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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ion scattering spectroscopy'
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Kaijaks, Nicholas Simon. "Ion-scattering spectroscopy of III-V semiconductor surfaces." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/829/.
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Noakes, Timothy Charles Quentin. "Coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy of semiconductor and metal surfaces." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308005.
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Veltkamp, David James. "Energy dependent ion scattering spectroscopy : a chemometric study of its analytical utility /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8584.
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Holtz, Mark W. "Raman-scattering studies of the structure of ion-implanted GaAs." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82650.
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Extensive Raman-scattering studies have been performed in order to study the structure of ion-implanted GaAs, prior to any anneal. The spectroscopic evidence is consistent with a fine-scale mixture of amorphous and microcrystalline GaAs. Excessive bombardment with 120-keV SiF₃⁺ ions results in a 500-A thick surface layer which is completely amorphous (a-GaAs).
A detailed chemical-etch damage depth profile has been completed for 45-keV Be⁺-implanted GaAs, which is not completely amorphized. The damage is characterized using the microcrystalline longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon frequency, line width, and intensity, and the intensity of the a-GaAs component of the Raman spectrum. The damage layer possesses a 1500-A thick surface layer of constant, high damage. This high-damage plateau is followed by a transition region in which the damage level smoothly decreases until the undisturbed crystal is reached near 4000 A. LO intensities were analyzed, within the amorphous/crystalline mixed-phase model, to obtain the volume fractions of the two components. Consistent estimates of the optical absorption in the high-damage plateau were obtained via two independent means.
Resonance-Raman experiments were carried out, using laser lines between 1.5 and 2.71 eV. The intensity of the a-GaAs spectral component was found to depend on scattering volume (optical penetration), thus providing an internal intensity standard allowing the effects of scattering volume and scattering efficiencies to be separated. The LO phonon was found to resonate approaching the E₁ electronic transition at 2.9 eV. The strength of the resonance decreases with smaller crystallite size.
A new Raman band was observed near 47 cm⁻¹ for photon energies below 2 eV. It resonates at 1.7 eV, near E₀ and not near E₁. I propose that this new feature arises from GaAs acoustic modes made Raman active by defectassisted scattering involving the crystalline/amorphous interface regions. A quantitative analysis is developed, with some success.
Intensities of silicon local are observed to remain constant upon annealing, although conductivity increases by several orders of magnitude. The anneal primarily restores the mobility to that of crystalline GaAs.Ph. D.
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Trevitt, Adam John. "Ion trap studies of single microparticles : optical resonances and mass spectrometry /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003039.
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Dixon, Richard John. "Ion scattering studies of the surface and near surface region of metals and semiconductors." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343788.
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Kawaguchi, Tomoya. "Development of x-ray spectroscopy coupling with resonant scattering -toward applications of practical materials-." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199305.
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Flückiger, Leonie [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Möller, and Tim [Akademischer Betreuer] Laarmann. "Dynamics of single clusters in intense light pulses studied with ion spectroscopy and light scattering / Leonie Flückiger. Betreuer: Thomas Möller. Gutachter: Thomas Möller ; Tim Laarmann." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077818696/34.
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Hattendorff, Johannes [Verfasser], Hubert A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Gasteiger, Peter [Gutachter] Müller-Buschbaum, and Hubert A. [Gutachter] Gasteiger. "Transport Processes in Li-Ion Batteries Studied by Impedance Spectroscopy and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering / Johannes Hattendorff ; Gutachter: Peter Müller-Buschbaum, Hubert A. Gasteiger ; Betreuer: Hubert A. Gasteiger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216626243/34.
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Tsoutsi, Dionysia. "Inorganic Ions Sensing by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288213.
