetrically to movement along their dendrites; centrifugal movement elicits stronger responses in each dendrite than centripetal movement. It has been suggested that the asymmetrical response can be attributed to intrinsic properties of the processes themselves. But starburst cells are known to release and have receptors for both GABA and acetylcholine. We tested whether interactions within the starburst cell network can contribute to their directional response properties. In a computational model of interacting starburst amacrine cel

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9

Ficici, Emel, José D. Faraldo-Gómez, Michael L. Jennings, and Lucy R. Forrest. "Asymmetry of inverted-topology repeats in the AE1 anion exchanger suggests an elevator-like mechanism." Journal of General Physiology 149, no. 12 (2017): 1149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201711836.

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The membrane transporter anion exchanger 1 (AE1), or band 3, is a key component in the processes of carbon-dioxide transport in the blood and urinary acidification in the renal collecting duct. In both erythrocytes and the basolateral membrane of the collecting-duct α-intercalated cells, the role of AE1 is to catalyze a one-for-one exchange of chloride for bicarbonate. After decades of biochemical and functional studies, the structure of the transmembrane region of AE1, which catalyzes the anion-exchange reaction, has finally been determined. Each protomer of the AE1 dimer comprises two repeat

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10

Kracke, G. R., M. A. Anatra, and P. B. Dunham. "Asymmetry of Na-K-Cl cotransport in human erythrocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 254, no. 2 (1988): C243—C250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.254.2.c243.

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The Na-K-Cl cotransport system in human erythrocytes was studied by measuring net influxes and effluxes of Na and K. The influx of K was shown to be stimulated by Na and the influx of Na was stimulated by K, satisfying the fundamental criterion of cotransport. In addition, these mutually stimulating cation influxes had a stoichiometry of 1:1 and were entirely inhibited by furosemide; these results are also consistent with cotransport. Furthermore, the mutually stimulating influxes were entirely dependent on Cl, since they were abolished when nitrate was substituted for Cl. In contrast, cotrans

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11

Montes-Solís, M., and I. Arregui. "Quantifying the evidence for resonant damping of coronal waves with foot-point wave power asymmetry." Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (August 2020): L17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937237.

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We use Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (CoMP) observations of propagating waves in the solar corona together with Bayesian analysis to assess the evidence of models with resonant damping and foot-point wave power asymmetries. We considered two nested models: a reduced and a larger model. The reduced model considers resonant damping as the sole cause of the measured discrepancy between outward and inward wave power. The larger model contemplates an extra source of asymmetry with its origin in the foot-points. We first computed the probability distributions of parameters conditional on the mod

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12

Kihara, Akio, and Yasuyuki Igarashi. "Cross Talk between Sphingolipids and Glycerophospholipids in the Establishment of Plasma Membrane Asymmetry." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 11 (2004): 4949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-06-0458.

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Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids are distributed asymmetrically between the two leaflets of the lipid bilayer. Recent studies revealed that certain P-type ATPases and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in the inward movement (flip) and outward movement (flop) of glycerophospholipids, respectively. In this study of phytosphingosine (PHS)-resistant yeast mutants, we isolated mutants for PDR5, an ABC transporter involved in drug efflux as well as in the flop of phosphatidylethanolamine. The pdr5 mutants exhibited an increase in the efflux of sphingoid long-chain bases (LCB

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13

Chrenko, Ondřej, and Michiel Lambrechts. "Oscillatory migration of accreting protoplanets driven by a 3D distortion of the gas flow." Astronomy & Astrophysics 626 (June 2019): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935334.

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Context. The dynamics of a low-mass protoplanet accreting solids is influenced by the heating torque, which was found to suppress inward migration in protoplanetary disks with constant opacities. Aims. We investigate the differences in the heating torque between disks with constant and temperature-dependent opacities. Methods. Interactions of a super-Earth-sized protoplanet with the gas disk are explored using 3D radiation hydrodynamic simulations. Results. Accretion heating of the protoplanet creates a hot underdense region in the surrounding gas, leading to misalignment of the local density

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14

Wicker, Ryan B., and John K. Eaton. "Effect of Injected Longitudinal Vorticity on Particle Dispersion in a Swirling, Coaxial Jet." Journal of Fluids Engineering 121, no. 4 (1999): 766–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2823535.

