Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ion de grande énergie'
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Bénit, Jean. "Effets d'irradiation par des ions de grande énergie dans de la glace H₂O et applications astrophysiques." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112229.
Full textThis thesis presents the study of radiation effects induced in H20 ice by MeV/u ions: desorption of ionized species, "erosion" of the irradiated film and molecular synthesis within the ice. The desorption is analysed by time of flight mass spectroscopy. We describe the mass spectra of the desorbed ions, both positively and negatively charged, up to 400 uma. The absolute yields are given, as well as their dependence with the energy and energy loss of the primary ions. The "erosion" of the ice is analysed by infrared spectroscopy, on line during the irradiation. Absolute yields are derived, as a function of the ions beam flux, the mass and energy of the ions, and the thickness of the samples. A linear dependence of the yield with the thickness is interpretated as follows: the erosion comes primarely from the dissociation of the molecules all along the ion tracks. Some astrophysical implications of the results are discussed in the framework of irradiation of icy material in a variety of environments: magnetospheres of giant planets, cometary nuclei, circumstellar shells and molecular clouds. Lt is emphasized that the irradiation by energetic ions plays a major role in cosmochemistry
Sall, Mamour. "Irradiation par des ions de grande énergie de semiconducteurs III-N (AlN, GaN, InN) : création de défauts ponctuels et étendus." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936879.
Full textDooryhee, Eric. "Étude par résonance paramagnétique électronique des défauts formés dans SiO₂par les ions de grande énergie." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112468.
Full textWe have studied the defects formed in silica by high energy ions. Defect formation processes are not yet well understood at energies higher than 1 MeV/amu, whereas they can be interpreted in terms of collision cascades at low energies. There are numerous applications in astrophysics (cosmic rays) earth sciences (fission track dating) and for technological problems (storage of radioactive waste material. Fusion reactors). We have used Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) together with other techniques (optical spectroscopy. Channeling. Small angle X-ray scattering) to characterize defects formed by electronic excitations and to study the influence of the energy the atomic number and the influence of ions. We have irradiated silica and alumina targets at GANIL and at UNILAC Darmstadt. ESR studies have shown that high energy ions form paramagnetic vacancies (E' centers) and interstitials (peroxy radicals). Their ESR signatures exhibit specific characteristics when compared to those observed after gamma-ray or electron irradiation which can be related to the very high density of deposited energy and to the specific environment within clusters of defects. The production rate of defects varies with the atomic number of the incident ion for a given energy deposit. The proportion of peroxy radicals increases with stopping power. When influence increases above the overlapping threshold a tranfer from E' centers to peroxy radicals is observed. Similar to that observed after thermal annealing. These results demonstrate the non linear effects of energy lasses and the role of a phase in which primary defects reorganize in the wake of the incident ion ("thermal spike" concept). Optical spectroscopy experiments allowed us to show that high energy ions also form diamagnetic oxygen vacancies. However the total defect concentration observed is too law to account for the preferential chemical etching of ion tracks. Local bond straining induced by the ion could therefore play a role in the revelation of ion tracks
Monnet, François. "Système de détection à large acceptance angulaire et grande dynamique en énergie destiné à la physique des ions lourds aux énergies intermédiaires : détecteur M.E.Ω [oméga]." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112156.
Full textBuilt for intermediate energy heavy ions nuclear physics, the M. E. Ω detector uses various and complementary detection methods: ionization chamber, parallel plate avalanche counter, plastic scintillators. With these techniques, velocity, energy, mass and charge of nuclei were measured over wide range. From the detailed theoretical study of each method, limitations and perturbation causes are deduced. The solutions used for optimizing the detector, and the main results are exposed. The internal sectorisation of the detector, which permits a modulation in counting rate and electronical adjustments, has been revealed to be very suitable for heavy ions intermediate energy physics. Results of the first experiment realized with M. E. Ω (Ar + Ag at 35 MeV/u) are commented
Habib, Amr. "Détecteurs radiologiques grande surface, multi-énergie." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT055.
Full textThe objective of the thesis is to propose a solution for a 2D integrated circuit X-ray imager working, either in spectrometric mode where each X photon energy is measured, or in charge integration mode where the total energy deposited by X-ray during an image is measured, the solution being compatible with large area detectors typically of 20 cm x 20 cm. A proof of concept prototype ASIC 'Sphinx' was designed and fabricated in CMOS 0.13 µm technology; the ASIC being formed of a matrix of 20 x 20 pixels with a 200 µm pixel pitch. The designed architecture allows the quantification of the incoming charge through the use of counter-charge packets as low as 100 electrons. The injected packets are counted for each X photon (in the spectrometric photon counting mode), or for all charges integrated during the image period (in charge integration mode). First characterization measurements prove the validity of the concept with good performance in terms of power consumption, noise, and linearity. A first part of the ASIC is dedicated to X-ray direct detection where a semiconductor, e.g. CdZnTe, hybridized to the ASIC's pixels converts X-photons to electrical charge. Another part of the ASIC is dedicated indirect X-ray detection where a scintillator, e.g. CsI:Tl, is used to convert X-photons to visible photons which are then detected by in-pixel photodiodes. For the latter mode, new forms of photodiodes characterized by fast detection and low capacity were designed, simulated, and fabricated in CMOS 0.13 µm technology on a different ASIC. Finally, the thesis concludes with proposing performance enhancing ideas to be potentially implemented in a future prototype
Jacopin, Gwenolé. "Nanofils de semiconducteurs à grande énergie de bande interdite pour des applications optoélectroniques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00746091.
