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Journal articles on the topic 'Ion divalent'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 November 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Nguyen, Hung T., Naoto Hori, and D. Thirumalai. "Theory and simulations for RNA folding in mixtures of monovalent and divalent cations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 42 (2019): 21022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911632116.

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RNA molecules cannot fold in the absence of counterions. Experiments are typically performed in the presence of monovalent and divalent cations. How to treat the impact of a solution containing a mixture of both ion types on RNA folding has remained a challenging problem for decades. By exploiting the large concentration difference between divalent and monovalent ions used in experiments, we develop a theory based on the reference interaction site model (RISM), which allows us to treat divalent cations explicitly while keeping the implicit screening effect due to monovalent ions. Our theory ca

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2

Zhang, Huacheng, Xingya Li, Jue Hou, Lei Jiang, and Huanting Wang. "Angstrom-scale ion channels towards single-ion selectivity." Chemical Society Reviews 51, no. 6 (2022): 2224–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cs00582k.

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3

García-Giménez, Elena, Antonio Alcaraz, and Vicente M. Aguilella. "Divalent Metal Ion Transport across Large Biological Ion Channels and Their Effect on Conductance and Selectivity." Biochemistry Research International 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/245786.

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Electrophysiological characterization of large protein channels, usually displaying multi-ionic transport and weak ion selectivity, is commonly performed at physiological conditions (moderate gradients of KCl solutions at decimolar concentrations buffered at neutral pH). We extend here the characterization of the OmpF porin, a wide channel of the outer membrane ofE. coli,by studying the effect of salts of divalent cations on the transport properties of the channel. The regulation of divalent cations concentration is essential in cell metabolism and understanding their effects is of key importa

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4

Chremos, Alexandros, Matan Mussel, Jack F. Douglas, and Ferenc Horkay. "Ion Partition in Polyelectrolyte Gels and Nanogels." Gels 9, no. 11 (2023): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9110881.

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Polyelectrolyte gels provide a load-bearing structural framework for many macroscopic biological tissues, along with the organelles within the cells composing tissues and the extracellular matrices linking the cells at a larger length scale than the cells. In addition, they also provide a medium for the selective transportation and sequestration of ions and molecules necessary for life. Motivated by these diverse problems, we focus on modeling ion partitioning in polyelectrolyte gels immersed in a solution with a single type of ionic valence, i.e., monovalent or divalent salts. Specifically, w

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5

Onoe, Sakura, Myu Yoshida, Naoya Terahara, and Yoshiyuki Sowa. "Coupling Ion Specificity of the Flagellar Stator Proteins MotA1/MotB1 of Paenibacillus sp. TCA20." Biomolecules 10, no. 7 (2020): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10071078.

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The bacterial flagellar motor is a reversible rotary molecular nanomachine, which couples ion flux across the cytoplasmic membrane to torque generation. It comprises a rotor and multiple stator complexes, and each stator complex functions as an ion channel and determines the ion specificity of the motor. Although coupling ions for the motor rotation were presumed to be only monovalent cations, such as H+ and Na+, the stator complex MotA1/MotB1 of Paenibacillus sp. TCA20 (MotA1TCA/MotB1TCA) was reported to use divalent cations as coupling ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. In this study, we initially

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6

Zheng, Alvin Lim Teik, Supakorn Boonyuen, Teruhisa Ohno, and Yoshito Andou. "Hydrothermally Reduced Graphene Hydrogel Intercalated with Divalent Ions for Dye Adsorption Studies." Processes 9, no. 1 (2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010169.

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Fundamental studies involving divalent ion intercalated graphene-based hydrogel are still lacking in terms of their adsorption behavior towards dye pollutants. In this study, we prepared a self-assembled Mg2+ and Ca2+ intercalated reduced graphene hydrogel (rGH) using hydrothermal treatment to evaluate the intercalation impact on the adsorption capability towards cationic dyes, methylene blue and rhodamine B. The morphological, structural, thermal, and textural properties of the divalent ion intercalated reduced graphene hydrogels were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, the

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7

Hutchison, Alastair J. "Predialysis management of divalent ion metabolism." Kidney International 56 (December 1999): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.07306.x.

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8

Madrigal González, Blanca, Graham Christie, Colin A. B. Davidson, Jeff Blyth, and Christopher R. Lowe. "Divalent metal ion-sensitive holographic sensors." Analytica Chimica Acta 528, no. 2 (2005): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.029.