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A Passive particle dispersion control technique was investigated in which longitudinal vortices were injected into a developing coaxial swirling jet with sufficient annular swirl for flow recirculation to occur. Four vortex generators, separated by 90 degrees and placed along the outside of the annular nozzle, injected vorticity opposite in sign to the mean swirl, significantly altering the structure of the swirling jet. The injected vorticity competed with the mean swirl to reduce azimuthal particle flinging and to disrupt the development of the vortex rings in the outer shear layer. Axial fl

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15

Bevers, EM, P. Comfurius, and RFA Zwaal. "Regulatory Mechanisms in Maintenance and Modulation of Transmembrane Lipid Asymmetry: Pathophysiological Implications." Lupus 5, no. 5 (1996): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096120339600500531.

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The two leaflets of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells differ in lipid composition: the outer leaflet comprises mainly neutral choline containing phospholipids, whereas the aminophospholipids reside almost exclusively in the cytoplasmic leaflet. The importance of transmembrane lipid asymmetry may be judged from the fact that the cell invests energy to maintain this situation for which at least two regulatory mechanisms are held responsible. A translocase, selective for aminophospholipids, acts as an ATP-dependent pump for rapid inward movement of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylet

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16

Knauf, P. A., L. J. Spinelli, and N. A. Mann. "Flufenamic acid senses conformation and asymmetry of human erythrocyte band 3 anion transport protein." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 257, no. 2 (1989): C277—C289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.2.c277.

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With Cl as substrate, the human red blood cell anion transport (band 3) protein can exist in four conformations: Ei, with the transport site facing the cytoplasm; Eo, with the transport site facing the external medium; and ECli and EClo, the corresponding forms loaded with Cl. Flufenamic acid (FA), an inhibitor that binds to an external site different from the transport site, binds to Eo with a dissociation constant of 0.0826 +/- 0.0049 (SE) microM. Binding of iodide or sulfate to the external-facing transport site reduces the affinity by 1.66 or 14.3-fold, respectively. Changing from Eo to Ei

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17

Fischer, Karin, Simon Voelkl, Jana Berger, Reinhard Andreesen, Thomas Pomorski, and Andreas Mackensen. "Antigen recognition induces phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface of human CD8+ T cells." Blood 108, no. 13 (2006): 4094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-03-011742.

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Abstract In eukaryotic cells the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is restricted to the inner plasma-membrane leaflet. This lipid asymmetry, which is maintained by the concerted action of phospholipid transport proteins, is mainly lost during apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that primary human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) expose PS on T-cell receptor (TCR)–mediated antigen (Ag) recognition. In contrast to PS externalization on apoptotic cells, activation-induced PS exposure is less pronounced and reversible. Fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed that PS is distributed nonhomogeno

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18

Dwyer, T. M. "Guanidine block of single channel currents activated by acetylcholine." Journal of General Physiology 88, no. 5 (1986): 635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.88.5.635.

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The acetylcholine-activated channel of chick myotube was studied using the patch-clamp method. Single channel current amplitudes were measured between -300 and +250 mV in solutions containing the permeant ions Cs+ and guanidine (G+). G+ has a relative permeability, PG/PCs, of 1.6, but carries no more than half the current that Cs+ does, with an equivalent electrochemical driving force. Experiments using G+ revealed an asymmetry of the acetylcholine-activated channel, with G+ being more effective at reducing Cs+ currents when added to the outside than when added to the inside. The block caused

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19

Liang, Ruibin, Jessica M. J. Swanson, Jesper J. Madsen, Mei Hong, William F. DeGrado, and Gregory A. Voth. "Acid activation mechanism of the influenza A M2 proton channel." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 45 (2016): E6955—E6964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615471113.