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En aquest projecte de tesi s'ha aconseguit desenvolupar un sistema de detecció, identificació i quantificació independent d'ions inorgànics. La detecció dels ions es basa en la diferent afinitat cap a diferents lligands orgànics mitjançant l'espectroscòpia de dispersió Raman augmentada per superfícies (surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS). En resum, com a substrat s'utilitzaran nanopartícules de plata o microesferes nanoestructurades que es prepararan mitjançant l'adsorció de nanopartícules d'or sobre la superfície de microesferes de sílice a partir del protocol de capa per capa i el seu posterior creixement epitaxial amb plata. Aquest últim pas es realitzarà a través de protocols desenvolupats en el nostre laboratori i té com a objectiu l'obtenció de superfícies plasmòniques discretes altament eficients en SERS. Els substrats es funcionalizaran posteriorment amb lligands orgànics tiolats amb alta afinitat per ions inorgànics (el fluoròfor orgànic, amino-MQAE i la terpiridina, pztpy-DTC). Com a pas següent, es realitzarà la detecció i quantificació simultània dels ions combinant, per a la seva detecció, espectroscòpia SERS. Els canvis espectrals SERS, en la manera de vibració dels lligands organics, estan correlacionats com a funció de la concentració de cada ió amb límits de detecció comparables als de diversos mètodes analítics convencionals.En este proyecto de tesis se ha conseguido desarrollar un sistema de detección, identificación y cuantificación independiente de iones inorgánicos. La detección de los iones se basa en su diferente afinidad hacia diferentes ligandos orgánicos a través de la espectroscopia de dispersión Raman aumentada por superficies (surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS). En resumen, como sustrato se utilizarán nanopartículas de plata o microesferas nanoestructuradas que se prepararán mediante la adsorción de nanopartículas de oro sobre la superficie de microesferas de sílice mediante el protocolo de capa por capa y su posterior crecimiento epitaxial con plata. Este último paso se realizará mediante protocolos desarrollados en nuestro laboratorio y tiene como objetivo la obtención de superficies plasmónicas discretas altamente eficientes en SERS. Los sustratos se funcionalizarán posteriormente con ligandos orgánicos tiolados con alta afinidad por iones inorgánicos (el fluoróforo orgánico, amino-MQAE y la terpiridina, pztpy-DTC). Como paso siguiente, se realizará la detección y cuantificación simultánea de los iones combinando para su detección espectroscopia SERS. Los cambios espectrales SERS en el modo de vibración de los ligandos orgánicos están correlacionados como función de la concentración de cada ion con límites de detección comparables a los de varios métodos analíticos convencionales.
In this research project we successfully developed a novel sensing system for the identification and quantification of inorganic ions independently by means of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The detection of the ions is based on their different affinity toward various organic ligands. In summary, we use as SERS-active substrates, either silver nanoparticles or composite nanostructured particles prepared by adsorption of gold nanoparticles on the surface of silica microbeads, using layer-by-layer assembly protocol and the subsequent epitaxial overgrowth of silver. This last step is performed using protocols developed in our laboratory and aims to the fabrication of highly plasmonic surfaces for SERS experiments. Next, the substrates are functionalized with thiolated organic ligands with high affinity toward inorganic ions (amino-MQAE, an organic fluorophore, and pztpy-DTC, a terpyridine). As a further step, the simultaneous identification and quantification of the ions, using SERS spectroscopy, is performed. Vibrational changes in the SERS spectra of the organic ligands are correlated as a function of the concentration of each ion with limits of detection comparable to those of several conventional analytical methods.
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Duda, Radek. "Analýza nanostruktur metodou ToF-LEIS." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234584.
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The presented thesis deals with the utilization of TOF-LEIS analytical method in the area of nanostructure analysis. A new procedure for depth profiling of the elemental composition of the sample, based on the alternate measurement with the DSIMS method, was established. The TOF-LEIS method is able to detect the interface between the layers before its mixing by the ion beam of the DSIMS method. Furthermore, a procedure of TOF-LEIS spektra modification was established to obtain the actual concentration of elements in the sample by reduction of a multiple collision contribution. By comparison of TOF-LEIS spectra with the results received by the DSIMS method the ratio of molybdenum and silicon ion yields was obtained. In the next section advantages of the TOF-LEIS method in combination with XPS during analysis of thermal stability of gold nanoparticles are presented. The mutual complementarity of both methods is shown and final conclusions are supported by electron microscopy images. The final section deals with a newly assembled apparatus for the TOF-SARS analytical method and shows its possibilities regarding the detection of hydrogen on the graphene.
