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1
Wirth, Thomas. "Hypervalentes Iod." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 49, no. 12 (December 2001): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20010491226.
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Lumintang, Loelita Marcelia, I. Wayan Niryana, Hendra Sanjaya, and Agus Roy Hamid. "Three Years Follow-Up of Single-Stage Correction with Modified Chula Technique for Frontoethmoidal Encephalomeningocele: The Advantage of The Teamwork Approach (A Case Report)." Jurnal Plastik Rekonstruksi 8, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14228/jprjournal.v8i2.324.
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Backgrounds: The main objective of Frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele (FE) treatment are neural morbidities defect correction and aesthetically pleasing looks. Staged procedures are used to be performed in Indonesia. This article aimed to reveal the result of FE correction through the single-stage modified Chula technique (ST-MCT) procedure in collaboration with the neurosurgery team. Case Reports: A rare case of 5 years old girl diagnosed with FE was reported in this study. The FE was slowly increased in size, causing apparent facial deformity and the appearance of telecanthus. An ST-MCT procedure in collaboration with the neurosurgery team was conducted to correct the defects. The IOD values, IPD values, postoperative complications, and anesthetic improvements were evaluated in this study. Result: The patient was well after the surgery, with no complications and short length of stay. There were noted improvement of ICD, IOD and IPD postoperative follow up. At three years after the surgery ICD= 29mm; IOD= 26mm; IPD= 52 mm (normal range). Summary: ST-MCT procedure conducted in collaboration with neurosurgery team had shown excellent correction of ICD, IOD, and IPD values, no complication, shorter length of stay, and minimal scars. It considers as the most proper technique to reach a good result of correction and aesthetically pleasing looks in FE cases.
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Burbage, Sabree, Dexter Waters, Carmine Rossi, Frederic Kinkead, Dominic Pilon, Erik Muser, and Lorie Ellis. "Clinical surveillance and PSA outcomes among patients with non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) treated with a next-generation androgen receptor inhibitor (ARI) in urology clinics with or without in-office dispensing (IOD)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.28_suppl.410.
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410 Background: As use of oral therapies in prostate cancer treatment increases, IOD of oral medication has become more common. The objective of this study was to describe clinical surveillance practices and PSA outcomes in nmCRPC patients (pts) treated in clinics with or without IOD. Methods: nmCRPC pts with ≥1 ARI prescription (Rx) were identified in data from 95 US urology practices between 2018-2021. Pts were categorized into 3 groups: (1) Treated in IOD clinic and received ARI onsite within 14 days of Rx (IOD+), (2) Treated in IOD clinic but no onsite ARI receipt within 14 days of Rx (IOD-), and (3) Treated in a clinic without IOD (non-IOD). Descriptive analyses were conducted on pt characteristics, PSA and imaging data. PSA response, reported using Kaplan-Meier rates, was defined as ≥50% reduction in post-index (PI; index date = 14 days after 1st ARI Rx) PSA compared to baseline PSA (measured within 13 weeks before 1st ARI prescription). PSA progression was defined as ≥25% increase in PI PSA above baseline PSA. Results: 3,300 nmCRPC pts were identified (N = 615 IOD+; 2,474 IOD-; 211 non-IOD). Baseline characteristics differed for race, use of bone resorption agents and 1st generation anti-androgens, and PSA doubling time (PSADT; table). By 6 months PI, PSA screening was observed in similar proportions of pts in IOD and non-IOD, while PSA response was observed in a higher proportion of IOD+ (80%) than IOD- (64%) or non-IOD (63%). PSA progression was observed in fewer IOD+ pts (10%) than IOD- (16%) or non-IOD (17%). PI imaging was conducted in similar proportions of pts in IOD and non-IOD clinics; however, non-IOD performed more imaging per pt and time to imaging was shorter than in IOD+ clinics. Conclusions: Differences were noted in patient characteristics and prior medication use in ARI-treated patients within IOD and non-IOD clinics. IOD+ was observed to have higher rates of PSA response, fewer patients with PSA progression, and use fewer imaging tests after ARI initiation than non-IOD or IOD-. Additional studies controlling for differences in baseline characteristics and examining longer term outcomes are needed to understand how IOD services impact quality of patient care.[Table: see text]
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Naeini, Emitis Natali, Hugo De Bruyn, Ewald M. Bronkhorst, and Jan D’haese. "Case Series on the Long-Term Effect of Three Different Types of Maxillary Implant-Supported Overdentures on Clinical Outcomes and Complications." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 2251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11082251.
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(1) Long-term data on maxillary implant overdentures (IODs) are scarce. This case series evaluated three types of IODs supported by six, four or three implants (Anyridge®, Mega’Gen Implant Co., Ltd., Daegu, South-Korea), after 3–5 years in function. (2) A total of 31 patients, with 132 implants, were non-randomly allocated based on available bone or financial limitations. IOD-6 received a telescopic overdenture; IOD-4 a bar; and IOD-3, non-connected implants with locator abutments. Implant survival, bone level changes, probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), and technical, biological and aesthetic complications were registered. Impact of suprastructures on bone loss and PPD was analyzed using mixed-effect linear regression models. Differences between groups were analyzed using the ANOVA test for BOP, and Kruskal Wallis test for complications. (3) In total, 23 patients participated in the follow-up (9 female, 14 male), with average age of 62.2 years; 7, 11 and 5 patients in IOD-6, IOD-4 and IOD-3, respectively. Implant survival after 4.4 years on average, was 98% in total; 100%, 97.8% and 93.3% for IOD-6, IOD-4 and IOD-3, respectively. Mean bone loss corresponded to 0.68 mm (SD 1.06, range −4.57–1.51), 0.39 mm (SD 1.06, range −3.6–2.43), and 1.42 mm (SD 1.68, range −5.11–0.74) for IOD-6, IOD-4 and IOD-3, respectively. A statistically significant difference was seen in bone level when comparing IOD-6 to IOD-3 (p = 0.044), and IOD-4 to IOD-3 (p = 0.018). Mean PPD was 3.8 mm (SD: 0.69; range 2.5–5.3), 3.5 mm (SD 0.59; range 2.33–5), and 3.2 mm (SD 0.56; range 2–4) for IOD-6, IOD-4 and IOD-3, respectively, and differed significantly between IOD-6 and IOD-3 (p = 0.029). Incidence of peri-implantitis was 1%. No differences were seen for complications between groups. (4) Maxillary IOD supported by four to six implants is the most reliable treatment regarding implant survival and peri-implant health. More research is needed in the clinical outcomes, in particular the peri-implant health, and complications of maxillary IODs, especially with a reduced number of implants.
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Wright, James R. "LS GEO IOD." Journal of the Astronautical Sciences 59, no. 1-2 (June 2012): 352–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40295-013-0022-5.
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Li, Chen, Yuan Feng, Tianying Sun, and Xingzhi Zhang. "Long Term Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Index Prediction Used Deep Learning by convLSTM." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030523.
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Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a large-scale physical ocean phenomenon in the Indian Ocean that plays an important role in predicting the El Nino Southern Oscillation in the tropical Pacific. Predicting the occurrence of IOD is of great significance to the study of climate change and other marine phenomena. Generally, the IOD index is calculated to judge whether the IOD occurs. In this paper, a convolutional LSTM (convLSTM) neural network is used to build the deep learning model to predict the sea surface temperature in the next seven months and calculate the IOD index. Through the analysis of marine atmospheric data with complex temporal and spatial relationships, the wind field signal knowledge of the physical ocean is introduced to predict IOD phenomenon by combining the prior knowledge of the physical ocean and deep learning. The experimental results show that the average correlation of IOD index time series to the true IOD index time series is 82.87% from 2015 to 2018, seven months ahead for IOD prediction. IOD manifests as sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly changes, and this thesis verifies that the wind field signal information has a positive impact on the prediction of IOD changes. Moreover, the convLSTM can predict this anomaly better. The IOD index line graph can generally fit the real IOD index variation trend, which has a profound impact on the study of the IOD phenomenon.
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Huang, Ping, Xiao-Tong Zheng, and Jun Ying. "Disentangling the Changes in the Indian Ocean Dipole–Related SST and Rainfall Variability under Global Warming in CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 32, no. 13 (June 6, 2019): 3803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0847.1.