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9

Aiken, ML, MH Ginsberg, and EF Plow. "Divalent cation-dependent and independent surface expression of thrombospondin on thrombin-stimulated human platelets." Blood 69, no. 1 (1987): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v69.1.58.58.

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Abstract Thrombospondin (TSP), a platelet alpha-granule protein, becomes expressed on the surface of thrombin-stimulated platelets. The surface expression of this protein occurs through two distinct mechanisms. At low platelet concentrations (1 X 10(8)/mL), a divalent ion-dependent, low-capacity mechanism predominates. At higher cell concentrations, a divalent ion-dependent, higher capacity mechanism prevails that can account for greater than 90% of all the TSP surface expression measured. This mechanism requires the presence of both calcium and magnesium (Ca + Mg). The dependence of the dival

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10

Aiken, ML, MH Ginsberg, and EF Plow. "Divalent cation-dependent and independent surface expression of thrombospondin on thrombin-stimulated human platelets." Blood 69, no. 1 (1987): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v69.1.58.bloodjournal69158.

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Thrombospondin (TSP), a platelet alpha-granule protein, becomes expressed on the surface of thrombin-stimulated platelets. The surface expression of this protein occurs through two distinct mechanisms. At low platelet concentrations (1 X 10(8)/mL), a divalent ion-dependent, low-capacity mechanism predominates. At higher cell concentrations, a divalent ion-dependent, higher capacity mechanism prevails that can account for greater than 90% of all the TSP surface expression measured. This mechanism requires the presence of both calcium and magnesium (Ca + Mg). The dependence of the divalent ion-d

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11

Nasi, Enrico, and Maria del Pilar Gomez. "Divalent Cation Interactions with Light-Dependent K Channels." Journal of General Physiology 114, no. 5 (1999): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.114.5.653.

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The light-dependent K conductance of hyperpolarizing Pecten photoreceptors exhibits a pronounced outward rectification that is eliminated by removal of extracellular divalent cations. The voltage-dependent block by Ca2+ and Mg2+ that underlies such nonlinearity was investigated. Both divalents reduce the photocurrent amplitude, the potency being significantly higher for Ca2+ than Mg2+ (K1/2 ≈ 16 and 61 mM, respectively, at Vm = −30 mV). Neither cation is measurably permeant. Manipulating the concentration of permeant K ions affects the blockade, suggesting that the mechanism entails occlusion

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12

Su, Jingcang, Yong Pei, Zhenhua Yang, and Xianyou Wang. "First-principles investigation on the structural, electronic properties and diffusion barriers of Mg/Al doped NaCoO2as the cathode material of rechargeable sodium batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 35 (2015): 27229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01895a.

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13

Cook, Paul F., and William E. Karsten. "Pyridine nucleotide-dependent (3-hydroxyacid oxidative decarboxylases: An overview." Protein & Peptide Letters 7, no. 5 (2000): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986650705221207142048.

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Abstract: The class of pyridine nucleotide-dependent -hydroxyacid oxidative decarboxylases generally catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of a -hydroxyacid to a ketone and CO2 using NAD(Pt as the oxidant. There are two subclasses based on the metalsdependence of the reaction. Enzymes that have substrates with electron withdrawing substituents in the a- and or y-position generally do not require a metal ion cofactor, an example is 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Of the remaining enzymes, some require only a divalent metal ion; e.g. malic enzyme, while the others require both a monovalent a

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14

Chen, Mengzhu, Fang Wu, Linwen Yu, Yuxin Cai, Hang Chen, and Mingtao Zhang. "Chloride binding capacity of LDHs with various divalent cations and divalent to trivalent cation ratios in different solutions." CrystEngComm 21, no. 44 (2019): 6790–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01322a.

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Chlorides were bonded by LDHs due to ion exchange and surface adsorption. Carbonation resulted in the debonding of the chloride bond by ion exchange, however, surface adsorption was not affected by carbonation.

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15

Hassan, Refat M., S. A. El-Shatoury, and M. Th Makhlouf. "Alginate Polyelectrolyte Ionotropic Gels-XII. Chromatographic Separation of Divalent Transition Metal Ions using Alginates as Ion Exchangers." High Performance Polymers 4, no. 1 (1992): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/4/1/006.