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Chan, Lok. "Neutron scattering studies of water in biomolecules and biomaterials." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/neutron-scattering-studies-of-water-in-biomolecules-and-biomaterials(58d5b829-53dc-4a8d-97df-3529e2ecf097).html.
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It is increasingly important to identify the nature of the interfacial water in biology in order to explain how biological functions and systems work. It is not simply a matter of which biomolecules are present in a cell, but also of how these biomolecules interact with one another. This body of work uses neutron scattering techniques to explain the nature of the vibrational dynamics of water interacting with biomolecules and systems that mimic the biological molecular crowding environment of a cell. Recent work in science has seen the synthesis of periodic mesoporous organosilicas with organic groups attached. In the first paper in this thesis, the use of one of these materials is highlighted to look at confined water, equivalent to the water found in a crowded cellular environment. Here it is shown that the properties of the water within the pores and water molecules around the surface were shown to be different and then identified as interfacial and bulk water respectively. In order to develop the investigation of interfacial water with biological matter, it seemed appropriate to start with the most basic molecules, amino acids. The second paper presents a complete survey of the 20 biologically important amino acids using one of the world's highest resolution neutron scattering spectrometer (TOSCA at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory). Computer simulation of the experimental work through molecular dynamics, allows many vibrational modes to be assigned for the first time and correlated with the broader vibrational peaks previously observed for proteins. Comparison of the dry states with the hydrated states of amino acids, gives some insight into the sites within the amino acid side chains where water molecules are likely to bind. For serine this is the hydroxyl group in the side chain. The third paper focuses on IINS data of serine in more detail and discusses several low energy vibrational modes that have been assigned and for the first time, shows how the presence of water molecules changes the dynamic behaviour of librational and torsional modes differently. The combination of these studies allows a clearer picture of how water in biology interacts with biomolecules and of the importance of water to our existence.
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Dhakal, Dileep. "Growth Monitoring of Ultrathin Copper and Copper Oxide Films Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-229808.
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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper films is getting enormous interest. Ultrathin Cu films are applied as the seed layer for electrochemical deposition (ECD) of copper in interconnect circuits and as the non-magnetic material for the realization of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors. Particularly, Co/Cu multi-layered structures require sub 4.0 nm copper film thickness for obtaining strong GMR effects. The physical vapor deposition process for the deposition of the copper seed layers are prone to non-conformal coating and poor step coverage on side-walls and bottoms of trenches and vias, and presence of overhanging structures. This may cause failure of interconnections due to formation of voids after copper ECD. ALD is the most suitable technology for the deposition of conformal seed layers for the subsequent ECD in very high aspect ratio structures, also for the technology nodes below 20 nm. Surface chemistry during the ALD of oxides is quite well studied. However, surface chemistry during the ALD of pure metal is rather immature. This knowledge is necessary to optimize the process parameters, synthesize better precursors systems, and enhance the knowledge of existing metal ALD processes. The major goal of this work is to understand the surface chemistry of the used precursor and study the growth of