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Abstract This study disentangles the changes in Indian Ocean (IO) dipole (IOD)-related SST and rainfall variability under global warming projected by the RCP8.5 runs in 29 CMIP5 models. The IOD rainfall changes consist of the thermodynamic component due to the surface moisture increase and the dynamic component due to the changes in IOD-related circulation. The IOD circulation changes are dominated by the IOD SST changes, which were further clarified using the amplitude and structural decomposition. The amplitudes of IOD SST and circulation are both decreased at rates of around 7.2% and 13.7% °C−1, respectively. The structural changes in IOD SST and circulation show a pattern with increases from the eastern to the western coast of the equatorial IO, similar to the pattern of so-called extreme IOD events in previous studies. Disentangling previous mechanisms and projections, we conclude that the increased atmospheric stability suppresses the amplitudes in IOD SST and circulation, whereas the positive IOD (pIOD)-like mean-state SST changes, leading to greater warming in the west than the east, mainly alter the structure of IOD SST and circulation. Both the amplitude and structural changes in the IOD SST and circulation are robust among the CMIP5 models, but their distinct patterns and out-of-step changes lead to an uncertain projection of IOD changes defined by the dipole mode index or EOF analysis in previous studies. Furthermore, the structural changes, dominated by the pIOD-like mean-state SST changes, are significantly correlated with the historical IOD amplitude among the models. Considering the commonly overestimated IOD amplitude as an emergent constraint, the structural changes in IOD SST and circulation should not be as robust as the original multimodel projection.
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Cai, Wenju, Arnold Sullivan, and Tim Cowan. "Interactions of ENSO, the IOD, and the SAM in CMIP3 Models." Journal of Climate 24, no. 6 (March 15, 2011): 1688–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3744.1.
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Abstract Simulations of individual global climate drivers using models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3(CMIP3) have been examined; however, the relationship among them has not been assessed. This is carried out to address several important issues, including the likelihood of the southern annular mode (SAM) forcing Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events and the possible impact of the IOD on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Several conclusions emerge from statistics based on multimodel outputs. First, ENSO signals project strongly onto the SAM, although ENSO-forced signals tend to peak before ENSO. This feature is similar to the situation associated with the IOD. The IOD-induced signal over southern Australia, through stationary equivalent Rossby barotropic wave trains, peak before the IOD itself. Second, there is no control by the SAM on the IOD, in contrast to what has been suggested previously. Indeed, no model produces a SAM–IOD relationship that supports a positive (negative) SAM driving a positive (negative) IOD event. This is the case even in models that do not simulate a statistically significant relationship between ENSO and the IOD. Third, the IOD does have an impact on ENSO. The relationship between ENSO and the IOD in the majority of models is far weaker than the observed. However, the ENSO’s influence on the IOD is boosted by a spurious oceanic teleconnection, whereby ENSO discharge–recharge signals transmit to the Sumatra–Java coast, generating thermocline anomalies and changing IOD properties. Without the spurious oceanic teleconnection, the influence of the IOD on ENSO is comparable to the impact of ENSO on the IOD. Other model deficiencies are discussed.
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Helbig, Stefanie, and J. Corinna Eule. "Evaluation des Applanationstonometers Tono-Pen Avia® Vet™ für die Bestimmung des Augeninnendrucks bei Hunden und Katzen." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 49, no. 02 (April 2021): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1197-4709.
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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel Tonometer messen den Augeninnendruck (IOD) nur indirekt, sodass es zu Messungenauigkeiten kommt. Alle Geräte müssen daher durch vergleichende manometrische Messungen für die einzelnen Tierarten kalibriert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde das Applanationstonometer Tono-Pen Avia® Vet™ (TPA) für Hund und Katze kalibriert und ein Korrekturfaktor berechnet. Anschließend wurden anhand einer augengesunden Population Referenzwerte bestimmt und der Einfluss von Alter, Körpergewicht und Geschlecht untersucht. Material und Methoden Für die manometrische Studie erfolgte bei jeweils 10 enukleierten Hunde- und Katzenaugen eine vergleichende Messung des IOD mit einem Manometer und dem TPA über den Druckbereich von 5–60 mmHg. Anhand der mittleren prozentualen Abweichung zwischen dem mit dem Manometer und dem TPA gemessenen IOD wurden Korrekturfaktoren abgeleitet. Zur Ermittlung von Referenzwerten wurde bei augengesunden Tieren der IOD mit dem TPA gemessen. Die statistische Analyse eines Einflusses von Alter, Körpergewicht und Geschlecht der Tiere auf den IOD erfolgte mit gemischten Modellen. Ergebnisse Der TPA unterschätzt bei steigendem Druck den IOD zunehmend. Durch Multiplikation des mit dem TPA gemessenen IOD bei Hunden und Katzen mit dem Faktor 1,5 lässt sich der manometrisch bestimmte, reale IOD berechnen. Es wurden 94 Hunde (188 Augen) und 64 Katzen (128 Augen) untersucht. Der Referenzbereich für den mit dem TPA gemessenen IOD beträgt für Hunde 9–18 mmHg und für Katzen 9–20 mmHg. Bei beiden Tierarten hat das Alter einen signifikanten (p = 0,001 bzw. p = 0,008) Einfluss auf den IOD: Mit höherem Alter sinkt der IOD. Schlussfolgerung Der TPA unterschätzt den wahren IOD bei steigendem Druck. Die Nutzung des berechneten Korrekturfaktors ist bei der Umrechnung des tonometrisch gemessenen IOD in den wahren IOD sinnvoll. Klinische Relevanz Der TPA eignet sich gut für die Messung des IOD bei Hunden und Katzen.
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Nisa, A. R. Khairun, and Ivonne M. Radjawane. "Evolution of Subsurface Temperatures in West Sumatra - Southern Java Waters During 2010–2014 Indian Ocean Dipole Events." Jurnal Segara 17, no. 1 (August 26, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/segara.v17i1.10202.
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The temperature anomaly formation in the West Sumatra and South Java Waters plays an important role in the formation of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). There have not been many detailed studies on the evolution of temperature anomalies in the subsurface layers in the area during the IOD events. In this study, temperature data from the HYCOM were used to examine the evolution of temperature anomalies on the surface and subsurface in the event of negative IOD (nIOD) 2010 and positive IOD (pIOD) 2012). The analysis was done using a cross-section plot and a Hovmöller diagram. It has shown that in the negative IOD 2010, a positive temperature anomaly in the subsurface layer was started four months earlier than the surface layer and ended six months after the IOD event. In contrast to positive IOD 2012, a negative temperature anomaly formed in the surface layer seven months earlier, and then move to the deeper layer coincide with the onset of the positive IOD event. The negative anomaly in both layers was simultaneously over two months after the positive IOD event over. The La-Niña phase that coincides with the positive or negative IOD event, influences the process of forming temperature anomalies in the subsurface layer, which in this case supports (inhibits) the formation of positive (negative) temperature anomalies in negative (positive) IOD event. The temperature anomaly in the subsurface layer can be an alternative indicator in identifying and predicting IOD events.
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Sarie, Jérôme C., Christian Thiehoff, Jessica Neufeld, Constantin G. Daniliuc, and Ryan Gilmour. "Enantioselektive Synthese von 3‐Fluorchromanen durch Iod(I)/Iod(III)‐Katalyse." Angewandte Chemie 132, no. 35 (June 9, 2020): 15181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202005181.
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Walbaum, Christine, Mark Richter, Ulf Sachs, Ingo Pantenburg, Sebastian Riedel, Anja-Verena Mudring, and Gerd Meyer. "Iod-Iod-Bindungen machen Tetra(diiod)chlorid, [Cl(I2)4]−, planar." Angewandte Chemie 125, no. 48 (October 2, 2013): 12965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201305412.
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Ananda Rizki Taruna, Supriyatno Widagdo, and Eko Prasetyo. "KAITAN FASE IOD DENGAN FAKTOR MET-OCEAN DI PERAIRAN BARAT DAN SELATAN SUMATERA." Jurnal Riset Kelautan Tropis (Journal Of Tropical Marine Research) (J-Tropimar) 1, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/jrkt.v1i1.42-53.
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Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk identifikasi fase Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), yang dipakai untuk mengetahui keterkaitan interaksi antara faktor meteorologi dan oseanografi. Identifikasi menggunakan korelasi Pearson, sedangkan analisis spasial menggunakan Inverse Distance Weight (IDW). Kajian dilakukan di Perairan Barat dan Selatan Sumatera. Fase IOD tahun 2015 dan 2010 terjadi 2 kali fase. Fase IOD negatif (-) normal tahun 2015 selama 2 periode yakni Februari-Maret, IOD positif (+) selama 10 periode dan IOD positif lemah terjadi selama 6 periode mulai Juni hingga November. Tahun 2010 kejadian IOD positif selama 10 periode, fase normal 8 periode dan fase lemah selama 2 periode (Maret-April). Konfigurasi tahun 2015 saat IOD negatif normal berkorelasi sangat sempurna terhadap seluruh parameter pada Musim Barat, koefisien seluruh parameter yakni direntang 0,8≤r≤1. Interaksi saat IOD fase positif lemah yakni berkorelasi sangat kuat terhadap curah hujan, berkorelasi baik terhadap kecepatan angin yang meningkat dan cukup baik terhadap penurunan SST selama Musim Timur. Periode tahun 2010 kejadian IOD positif lemah terjadi di Musim Peralihan, sifat hubungan terhadap curah hujan Nias-Padang sangat kuat sedangkan hubungan korelasi terhadap lainya sangat buruk. Fase IOD negatif terjadi selama Musim Peralihan 2, hubungan korelasi terhadap seluruh parameter tidak dapat dijadikan acuan karena hanya terdapat 2 variansi data bulanan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, karakteristik fase IOD tahun 2015 lebih terlihat jelas mengakibatkan perubahan faktor met-ocean.