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The homotetrameric influenza A M2 channel (AM2) is an acid-activated proton channel responsible for the acidification of the influenza virus interior, an important step in the viral lifecycle. Four histidine residues (His37) in the center of the channel act as a pH sensor and proton selectivity filter. Despite intense study, the pH-dependent activation mechanism of the AM2 channel has to date not been completely understood at a molecular level. Herein we have used multiscale computer simulations to characterize (with explicit proton transport free energy profiles and their associated calculate

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20

Knauf, P. A., P. K. Gasbjerg, and J. Brahm. "The asymmetry of chloride transport at 38 degrees C in human red blood cell membranes." Journal of General Physiology 108, no. 6 (1996): 577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.108.6.577.

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Band 3-mediated Cl- exchange in human red blood cells and resealed ghosts was measured at 38 degrees C by the continuous flow tube method. When external Cl- concentration, C(o), is varied with constant internal Cl- concentration, C(i), the flux fits a simple Michaelis-Menten saturation curve (MM fit), with K1/2o = 3.8 +/- 0.4 mM. When the Cl- concentration is varied simultaneously at both sides of the membrane in resealed ghosts (C(i) = C(o) = C(i = o)), the flux rises toward a flat maximum between 200 and 450 mM Cl-, and then decreases at very high C(i = o). An MM fit to the data with C(i = o

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21

Beilby, Mary J., and Virginia A. Shepherd. "Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of charophyte membranes. III. K+ state of Lamprothamnium." Functional Plant Biology 28, no. 7 (2001): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01032.

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The K + state of salt-tolerant charophyte Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr.) J. Gr., acclimated to 0.5 seawater (SW) containing 4.5 mM K + , was investigated by exposing the cells to a range of [K + &rsqb; o from 0 to 45.0 mM . The current–voltage (I/V) characteristics were modeled as a sum of four different transporter currents: the large conductance K + channel current, inward and outward K + rectifier currents and linear background current. The first three transporters were fitted with the Goldmann-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) model. The potential difference (PD) dependence of the population of op

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22

Bjerrum, P. J. "The human erythrocyte anion transport protein, band 3. Characterization of exofacial alkaline titratable groups involved in anion binding/translocation." Journal of General Physiology 100, no. 2 (1992): 301–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.100.2.301.

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Chloride self-exchange across the human erythrocyte membrane at alkaline extracellular pH (pHO) and constant neutral intracellular pH (pH(i)) can be described by an exofacial deprotonatable reciprocating anion binding site model. The conversion of the transport system from the neutral to the alkaline state is related to deprotonation of a positively charged ionic strength- and substrate-sensitive group. In the absence of substrate ions ([ClO] = 0) the group has a pK of approximately 9.4 at constant high ionic strength (equivalent to approximately 150 mM KCl) and a pK of approximately 8.7 at ap

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23

Simchowitz, L., and A. O. Davis. "Intracellular pH recovery from alkalinization. Characterization of chloride and bicarbonate transport by the anion exchange system of human neutrophils." Journal of General Physiology 96, no. 5 (1990): 1037–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.96.5.1037.

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The nature of the intracellular pH-regulatory mechanism after imposition of an alkaline load was investigated in isolated human peripheral blood neutrophils. Cells were alkalinized by removal of a DMO prepulse. The major part of the recovery could be ascribed to a Cl-/HCO3- counter-transport system: specifically, a one-for-one exchange of external Cl- for internal HCO3-. This exchange mechanism was sensitive to competitive inhibition by the cinnamate derivative UK-5099 (Ki approximately 1 microM). The half-saturation constants for binding of HCO3- and Cl- to the external translocation site of

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24

Yang, Bo, Yuqing Wang, and Bin Wang. "The Effect of Internally Generated Inner-Core Asymmetries on Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity*." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 4 (2007): 1165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3971.1.