Full textDeguines, Caroline. "Rôle des plasmons dans l'interaction ion-polymère." Limoges, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIMO0054.
Full textCelasun, Yagmur. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux d'électrode positive pour des applications Li-ion à haute énergie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI047.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of overlithiated disordered rocksalts for high-energy Li-ion systems. Firstly, synthesis parameters have been optimized to improve the performances of the disordered rocksalt Li2.2NiTi0.2Nb0.6O4. To examine its high irreversibility (35%) at the first cycle, in situ advanced structural and electrochemical analyses have been performed. Results show that a structural change and disordering happen during the first charge. In a second part, the disordered rocksalt Li2TiS3 has been prepared with our patented process. To improve cycling stability of the cells, Li2TiS3 has been partially substituted with selenium and new Li2TiSexS3-x compositions have been prepared. Li2TiSexS3-x cells have large discharge capacities at slightly lower potentials. Reversible sulfur redox activity is confirmed by electrochemistry and ex situ surface analyses, however further characterizations are required to elucidate the relatively complex selenium redox process
Montagne, Jean-Eucher. "Laser à exciplexes KrF impulsionnel de grande énergie : effets du rayonnement ultra-violet sur matériaux." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22099.
Full textTuchendler, Charles. "Nouvelle génération de dispositif à microscope de grande ouverture pour le piégeage d’atomes individuels." Thesis, Palaiseau, Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IOTA0012/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the early work done on a new setup that we have developped for trapping single atoms in an optical tweezer using only one diffraction limited large numerical aperture aspheric lens. Together with an experimental optical measurement of a 1µm laser beam waist created by such an aspheric lens, we showed that the diffraction limited transverse field of the lens is about plus or minus 25 µm. The ability of this new setup to trap single atoms is demonstrated and some crucial parameters are then determined : survival time in the dark, heating rate, fluorescence light polarisation, oscillation frequencies. During this PhD, we did focus our attention especially on determining the energy distribution of the single trapped atoms. A release and recapture technique along with the spectroscopic study of the energy levels occupation helped us show a termal behavior of a succession of single atoms in an optical twezer. By using common laser cooling techniques associated with adiabatic down ramping cooling, we showed that a reduction by a factor 100 of the mean energy corresponding to a mean vibrationnal energy level of about 4 and a minimum temperature of 1,75 µK. Spatial manipulation of single atoms and qubits was also studied. Using a tip-tilt platform, a second trap is set on the experiment and the transfer from one trap to the other, as well as the displacement of one trap with help of the platform, are experimentally studied. Both the temperature of the atoms and the qubit lifetime are showed to be insensitive to these manipulations
Grolleau, Sébastien. "Vieillissement calendaire des accumulateurs Lithium-Ion : modélisation et analysese." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2079.
Full textCalendar aging has been studied for two types of commercial lithium-ion cells of different chemistries. Capacity loss is explained by the gradual growth of the SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) at the negative electrode / electrolyte interface. A semi-empirical aging model is proposed taking account temperature and state of charge dependencies in a simple manner, from the results of 9 different storage test conditions. Electrochemical spectroscopy results show that both high and medium frequencies are linearly correlated with capacity loss, not only for both technologies but also whichever the tested calendar aging condition. This interesting result allows practical use of resistances for a rapid diagnostic method of the battery capacity. Besides, to estimate the impact of a daily use of a battery, an original test protocol was carried out in which 88% of the aging time is spent at rest. This provides a realistic repartition between rest and cycling times in applications such as electric vehicles. Three different charging scenarios were investigated. After one year of aging, comparison between storage tests and these additional tests showed that cell deterioration is twice faster when cell is cycled at low rate and during a very limited proportion of time. On the other hand, setting the maximum state of charge to 60% in comparison with a full recharge leads to a significant improvement of the cell lifetime by more than 100%. Finally, post-mortem analysis of cells submitted to the aforementioned protocol showed that aging mechanisms are globally similar as such observed during a pure calendar aging
Conte, Donato Ercole. "Etude et optimisation des interfaces dans les composites à base d'étain pour électrode négative d'accumulateur li-ion de haute énergie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20064/document.
Full textThe Phd work, presented in this manuscript, is devoted to the study of the interface interactions between an electroactive species (tin) and a matrix (borophosphate). The latter has a buffer role and is thus able to absorb the volume variations taking place during the Li-Sn electrochemical reaction.The aim of this study is to understand the nature of the reactions occurring during lithium introduction in the composite. In order to do that, a detailed study of a previously studied reference composite (Sn-0,4 BPO4) has been undertaken. The effect of some modified matrixes as well as the synthesis route has also been evaluated. The composite material can be described as having a glassy interface containing some oxidized tin (SnII) which leads to the following global structure: Active element Sn0(1-w)/SnIIwBxPyOz/BPO4 Buffering phase Interphase. A complementary in situ operando study (X-ray diffraction and Mößbauer spectroscopy) gave the possibility to analyze the electrochemical behavior of the material. A first process corresponds to a small tin extrusion from the interfacial zone. This contributes to the increase of the electrical conductivity of the composite material which is followed by the interphase reorganization with the extrusion of the whole tin content. Li-Sn reactions take place then, with the galvanostatic cycling going on between the tin rich compositions (Li2Sn5 and LiSn) and the lithium rich ones (Li13Sn5 and Li7Sn2)
Aminou, Mal Adji. "Etude d'un laser KrF de grande énergie : optimisation du dépôt d'énergie par faisceaux d'électrons dans la cavité laser." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX30018.