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Taruna, Ananda Rizki, Supriyatno Widagdo, and Eko Prasetyo. "KAITAN FASE IOD DENGAN FAKTOR MET-OCEAN DI PERAIRAN BARAT DAN SELATAN SUMATERA." Jurnal Riset Kelautan Tropis (Journal of Tropical Marine Research) (J-Tropimar) 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/jrkt.v1i1.21.
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Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk identifikasi fase Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), yang dipakai untuk mengetahui keterkaitan interaksi antara faktor meteorologi dan oseanografi. Identifikasi menggunakan korelasi Pearson, sedangkan analisis spasial menggunakan Inverse Distance Weight (IDW). Kajian dilakukan di Perairan Barat dan Selatan Sumatera. Fase IOD tahun 2015 dan 2010 terjadi 2 kali fase. Fase IOD negatif (-) normal tahun 2015 selama 2 periode yakni Februari-Maret, IOD positif (+) selama 10 periode dan IOD positif lemah terjadi selama 6 periode mulai Juni hingga November. Tahun 2010 kejadian IOD positif selama 10 periode, fase normal 8 periode dan fase lemah selama 2 periode (Maret-April). Konfigurasi tahun 2015 saat IOD negatif normal berkorelasi sangat sempurna terhadap seluruh parameter pada Musim Barat, koefisien seluruh parameter yakni direntang 0,8≤r≤1. Interaksi saat IOD fase positif lemah yakni berkorelasi sangat kuat terhadap curah hujan, berkorelasi baik terhadap kecepatan angin yang meningkat dan cukup baik terhadap penurunan SST selama Musim Timur. Periode tahun 2010 kejadian IOD positif lemah terjadi di Musim Peralihan, sifat hubungan terhadap curah hujan Nias-Padang sangat kuat sedangkan hubungan korelasi terhadap lainya sangat buruk. Fase IOD negatif terjadi selama Musim Peralihan 2, hubungan korelasi terhadap seluruh parameter tidak dapat dijadikan acuan karena hanya terdapat 2 variansi data bulanan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, karakteristik fase IOD tahun 2015 lebih terlihat jelas mengakibatkan perubahan faktor met-ocean.
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Kunarso, Kunarso, Muhammad Yafi Arfa, Heryoso Setiyono, Azis Rifai, and Petrus Subardjo. "Respon Kesuburan dan Hasil Tangkapan Ikan Terhadap Variablitias ENSO dan IOD di Perairan Teluk Lampung Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Oceanography 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijoce.v3i2.11223.
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Perubahan suhu permukaan laut (SPL) dan klorofil-a dipengaruhi variabilitas iklim yang ada, variabilitas iklim yang dimaksud adalah ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscilation) dan IOD (Indian Oscillation Dipole). Studi tentang pengaruh ENSO dan IOD telah banyak dilakukan sebelumnya di Perairan Indonesia, namun belum ada studi terkait untuk wilayah Perairan Teluk Lampung. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini untuk mengetahui respon perubahan SPL, klorofil-a, dan hasil perikanan pengaruh dari variabilitas iklim antar tahunan ENSO dan IOD di Perairan Teluk Lampung. Metode pendekatan masalah yng digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data near real-time klorofil-a dan SPL dari satelit penginderaan jauh MODIS, indeks ENSO dan IOD, serta dilengkapi dengan data angin dari ECMWF. Data-data tersebut diolah dalam bentuk grafis dan diagram Hovmoller, selanjutnya dianalisis dengan statistik korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya respon nyata perubahan SPL dan klorofil-a terhadap adanya variabilitas iklim ENSO dan IOD. Respon yang fenomenal yaitu adanya suhu yang sangat rendah dan klorofil-a yang sangat tinggi pada saat fase La Nina - IOD (+), respon klorofil-a tinggi juga terjadi pada saat El Nino-IOD (+) namun tidak setinggi ketika La Nina-IOD(+). Respon SPL yang hangat dan klorofil-a rendah yag terjadi pada fase La Nina - IOD (-). Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa kesuburan Perairan Teluk Lampung tertinggi terjadi pada saat La Nina – IOD (+), sebaliknya kesuburan perairan terendah terjadi pada saat La Nina – IOD (-). Pada saat kesuburan meningkat hasil perikanan juga meningkat dan pada saat kesuburan turun pada kondisi La Nina IOD(-) maka hasil tangkapan ikan juga menunjukkan penurunan.
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Zheng, Xiao-Tong, Shang-Ping Xie, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Qinyu Liu, and Jan Hafner. "Indian Ocean Dipole Response to Global Warming: Analysis of Ocean–Atmospheric Feedbacks in a Coupled Model*." Journal of Climate 23, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3326.1.
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Abstract Low-frequency modulation and change under global warming of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode are investigated with a pair of multicentury integrations of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model: one under constant climate forcing and one forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In the unforced simulation, there is significant decadal and multidecadal modulation of the IOD variance. The mean thermocline depth in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) is important for the slow modulation, skewness, and ENSO correlation of the IOD. With a shoaling (deepening) of the EEIO thermocline, the thermocline feedback strengthens, and this leads to an increase in IOD variance, a reduction of the negative skewness of the IOD, and a weakening of the IOD–ENSO correlation. In response to increasing greenhouse gases, a weakening of the Walker circulation leads to easterly wind anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean; the oceanic response to weakened circulation is a thermocline shoaling in the EEIO. Under greenhouse forcing, the thermocline feedback intensifies, but surprisingly IOD variance does not. The zonal wind anomalies associated with IOD are found to weaken, likely due to increased static stability of the troposphere from global warming. Linear model experiments confirm this stability effect to reduce circulation response to a sea surface temperature dipole. The opposing changes in thermocline and atmospheric feedbacks result in little change in IOD variance, but the shoaling thermocline weakens IOD skewness. Little change under global warming in IOD variance in the model suggests that the apparent intensification of IOD activity during recent decades is likely part of natural, chaotic modulation of the ocean–atmosphere system or the response to nongreenhouse gas radiative changes.
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Weller, Evan, and Wenju Cai. "Realism of the Indian Ocean Dipole in CMIP5 Models: The Implications for Climate Projections." Journal of Climate 26, no. 17 (August 23, 2013): 6649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00807.1.
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Abstract An assessment of how well climate models simulate the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is undertaken using 20 coupled models that have partaken in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Compared with models in phase 3 (CMIP3), no substantial improvement is evident in the simulation of the IOD pattern and/or amplitude during austral spring [September–November (SON)]. The majority of models in CMIP5 generate a larger variance of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Sumatra–Java upwelling region and an IOD amplitude that is far greater than is observed. Although the relationship between precipitation and tropical Indian Ocean SSTs is well simulated, future projections of SON rainfall changes over IOD-influenced regions are intrinsically linked to the IOD amplitude and its rainfall teleconnection in the model present-day climate. The diversity of the simulated IOD amplitudes in models in CMIP5 (and CMIP3), which tend to be overly large, results in a wide range of future modeled SON rainfall trends over IOD-influenced regions. The results herein highlight the importance of realistically simulating the present-day IOD properties and suggest that caution should be exercised in interpreting climate projections in the IOD-affected regions.
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Lamprakis, Ioannis, Margarita Todorova, Matthias Grüb, and Torsten Schlote. "Der Einfluss multipler Anti-VEGF-Injektionen auf den intraokularen Druck." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 235, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-118851.
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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Multiple Anti-VEGF-Injektionen sollen als möglicher Risikofaktor für postoperative Augendruckerhöhungen untersucht werden. Methode Es wurden 50 Augen von 50 Patienten in die retrospektive Studie aufgenommen, die mindestens 10 intravitreale Injektionen mit VEGF-Inhibitoren (Indikationen: altersbedingte Makuladegeneration, diabetische Makulopathie, Makulaödem nach retinalem Venenverschluss) an einem Auge erhalten hatten und deren Augendruck am 1. postoperativen Tag gemessen wurde. Ein Intraokulardruck (IOD) > 21 mmHg wurde als erhöht eingestuft und auf einen Zusammenhang zur Zahl der Injektionen hin untersucht. Ergebnisse Es wurden 669 IOD-Messungen analysiert (nach im Mittel 13,4 Injektionen pro Auge). Bei 43 Augen (86%) kam es nach keiner Injektion zu einer IOD-Erhöhung am 1. postoperativen Tag. Eine transiente IOD-Erhöhung (> 21 mmHg) war nach 19 Injektionen (2,8%) zu verzeichnen (1 Patient davon mit 8 IOD-Erhöhungen). Es konnte keine persistierende IOD-Erhöhung oder Tendenz zur Zunahme von transienten IOD-Erhöhungen mit zunehmender Zahl der Injektionen nachgewiesen werden. Augen mit bekanntem Glaukom waren signifikant häufiger von einer IOD-Erhöhung betroffen als Augen ohne Glaukom (5,5 vs. 2,2%). Schlussfolgerungen Multiple intravitreale Injektionen von Anti-VEGF-Inhibitoren sind kein eigenständiger Risikofaktor für persistierende Augendruckerhöhungen. Individuelle Risikofaktoren (z. B. präexistentes Glaukom) prädisponieren jedoch zu transienten IOD-Erhöhungen.