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Abstract In a quiescent environment on an f plane, the internal dynamic processes of a tropical cyclone (TC) can generate axially asymmetric circulations (asymmetries) in its inner-core region. The present study investigates how these inner-core asymmetries affect TC intensity. For this purpose, a three-dimensional (3D) TC model and its axisymmetric (2D) version were used. Both have identical model vertical structure and use the same set of parameters and the same initial conditions. The differences between the two model runs are considered to be due to mainly the effects of the TC asymmetries

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25

Gasbjerg, P. K., P. A. Knauf, and J. Brahm. "Kinetics of bicarbonate transport in human red blood cell membranes at body temperature." Journal of General Physiology 108, no. 6 (1996): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.108.6.565.

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We studied unidirectional [14C]HCO3- efflux from human resealed red cell ghosts with 1 mM acetazolamide under self-exchange conditions at pH = pH(i = o) 7.4-9.0 and 0-38 degrees C by means of the Millipore-Swinnex and continuous flow tube filtering techniques. 14CO2 loss from cells to efflux medium and further to the atmosphere was insignificant. [14C]HCO3- efflux was determined at pH 7.8, 38 degrees C under symmetric variation of the HCO3- concentrations (C(i = o)), and asymmetric conditions: C(i) varied, C(o) constant, or C(o) varied, C(i) constant. MM-fit, Jeff = Jmaxeff x C x (C + K1/2)-1,

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26

Pavlenko, Ya V., A. Suárez Mascareño, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, et al. "Temporal changes of the flare activity of Proxima Centauri." Astronomy & Astrophysics 626 (June 2019): A111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834258.

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Context. We study temporal variations of the emission lines of Hα, Hɛ, H and K CaII, D1 and D2 NaI, He4026, and He5876 in the HARPS spectra of Proxima Centauri across an extended time of 13.2 yr, from May 27, 2004 to September 30, 2017. Aims. We analyse the common behaviour and differences in the intensities and profiles of different emission lines in flare and quiet modes of Proxima activity. Methods. We compare the pseudo-equivalent widths (pEW) and profiles of the emission lines in the HARPS high-resolution (R ~ 115 000) spectra observed at the same epochs. Results. All emission lines show

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27

Fischer, Karin, Simon Voelkl, Jana Berger, Reinhard Andreesen, Thomas Pomorski, and Andreas Mackensen. "Antigen Recognition Induces Phosphatidylserine Exposure on the Cell Surface of Human CD8+ T Cells." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 1718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1718.1718.

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Abstract In eukaryotic cells the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is restricted to the inner plasma membrane leaflet. This lipid asymmetry which is maintained by the concerted action of phospholipid transport proteins is mainly lost during apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that primary human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) expose PS upon T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated antigen recognition: antigen-specific CTL, recognizing the HLA-A2 binding Melan-A peptide, demonstrated a marked exposure of PS as determined by annV-FITC staining, a highly specific PS-binding protein, after 4 h of stimulat

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28

Aebischer, P., S. R. Winn, P. A. Tresco, C. B. Jaeger, and L. A. Greene. "Transplantation of Polymer Encapsulated Neurotransmitter Secreting Cells: Effect of the Encapsulation Technique." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 113, no. 2 (1991): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2891231.

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Deficits associated with neurological diseases may be improved by the transplantation within the brain lesioned target structure of polymer encapsulated cells releasing the missing neurotransmitter. Surrounding cells with a permselective membrane of appropriate molecular weight cut-off allows inward diffusion of nutrients and outward diffusion of neurotransmitters, but prevents immunoglobulins or immune cells from reaching the transplant. This technique therefore allows transplantation of postmitotic cells across species. It also permits neural grafting of transformed cell lines since the poly

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29

Shirokova, N., G. Pizarro, and E. Ríos. "A damped oscillation in the intramembranous charge movement and calcium release flux of frog skeletal muscle fibers." Journal of General Physiology 104, no. 3 (1994): 449–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.104.3.449.