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The separation of divalent metal ion mixtures has been investigated chromatographically on columns of either gel or sol forms of alginate polyelectrolyte. Separation was obtained in the form of narrow sharp zones for the metal ions. Ion exchange selectivity indicated that Cu2+ ions were most strongly retained among the divalent metal ions studied. The factors which affect the ion exchange selectivity, such as the strength of chelation and the mobility and radii of the metal ions, are discussed. The selectivity coefficient for the separation of a mixture of Cu2+ and Co2+ ions on columns of calc

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16

Huang, Yuting, and Eric D. Dodds. "Ion-neutral collisional cross sections of carbohydrate isomers as divalent cation adducts and their electron transfer products." Analyst 140, no. 20 (2015): 6912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an01093d.

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17

Katzka, D. A., R. Cox, A. J. Davidoff, and M. Morad. "Permeation of divalent cations through the Ca2+ channel of rabbit portal vein myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 2 (1992): H326—H330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.2.h326.

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The divalent selectivity of the Ca2+ channel in the rabbit portal vein myocyte was examined by the whole cell clamp method. A concentration-dependent selectivity of divalent ion permeation was found such that when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+ or Sr2+, the order of maximum current was Ca2+ = Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ at 2 mM and Ba2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than or equal to Ca2+ at 5-10 mM. The possibility of block of the Ca2+ channel by micromolar concentrations of "contaminant" Ca2+ as a determinant of change in the order of selectivity of divalents was examined. Ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoeth

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18

Nguyen, Dung, Hwoi Kwon, and Tsung-Yu Chen. "Divalent Cation Modulation of Ion Permeation in TMEM16 Proteins." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042209.

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Intracellular divalent cations control the molecular function of transmembrane protein 16 (TMEM16) family members. Both anion channels (such as TMEM16A) and phospholipid scramblases (such as TMEM16F) in this family are activated by intracellular Ca2+ in the low µM range. In addition, intracellular Ca2+ or Co2+ at mM concentrations have been shown to further potentiate the saturated Ca2+-activated current of TMEM16A. In this study, we found that all alkaline earth divalent cations in mM concentrations can generate similar potentiation effects in TMEM16A when applied intracellularly, and that ma

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19

Tang, Yuanqiang, Yunguo Liu, Tao Zhang, et al. "Acute Toxicity of Divalent Mercury Ion to Anguilla japonica from Seawater and Freshwater Aquaculture and Its Effects on Tissue Structure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (2019): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111965.

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The acute toxicity of divalent mercury ion to Anguilla japonica from seawater and freshwater aquaculture was assessed. In particular, the effects of toxicity on the microstructures of the gill and liver tissues were examined using the hydrostatic method, without feeding, at a water temperature of 20 °C. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of divalent mercury ion to fishes in seawater and freshwater over various durations were: 24 h = 1.637 and 1.428 mg/L; 48 h = 1.562 and 1.377 mg/L; 72 h = 1.530 and 1.284 mg/L; and 96 h = 1.442 and 1.228 mg/L. The safety mass concentrations were 0.1442 an

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20

Tinker, A., and A. J. Williams. "Divalent cation conduction in the ryanodine receptor channel of sheep cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum." Journal of General Physiology 100, no. 3 (1992): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.100.3.479.

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The conduction properties of the alkaline earth divalent cations were determined in the purified sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor channel after reconstitution into planar phospholipid bilayers. Under bi-ionic conditions there was little difference in permeability among Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+. However, there was a significant difference between the divalent cations and K+, with the divalent cations between 5.8- and 6.7-fold more permeant. Single-channel conductances were determined under symmetrical ionic conditions with 210 mM Ba2+ and Sr2+ and from the single-channe

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21

Zuo, Pengjian, and Geping Yin. "Chelated electrolytes for divalent metal ions." Science 374, no. 6564 (2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6643.

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22

Haynes, L. W. "Permeation and block by internal and external divalent cations of the catfish cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel." Journal of General Physiology 106, no. 3 (1995): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.106.3.507.

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The ability of the divalent cations calcium, magnesium, and barium to permeate through the cGMP-gated channel of catfish cone outer segments was examined by measuring permeability and conductance ratios under biionic conditions and by measuring their ability to block current carried by sodium when presented on the cytoplasmic or extracellular side of the channel. Current carried by divalent cations in the absence of monovalent cations showed the typical rectification pattern observed from these channels under physiological conditions (an exponential increase in current at both positive and neg

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23

Nakajima, Tomohiko, Megumi Kanaori, Hiroyuki Tateno, et al. "Diffusion controlled porous WO3 thin film photoanodes for efficient solar-driven photoelectrochemical permanganic acid production." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 9 (2019): 2380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00253g.