Full textVigliano, Patrick. "Etude expérimentale et numérique sur la propagation à travers l'atmosphère de faisceaux lasers CO2 impulsionnels de grande énergie." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22010.
Full textGrosjean, Camille. "Usages de batteries lithium-ion comme fonction de stockage d'électricité à la convergence des besoins énergétiques de l'habitat solaire et du transport électrique." Corte, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0023.
Full textIn the next few years, transportation and residential sectors will be targeted by more severe constraints in terms of energy consumption and pollution emission. As far as transport is concerned, the constant increase of traffic and the heavier weight and power of termal vehicles overpassed the benefits gained through the drop of unit fuel consumption of internal combustion engines, thus worsening further more the energy and carbon footpring of vehicles. As far as households are concerned, energy uses and related emissions have steeply increased with the growth of specific energy needs linked to more comfort and technology, the drop of cooking and heating energy uses being unable to compensate this energy-greedy trend. (. . . /. . . )
Peez, Matti. "Recherche de déviations au Modèle Standard dans les processus de grande énergie transverse sur le collisionneur électron-proton HERA." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004412.
Full textNous avons tout d'abord participé au développement d'un nouvel environnement d'analyse orientée objet, en nous concentrant particulièrement sur la reconstruction des hadrons et des jets hadroniques. Cet environnement, qui est devenu l'outil d'analyse standard de Hl de la phase II de HERA, est mis à l'épreuve dans le cadre de notre sujet.
Les événements étudiés regroupent 24 topologies différentes pour lesquelles les spectres d'énergie transverse sont systématiquement étudiés. Un bon accord général au Modèle Standard est observé, mis à part dans quelques canaux à leptons isolés où plusieurs événements atypiques ont déjà été rapportés. La comparaison au Modèle Standard est quantifiée avec l'aide d'une méthode statistique spécifique développée pour l'occasion.
Zarour, Bilel. "Étude théorique de l'échange de charge et de l'excitation dans une collision à basse énergie entre un ion (atome) et un agrégat métallique simple." Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Zarour.Bilel.SMZ0103.pdf.
Full textThe excitation and charge transfer process are well know in atomic collisions. The aim of this thesis is the study of these process in collisions with metallic clusters. We have worked at low velocities. So to describe the collision, we have used the mollecular method. The resolution of the Schrödmger equation for a great number of electrons is possible, to solve this problem, we have applied the independent electron model (IEM). In this experience, we can detect only some of the electrons to describe this situation, we use the inclusive probabilities formalism, and so we calculate the charge transfer and excitation cross sections. In the collisions atom – clusters of sodium, we have compared with the experimental results of the Aimé Cotton laboratory in Orsay and we have found a good agreement. This has confirmed the validity of our theoretical method
Savin, Cécile. "Circulation hydrothermale au sein du volcan Karthala, île de la Grande Comore, océan Indien : apports de la géophysique." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_20_Savin.pdf.
Full textKwato, Njock Moïse Godefroy. "Sur la production des rayons gamma de grande énergie dans les réactions proton-noyau et noyau-noyau aux énergies intermédiaires." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10148.
Full textAchkar, Yamina. "Modélisation des interactions à grande distance internucléaire entre deux atomes dans divers états électroniques : applications à des atomes d'alcalins et de gaz rare." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10044.
Full textNibart, Vincent. "Projet PIAFE : transport d'ions exotiques de basse énergie sur longue distance." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10019.
Full textLi, Bin. "Etude expérimentale de la fragmentation des molécules adénine et porphyrine induite par collisions avec des ions multichargés à basse énergie." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00597090.
Full textEl, Hajjar Ragheb Diana. "Développement de la méthode PIXE à haute énergie auprès du cyclotron ARRONAX." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMNA0137/document.
Full textParticle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) is a fast, nondestructive, multi-elemental analysis technique. It is based on the detection of characteristic X-rays due to the interaction of accelerated charged particles with matter. This method is successfully used in various application fields using low energy protons (energies around few MeV), reaching a limit of detection of the order the μg/g (ppm). At this low energy, the depth of analysis is limited. At the ARRONAX cyclotron, protons and alpha particles are delivered with energy up to 70 MeV, allowing the development of the High Energy PIXE technique. Thanks to these beams, we mainly produce KX-rays, more energetic than the LX-rays used with standard PIXE for the heavy elements analysis. Thus, in depth analysis in thick materials is achievable. For light element analysis, the PIGE technique, based on the detection of gamma rays emitted by excited nuclei, may be used in combination with PIXE. First of all, we will introduce the characteristics and principles of high energy PIXE analysis that we have developed at ARRONAX. Then we will detail the performance achieved, particularly in terms of detection limit in various experimental conditions. Finally, we present the results obtained for the analysis of multilayer samples and quantification of trace elements in thick samples
Gilloteaux, Jean-Christophe. "Mouvements de grande amplitude d'un corps flottant en fluide parfait. Application à la récupération de l'énergie des vagues." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00521689.