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Asymmetric membrane currents and calcium transients were recorded simultaneously from cut segments of frog skeletal muscle fibers voltage clamped in a double Vaseline-gap chamber in the presence of high concentration of EGTA intracellularly. An inward phase of asymmetric currents following the hump component was observed in all fibers during the depolarization pulse to selected voltages (congruent to -45 mV). The average value of the peak inward current was 0.1 A/F (SEM = 0.01, n = 18), and the time at which it occurred was 34 ms (SEM = 1.8, n = 18). A second delayed outward phase of asymmetri

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30

Zhang, Da-Lin, and Chanh Q. Kieu. "Potential Vorticity Diagnosis of a Simulated Hurricane. Part II: Quasi-Balanced Contributions to Forced Secondary Circulations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 11 (2006): 2898–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3790.1.

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Abstract Although the forced secondary circulations (FSCs) associated with hurricane-like vortices have been previously examined, understanding is still limited to idealized, axisymmetric flows and forcing functions. In this study, the individual contributions of latent heating, frictional, and dry dynamical processes to the FSCs of a hurricane vortex are separated in order to examine how a hurricane can intensify against the destructive action of vertical shear and how a warm-cored eye forms. This is achieved by applying a potential vorticity (PV) inversion and quasi-balanced omega equations

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Fonseca, P. J., and H.-C. Bennet Clark. "Asymmetry of tymbal action and structure in a cicada: a possible role in the production of complex songs." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 5 (1998): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.5.717.

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The type 1 echeme of the song of the small European cicada Tympanistalna gastrica consists of a pair of loud IN-OUT pulses followed by a train of soft IN-OUT pulses. In all nine insects investigated, the right and left tymbals buckled inwards and outwards alternately, but the echeme started with the buckling of the right tymbal. Both the inward and the outward buckling movements produced single discrete sound pulses. &lt;P&gt; The loud IN pulses were produced with the tymbal tensor muscle relaxed. They were approximately 10 dB louder than the loud OUT pulses and than the soft IN and OU

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32

Wang, Hui, Yuqing Wang, Jing Xu, and Yihong Duan. "The Axisymmetric and Asymmetric Aspects of the Secondary Eyewall Formation in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone under Idealized Conditions on an f Plane." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 1 (2019): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0130.1.

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Abstract The axisymmetric and asymmetric aspects of the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone (TC) under idealized conditions were analyzed. Consistent with previous findings, prior to the SEF, the tangential wind of the TC experienced an outward expansion both above and within the boundary layer near and outside the region of the SEF later. This outward expansion was found to be closely related to the top-down development and inward propagation of a strong outer rainband, which was characterized by deeper and more intense convection upwind and shallower

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Morrison, Emma A., Anne E. Robinson, Yongjia Liu, and Katherine A. Henzler-Wildman. "Asymmetric protonation of EmrE." Journal of General Physiology 146, no. 6 (2015): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201511404.

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The small multidrug resistance transporter EmrE is a homodimer that uses energy provided by the proton motive force to drive the efflux of drug substrates. The pKa values of its “active-site” residues—glutamate 14 (Glu14) from each subunit—must be poised around physiological pH values to efficiently couple proton import to drug export in vivo. To assess the protonation of EmrE, pH titrations were conducted with 1H-15N TROSY-HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Analysis of these spectra indicates that the Glu14 residues have asymmetric pKa values of 7.0 ± 0.1 and 8.2 ± 0.3 at 45°C and

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Ohnaka, K. "Spatially-resolved high-spectral resolution observations of the red supergiant Betelgeuse." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, H15 (2009): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310010690.