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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation of the divalent manganese ion to the permanganate ion was achieved by using porous WO<sub>3</sub> thin film photoanodes in sulfuric acid electrolytes under simulated sunlight.

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24

Walkowiak, Jacek J., Rohit Nikam, and Matthias Ballauff. "Adsorption of Mono- and Divalent Ions onto Dendritic Polyglycerol Sulfate (dPGS) as Studied Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry." Polymers 15, no. 13 (2023): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132792.

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The effective charge of highly charged polyelectrolytes is significantly lowered by a condensation of counterions. This effect is more pronounced for divalent ions. Here we present a study of the counterion condensation to dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) that consists of a hydrophilic dendritic scaffold onto which sulfate groups are appended. The interactions between the dPGS and divalent ions (Mg2+ and Ca2+) were analyzed using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and showed no ion specificity upon binding, but clear competition between the monovalent and divalent ions. Our findings,

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25

Blanchard, Darian J. M., and Richard A. Manderville. "An internal charge transfer-DNA platform for fluorescence sensing of divalent metal ions." Chemical Communications 52, no. 61 (2016): 9586–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc04613d.

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26

Rocklin, R. D., M. A. Rey, J. R. Stillian, and D. L. Campbell. "Ion Chromatography of Monovalent and Divalent Cations." Journal of Chromatographic Science 27, no. 8 (1989): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/27.8.474.

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27

Martinolich, Andrew J., Cheng-Wei Lee, I.-Te Lu, et al. "Solid-State Divalent Ion Conduction in ZnPS3." Chemistry of Materials 31, no. 10 (2019): 3652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00207.

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28

Reddy, K. Veera, Alan R. Jacobson, John I. Kung, and Lawrence M. Sayre. "Divalent metal ion catalyzed hydrolysis of picolinanilides." Inorganic Chemistry 30, no. 18 (1991): 3520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00018a024.

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29

Malik, Anjali, Harvijay Singh, Akshay Pareek, and Shailly Tomar. "Biochemical and biophysical insights into the metal binding spectrum and bioactivity of arginase of Entamoeba histolytica." Metallomics 10, no. 4 (2018): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mt00002f.

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30

Hebert, S. C., E. M. Brown, and H. W. Harris. "Role of the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor in divalent mineral ion homeostasis." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 2 (1997): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.2.295.

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The divalent mineral cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ play many and diverse roles both in the function of cells and in extracellular processes. The metabolism of these cations is a complex process involving the coordinated function of several organ systems and endocrine glands. A recently cloned G-protein-coupled receptor responds to extracellular calcium concentration (Ca2+0-sensing receptor, CaSR) and mediates several of the known effects of Ca2+0 on parathyroid and renal function. The CaSR, which is also expressed in a number of other tissues including thyroidal C-cells, brain and gastrointestinal tra

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31

Mandal, Suraj Kumar, and Shankar Prasad Kanaujia. "Structural and thermodynamic insights into a novel Mg²⁺–citrate-binding protein from the ABC transporter superfamily." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 77, no. 12 (2021): 1516–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798321010457.

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More than one third of proteins require metal ions to accomplish their functions, making them obligatory for the growth and survival of microorganisms in varying environmental niches. In prokaryotes, besides their involvement in various cellular and physiological processes, metal ions stimulate the uptake of citrate molecules. Citrate is a source of carbon and energy and is reported to be transported by secondary transporters. In Gram-positive bacteria, citrate molecules are transported in complex with divalent metal ions, whereas in Gram-negative bacteria they are translocated by Na+/citrate

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Heath, Jennifer, Hungru Chen, and M. Saiful Islam. "MgFeSiO4 as a potential cathode material for magnesium batteries: ion diffusion rates and voltage trends." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 25 (2017): 13161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03201c.

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Developing rechargeable magnesium batteries has become an area of growing interest as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries largely due to their potential to offer increased energy density from the divalent charge of the Mg ion.

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Ariponnammal, S., and S. Natarajan. "High Pressure Electrical Resistivity Study of Sm0.85Nd0.15Se." Modern Physics Letters B 11, no. 26n27 (1997): 1189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984997001420.