ultrathin copper films using in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Copper films are deposited by ALD using the precursor mixture consisting of 99 mol% [(nBu3P)2Cu(acac)], as copper precursor and 1 mol% of Ru(η5 C7H11)(η5 C5H4SiMe3), as ruthenium precursor. The purpose in having catalytic amount of ruthenium precursor is to obtain the Ru doped Cu2O layers for subsequent reduction with formic acid at temperatures below 150 °C on arbitrary substrates. Two different approaches for the growth of ultrathin copper films have been studied in this dissertation. In the first approach, direct thermal ALD of copper has been studied by using H2 as co-reactant on Co as catalytic substrate. In the second approach, Ru-doped Cu2O is deposited by ALD using wet-O2 as co-reactant on SiO2 as non-catalytic substrate. The Ru-doped Cu2O is successfully reduced by using either formic acid or carbon-monoxide on SiO2Atomlagenabscheidung (ALD) von Kupfer steht im Fokus der ALD Gemeinschaft. Ultradünne Kupferschichten können als Keimschicht für die elektrochemische Abscheidung (ECD) von Kupfer in der Verbindungstechnologie eingesetzt werden. Sie können ebenfalls für Sensoren, welche auf den Effekt des Riesenmagnetowiderstandes (GMR) basieren, als nicht-ferromagnetische Zwischenschicht verwendet werden. Insbesondere Multischichtstrukturen aus ferromagnetische Kobalt und Kupfer erfordern Schichtdicken von weniger als 4,0 nm, um einen starken GMR-Effekt zu gewährleisten. Das derzeit verwendete physikalische Dampfabscheidungsverfahren für ultradünne Kupferschichten, ist besonders anfällig für eine nicht-konforme Abscheidung an den Seitenwänden und Böden von Strukturen mit hohem Aspektverhältnis. Des Weiteren kann es zur Bildung von Löchern und überhängenden Strukturen kommen, welche bei der anschließenden Kupfer ECD zu Kontaktlücken (Voids) führen können. Für die Abscheidung einer Kupfer-Keimschicht ist die ALD besonders gut geeignet, da sie es ermöglicht, ultradünne konforme Schichten auf strukturierten Oberflächen mit hohem Aspektverhältnis abzuscheiden. Dies macht sie zu einer der Schlüsseltechnologien für Struckturgrößen unter 20 nm. Im Gegensatz zur Oberflächenchemie rein metallischer ALD sind die Oberflächenreaktionen für oxidische ALD Schichten sehr gut untersucht. Die Kenntnis der Oberflächenchemie während eines ALD Prozesses ist essenziel für die Bestimmung von wichtigen Prozessparametern als auch für die Verbesserung der Präkursorsynthese ansich. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung der Oberflächenchemie und Charakterisierung des Wachstums von ultradünnen Metall-Cu-Schichten mittels In-situ XPS, welche eines indirekten (Oxid) bzw. direkten Metall-ALD Prozesses abgeschieden werden, wobei die Kupfer-Oxidschichten im Anschluss einem Reduktionsprozess unterworfen werden. Hierfür wird eine Präkursormischung bestehend aus 99 mol% [(nBu3P)2Cu(acac)] und 1 mol% [Ru(η5 C7H11)(η5-C5H4SiMe3)] verwendet. Die katalytische Menge an Ru, welche in der entstehenden Cu2O Schicht verbleibt, erhöht den Effekt der Reduktion der Cu2O Schicht auf beliebigen Substraten mit Ameinsäure bei Wafertemperaturen unter 150 °C. In einem ersten Schritt wird ein direkter thermisches Kupfer ALD-Prozess, unter Verwendung von molekularem Wasserstoff als Coreaktant, auf einem Kobalt-Substrat untersucht. In einem zweiten Schritt wird ein indirekter thermischer Cu2O-ALD-Prozess, unter gleichzeitiger Verwendung von Sauerstoff und Wasserdampf als Coreaktant, mit anschließender Reduktion durch Ameinsäure oder Kohlenstoffmonoxid zu Kupfer auf den gleichen Substraten betrachtet. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt das Wachstum von ultradünnen und kontinuierlichen Kupfer-Schichten mittels thermischer ALD auf inerten- SiO2 und reaktiven Kobalt-Substraten
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Mabbott, Samuel. "Optimisation of solid-state and solution-based SERS systems for use in the detection of analytes of chemical and biological significance." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimisation-of-solidstate-and-solutionbased-sers-systems-for-use-in-the-detection-of-analytes-of-chemical-and-biological-significance(de70094c-8da0-4326-bfb2-6adf00b86af9).html.