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Red supergiants (RSGs) experience slow, intensive mass loss up to 10−4M⊙ yr−1. Despite its importance not only in stellar evolution but also in the chemical enrichment of the interstellar matter, the mass loss mechanism in RSGs is not well understood. A better understanding of the outer atmosphere of RSGs is a key to unraveling the mass-loss mechanism in these stars. High spatial resolution observations in IR molecular lines are very effective for probing the physical properties of the inhomogeneous outer atmosphere. We observed the prototypical RSG Betelgeuse (M1-2Ia–Ibe) in the CO first over

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35

Byblow, Winston D., Jeffery J. Summers, Andras Semjen, Irina J. Wuyts, and Richard G. Carson. "Spontaneous and Intentional Pattern Switching in a Multisegmental Bimanual Coordination Task." Motor Control 3, no. 4 (1999): 372–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.3.4.372.

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Two experiments required right-handed subjects to trace circular trajectories while complying with either a symmetric or asymmetric pattern. In symmetric patterns, circles were traced in a mirror image either inward or outward. In asymmetric patterns, circles were traced in the same direction either clockwise or counterclockwise. Subjects were instructed to trace with spatial accuracy while maintaining a strict temporal relationship to a metronome that scaled movement rates from 1.25 to 3 Hz. The symmetric patterns were more stable than asymmetric patterns; the circularity of trajectories was

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Nakamura, Noboru. "Quantifying Asymmetric Wave Breaking and Two-Way Transport." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 22 (2004): 2735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3296.1.

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Abstract Effective diffusivity calculated from a scalar field that obeys the advection–diffusion equation has proved useful for estimating the permeability of unsteady boundaries of air masses such as the edge of the stratospheric polar vortex and the extratropical tropopause. However, the method does not discriminate the direction of transport—whereas some material crosses the boundary from one side to the other, some material does so in the other direction—yet the extant method concerns only the net transport. In this paper, the diagnostic is extended to allow partitioning of fluxes of mass

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Jennings, M. L., R. K. Schulz, and M. Allen. "Effects of membrane potential on electrically silent transport. Potential-independent translocation and asymmetric potential-dependent substrate binding to the red blood cell anion exchange protein." Journal of General Physiology 96, no. 5 (1990): 991–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.96.5.991.

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Tracer anion exchange flux measurements have been carried out in human red blood cells with the membrane potential clamped at various values with gramicidin. The goal of the study was to determine the effect of membrane potential on the anion translocation and binding events in the catalytic cycle for exchange. The conditions were arranged such that most of the transporters were recruited into the same configuration (inward-facing or outward-facing, depending on the direction of the Cl- gradient). We found that the membrane potential has no detectable effect on the anion translocation event, m

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Albuquerque, N. G. B., and G. S. S. A. Melo. "Structural performance assessment of reinforced concrete flat slab-edge column connections under the effects of outward eccentricity." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 8, no. 2 (2015): 164–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952015000200007.

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Although several advantages - either constructive or architectural - are assigned to flat slabs, the continuity between consecutive spans in multifloor buildings may turn slab-column connections into a critical region, due to the limited contact between both elements. When transferring moments caused by horizontal and/or vertical eccentric loads are present, these effects are even more pronounced on external panels. Specific studies on the effects of outward eccentricities are still rather scarce, although it is recognized that the codes, in general, are concerned with eventually meeting all p

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Kits, K. S., J. C. Lodder, and M. J. Veerman. "Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide Activates a Novel Voltage-dependent K+ Current through a Lipoxygenase Pathway in Molluscan Neurones." Journal of General Physiology 110, no. 5 (1997): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.110.5.611.

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The neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFa) dose dependently (ED50 = 23 nM) activated a K+ current in the peptidergic caudodorsal neurones that regulate egg laying in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Under standard conditions ([K+]o = 1.7 mM), only outward current responses occurred. In high K+ salines ([K+]o = 20 or 57 mM), current reversal occurred close to the theoretical reversal potential for K+. In both salines, no responses were measured below −120 mV. Between −120 mV and the K+ reversal potential, currents were inward with maximal amplitudes at ∼−60 mV. Thus, U-shaped current–voltage

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Qiu, Xin, and Zhe-Min Tan. "The Roles of Asymmetric Inflow Forcing Induced by Outer Rainbands in Tropical Cyclone Secondary Eyewall Formation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 3 (2013): 953–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-084.1.