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Kayano, Mary T., Wilmar L. Cerón, Rita V. Andreoli, Rodrigo A. F. Souza, Itamara P. Souza, and Teresita Canchala. "El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole Modes: Their Effects on South American Rainfall during Austral Spring." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2021): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111437.
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This paper examines the effects of the tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) modes in the interannual variations of austral spring rainfall over South America (SA). The TPO mode refers to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The isolated effects between IOD and TPO were estimated, events were chosen from the residual TPO (R-TPO) or residual IOD (R-IOD), and the IOD (TPO) effects for the R-TPO (R-IOD) composites were removed from the variables. One relevant result was the nonlinear precipitation response to R-TPO and R-IOD. This feature was accentuated for the R-IOD composites. The positive R-IOD composite showed significant negative precipitation anomalies along equatorial SA east of 55° W and in subtropical western SA, and showed positive anomalies in northwestern SA and central Brazil. The negative R-IOD composite indicated significant positive precipitation anomalies in northwestern Amazon, central–eastern Brazil north of 20° S, and western subtropical SA, and negative anomalies were found in western SA south of 30° S. This nonlinearity was likely due to the distinct atmospheric circulation responses to the anomalous heating sources located in longitudinally distinct regions: the western tropical Indian Ocean and areas neighboring Indonesia. The results obtained in this study might be relevant for climate monitoring and modeling studies.
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Anoop, T. R., V. Sanil Kumar, P. R. Shanas, G. Johnson, and M. M. Amrutha. "Indian Ocean Dipole modulated wave climate of eastern Arabian Sea." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 5 (October 27, 2015): 2473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-2473-2015.
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Abstract. Intrinsic modes of variability have a significant role in driving climatic oscillations in the ocean. In this paper, we investigate the influence of inter-annual variability, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), on the wave climate of the eastern Arabian Sea (AS). Using measured, modeled and reanalysis wave data and reanalysis wind data, we show that the IOD plays a major role in the variability of wave climate of the study region due to the IOD induced changes in equatorial sea surface temperature and sea level pressure. Inter-annual variability in the wave climate over the eastern AS during the IOD is due to the modification of winds from the northern AS. The change in wind field over the AS due to IOD influences the generation or dissipation of wave field and hence causes the decrease in northwest short period waves during positive IOD and increase during negative IOD.
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Breugst, Martin. "Mit molekularem Iod katalysieren." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 63, no. 12 (December 2015): 1180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.201590404.
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Heng, Chaizi, Sun-Kwon Yoon, Jong-Suk Kim, and Lihua Xiong. "Inter-Seasonal Precipitation Variability over Southern China Associated with Commingling Effect of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño." Water 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102023.
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This study analyzed temporal and regional responses of precipitation to the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) over southern China and the differences between IOD-only and El Niño–southern oscillation–IOD cases. The Mann–Kendall test and intentionally biased bootstrapping were used. The results revealed three main phases (development and peak, decay, and aftermath) of percentage changes in seasonal total rainfall and showed the most positive sensitivity to positive IOD events in southern China. Moreover, El Niño played an essential role in intensifying the positive response to positive IOD events in the first and second phases while contributing little to the third. In terms of precipitation variability (frequency, intensity, and magnitude), seasonal maximum 1-day precipitation and maximum number of consecutive dry days were more sensitive to positive IOD events than the maximum number of consecutive wet days and simple daily precipitation intensity index. This study enhances knowledge of the temporal and spatial sensitivity of precipitation features to positive IOD events over southern China.
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Hokamp, Tobias, Leonardo Mollari, Lewis C. Wilkins, Rebecca L. Melen, and Thomas Wirth. "Alternative Strategien mit Iod: schneller Zugang zu bisher unzugänglichen Iod(III)‐Verbindungen." Angewandte Chemie 130, no. 27 (July 2, 2018): 8438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201804642.
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Walbaum, Christine, Mark Richter, Ulf Sachs, Ingo Pantenburg, Sebastian Riedel, Anja-Verena Mudring, and Gerd Meyer. "Addendum: Iod-Iod-Bindungen machen Tetra(diiod)chlorid, [Cl(I2)4]−, planar." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 21 (May 14, 2014): 5334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201402660.
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Schulze, Volker, Mark Brönstrup, Volker P W. Böhm, Peter Schwerdtfeger, Michael Schimeczek, and Reinhard W Hoffmann. "α-Iodalkyl-Iod-at-Komplexe als beobachtbare Zwischenstufen im Iod-Magnesium-Austausch." Angewandte Chemie 110, no. 6 (March 16, 1998): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980316)110:6<869::aid-ange869>3.0.co;2-9.
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Caimmi, Cristian, Cynthia S. Crowson, Wendy M. Smith, Eric L. Matteson, and Ashima Makol. "Clinical Correlates, Outcomes, and Predictors of Inflammatory Ocular Disease Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Biologic Era." Journal of Rheumatology 45, no. 5 (February 15, 2018): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170437.
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Objective.Inflammatory ocular disease (IOD) is a rare but severe extraarticular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (ExRA) with high mortality. The aim of our study was to examine clinical characteristics of IOD in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their effect on disease severity and outcomes in recent years.Methods.A retrospective cohort of RA patients with IOD evaluated between 1996 and 2013 was assembled and compared to RA comparators without IOD and matched for age, sex, and disease duration.Results.We identified 92 patients (69% female; mean age 62 yrs) with IOD: 33 scleritis, 23 episcleritis, 21 peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK), 14 uveitis, and 1 with orbital inflammation. The majority of patients with scleritis, episcleritis, and PUK was seropositive versus uveitis (> 80% vs 62%, p = 0.048). PUK and scleritis were more symptomatic compared to episcleritis and uveitis, and often required systemic therapy. Time to resolution was longer in scleritis than episcleritis (p = 0.01). PUK, scleritis, and uveitis had severe ocular sequelae. Prevalence of severe ExRA (18% vs 4%, p = 0.004) and dry eye syndrome (42% vs 26%, p = 0.024) was higher among patients with IOD than comparators. The incidence of new ExRA over 5-year followup was also higher among cases (29% vs 11%, p = 0.022). Ten-year survival was similar among RA patients with and without IOD (66% vs 64%, p = 0.56), with no differences noted among IOD subtypes.Conclusion.This large single-center study highlights the variable presentation and outcomes of IOD in RA. Although ocular complications are associated with significant morbidity, it is reassuring that survival among those with IOD is now similar to those without ocular disease.
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Zhao, Sen, Malte F. Stuecker, Fei-Fei Jin, Juan Feng, Hong-Li Ren, Wenjun Zhang, and Jianping Li. "Improved Predictability of the Indian Ocean Dipole Using a Stochastic Dynamical Model Compared to the North American Multimodel Ensemble Forecast." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0184.1.
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Abstract This study assesses the predictive skill of eight North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) models in predicting the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). We find that the forecasted ensemble-mean IOD–El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) relationship deteriorates away from the observed relationship with increasing lead time, which might be one reason that limits the IOD predictive skill in coupled models. We are able to improve the IOD predictive skill using a recently developed stochastic dynamical model (SDM) forced by forecasted ENSO conditions. The results are consistent with the previous result that operational IOD predictability beyond persistence at lead times beyond one season is mostly controlled by ENSO predictability and the signal-to-noise ratio of the Indo-Pacific climate system. The multimodel ensemble (MME) investigated here is found to be of superior skill compared to each individual model at most lead times. Importantly, the skill of the SDM IOD predictions forced with forecasted ENSO conditions were either similar or better than those of the MME IOD forecasts. Moreover, the SDM forced with observed ENSO conditions exhibits significantly higher IOD prediction skill than the MME at longer lead times, suggesting the large potential skill increase that could be achieved by improving operational ENSO forecasts. We find that both cold and warm biases of the predicted Niño-3.4 index may cause false alarms of negative and positive IOD events, respectively, in NMME models. Many false alarms for IOD forecasts at lead times longer than one season in the original forecasts disappear or are significantly reduced in the SDM forced by forecasted ENSO conditions.