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The study of rare-earth monochalcogenides have received much attention because of their interesting electrical properties. They crystallize in the NaCl type structure and are semiconducting if the rare earth ion is in the divalent state and metalic if trivalent state. The effect of substitution of trivalent rare earth ion in divalent rare earth has been studied. We present the results of electrical resistivity measurements and lattice parameter study on Sm0.85Nd0.15Se . The structure of the sample is confirmed by the theoretical calculation of X-ray intensities using Lazy-Pulverix programme. T

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34

Zulueta, Yohandys A., and Minh Tho Nguyen. "Enhanced Li-ion transport in divalent metal-doped Li2SnO3." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 8 (2021): 3020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt03860a.

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35

Yoshida, N., T. Naito, and H. Fujishiro. "Thermoelectric properties of Li-doped Cu0.95-xM0.05LixO (M=Mn, Ni, Zn)." MRS Proceedings 1490 (2012): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1571.

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ABSTRACTThermoelectric properties of the Li-doped Cu0.95-xM0.05LixO (M=divalent metal ion; Mn, Ni, Zn) were investigated at the temperature up to 1273 K. In the doped divalent metal ions, Zn2+ ion was the most effective to reduce the thermal conductivity, and the Ni2+ substitution was preferable to decrease the electrical resistivity. For the Cu0.95-xNi0.05LixO sample at x=0.03, the maxima of the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT and the power factor P at 1246 K were 4.2×10-2 and 1.6 ×10-4 W/K2m, respectively. The enhancement of the thermoelectric properties of the Li-doped Cu0.9

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Laver, D. R. "Divalent cation block and competition between divalent and monovalent cations in the large-conductance K+ channel from Chara australis." Journal of General Physiology 100, no. 2 (1992): 269–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.100.2.269.

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The patch-clamp technique is used to investigate divalent ion block of the large-conductance K+ channel from Chara australis. Block by Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Pt(NH3)4(2+) from the vacuolar and cytoplasmic sides is used to probe the structure of, and ion interactions within, the pore. Five divalent ion binding sites are detected. Vacuolar Ca2+ reduces channel conductance by binding to a site located 7% along the membrane potential difference (site 1, delta = 0.07; from the vacuolar side); it also causes channel closures with mean a duration of approximately 0.1-1 ms by binding at a deeper site (

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Copes, W. E., G. A. Chastaganer, and R. L. Hummel. "Activity of Chlorine Dioxide in a Solution of Ions and pH Against Thielaviopsis basicola and Fusarium oxysporum." Plant Disease 88, no. 2 (2004): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.2.188.

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a disinfestant used to control pathogens in water. To determine if interactions between inorganic ions and pH levels effect ClO2 activity in vitro, concentrations of ClO2 (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 22, 24, 46, 58, and 70 mg/liter) were mixed for 10 min in solutions containing a nitrogen and hard water solution with equal concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and synthetic hard water (0 and 100 mg/liter) and a divalent metal ion solution with equal concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg/liter) at pH 5 and 8. Macro- and microconidia of Fusarium o

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38

Srivastava, Sunita, Anuj Chhabra, and Oleg Gang. "Effect of mono- and multi-valent ionic environments on the in-lattice nanoparticle-grafted single-stranded DNA." Soft Matter 18, no. 3 (2022): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01171e.

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Susanto, Heru, Meike Fitrianingtyas, I. Nyoman Widiasa, Titik Istirokhatun, Yunita Fahni, and Assalaam Abdurahman. "The Role of Membrane, Feed characteristic and Process Parameter on RED Power Generation." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12, no. 1 (2022): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.49775.

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Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a renewable energy-generating SGE technique using energy from salinity gradients. This research investigates the effect of membrane and feed characteristics on reverse electrodialysis (RED) power generation. Some investigations on the process parameters effect for the complement of the main study were also conducted. The generated power of RED was measured using power density analysis. The experiments were performed using artificial seawater varied from 0 to 1 g/L NaCl for diluted salt water and from 0 to 40 g/L NaCl for concentrated salt water. In a study of i

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Vinnik, Denis, Santhoshkumar Mahadevan, and Puneet Sharma. "Magnetic Study on Divalent Ion Substituted Barium Hexaferrites." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.714.