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Abstract This study analyzes the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) process in an idealized cloud-resolving simulation of a tropical cyclone. In particular, the unbalanced boundary layer response to asymmetric inflow forcing induced by outer rainbands (ORBs) is examined in order to understand the mechanisms driving the sustained convection outside the primary eyewall during the early phase of SEF. The enhancement of convection in the SEF region follows the formation and inward contraction of an ORB. The azimuthal distribution of the enhanced convection is highly asymmetric but regular, generall

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Li, Juan, Qi Hang Qin, Ali Shah, Robin H. A. Ras, Xuelin Tian, and Ville Jokinen. "Oil droplet self-transportation on oleophobic surfaces." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (2016): e1600148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600148.

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Directional liquid transportation is important for a variety of biological processes and technical applications. Although surface engineering through asymmetric chemical modification or geometrical patterning facilitates effective liquid manipulation and enables water droplet self-transportation on synthetic surfaces, self-transportation of oil droplets poses a major challenge because of their low surface tension. We report oil droplet self-transportation on oleophobic surfaces that are microtextured with radial arrays of undercut stripes. More significantly, we observe three modes of oil moti

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Dehapiot, Benoit, Raphaël Clément, Bourdais Anne, Virginie Carrière, Huet Sébastien, and Halet Guillaume. "RhoA- and Cdc42-induced antagonistic forces underlie symmetry breaking and spindle rotation in mouse oocytes." PLOS Biology 19, no. 9 (2021): e3001376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001376.

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Mammalian oocyte meiotic divisions are highly asymmetric and produce a large haploid gamete and 2 small polar bodies. This relies on the ability of the cell to break symmetry and position its spindle close to the cortex before anaphase occurs. In metaphase II–arrested mouse oocytes, the spindle is actively maintained close and parallel to the cortex, until fertilization triggers sister chromatid segregation and the rotation of the spindle. The latter must indeed reorient perpendicular to the cortex to enable cytokinesis ring closure at the base of the polar body. However, the mechanisms underl

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Mengual, Raymond, Kaoukib el Abida, Nassima Mouaffak, Michel Rieu, and Michele Beaudry. "Pyruvate shuttle in muscle cells: high-affinity pyruvate transport sites insensitive to trans-lactate efflux." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 285, no. 6 (2003): E1196—E1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00034.2003.

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The specificity of the transport mechanisms for pyruvate and lactate and their sensitivity to inhibitors were studied in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Trans- and cis-lactate effects on pyruvate transport kinetic parameters were examined. Pyruvate and lactate were transported by a multisite carrier system, i.e., by two families of sites, one with low affinity and high capacity (type I sites) and the other with high affinity and low capacity (type II). The multisite character of transport kinetics was not modified by either hydroxycinnamic acid (CIN) or p-chloromercuribenzylsulfonic acid (PCMBS), wh

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Mathias, R. T., J. L. Rae, and G. J. Baldo. "Physiological properties of the normal lens." Physiological Reviews 77, no. 1 (1997): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1997.77.1.21.

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The lens is an avascular organ suspended between the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eye. The cellular structure is symmetric about an axis passing through its anterior and posterior poles but asymmetric about a plane passing through its equator. Because of its asymmetric structure, the lens has historically been assumed to perform transport between the aqueous and vitreous humors. Indeed, when anterior and posterior surfaces were isolated in an Ussing chamber, a translens current was measured. However, in the eye, the two surfaces are not isolated. The vibrating probe technique showed the

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Leroux, Marie-Dominique, Mai C. Nguyen-Hankinson, Noel E. Davidson, et al. "Environmental interactions during the extreme rain event associated with ex-tropical cyclone Oswald (2013)." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19016.