Full textSuraud, Marie-Gabrielle. "Etude par spectrométrie X (10 [angström] [inférieur ou égal à] [lamda] [inférieur ou égal à] 100 [angström]) de l'échange de charge lors de collision à basse énergie, entre un ion multichargé et une cible neutre." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10038.
Full textRocher, Joe͏̈lle. "Dynamique d'un nuage d'ions piégés et application à la mesure de cinétique de collisions ion-molécule lentes." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11033.
Full textDriga, Olga. "Analyse des données des calorimètres d'ALICE et étude de la production des hadrons de basse impulsion dans les collisions de grande énergie." Nantes, 2012. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=84303af8-6124-4a00-aa86-8018f03041b7.
Full textThe ALICE experiment at LHC is dedicated to the study of many facets of the strong interaction. The microscopic theory of the latter, QCD, and its manifestation in particle production can be thoroughly explored by studying jet observables. Central to the study of jet physics with ALICE is the mastering of its calorimetry. This is one of the topics addressed in this work namely carrying out one of the first tasks which is to verify the quality of available data. For this purpose the Quality Assurance (QA) framework for ALICE electromagnetic calorimeters, PHOS and EMCAL, was developed. On this base, the measurement of neutral pions, 0 and , via their two photon decays was performed. The success in understanding dynamics of soft particles inside jets relies on calculations of perturbative QCD, impressive accuracy of which has already been tested experimentally. The theory predicts that the inclusive particle spectrum inside jets is independent of a collision energy in the limiting case of zero momentum (p ! 0). In order to test this prediction, a systematic study of world experimental data from hadron and lepton colliders at the collision energies from tens of GeV up to the TeV scale at the LHC has been performed
Rozsalyi, Emese Tünde. "Theoretical study of charge transfer in ion-molecule collisions." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070739.
Full textLequay, Victor. "Une approche ascendante pour la gestion énergétique d'une Smart-Grid : modèle adaptatif et réactif fondé sur une architecture décentralisée pour un système générique centré sur l'utilisateur permettant un déploiement à grande échelle." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1304.
Full textThe field of Energy Management Systems for Smart Grids has been extensively explored in recent years, with many different approaches being described in the literature. In collaboration with our industrial partner Ubiant, which deploys smart homes solutions, we identified a need for a highly robust and scalable system that would exploit the flexibility of residential consumption to optimize energy use in the smart grid. At the same time we observed that the majority of existing works focused on the management of production and storage only, and that none of the proposed architectures are fully decentralized. Our objective was then to design a dynamic and adaptive mechanism to leverage every existing flexibility while ensuring the user's comfort and a fair distribution of the load balancing effort ; but also to offer a modular and open platform with which a large variety of devices, constraints and even algorithms could be interfaced. In this thesis we realised (1) an evaluation of state of the art techniques in real-time individual load forecasting, whose results led us to follow (2) a bottom-up and decentralized approach to distributed residential load shedding system relying on a dynamic compensation mechanism to provide a stable curtailment. On this basis, we then built (3) a generic user-centered platform for energy management in smart grids allowing the easy integration of multiple devices, the quick adaptation to changing environment and constraints, and an efficient deployment
Rozsályi, Emese Tünde. "Theoretical study of charge transfer in ion-molecule collisions." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10152/document.
Full textCollisiosns of slow multiply charged ions with molecular species have been widely investigated in the past few years. Imortant experimental and theoretical effort has been focused on reactions with simple targets. Consideration of more complex molecular targets are now of increasing interest, in particular with regardto possible direect or indirect processes occuring in the irradiation of the biological medium.. In these reactions generally at relativity low energies, different processes have to be considered: exitation and fragmentation on the molecule, ionization of the gaseous target, and also possible charge transfer from the multicharged ion toward the biomolecule..Charge transfer can be investigated theoretically in the framework of the molecular representation of the collision. Such studies provides important information on the mecanism as well as on the electronic structure of the projectile and target during the reaction. The charge-transfer process in collisions on C2+ ions with hydrogen halide molecule (HF, HCI) has been studied by means of ab initio quantum chemistry molecular methods followed by semiclassical dynamical treatment in the keV collision energy range. The mechanism has been investigated in detail in each reaction, in connection with nonadiabatic interactions around avoided crodssings between states involved in the process
Ronge, Catherine. "Ionisation collisionnelle d'atomes d'hélium excités He (n¹P) dans des états de Rydberg intermédiaires par des molécules polaires ou à grande affinité électronique." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112483.
Full textHeninger, Michel. "Étude par spectrométrie de résonance cylclotronique ionique de réactions et relaxations d'ions à énergie de collision thermique." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112402.