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Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has achieved much attention since its conception in 1974. The analytical technique overcomes many difficulties associated with conventional Raman whilst also increasing sensitivity. However, the increased interest and work in the field has also identified flaws, many of which are centred on the irreproducibility of the SERS enhancement effect. The majority of the work described in this thesis focusses on the ‘optimisation’ of solid-state and solution based SERS systems. Optimisation plays a crucial role in maximising both enhancement effects and reproducibility. Here criteria are outlined for the synthesis of high performance solid-state SERS substrates and the synthesis of a range of substrates is assessed, each with associated pros and cons. The most successful substrate was synthesised by exploiting redox potentials which allow for the direct deposition of silver onto copper foil. The deposition times and temperatures were optimised sequentially to generate a high performance substrate capable of detecting Rhodamine 6G at trace levels. Reproducibility comparisons of the silver on copper (SoC) substrate were carried out against commercial substrates: Klarite and QSERS, multiple univariate and multivariate methods were used to assess the substrates performance. The results confirmed that the SoC substrate performed better than both the commercial substrates. The work also highlights the importance of using multiple data analysis methods in order to assess the performance of a solid-state SERS substrate. Deposition of the silver surface was also successful on British 2p coins allowing the for the detection and discrimination of illegal and legal drugs when coupled with multivariate data analysis methods such as PCA and PLS. Solution based SERS analyses were also carried out successfully using different optimisation strategies. The initial investigation involved careful control of the individual components of a SERS system (nanoparticles, aggregating agents and analyte) in order to establish a low limit of detection for the increasingly abused ‘legal high’ MDAI. The use of a reduced factorial design was then successfully employed to explore a greater number of SERS variables and define a low limit of detection for the class B drug mephedrone. The robust experimental design also allowed an insight into the importance of each of the individual components within a solution based SERS system. The final piece of work carried out was the SERS discrimination of antibiotics: ampicillin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin. Optimisation of the solution based experiment allowed the in-situ hydrolysis of the β-lactam moiety present in ampicillin rendering it pharmacologically inactive to be followed under acidic conditions at concentrations of 10 ppm.
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Atalay, Ramazan. "Optical and Structural Properties of Indium Nitride Epilayers Grown by High-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition and Vibrational Studies of ZGP Single Crystal." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/phy_astr_diss/60.
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The objective of this dissertation is to shed light on the physical properties of InN epilayers grown by High-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (HPCVD) for optical device applications. Physical properties of HPCVD grown InN layers were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, infrared reflection spectroscopies, and atomic force microscopy. The dependencies of physical properties as well as surface morphologies of InN layers grown either directly on sapphire substrates or on GaN/sapphire templates on varied growth conditions were studied. The effect of crucial growth parameters such as growth pressure, V/III molar ratio, precursor pulse separation, substrate material, and mass transport along the flow direction on the optical and structural properties, as well as on the surface morphologies were investigated separately.
At present, growth of high-quality InN material by conventional growth techniques is limited due to low dissociation temperature of InN (~600 ºC) and large difference in the partial pressures of TMI and NH3 precursors. In this research, HPCVD technique, in which ambient nitrogen is injected into reaction zone at super-atmospheric growth pressures, was utilized to suppress surface dissociation of InN at high temperatures.
At high pressures, long-range and short-range orderings indicate that c-lattice constant is shorter and E2(high) mode frequency is higher than those obtained from low-pressure growth techniques, revealing that InN structure compressed either due to a hydrostatic pressure during the growth or thermal contraction during the annealing. Although the influence of varied growth parameters usually exhibit consistent correlation between long-range and short-range crystalline orderings, inconsistent correlation of these indicate inclination of InN anisotropy.
InN layers, grown directly on α-sapphire substrates, exhibit InN (1 0 1) Bragg reflex. This might be due to a high c/a ratio of sapphire-grown InN epilayers compared to that of GaN/sapphire-grown InN epilayers. Optical analysis indicates that free carrier concentration, ne, in the range of 1–50 × 1018 cm–3 exhibits consistent tendency with longitudinal-optic phonon. However, for high ne values, electrostatic forces dominate over inter-atomic forces, and consistent tendency between ne and LO phonon disappears.