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Tropical cyclone (TC) Oswald made landfall over north-east Australia as a minimal or Category 1 TC on the Australian scale on 21 January 2013. As it moved southward, it intensified over land and produced extreme rainfall for nearly 7 days. Tornadoes were reported and confirmed. Tragically, seven people died and insurance estimates were ~$1 billion. It is demonstrated that the event was associated with an interaction between the ex-Oswald circulation and an amplifying Rossby wave, which propagated north-eastward from high latitudes. Diagnoses showed that as the wave amplified and broke, a poten

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Menelaou, Konstantinos, M. K. Yau, and Yosvany Martinez. "Impact of Asymmetric Dynamical Processes on the Structure and Intensity Change of Two-Dimensional Hurricane-Like Annular Vortices." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 2 (2013): 559–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0192.1.

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Abstract In this study, a simple two-dimensional (2D) unforced barotropic model is used to study the asymmetric dynamics of the hurricane inner-core region and to assess their impact on the structure and intensity change. Two sets of experiments are conducted, starting with stable and unstable annular vortices, to mimic intense mature hurricane-like vortices. The theory of empirical normal modes (ENM) and the Eliassen–Palm flux theorem are then applied to extract the dominant wave modes from the dataset and diagnose their kinematics, structure, and impact on the primary vortex. From the first

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Hence, Deanna A., and Robert A. Houze. "Vertical Structure of Tropical Cyclone Rainbands as Seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 9 (2012): 2644–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0323.1.

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Abstract Ten years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission satellite’s Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) show the vertical structure of tropical cyclone rainbands. Radar-echo statistics show that rainbands have a two-layered structure, with distinct modes separated by the melting layer. The ice layer is a combination of particles imported from the eyewall and ice left aloft as convective cells collapse. This layering is most pronounced in the inner region of the storm, and the layering is enhanced by storm strength. The inner-region rainbands are vertically confined by outflow from

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Qiu, Xin, Zhe-Min Tan, and Qingnong Xiao. "The Roles of Vortex Rossby Waves in Hurricane Secondary Eyewall Formation." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 6 (2010): 2092–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3161.1.

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Abstract A high-resolution, full-physics model initiated with an idealized tropical cyclone–like vortex is used to simulate and investigate the secondary eyewall formation. The beta skirt axisymmetrization (BSA) hypothesis previously proposed is examined and the roles of axisymmetrizing vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) in the secondary eyewall formation are further investigated. During the formation period, convection outside the inner-core region is organized into an outer spiral rainband. The PV dipoles that are persistently generated by convective updrafts through tilting effect move along the ra

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Thomas, Simon, Mathew Owens, Mike Lockwood, and Chris Owen. "Decadal trends in the diurnal variation of galactic cosmic rays observed using neutron monitor data." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 4 (2017): 825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-825-2017.

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Abstract. The diurnal variation (DV) in galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux is a widely observed phenomenon in neutron monitor data. The background variation considered primarily in this study is due to the balance between the convection of energetic particles away from the Sun and the inward diffusion of energetic particles along magnetic field lines. However, there are also times of enhanced DV following geomagnetic disturbances caused by coronal mass ejections or corotating interaction regions. In this study we investigate changes in the DV over four solar cycles using ground-based neutron monit

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Jones, Peter M., and Anthony M. George. "A reciprocating twin-channel model for ABC transporters." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 47, no. 3 (2014): 189–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583514000031.

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AbstractABC transporters comprise a large, diverse, and ubiquitous superfamily of membrane active transporters. Their core architecture is a dimer of dimers, comprising two transmembrane (TM) domains that bind substrate, and two ATP-binding cassettes, which use the cell's energy currency to couple substrate translocation to ATP hydrolysis. Despite the availability of over a dozen resolved structures and a wealth of biochemical and biophysical data, this field is bedeviled by controversy and long-standing mechanistic questions remain unresolved. The prevailing paradigm for the ABC transport mec

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