Full textA new type of Ion Cyclotron Resonance spectrometer (tricyclotron) constructed to study reactions and relaxations of ions at thermal energies is presented. In this multistage ICR spectrometer, the production of the ions, their relaxation and their reactions and detection are time and space separated. In this work, we have in a first step perfected the apparatus and in a second one developed experimental procedures for two kinds of studies:Energy dependence of ion reactivity: The following systems, NH₃⁺ (X. V) + CH₃ OH, O⁺ + H₂O and N₂ ⁺(X. V) + N₂O, have been studied either as a function of internal energy or kinetic energy. Radiative relaxation of vibrationally excited positive ions in their electronic ground state: Using the chemical ion monitor technique to probe the ion internal energy, we developed an experimental method intended to measure the radiative lifetimes of positive ions. The first results obtained to diatomic ions are presented and discussed: NO⁺ (95 ms for v=1, 45 ms for v= 2), HCl⁺ (3 ms for v= 1) and DCl⁺ + (11 ms for v=1). The astrophysically important HCO⁺ triatomic ion has been investigated, and lifetimes of 35 ms, 12 ms and 4 ms have been measured for the three first vibrational leveIs of the C-O stretching mode. It is aIso shown that the bending mode has a very long lifetime (π ≃500 ms for v=1). Our results show also that if there is no collision, there is no coupling between the different vibrational modes of HCO ⁺ for internal energies up to 0. 7 eV. The present work has for the first time permitted the comparison of ab initio calculation results with experimental data for positive ions
Berger, Jean François. "Approche microscopique auto-consistante des processus nucléaires collectifs de grande amplitude à basse énergie : application à la diffusion d'ions lourds et à la fission." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112268.
Full textA theoretical framework and numerical techniques allowing to describe low energy, large amplitude collective phenomena in nuclei from the only data of the nuclear effective interaction is presented. In this method, the collective properties of the system are analyzed with the help of the full Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov theory and different kinds of constraints acting as external fields. The collective dynamics is then deduced from the self-consistent approach in a completely quantum-mechanical formalism based on the Generator Coordinate prescription and the adiabatic approximation. With this procedure, nuclear structure effects, in particular the influence of pairing correlations on the collective dynamics, are incorporated in a completely microscopic and self-constent way. The applications we present use GOGNY’S D1 effective interaction. Due to the very general parametrization of this force – in particular, its finite range – most known nuclear properties, including those associated to pairing, can be reproduced quantitatively. The ¹²C + ¹²C reaction at low energy is first studied. The position of the two first 0⁺ resonances is consistent with experimental data. The analysis of the wave functions shows that these resonances do not arise from a quasi-molecular ¹²C - ¹²C state. Our approach is then applied to the fission of ²⁴⁰Pu. Potential energy surfaces as functions of elongation, left-right asymmetry and necking-in are displayed. The main known characteristics of these surfaces, in particular fission barrier heights appear to be correctly reproduced. An interpretation for the mechanism of scission and for cold fission events is proposed. A dynamical calculation taking into account the variations of the collective inertia confirms this interpretation and shows that the nuclear evolution between saddle and scissions can be described using the adiabatic approximation
Lepoivre, Florent. "Study and improvement of non-aqueous Lithium-Air batteries via the development of a silicon-based anode." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066326/document.
Full textSupplying the world energy demand while reducing the greenhouse gases emissions is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century; this requires the development of efficient energy storage devices enabling the utilization of renewable energies. Among them, Lithium-Air batteries are very attractive due to their high theoretical energy density – 10 times that of the current Li-ion batteries – but their development is hindered by the complexity of the chemistry at play. In order to understand such chemistry, we designed a new electrochemical test cell that integrates a pressure sensor, thereby enabling an accurate in operando monitoring of the pressure changes during charge/discharge with high reproducibility and sensitivity. Its use is demonstrated by quantifying the parasitic reactions in Li-O2 cells for various electrolytes frequently encountered in the literature. Through this comparative study, we are able to observe the phenomena currently limiting the performances of Li-O2 batteries after a long cycling (> 1000 h), such as parasitic reactions and the instability of the Li anode. To address the later issue, Li was replaced by a prelithiated silicon electrode made of Si particles oxidized in surface. We demonstrated the feasibility of enhancing both their capacity and cycle life via a pre-formatting treatment that triggers the reduction of their SiO2 coating by liberating pure Si metal. The full LixSi-O2 cells using such treated electrodes exhibit performances competing with the best analogous systems reported in the literature (> 30 cycles; more than 400 h of cycling), but the development of practical prototypes still requires to improve the cycle-life
Casagrande, Olivier. "Etude théorique et expérimentale de l'architecture d'un laser à solide monocristallin ou céramique dopé ytterbium pour la génération d'impulsions de grande énergie à haute cadence." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002586.
Full textLe, Borgne François. "Développement d'un photobioréacteur solaire intensifié en vue de la production à grande échelle de biomasse microalgale." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2025.
Full textRenaud, Justine. "Application des faisceaux d'ions focalisés à la création de centres NV du diamant. Caractérisation de ces faisceaux d'ions issus d'une source plasma." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN027.