Structural results reveal that growth temperature increases ~6.6 ºC/bar and V/III ratio affects indium migration and/or evaporation. The growth temperature and V/III ratio of InN thin films are optimized at ~850 ºC and 2400 molar ratio, respectively. Although high in-plane strain and c/a ratio values are obtained for sapphire-grown epilayers, FWHM values of long-range and short-range orderings and free carrier concentration value are still lower than those of GaN/sapphire-grown epilayers.
Finally, vibrational and optical properties of chalcopyrite ZGP crystal on the (001), (110), and (10) crystalline planes were investigated by Raman scattering and infrared (IR) reflection spectroscopies. Raman scattering exhibits a nonlinear polarizability on the c-plane, and a linear polarizability on the a- and b-planes of ZGP crystal. Also, birefringence of ZGP crystal was calculated from the hydrostatic pressure difference between (110) and (10) crystalline planes for mid-frequency B2(LO) mode.
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Elison, Kalman Grim. "Purification, functional characterization and crystallization of the PerR peroxide sensor from Saccharopolyspora erythraea." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturbiologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387943.
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This report summarizes the work on the cloning, expression, and purification of PerR, a metal sensing regulator from Saccharopolyspora erythraea and the subsequent characterization using small angle X-ray scattering and other biochemical methods. The report aims to provide an insight into prokaryotic metal homeostasis, provide a better understanding of how PerR works and provide valuable information for the continued work on the crystallization of PerR.
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Meyboom, Astrid. "Untersuchungen zur Wechselwirkung von Surfactant-Protein A mit Liposomen." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=956624294.
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Levene, Clare. "Advanced Raman, SERS, and ROA studies of biomedical and pharmaceutical compounds in solution." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/advanced-raman-sers-and-roa-studies-of-biomedical-and-pharmaceutical-compounds-in-solution(1c05f618-b1c2-4663-870a-3d51b32dad7b).html.
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The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the combination of experimental and computational methods in the search for reproducible colloidal surface-enhanced Raman scattering of pharmaceutical compounds. In the search for optimal experimental conditions for colloidal surface-enhance Raman scattering, the amphipathic β-blocker propranolol was used as the target molecule. Fractional factorial designs of experiments were performed and a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm was used to find acceptable solutions, from the results, that were Pareto ranked. The multiobjective evolutionary algorithm suggested solutions outside of the fractional factorial design and the experiments were then performed in the laboratory. The results observed from the suggested solutions agreed with the solutions that were found on the Pareto front. One of the experimental conditions observed on the Pareto front was then used to determine the practical limit of detection of propranolol. The experimental conditions that were chosen for the limit of detection took into account reproducibility and enhancement, the two most important parameters for analytical detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The principal conclusion to this study was that the combination of computational and experimental methods can reduce the need for experiments by > 96% and then selecting solutions from the Pareto front improved limit of detection by a factor of 24.5 when it was compared to the previously reported limit of detection for propranolol. Using the same experimental conditions that were used for the limit of detection, these experiments were extended to plasma spiked with propranolol in order to test detection of this pharmaceutical in biofluids. Concentrations of propranolol were prepared using plasma as the solvent and measured for detection using colloidal surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Detection was determined as <130 ng/mL, within physiological concentrations, previously achieved using separation techniques. The second part of this thesis also involved a combination of experimental and computational methods. Raman optical activity was utilized to investigate secondary structure of amino acids and diamino acid peptides in combination with density functional theory calculations. Amino acids are important biological molecules that have vital functions in the biological system. They have been recognized as neurotransmitters and implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Raman and Raman optical activity experimental results were compared to determine site-specific acetylation, marker bands for constitutional isomers and identification of functional groups that interact with the solvent. The experimental spectra were then compared to those from the density functional theory calculations. The results indicated that; constitutional isomers cannot be distinguished from the Raman spectra but can be distinguished from the Raman optical activity spectra, site-specific acetylation can be identified from the Raman spectra, however, Raman optical activity provides more structural information in relation to acetylation. When the results were compared to the density functional theory calculations for the diamino acid peptides the results agreed reasonably well, however, agreement was not as good for the monoamino acids because diamino acid peptides support fewer conformations due to the peptide bond whereas monoamino acids can adopt a far greater number of conformations. Combined computational and experimental techniques have developed the ability to detect and characterize biomedical compounds, a significant move in the advancement of Raman spectroscopies.