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Magnetic properties of Co, Ni and Zn substituted barium hexaferrite (BaM) samples prepared by solid state ceramic method were studied. Saturation magnetisation were found higher for Zn-substituted BaM, whereas, coercivity is higher for Co2+ and Ni2+ ion substituted samples. Anisotropy field for all substituted samples was calculated by the law of approaching saturation. Remanence, squareness and thermomagnetic plot suggest Zn2+ ions restricts the magnetic interaction of various sites in BaM.

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Morgenstern, Travis J., Arden Darko-Boateng, Papiya Choudhury, Sri Karthika Shanmugam, Xinle Zou, and Henry M. Colecraft. "Bidirectional modulation of ion channels with divalent nanobodies." Biophysical Journal 121, no. 3 (2022): 385a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.819.

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Zhang, Wen, Li-Zhuang Chen, Ren-Gen Xiong, Takayoshi Nakamura, and Songping D. Huang. "New Ferroelectrics Based on Divalent Metal Ion Alum." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 35 (2009): 12544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja905399x.

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43

Fife, Thomas H., and Mahesh P. Pujari. "Divalent metal ion catalyzed reactions of acyl phosphates." Journal of the American Chemical Society 112, no. 14 (1990): 5551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00170a020.

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44

Scott, R. H., S. M. McGuirk, and A. C. Dolphin. "Modulation of divalent cation-activated chloride ion currents." British Journal of Pharmacology 94, no. 3 (1988): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11572.x.

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Malashkevich, G. E., A. G. Bazylev, A. L. Blinov, et al. "Sensitization of neodymium ion luminescence by divalent tin." Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 21, no. 6 (1991): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1991v021n06abeh003893.

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Sankar, G., J. M. Thomas, J. Chen, et al. "EXAFS investigation of divalent metal ion substituted AlPOs." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 97, no. 1-4 (1995): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)00356-4.

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Nap, Rikkert J., Sung Hyun Park, and Igal Szleifer. "Competitive calcium ion binding to end-tethered weak polyelectrolytes." Soft Matter 14, no. 12 (2018): 2365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm02434g.

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We have developed a molecular model to describe the structural changes and potential collapse of weak polyelectrolyte layers end-tethered to planar surfaces and spherical nanoparticles as a function of pH and divalent ion concentration.

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Lelyveld, Victor S., Ziyuan Fang, and Jack W. Szostak. "Trivalent rare earth metal cofactors confer rapid NP-DNA polymerase activity." Science 382, no. 6669 (2023): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adh5339.

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A DNA polymerase with a single mutation and a divalent calcium cofactor catalyzes the synthesis of unnatural N3′→P5′ phosphoramidate (NP) bonds to form NP-DNA. However, this template-directed phosphoryl transfer activity remains orders of magnitude slower than native phosphodiester synthesis. Here, we used time-resolved x-ray crystallography to show that NP-DNA synthesis proceeds with a single detectable calcium ion in the active site. Using insights from isotopic and elemental effects, we propose that one-metal-ion electrophilic substrate activation is inferior to the native two-metal-ion mec

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Wang, Jian, and Yi Fan Zhang. "The Study of Divalent Metal Ion Catalysts on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resol Resins." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.818.

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The curing characteristic of phenol-formaldehyde resol resins catalyzed with magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide was studied in this study.The effects of catalysts on chemical structure of phenol formaldehyde resin was investigated by fourier transform infrared.The results indicated that divalent metal ions catalysts played an important role influence both the cure rate and cure time.Phenol formaldehyde resin catalysed by diffierent catalysts showed diffierent addition of formaldehyde onto ortho positions of phenolic rings.The order of the divalent metal ions effectiven

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Zhang, Yongguang, Binghan Wu, Chenyi Lu, and Haiyang Zhang. "Design of Point Charge Models for Divalent Metal Cations Targeting Quantum Mechanical Ion–Water Dimer Interactions." Metals 14, no. 9 (2024): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14091009.

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Divalent metal cations are of vital importance in biochemistry and materials science, and their structural and thermodynamic properties in aqueous solution have often been used as targets for the development of ion models. This study presented a strategy for designing nonbonded point charge models of divalent metal cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) and Cl− by targeting quantum mechanics (QM)-based ion–water dimer interactions. The designed models offered an accurate representation of ion–water interactions in the gas phase and showed reasonable performance for non-targeted properties in aqueous solution

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