Full textFor more than 45 years, focused ion beams FIB columns based on liquid metal ion sources (Ga) have been used for the development, modification or analysis of nanostructures. Much more recently, less than 10 years ago, plasma sources are integrated in FIBs to meet the needs of failure analysis as well as sample preparation. This plasma FIB market has grown strongly in recent years and is accompanied by a permanent improvement of the specifications of this young technology. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize these sources in order to improve the associated optics. In this thesis, we present the development of a new FIB column working with a plasma ion source, dedicated to the creation of NV centers, as well as the development of a system dedicated to the characterization of the performances of this source.Given the context of this work, the first part of the manuscript is dedicated to the presentation of FIB technology, its operation and its applications. In the second chapter, we present the development of a FIB column dedicated to the implantation of nitrogen ions for the controlled creation of NV color centers in diamonds. We begin by introducing the unique properties of NV centers as well as the usual methods for their creation. Then we present the different steps of the characterization of this FIB column. The implantations carried out during this work have been used for the development of a new application of doped diamonds.In the last chapter of the thesis, we are interested in designing a test bench to obtain the key parameters of the ion source, namely energy dispersion and emittance. The usual methods for measuring these parameters are presented and the operation of the test bench is fully described. Then we then present the measurements made with beams of xenon ions and oxygen ions. Some parameters of the plasma ion source have thus been obtained
Rapontchombo, Omanda Jessie. "Performances de garnitures frittées métalliques à basse teneur en cuivre pour les applications de freinage ferroviaire haute énergie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I039/document.
Full textHigh energy railway brake materials are metallic matrix composite with complex and highly heterogeneous formulations. The technological choice towards this type of material for brake pads stems from the many performances that disc brake system must ensure: tribological performances (friction coefficient, wear), thermomechanical performances (integrity in temperature), acoustic performances (squeal). New international environmental standards, lead to evolutions of pad formulations, consisting of reduce copper content. Because of complexity of the formulations, the developments are empirical. It is proposed in this work to develop methodologies that improve the understanding of the link between the formulation of friction materials and their braking performances. The first part of the works consists of microstructural characterizations of the materials on new materials and after braking solicitations showing significant evolutions. The characterizations are coupled with measurements of the thermophysical properties. The second part of the study concerns reduced scale tests that achieve similar solicitations to full scale performance braking tests. Reduced scale samples simplify tribological analysis. The last part of the work focuses on vibroacoustic aspects by studying squeal tendency of a simplified system that highlight the role of the tribological circuit. In addition to these methodological contributions, the study shows the impact of the development axes of the new formulations. Explanations are given on the links between the formulation, properties and performances: thermomechanical, vibroacoustic and tribological. As the proposed methodologies, they must allow to improve prospective material developments
Mestrallet, Fabien. "Architectures intégrées pour la gestion et la fiabilisation du stockage électrochimique à grande échelle." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917065.
Full textRedondo, Iglesias Eduardo. "Étude du vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion dans les applications "véhicule électrique" : combinaison des effets de vieillissement calendaire et de cyclage." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1203/document.
Full textStudying the ageing of batteries is necessary because the degradation of their features largely determines the cost, the performances and the environmental impact of electric vehicles, particularly of full electric vehicles. The chosen method in this thesis is divided in two distinct phases, namely characterisation and modelling. The first phase is based on accelerated ageing testing of battery cells. Despite being accelerated, ageing test campaigns are expensive in terms of workforce and equipments: an a priori knowledge of ageing factors is necessary, either by the means of bibliographic studies or by performing preliminary test campaigns. These initial studies lead to an experimental design setup including a certain number of ageing tests. The obtained results may reveal the influence of use conditions on the degradation of batteries. In the second phase, the battery ageing is modelled applying the knowledge acquired in the first phase. Here, the ageing laws are generalised to predict the performance degradation of a battery subjected to variable use conditions. The resulting ageing model can be used to optimally design and use the battery in a vehicle by minimising both energy and natural resources consumption. Given that battery degradation occurs in a different way if the battery is in rest condition or if a current flows through, a major challenge is to determine how calendar and cycling ageing effects combine together. In electric vehicle applications, batteries are not used (in rest condition) most of the time and current levels are relatively low when they are used. The results from accelerated ageing tests which have been carried out during this thesis confirm the non-linearity of the combination of calendar and cycling ageing when usage profiles are applied to the batteries. The usage profiles are similar to the considered application: the electric vehicle. In the last chapter of this manuscript a simple but effective ageing model is proposed. It lies in a low number of equations (2) and parameters (6) and enables to simulate the capacity fade of a battery cell subjected to ageing conditions combining cycling and rest periods. The application examples prove the usefulness of this model for the development of battery use strategies for the purpose of extending their lifespan
HARANGER, Fabien. "Etude de la pulvérisation du dioxyde d'uranium induite par des ions lourds multichargés de basse et très basse énergie cinétique ; effet de la charge du projectile." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006150.
Full textJacqui, Laurent. "Processus diélectroniques dans les collisions ion-atome à grande vitesse d'impact. Etude théorique de l'influence des corrélations électroniques sur deux processus typiques." Bordeaux 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR10525.
Full textUgalde, Juan Miguel. "Modélisation semi-empirique du comportement électro-thermique des batteries lithium-ion et de leur vieillissement." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF013.