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Yang, Yun, Shang-Ping Xie, Lixin Wu, Yu Kosaka, Ngar-Cheung Lau, and Gabriel A. Vecchi. "Seasonality and Predictability of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode: ENSO Forcing and Internal Variability." Journal of Climate 28, no. 20 (October 13, 2015): 8021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0078.1.
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Abstract This study evaluates the relative contributions to the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode of interannual variability from the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forcing and ocean–atmosphere feedbacks internal to the Indian Ocean. The ENSO forcing and internal variability is extracted by conducting a 10-member coupled simulation for 1950–2012 where sea surface temperature (SST) is restored to the observed anomalies over the tropical Pacific but interactive with the atmosphere over the rest of the World Ocean. In these experiments, the ensemble mean is due to ENSO forcing and the intermember difference arises from internal variability of the climate system independent of ENSO. These elements contribute one-third and two-thirds of the total IOD variance, respectively. Both types of IOD variability develop into an east–west dipole pattern because of Bjerknes feedback and peak in September–November. The ENSO forced and internal IOD modes differ in several important ways. The forced IOD mode develops in August with a broad meridional pattern and eventually evolves into the Indian Ocean basin mode, while the internal IOD mode grows earlier in June, is more confined to the equator, and decays rapidly after October. The internal IOD mode is more skewed than the ENSO forced response. The destructive interference of ENSO forcing and internal variability can explain early terminating IOD events, referred to as IOD-like perturbations that fail to grow during boreal summer. The results have implications for predictability. Internal variability, as represented by preseason sea surface height anomalies off Sumatra, contributes to predictability considerably. Including this indicator of internal variability, together with ENSO, improves the predictability of IOD.
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Azuga, Nabila Afifah, Musrifin Galib, and Elizal. "ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE PHENOMENON TO THE ANOMALIES DISTRIBUTION OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN WEST SUMATERA." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.3.3.260-270.
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The waters of West Sumatera that face directly into Indian Ocean is strongly influenced by Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phenomenon which caused an anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) and affect rainfall intensity in the West Sumatera Province. This research was aimed to know the effect of IOD on the distribution and anomaly of SST and rainfall intensity in West Sumatera. Data processing methods in this research is using statistical and descriptive. The data used in this research are NOAA OI-SST, Dipole Mode Index (DMI), and rainfall data from BKMG. The results showed that IOD positive occured in October 2018 and the IOD negative occured in July 2016. During the positive IOD, SST distribution values were 28 ˚C – 28,8 ˚C and SST anomaly values were -1,2 to -0,4, in the negative phase the distribution of SST values were 29,8 ˚C – 30,35 ˚C and the SST anomaly values were 0,15 to 0,7. The rainfall intensity during positive IOD phase is 157 mm/month and during negative IOD phase is 525 mm/month.
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Bramawanto, Rikha, and Rizal Fadlan Abida. "TINJAUAN ASPEK KLIMATOLOGI (ENSO DAN IOD) DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PRODUKSI GARAM INDONESIA." Jurnal Kelautan Nasional 12, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkn.v12i2.6061.
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Indonesia yang berada pada wilayah pertemuan Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera India sangat terpengaruh oleh dinamika iklim dan cuaca yang disebabkan oleh adanya ENSO dan IOD. Pengaruh ENSO dan IOD terhadap produksi garam di Indonesia masih belum banyak dikaji. Tulisan ini merupakan kajian literature yang menyandingkan data ENSO dan DOI dengan curah hujan dan produksi garam. Kejadian El Nino kuat bersamaan dengan IOD positif mengakibatkan musim kemarau panjang sehingga panen garam berlangsung lebih lama dan meningkat kuantitasnya, seperti yang terjadi pada tahun 1997 dan 2015. Sebaliknya kejadian La Nina bersamaan dengan IOD negative mengakibatkan musim kemarau basah sehingga terjadi gagal panen garam, sebagaimana yang terjadi pada 2010 dan 2016. Jika terjadi El Nino sangat kuat bersamaan dengan IOD positif, maka perlu diwaspadai ketika terjadi kecenderungan berubah menjadi La Nina secara drastis apalagi bersamaan dengan fase IOD negative di tahun berikutnya. Pemahaman terhadap pola siklus ENSO dan IOD dapat menjadi upaya mitigasi dari risiko gagal panen garam serta menjadi dasar bagi pengambil kebijakan untuk menjaga sufficiency stok garam dalam periode tertentu.
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Ramadhan, Firman, Kunarso Kunarso, Anindya Wirasatriya, Lilik Maslukah, and Gentur Handoyo. "Perbedaan Kedalaman dan Ketebalan Lapisan Termoklin pada Variabilitas ENSO, IOD dan Monsun di Perairan Selatan Jawa." Indonesian Journal of Oceanography 3, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijoce.v3i2.11392.
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Perairan Selatan Jawa dipengaruhi oleh beberapa fenomena, yaitu sistem monsun, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dan Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), fenomena tersebut mempengaruhi nilai temperatur. Termoklin adalah lapisan yang memiliki gradien temperatur vertikal yang signifikan di kedalaman tertentu, sehingga erat kaitannya dengan nilai temperatur. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kedalaman dan ketebalan lapisan termoklin di wilayah pesisir dan laut lepas pada variabilitas ENSO, IOD dan monsun di perairan Selatan Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan data temperatur vertikal harian dari argo float (2016 – 2019) untuk mengetahui distribusi temperatur vertikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa batas atas dan batas bawah termoklin terdalam di pesisir terjadi saat IOD(-), yaitu tahun 2016 sebesar 60,17 m, 154,58 m dan tahun 2017 sebesar 62,08 m, 154,17 m, sedangkan saat IOD(+) batas atas dan batas bawah termoklin lebih dangkal, yaitu tahun 2018 sebesar 42,92 m, 136,71 m dan tahun 2019 sebesar 39,25 m, 129,63 m. Hasil untuk laut lepas menunjukkan batas atas dan batas bawah termoklin terdangkal di laut lepas terjadi saat IOD(-), yaitu tahun 2016 sebesar 58,92m, 156,25m dan tahun 2017 sebesar 60m, 152,92m, sedangkan saat IOD (+) batas atas dan batas bawah bertambah dalam, yaitu tahun 2018 sebesar 67,08m, 175,42m dan tahun 2019 sebesar 59m, 172,92m. Hal ini karena IOD(-) di tahun 2016 memiliki nilai indeks DMI sebesar -1 dan di tahun 2019 terjadi IOD(+) dengan nilai indek DMI sebesar 2. Kejadian IOD(-) membuat slope muka air laut di Samudera Hindia bagian Timur khususnya yang lebih dekat dengan pantai menjadi lebih tinggi, sehingga tingginya slope muka air laut membuat batas atas dan batas bawah lapisan termoklin menjadi lebih dalam di pesisir Selatan Jawa Kondisi yang berbeda terjadi di laut lepas dimana slope muka air laut yang lebih rendah daripada di Pesisir menjadikan termoklin lebih dangkal dan ketebalannya lebih tipis., begitu juga sebaliknya pada saat fenomena IOD (+).
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Yue, Zhang, W. Zhou, and Tim Li. "Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Evolution of the Subsequent ENSO: Relative Roles of Dynamic and Thermodynamic Processes." Journal of Climate 34, no. 9 (May 2021): 3591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0487.1.
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AbstractThe complex interaction between the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is further investigated in this study, with a focus on the impacts of the IOD on ENSO in the subsequent year [ENSO(+1)]. The interaction between the IOD and the concurrent ENSO [ENSO(0)] can be summarized as follows: ENSO(0) can trigger and enhance the IOD, while the IOD can enhance ENSO(0) and accelerate its demise. Regarding the impacts of IOD(0) on the subsequent ENSO(+1), it is revealed that the IOD can lead to anomalous SST cooling patterns over the equatorial Pacific after the winter following the IOD, indicating the formation of a La Niña–like pattern in the subsequent year. While the SST cooling tendency associated with a positive IOD is attributable primarily to net heat flux (thermodynamic processes) from autumn to the ensuing spring, after the ensuing spring the dominant contribution comes from oceanic processes (dynamic processes) instead. From autumn to the ensuing spring, the downward shortwave flux response contributes the most to SST cooling over the central and eastern Pacific, due to the cloud–radiation–SST feedback. From the ensuing winter to the ensuing summer, changes in latent heat flux (LHF) are important for SST cooling, indicating that the release of LHF from the ocean into the atmosphere increases due to strong evaporation and leads to SST cooling through the wind–evaporation–SST feedback. The wind stress response and thermocline shoaling verify that local Bjerknes feedback is crucial for the initiation of La Niña in the later stage.