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Axnanda, Stephanus R. "Surface Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts Using Low Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy Combined with Electrochemistry." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-12-7353.
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Fundamental studies of heterogeneous catalysis were performed and presented in this dissertation to gain a better understanding of heterogeneous catalytic reactions at a molecular level. Surface science techniques were employed in achieving the goal. Low energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS) is the main surface science technique which will be used in all the studies discussed throughout this dissertation. The main objectives of LEISS measurements are to: 1) obtain the information of surface composition of heterogeneous catalysts from the topmost layer; 2) observe the effects of reaction conditions on the surface composition of heterogeneous catalysts.
The surface composition and morphology of Au-Pd clusters bimetallic model catalysts supported on SiO2 were characterized using LEISS, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). It is observed that relative to the bulk, the surface of the clusters is enriched in Au. Ethylene adsorption and dehydrogenation show a clear structure-reactivity correlation with respect to the structure/composition of these Au-Pd model catalysts.
Fundamental studies of heterogeneous catalysis were performed and presented in this dissertation to gain a better understanding of heterogeneous catalytic reactions at a molecular level. Surface science techniques were employed in achieving the goal. Low energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS) is the main surface science technique which will be used in all the studies discussed throughout this dissertation. The main objectives of LEISS measurements are to: 1) obtain the information of surface composition of heterogeneous catalysts from the topmost layer; 2) observe the effects of reaction conditions on the surface composition of heterogeneous catalysts.
The surface composition and morphology of Au-Pd clusters bimetallic model catalysts supported on SiO2 were characterized using LEISS, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). It is observed that relative to the bulk, the surface of the clusters is enriched in Au. Ethylene adsorption and dehydrogenation show a clear structure-reactivity correlation with respect to the structure/composition of these Au-Pd model catalysts.
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Καράκαλος, Σταύρος-Γεώργιος. "Μελέτη πρότυπων καταλυτικών συστημάτων με επιφανειακά ευαίσθητες τεχνικές." Thesis, 2009. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/1627.
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Μελετήθηκαν με μία σειρά από επιφανειακά ευαίσθητες τεχνικές δύο πρότυπα συστήματα με ενδιαφέρον για την ετερογενή κατάλυση. (Α) Στο διμεταλλικό σύστημα Sn/Ni διερευνήθηκαν οι συνθήκες και ο μηχανισμός κραματοποίησης του Sn στην επιφάνεια Ni(111). Το πλήρες επιφανειακό κράμα με δομή (√3×√3)R30°(από περίθλαση ηλεκτρονίων) σχηματίζεται θερμαίνοντας στους 7000C πάνω από 1,2 μονοστρώματα Sn. Οι διατεταγμένες δομές c(4x2) και c(2x2) αποτελούν ένα ενδιάμεσο στάδιο της κραματοποίησης σε χαμηλότερες θερμοκρασίες. Με θερμοπρογραμματισμένη εκρόφηση CO διαπιστώθηκε η βαθμιαία παρεμπόδιση της ρόφησης κατά το σχηματισμό του κράματος. Η διεπιφανειακή αλληλεπίδραση Sn/Ni(111) διερευνήθηκε τόσο με φασματοσκοπίες φωτοηλεκτρονίων, όσο και με θεωρητικούς υπολογισμούς από πρώτες αρχές. (Β) Μελετήθηκαν με φασματοσκοπίες ηλεκτρονίων και σκέδαση ιόντων He ρεαλιστικά πρόδρομα καταλυτικά συστήματα Ziegler – Natta (ZN), παρασκευάζοντας διάφορες σχετικές διεπιφάνειες με εξάχνωση MgCl2 σε