Full textThe automotive industry has been undergoing rapid changes for several years. Indeed, the global warming and its collective awareness give rhythm to these evolutions via increasingly restrictive regulations. To meet these new requirements, manufacturers are investing in low carbon emission technologies and in particular the electrification of powertrains. This necessarily involves improving energy storage systems, particularly lithium batteries, at all levels (autonomy, durability, safety and cost).To achieve these improvements, it is necessary to master the upstream design and the downstream optimal management of the batteries with the help of robust modeling. The latter is complex because the behavior of batteries is highly non-linear, it includes coupled multiphysics concepts such as electrochemistry, thermal and aging. It is therefore essential to take into account these phenomena and their interactions in order to better predict the loss of energy and accessible power throughout the service life of the vehicle. This knowledge then enables manufacturers to adequately size battery systems, thus improving benefits by reducing warranty risks. As part of this work, a semi-empirical approach is proposed to predict the ageing of high-energy lithium-ion batteries. The development of ageing laws was carried out following a campaign of accelerated ageing tests. It has been shown during this campaign that temperature is a key factor in ageing. Therefore, an electro-thermal model was designed to estimate the internal temperature of the batteries in order to be as representative as possible during usage. These two models were then coupled in a simulation environment to model and validate the loss of capacity under different operating conditions representative of the automotive use. The second part of the thesis concerns the study of internal temperature and battery ageing using characterization and diagnostic methods based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and measurement of entropy variation. Indeed, entropy profiles are measured during ageing to better quantify heat generation in order to improve thermal modeling. The latter has been estimated in a non-intrusive way using a transfer function developed from impedance spectra
Bashtova, Kateryna. "Modélisation et identification de paramètres pour les empreintes des faisceaux de haute énergie." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4112/document.
Full textThe technological progress demands more and more sophisticated and precise techniques of the treatment of materials. We study the machining of the material with the high energy beams: the abrasive waterjet, the focused ion beam and the laser. Although the physics governing the energy beam interaction with material is very different for different application, we can use the same approach to the mathematical modeling of these processes.The evolution of the material surface under the energy beam impact is modeled by PDE equation. This equation contains a set of unknown parameters - the calibration parameters of the model. The unknown parameters can be identified by minimization of the cost function, i.e., function that describes the differ- ence between the result of modeling and the corresponding experimental data. As the modeled surface is a solution of the PDE problem, this minimization is an example of PDE-constrained optimization problem. The identification problem was regularized using Tikhonov regularization. The gradient of the cost function was obtained both by using the variational approach and by means of the automatic differentiation. Once the cost function and its gradient calculated, the minimization was performed using L-BFGS minimizer.For the abrasive waterjet application the problem of non-uniqueness of numerical solution is solved. The impact of the secondary effects non included into the model is avoided as well. The calibration procedure is validated on both synthetic and experimental data.For the laser application, we presented a simple criterion that allows to distinguish between the thermal and non-thermal laser ablation regimes
Marty, Arlette. "Propriétés statiques et dynamiques d'un transistor bipolaire à collecteur réalisé par implantation haute énergie développé en technologie VLSI CMOS." Toulouse, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAT0030.
Full textWang, Luyuan Paul. "Matériaux à hautes performance à base d'oxydes métalliques pour applications de stockage de l'énergie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI031/document.
Full textThe heart of battery technology lies primarily in the electrode material, which is fundamental to how much charge can be stored and how long the battery can be cycled. Tin dioxide (SnO₂) has received tremendous attention as an anode material in both Li-ion (LIB) and Na-ion (NIB) batteries, owing to benefits such as high specific capacity and rate capability. However, large volume expansion accompanying charging/discharging process results in poor cycleability that hinders the utilization of SnO₂ in commercial batteries. To this end, engineering solutions to surmount the limitations facing SnO₂ as an anode in LIB/NIB will be presented in this thesis. The initial part of the thesis focuses on producing SnO₂ and rGO (reduced graphene oxide)/SnO₂ through laser pyrolysis and its application as an anode. The following segment studies the effect of nitrogen doping, where it was found to have a positive effect on SnO₂ in LIB, but a detrimental effect in NIB. The final part of the thesis investigates the effect of matrix engineering through the production of a ZnSnO₃ compound. Finally, the obtained results will be compared and to understand the implications that they may possess
Portalis, Guillaume. "Compréhension des phénomènes de « cross-talking » au sein des accumulateurs Li-ion." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS001.
Full textMany different degradation mechanisms can occur during the ageing of Li-ion batteries. Among them, a particular phenomenon takes place within the LiFePO4 (LFP)/graphite system during battery cycling operation, namely the “cross-talking”. The LFP material dissolves and the Fe2+ species migrate toward the graphite electrode and then reduce to form iron deposits in its protective layer (SEI). This poisoning entails a linear storage capacity fading during cycling and therefore reduces the life of the battery.The methodology used in this work bears on accelerated ageing tests carried on LFP/graphite coin cells and also relies on the characterization of the electrodes materials and the electrochemical processes thanks to a non-destructive technique, namely the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This approach is a preliminary step in the study of aging because it is necessary to understand the mechanisms at stake at each electrode.As a first step, several studies have been carried out in order to attribute the obtained EIS signals for each electrode material to their physico-chemical properties. In a second part, the performance and properties of accumulators during cycling were investigated. Thanks to the studies previously carried out by EIS, we were able to characterize the deterioration of the properties of the graphite electrode and its SEI due to the cross-talking from the early stage of the battery cycling. We have also shown that this phenomenon is thermally activated with greater degradation following high-temperature cycling
Ståhl, André. "Measurement of W bosons in p-Pb at 8.16 TeV and charmonia in Pb-Pb at 5.02 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX079/document.