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Duan, Jing, Yuanlong Li, Lei Zhang, and Fan Wang. "Impacts of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Sea Level and Gyre Circulation of the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean." Journal of Climate 33, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 4207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0782.1.
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AbstractInterannual variabilities of sea level and upper-ocean gyre circulation of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (WTPO) have been predominantly attributed to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results of the present study put forward important modulation effects by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. The observed sea level in the WTPO shows significant instantaneous and lagged correlations (around −0.60 and 0.40, respectively) with the IOD mode index (DMI). A composite of 14 “independent” IOD events for 1958–2017 shows negative sea level anomalies (SLAs) of 4–7 cm in the WTPO during positive IOD events and positive SLAs of 6–8 cm in the following year that are opposite in sign to the El Niño effect. The IOD impacts are reproduced by large-ensemble simulations of a climate model that generate respectively 430 and 519 positive and negative independent IOD events. A positive IOD induces westerly winds over the western and central tropical Pacific and causes negative SLAs through Ekman upwelling, and it facilitates the establishment of a La Niña condition in the following year that involves enhanced Pacific trade winds and causes positive SLAs in the WTPO. Ocean model experiments confirm that the IOD affects the WTPO sea level mainly through modulating the tropical Pacific winds. Variability of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) induced by IOD winds has a relatively weak effect on the WTPO. The IOD’s impacts on the major upper-ocean currents are also considerable, causing anomalies of 1–4 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) volume transports.
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Li, Gen, Shang-Ping Xie, and Yan Du. "Monsoon-Induced Biases of Climate Models over the Tropical Indian Ocean*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 8 (April 7, 2015): 3058–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00740.1.
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Abstract Long-standing biases of climate models limit the skills of climate prediction and projection. Overlooked are tropical Indian Ocean (IO) errors. Based on the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel ensemble, the present study identifies a common error pattern in climate models that resembles the IO dipole (IOD) mode of interannual variability in nature, with a strong equatorial easterly wind bias during boreal autumn accompanied by physically consistent biases in precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST), and subsurface ocean temperature. The analyses show that such IOD-like biases can be traced back to errors in the South Asian summer monsoon. A southwest summer monsoon that is too weak over the Arabian Sea generates a warm SST bias over the western equatorial IO. In boreal autumn, Bjerknes feedback helps amplify the error into an IOD-like bias pattern in wind, precipitation, SST, and subsurface ocean temperature. Such mean state biases result in an interannual IOD variability that is too strong. Most models project an IOD-like future change for the boreal autumn mean state in the global warming scenario, which would result in more frequent occurrences of extreme positive IOD events in the future with important consequences to Indonesia and East Africa. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) characterizes this future IOD-like projection in the mean state as robust based on consistency among models, but the authors’ results cast doubts on this conclusion since models with larger IOD amplitude biases tend to produce stronger IOD-like projected changes in the future.
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Zhang, Yuhong, Yan Du, and Ming Feng. "Multiple Time Scale Variability of the Sea Surface Salinity Dipole Mode in the Tropical Indian Ocean." Journal of Climate 31, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0271.1.
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Abstract In this study, multiple time scale variability of the salinity dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean (S-IOD) is revealed based on the 57-yr Ocean Reanalysis System 4 (ORAS4) sea surface salinity (SSS) reanalysis product and associated observations. On the interannual time scale, S-IOD is highly correlated with strong Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and ENSO variability, with ocean advection forced by wind anomalies along the equator and precipitation anomalies in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (IO) dominating the SSS variations in the northern and southern poles of the S-IOD, respectively. S-IOD variability is also associated with the decadal modulation of the Indo-Pacific Walker circulation, with a stronger signature at its southern pole. Decadal variations of the equatorial IO winds and precipitations in the central IO force zonal ocean advection anomalies that contribute to the SSS variability in the northern pole of S-IOD on the decadal time scale. Meanwhile, oceanic dynamics dominates the SSS variability in the southern pole of S-IOD off Western Australia. Anomalous ocean advection transports the fresher water from low latitudes to the region off Western Australia, with additional contributions from the Indonesian Throughflow. Furthermore, the southern pole of S-IOD is associated with the thermocline variability originated from the tropical northwestern Pacific through the waveguide in the Indonesian Seas, forced by decadal Pacific climate variability. A deepening (shoaling) thermocline strengthens (weakens) the southward advection of surface freshwater into the southern pole of S-IOD and contributes to the high (low) SSS signatures off Western Australia.
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Anoop, T. R., V. Sanil Kumar, P. R. Shanas, J. Glejin, and M. M. Amrutha. "Indian Ocean Dipole modulated wave climate of eastern Arabian Sea." Ocean Science 12, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-369-2016.
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Abstract. Intrinsic modes of variability have a significant role in driving the climatic oscillations in the oceanic processes. In this paper, we investigate the influence of an inter-annual mode of variability, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), on the wave climate of the eastern Arabian Sea (AS). Using measured, modeled and reanalysis wave data and reanalysis wind data, we show that the IOD plays a major role in the variability of wave climate of the study region. Due to the IOD-induced changes in equatorial sea surface temperature and sea level pressure, the winds from the northern AS gets modified and cause inter-annual variability in the wave climate over the eastern AS. The changes in wind field over the AS due to the IOD influence the generation or dissipation of the wave field and hence cause a decrease in northwest short-period waves during positive IOD and an increase during negative IOD.
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Jia, Wenhao, Yawen Wu, Sen Wang, Mufeng Chen, and Xia Liu. "Combined Impacts of ENSO and IOD on Streamflow: A Case Study of the Jinsha River Basin, China." Water 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010045.
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This study investigated the combined impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on streamflow under four scenarios: neutral, pure ENSO, pure IOD, and a combination of ENSO and IOD. The Jinsha River Basin (JRB), at the head of the Yangtze River, was used as a case study. By using statistical methods such as coherent wavelet analysis (WTC), we are committed to studying what kind of impact the IOD will have, the difference in impact between ENSO and IOD at different stages, and the difference in impact between ENSO and IOD on the mean and extreme values of runoff, compared with traditional single ENSO event, to provide support for water resource management, especially for reservoir operation. The key results are as follows. (a) Both ENSO and IOD events affect annual and seasonal streamflow in the JRB. (b) The impact of pure IOD events on annual streamflow in the JRB was twice as great as that of pure ENSO events in developing years, whereas the opposite was true in decaying years. (c) The combined impact of ENSO and IOD led to a higher streamflow maximum than the annual or seasonal average streamflow. Conversely, their impact on the streamflow minima was less than 10% during both developing and decaying years, except at Zhimenda Station. (d) Overall, water shortages could be more serious in developing years than in neutral years, and much more attention should be given to flooding control in decaying years. These results can be used as a reference for water resource management concerning agricultural planning and ecological protection in the JRB.
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Kim, Hoseong, Jaeguk Hyun, Hyunjung Yoo, Chunho Kim, and Hyunho Jeon. "Adversarial Attacks for Deep Learning-Based Infrared Object Detection." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 24, no. 6 (December 5, 2021): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2021.24.6.591.
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Recently, infrared object detection(IOD) has been extensively studied due to the rapid growth of deep neural networks(DNN). Adversarial attacks using imperceptible perturbation can dramatically deteriorate the performance of DNN. However, most adversarial attack works are focused on visible image recognition(VIR), and there are few methods for IOD. We propose deep learning-based adversarial attacks for IOD by expanding several state-of-the-art adversarial attacks for VIR. We effectively validate our claim through comprehensive experiments on two challenging IOD datasets, including FLIR and MSOD.
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Wieners, Claudia E., Henk A. Dijkstra, and Will P. M. de Ruijter. "The Influence of Atmospheric Convection on the Interaction between the Indian Ocean and ENSO." Journal of Climate 30, no. 24 (December 2017): 10155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0081.1.
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In recent years it has been proposed that a negative (positive) Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) in boreal autumn favors an El Niño (La Niña) at a lead time of 15 months. Observational analysis suggests that a negative IOD might be accompanied by easterly anomalies over the western Pacific. Such easterlies can enhance the western Pacific warm water volume, thus favoring El Niño development from the following boreal spring onward. However, a Gill-model response to a negative IOD forcing would lead to nearly zero winds over the western Pacific. The authors hypothesize that a negative IOD—or even a cool western Indian Ocean alone—leads to low-level air convergence and hence enhanced convectional heating over the Maritime Continent, which in turn amplifies the wind convergence so as to cause easterly winds over the western Pacific. This hypothesis is tested by coupling an idealized Indian Ocean model and a convective feedback model over the Maritime Continent to the Zebiak–Cane model. It is found that, for a sufficiently strong convection feedback, a negative (positive) IOD indeed forces easterlies (westerlies) over the western Pacific. The contribution from the eastern IOD pole dominates. IOD variability is found to destabilize the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mode, whereas Indian Ocean basinwide warming (IOB) variability dampens ENSO, even in the presence of convection. The influence of the Indian Ocean on the spectral properties of ENSO is dominated by the IOB, while the IOD is a better predictor for individual ENSO events.
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Li, Junjie, Lingli Fan, and Guangya Zhang. "Synergistic Effects of PDO and IOD on Water Vapor Transport in the Preflood Season over South China." Water 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050722.
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It is urgent to improve the prediction accuracy of precipitation in the preflood season (PFS) over South China (SC) under the background of global warming, and thus the research of water vapor conditions is the key. For the period of 1960–2012, using the daily precipitation data from 60 meteorology stations in SC and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, the synergistic effect of PDO (the Pacific Decadal Oscillation) &IOD (the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode) on water vapor transport process to frontal/monsoon precipitation is revealed, based on the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT_4.9). For the frontal precipitation, the positive PDO phase (PDO+) compared with the negative PDO phase (PDO−), there is more water vapor over the West Pacific (WP), the northern South China Sea (SCS), and the Bay of Bengal (BOB). Water vapor for frontal precipitation mainly comes from WP and SCS. When PDO and IOD are in phase resonance, the water vapor transport tracks from the SCS, WP are shorter and westward, so more water vapor is transported to SC, the precipitation efficiency of water vapor to PFS precipitation is higher too. For the summer monsoon precipitation, the tropical Indian Ocean (IO)-BOB is rich in water vapor, especially for PDO−& IOD+. The main water vapor transport tracks are the cross-equatorial flows in the IO, BOB and SCS. The precipitation efficiency of water vapor from the IO-BOB is higher for the positive IOD phase (IOD+) than that for the negative IOD phase (IOD−); however, the precipitation efficiency of water vapor from SCS is higher for the IOD− than that for IOD+. Compared with frontal precipitation, the strong westerly anomaly in the northern IO increases the water vapor transport from the north IO, BOB to SC during monsoon precipitation. For the PDO+&IOD+, the stronger Indian Low and cyclonic anomaly in the WP increases the water vapor transported from the IO-BOB to SC, improving the precipitation efficiency of water vapor. Understanding the synergistic effect of the PDO and IOD on water vapor transport will help to improve the accuracy of precipitation prediction, and reduce the negative impact of drought and flood disasters.
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Adiwira, Hanani, Noir P. Purba, Syawaludin A. Harahap, and Mega L. Syamsuddin. "Variabilitas suhu laut pada kejadian IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) di perairan barat Sumatera menggunakan data Argo Float." Depik 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.7.1.8089.
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The objective of the research was to analyze the vertical variability of the water column in the West Sumatra waters. The data used to analyze the vertical variability was the temperature data sets from Argo float instruments which were operated from 2009 to 2011 in the West Sumatran sea region. The secondary data that used was the geostrophic current data sets which obtained from the Jason image satellite also sea temperature anomaly data. The method used in this research is by analyzing temporally and spatially and then describing while comparing the data. The result of the research showed that IOD formed from June to July with the peak of IOD was from September to November and the disintegration starts in December. The SST average on 2009 (Neutral IOD) during peak phase of IOD was 29.060C, in 2010 (Negative IOD) the SST mean is 28.690C, in 2011 (Positive IOD) the SST mean was 28.790C. The result from spatial analyzes showed that the strong IOD was the main reason for the movement of the mixed layer in West Sumatra waters, so the warm water cannot be found around the West Sumatra waters. The upper boundary depth of thermocline during peak phase of 2009’s neutral IOD starts from September was on 82.59 m, in October was 86.12 m and in November was 89.5 m. In Septemeber 2010 the upper thermocline boundary was found on 89.06 m deep, in October was 104.05 m, and in November was 107.36 m, the thermocline got deeper because the input of water masses from West Indian Ocean intensifies because of negative IOD event. In September 2011 the upper thermocline boundary was found on 64.16 m, in October was 75.35 m and in November was 79.88 m. The thermocline found more shallow because the mixed layer on East Indian Ocean moved westward so the thermocline lifted up to fill the water column emptiness.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji variabilitas kolom air secara vertikal di perairan Barat Sumatera. Data yang digunakan yaitu data suhu dari instrumen Argo float yang beroperasi di perairan Barat Sumatera tahun 2009 – 2011. Data pendukung yaitu data arus geostropik yang diperoleh yang diperoleh dari citra Jason selain itu digunakan data suhu anomali laut. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis temporal dan spasial serta deskriptif komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proses pembentukan IOD terjadi pada Juni – Agustus kemudian mencapai puncak pada September – November dan proses peluruhannya pada Desember. Rata – rata SPL pada fase puncak tahun 2009 (IOD netral) yaitu 29.060C; pada 2010 (IOD negatif) yaitu 28.690C; dan pada 2011 (IOD positif) yaitu 28.790C. Berdasarkan analisis spasial IOD dengan intensitas kuat mengakibatkan pergerakan massa air hangat melewati perairan Barat Sumatera sehingga tidak terdeteksi lagi di lokasi ini. Batas atas termoklin pada fase puncak IOD 2009 (September) yaitu 82.59 m; Oktober sekitar 86.12 m dan November mencapai 89.5 m. Selanjutnya pada 2010 yaitu pada September sekitar 89.06 m; Oktober sekitar 104.05 m dan November mencapai 107.36 m. Terlihat, termoklin semakin dalam karena massa air hangat dari Hindia Barat yang mengisi perairan Barat Sumatera menjadi semakin kuat pada fase IOD negatif. Sebaliknya, pada September 2011 termoklin berada pada kedalaman 64.16 m; Oktober pada kedalaman 75.35 m dan November sekitar 79.88 m. Pada periode ini termoklin terdeteksi lebih dangkal karena lapisan mixed layer bergerak ke Hindia Barat dan kekosongannya diisi lapisan termoklin.
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Kim, Jong-Suk, Phetlamphanh Xaiyaseng, Lihua Xiong, Sun-Kwon Yoon, and Taesam Lee. "Remote Sensing-Based Rainfall Variability for Warming and Cooling in Indo-Pacific Ocean with Intentional Statistical Simulations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091458.
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This study analyzed the sensitivity of rainfall patterns in South China and the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) using statistical simulations of observational data. Quantitative changes in rainfall patterns over the ICP were examined for both wet and dry seasons to identify hotspots sensitive to ocean warming in the Indo-Pacific sector. The rainfall variability was amplified by combined and/or independent effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During the years of El Niño and a positive phase of the IOD, rainfall is less than usual in Thailand, Cambodia, southern Laos, and Vietnam. Conversely, during the years of La Niña and a negative phase of the IOD, rainfall throughout the ICP is above normal, except in parts of central Laos, northern Vietnam, and South China. This study also simulated the change of ICP rainfall in the wet and dry seasons with intentional IOD changes and verified IOD-sensitive hotspots through quantitative analysis. The results of this study provide a clear understanding both of the sensitivity of regional precipitation to the IOD and of the potential future impact of statistical changes regarding the IOD in terms of understanding regional impacts associated with precipitation in changing climates.
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Rehr, Anette, and M. Jansen. "Ein neuartiges Iod(III, V) Gemischtvalentes Iodoxopolykation in (IO2)3 HSO4." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 608, no. 2 (February 1992): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19926080224.
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Agustina, L., R. H. Virgianto, and A. N. Fitrianto. "Utilization of remote sensing data for mapping the effect of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in Sumatra Island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 893, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012062.
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Abstract IOD and ENSO are two global phenomena that are quite influencing the territory of Indonesia. Sumatra is one of the islands in Indonesia with unique local characteristics and is located in the westernmost. This study attempts to analyze how much the IOD and ENSO have affected rainfall in the Sumatra Island and which is more dominant, and the distribution that can be used as a reference in forecasting seasons and rainfall. In a period of 37 years (1981-2017), the influence of IOD and ENSO was analyzed using a correlation method which was then mapped. The rainfall data used was obtained from CHIRPS with a scale of 0.05. Data is processed using Climate Data Operator (CDO) and R-statistics to obtain correlation maps. Correlation calculations are carried out on the whole data and in the season period. The effect of IOD was seen to be significant in the southern part of Sumatra, with a maximum correlation of 0.4, while in the north and center, the correlation only -0.25. The effect of ENSO looks more evenly compared to the impact of IOD, with a correlation reaching -0.4 in the northern and southern parts of Sumatra. In contrast, the middle part shows a smaller correlation value with ranges of -0.1 to -0.3. In the DJF and MAM season periods, a positive correlation between rainfall and IOD occurred throughout Sumatra, and in the JJA and SON, a dominant-negative correlation occurred. In comparison, the ENSO shows dominant negative correlation in each period. Based on the correlation, ENSO is more influential on Sumatra compared to IOD in overall data. However, on seasonal data, IOD is more significant than ENSO. The southern part of Sumatra Island is the most affected by ENSO and IOD compared to other parts.