Full textHeavy ions are collided at high energies at the Large Hadron Collider, allowing to study the properties of nuclear matter and to produce the hot and dense state of deconfined matter known as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). In order to probe the nuclear matter effects present in heavy-ion collisions, this thesis study the production of two important hard probes: W bosons and charmonia (J/ψ and ψ(2S) mesons).The cold nuclear matter effects, associated to the nuclear modification of the parton distribution functions (PDFs), can be characterised by studying the formation of W bosons in heavy-ion collisions. The production of W bosons represents an important tool to asses the PDF modifications, which impact the initial hard scattering, since these bosons do not interact strongly with the collision-induced medium. The analysis of the W-boson production in p-Pb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 8.16 TeV with the CMS detector is presented in the first part of this thesis. The results are in good agreement with PDF calculations including nuclear modifications, while they strongly disfavour the free-nucleon hypothesis at small momentum fractions x. Since the measurements are more precise than the model calculations, the W-boson results have the potential to constrain the nuclear PDF parametrisations, which could eventually improve our understanding of the PDF effects on other hard probes, such as charmonia.The production of charmonia is sensitive to the formation and evolution of the strongly-interacting medium formed in heavy-ion collisions, thus making of it an excellent probe of the QGP. The suppression or enhancement of the different charmonium states is considered a signature of the presence of the QGP. In this thesis, the production of prompt and nonprompt J/ψ mesons is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 5.02 TeV. In addition, the modification of the ψ(2S) mesons relative to J/ψ mesons is reported for the same collision system. The nuclear modification factor of charmonia is determined as a function of centrality, rapidity and transverse momentum pT. The production of prompt J/ψ mesons is suppressed in Pb-Pb collisions compared to binary-scaled p-p collisions, although a weaker suppression is observed at 3 < pT < 6.5 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions. The production of b quarks, probed by the nonprompt charmonia, are also suppressed over the full kinematic region measured, and a reduced suppression is observed at high pT. Regarding the ψ(2S) mesons, they are found to be more strongly suppressed than J/ψ mesons in Pb-Pb collisions
Arvisais-Martel, Pierre-Olivier. "Analyse technico-économique des chargeurs bidirectionnels niveaux 1 et 2 pour véhicules électriques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28311/28311.pdf.
Full textIn recent years, the use of electricity routed from batteries of plug-in electric vehicles (BEVs: battery electric vehicles and PHEVs: plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) to the power grid for resale purposes, a concept commonly referred to as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), has been the subject of numerous studies. With manufacturers opting more frequently for lithium-ion batteries in the production of such plug-in electric vehicles, the profitability in terms of resale price of such V2G-produced energy is put into question. Indeed, Li-ion batteries are rather expensive given their lifespan of approximately 1000 charge-discharge cycles. The ultimate purpose of this Master’s essay is to determine a set of principles to allow for the establishment of an equally lucrative and technologically-economic plan regarding the resale of V2G-produced electrical energy as the result of BEVs and PHEVs equipped with Li-ion batteries supplied by grade 1 and 2 bidirectional chargers. In order to successfully accomplish this feat, numerous factors must be taken into consideration: the cost of such batteries and their durability relative to their maximum attainable number of charge-discharge cycles; the return value of bidirectional chargers; the expenses incurred by the power network in purchasing such electricity; the maximum permissible quantity of electric energy that can be exchanged with the electric grid per year. Initially, the topology of a chosen bidirectional charger undergoes a mathematical analysis of its performance output with regard to its overall cost. Subsequently, multiple charge-discharge cycles are conducted on the lithium-ion batteries at varying discharge intensities in order to evaluate the cells’ deterioration. The former results, combined with the development of a formula for the financial break-even point, demonstrates the effects of a bidirectional charger’s expense and performance, along with the degeneration of Li-ion batteries, on the resale price of V2G-produced electrical energy.
Al, Roumi Fosca. "Théorie Lagrangienne Relativiste de la Formation des Grandes Structures : description Intrinsèque des Perturbations et Gravitoélectromagnétisme." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10136/document.
Full textThe dynamics of structure formation in the Universe is usually described by Newtonian numerical simulations and analytical models in the frame of the Standard Model of Cosmology. The structures are then defined on a homogeneous and isotropic background. Such a description has major drawbacks since, to be self-consistent, it entails a large amount of dark components in the content of the Universe. To address the problem of dark matter and dark energy, we will neither suppose that exotic sources contribute to the content of the Universe, nor that General Relativity is obsolete. We will develop a more realistic description of structure formation in the frame of General Relativity and thus no longer assume that the average model is a homogeneous-isotropic solution of the Einstein equations, as claimed by the Standard Model of Cosmology. During my work under the supervision of Thomas Buchert, I contributed to the development of the perturbative formalism that enables a more realistic description of spacetime dynamics. In the framework of the intrinsic Lagrangian approach, which avoids defining physical quantities on a flat background, I contributed to the building of relativistic solutions to the gravitoelectric part of the Einstein equations from the generalization of the Newtonian perturbative solutions. Moreover, the gravitoelectromagnetic approach I worked with has provided a new understanding of the dynamics of the analytical solutions to the field equations. Finally, treating globally the spatial manifold, I used powerful mathematical tools and theorems to describe the impact of topology on the dynamics of gravitational waves