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Kim, Jong-Suk, Sun-Kwon Yoon, Sang-Myeong Oh, and Hua Chen. "Seasonal Precipitation Variability and Non-Stationarity Based on the Evolution Pattern of the Indian Ocean Dipole over the East Asia Region." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091806.
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Non-linear behavioral links with atmospheric teleconnections were identified between the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode and seasonal precipitation over East Asia (EA) using statistical models. The analysis showed that the lower the lag time, the higher the correlation; more than a two-fold correlation for non-linear regression with a kernel density estimator than for the linear regression method. When the IOD peaked, a pattern of significant reductions in seasonal precipitation during the negative IOD period occurred throughout the Korean Peninsula (KP). The occurrence of the positive IOD was in line with the El Niño phenomenon and generated greater seasonal precipitation than only the positive IOD, which takes place from March to May. This change occurred more in the cold tongue El Niño than the warm pool El Niño, inducing much higher spring precipitation throughout the KP. When negative IODs and La Niña coincided, there was slightly greater precipitation from March to May compared to the sole occurrence of negative IODs. In positive (negative) IOD years, there was anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) circulation in the South China Sea (SCS), helping to transport moisture to EA. The composite precipitation anomalies in the positive (negative) IOD years show above (below) normal precipitation in southern China. In contrast, other parts of the EA experienced drier (humid) signals than normal years. In positive IOD years, the anti-cyclonic circulation strength of the Bay of Bengal and the SCS continued until autumn and spring of the following year. This shows possible remote connections between climate events related to the tropical Indian Ocean and variations in precipitation over EA.
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Li, Yuhui, Yun Qiu, Jianyu Hu, Cherry Aung, Xinyu Lin, Chunsheng Jing, and Junpeng Zhang. "The Strong Upwelling Event off the Southern Coast of Sri Lanka in 2013 and Its Relationship with Indian Ocean Dipole Events." Journal of Climate 34, no. 9 (May 2021): 3555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0620.1.
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ABSTRACTMultisource satellite remote sensing data have been used to analyze the strong upwelling event off the southern coast of Sri Lanka in 2013 and its relationship with Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events. The upwelling area in 2013 is 5.7 times larger than that in a normal year and lasts from June to August, with the peaks of the cooling anomaly reaching −1.5°C and the positive chlorophyll a concentration anomaly exceeding 3.1 mg m−3. In 2013, the negative unseasonable IOD (IODJJA) event enhances the southwest monsoon, while the blocking of the monsoon wind by the island results in a stronger westerly/northwesterly wind stress off the southern coast of Sri Lanka and a weaker westerly/northwesterly wind stress over the eastern Sri Lanka waters. This causes stronger offshore transport and positive Ekman pumping off the southern coast, forming a strong upwelling event there. Further analysis indicates that the interannual variability of the upwelling, as represented by a newly constructed index based on satellite observations, is primarily caused by the variations of local wind associated with the IOD. The upwelling off the southern coast of Sri Lanka weakens (strengthens) in the positive (negative) IOD years. However, an analysis based on 21 IOD events during 1982–2019 demonstrates that the effects of the three types of IOD events, including IODJJA, prolonged IOD (IODLONG), and normal IOD (IODSON), on the upwelling are different. Compared to the IODSON events, the IODJJA and IODLONG events tend to have stronger influences due to their earlier developing phases.
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Le, Thanh, and Deg-Hyo Bae. "The Indian Ocean Dipole response to external forcing in the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 simulations of the last millennium." Holocene 31, no. 5 (January 20, 2021): 884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620988033.
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The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a major mode of interannual climate variability, but its response to external climate forcings (i.e. solar forcing, volcanic radiative forcing (VRF) and greenhouse gas (GHG) radiative forcing) remains elusive. To improve our understanding of the variability of the IOD, it is necessary to investigate the IOD’s response to external forcings through multi-model simulations. Here a Granger causality test is used to examine the impact of external forcings on the IOD from past 1000 years simulations (850–1850 Common Era) derived from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. The results show significant causal effects of VRF on the IOD in preindustrial times of the past 1000 years from the MPI-ESM-P, MRI-CGCM3, GISS-E2-R and CCSM4 models and uncertainties in the IOD’s responses to volcanic eruptions from other six models. Additionally, the phase responses (i.e. positive or negative) of the IOD to large volcanic eruptions remain unclear even from models showing significant causal impacts of VRF on the IOD. This result shows that the IOD exhibits a more complex response to volcanic forcing than the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. The causal impact of solar forcing on the IOD is more likely to be weak in most models. The IOD’s response to GHG variations is not significant across all the models due to minor fluctuations in GHGs occurring during preindustrial times of the past 1000 years. Further analyses based on new, improved and higher resolution models might further our understanding of the IOD’s responses to external forcing.
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Cai, Wenju, Peter van Rensch, Tim Cowan, and Harry H. Hendon. "An Asymmetry in the IOD and ENSO Teleconnection Pathway and Its Impact on Australian Climate." Journal of Climate 25, no. 18 (April 18, 2012): 6318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00501.1.
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Abstract Recent research has shown that the climatic impact from El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on middle latitudes west of the western Pacific (e.g., southeast Australia) during austral spring (September–November) is conducted via the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). However, it is not clear whether this impact pathway is symmetric about the positive and negative phases of ENSO and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). It is shown that a strong asymmetry does exist. For ENSO, only the impact from El Niño is conducted through the TIO pathway; the impact from La Niña is delivered through the Pacific–South America pattern. For the IOD, a greater convection anomaly and wave train response occurs during positive IOD (pIOD) events than during negative IOD (nIOD) events. This “impact asymmetry” is consistent with the positive skewness of the IOD, principally due to a negative skewness of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the east IOD (IODE) pole. In the IODE region, convection anomalies are more sensitive to a per unit change of cold SST anomalies than to the same unit change of warm SST anomalies. This study shows that the IOD skewness occurs despite the greater damping, rather than due to a breakdown of this damping as suggested by previous studies. This IOD impact asymmetry provides an explanation for much of the reduction in spring rainfall over southeast Australia during the 2000s. Key to this rainfall reduction is the increased occurrences of pIOD events, more so than the lack of nIOD events.
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Zhang, Miaomiao, Yong Guan, Zheng Dang, Pinggen Zhang, Zhen Zheng, Liang Chen, Wen Kuang, Chenchen Wang, and Gaolin Liang. "Directly observing intracellular nanoparticle formation with nanocomputed tomography." Science Advances 6, no. 43 (October 2020): eaba3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba3190.
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Directly observing intracellular nanostructure formation remains challenging. In this work, using a rationally designed small-molecule 4-nitrobenzyl carbamate–Cys(SEt)-Asp-Asp-Phe(iodine)–2-cyano-benzothiazole (NBC-Iod-CBT), we directly observed intracellular nanoparticle formation with nanocomputed tomography (nano-CT). In vitro, upon glutathione reduction and nitroreductase (NTR) cleavage, NBC-Iod-CBT undergoes a CBT-Cys click condensation reaction to self-assemble nanoparticles Iod-CBT-NPs with an average linear absorption coefficient (LAC) value of 0.182 ± 0.078 μm−1 to x-ray. Nano-CT imaging of the NBC-Iod-CBT–treated, NTR-overexpressing HeLa cells showed the existence of Iod-CBT-NPs in their cytoplasm with an average LAC value of 0.172 ± 0.032 μm−1. We anticipate that our strategy could help people to deeply understand the formation mechanism of intracellular nanostructures in the near future.
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Williams, C. A., and N. P. Hanan. "ENSO and IOD teleconnections for African ecosystems: evidence of destructive interference between climate oscillations." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 25, 2010): 6323–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-6323-2010.
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Abstract. Rainfall and vegetation across Africa are known to resonate with the coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomena of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). However, the regional-scale implications of sea surface temperature variability for Africa's carbon sources and sinks have received little focused attention, particularly in the case of IOD. Furthermore, studies exploring the interactive effects of ENSO and IOD when coincident are lacking. This analysis uses remotely sensed vegetation change plus a land surface model driven with observed meteorology to investigate how rainfall, vegetation, and photosynthesis across Africa respond to these climate oscillations. In addition to the relatively well-known ENSO forcing, the IOD induces large departures of photosynthesis across much of Africa associated with anomalies in rainfall and vegetation greenness. More importantly, sizeable independent effects can be suppressed or even reversed by destructive interferences during periods of simultaneous ENSO and IOD activity. For example, effects of positive IOD on southeastern Africa tended to dominate those of El Niño during their coincidence spanning 1997–1998, with sign reversal of El Niño's typically strong suppression of photosynthesis in this region. These findings call into question past analyses examining teleconnections to ENSO or IOD in isolation, and indicate the need to consider their simultaneous states when examining influences on hydroclimatic and ecological conditions across Africa.