υποστρώματα Si(111)7×7, Ti(0001) και SiO2. Η ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ MgCl2 και Si(111)7×7 γίνεται κυρίως μέσω των ατόμων Mg, τα οποία σε χαμηλές καλύψεις συμμετέχουν στη δημιουργία της υπερδομής (√3×√3)R30°. Η αλληλεπίδραση ενισχύεται μετά από θέρμανση, οπότε παραμένει στην επιφάνεια υπομονοστρωματική ποσότητα Mg. Από την άλλη πλευρά, το MgCl2, ακόμα και σε θερμοκρασία δωματίου αλληλεπιδρά ισχυρά με το Ti(0001), κυρίως μέσω των ατόμων Cl. Μετά από θέρμανση, ποσότητα Cl παραμένει συνδεδεμένη με το Ti ενώ απομακρύνεται από την επιφάνεια το Mg. Ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση παρατηρήθηκε μεταξύ MgCl2 και SiO2, ενώ η θέρμανση άφησε στην επιφάνεια υπομονοστρωματική ποσότητα οξειδωμένου Mg. Τέλος, μεταλλικό Ti που αποτέθηκε σε μικτό υπόστρωμα MgCl2 /SiO2 παρουσιάζει οξειδωτικές καταστάσεις οφειλόμενες στην ύπαρξη ατόμων Cl και O στην επιφάνεια, ενώ η θέρμανση οδηγεί στη δημιουργία επιφανειακών συμπλόκων, τα οποία είναι πιθανόν να προσομοιάζουν αντίστοιχα είδη στους πρακτικούς καταλύτες.Two model systems, important in heterogeneous catalysis, where investigated using surface sensitive spectroscopies. (A) In the bi-metallic system Sn/Ni, the formation conditions and the mechanism of Sn surface alloying on Ni(111) were initially studied. The epitaxial surface alloy formation with LEED structure(√3×√3)R30°, requires annealing at 7000C of more than 1.2 monolayers Sn. The c(4x2) and c(2x2) structures were found to be an intermediate step of surface alloying. Temperature-programmed desorption showed a gradual blocking of CO adsorption with progressing alloying. The interfacial interactions in Sn /Ni(111) were demonstrated both by electron spectrosopies and via first principle calculations. (B) Surface science compatible model catalysts of the Ziegler-Natta (ZN) system were investigated by electron spectroscopies and He ion scattering on relevant interfaces formed via evaporation of MgCl2 on Si(111)7×7, Ti(0001) and SiO2 and upon evaporation of Ti on a MgCl2 /SiO2 mixed substrate.. The weak interaction between MgCl2 and Si(111)7×7 takes place through the Mg atoms, which at low coverage form a new surface structure, namely (√3×√3)R30°. The interaction was stronger after annealing, whereby a submonolayer coverage of Mg atoms remain on the surface. On the other hand, MgCl2 interacts strongly with the Ti substrate even at room temperature via the Cl atoms. Annealing causes the desorption of MgCl2 followed by decomposition, that leaves on the surface only Cl atoms attached to Ti, while no Mg atoms remain on the surface. Only a weak interaction was observed between MgCl2 and SiO2, while annealing resulted in the desorption and decomposition of MgCl2 leaving on the surface a sub-monolayer coverage of oxidized Mg. Upon Ti metal evaporation on the mixed MgCl2 / SiO2 support at room temperature, Ti appears at higher oxidation states, due to reaction with Cl and O atoms at the surface. Annealing causes the formation of surface complexes, which are very likely similar to species formed on practical ZN catalysts.
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Dul, M., Krzysztof J. Paluch, H. Kelly, A. M. Healy, A. Sasse, and L. Tajber. "Self-assembled carrageenan/protamine polyelectrolyte nanoplexes-Investigation of critical parameters governing their formation and characteristics." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9334.
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YesThe aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of cross-linker free polyelectrolyte complex formation at the nanoscale between carrageenan (CAR) and protamine (PROT). The properties of CAR/PROT nanoparticles (NPs) were dependent on the carrageenan type: kappa (KC), iota (IC) and lambda (LC), concentration of components, addition of divalent cations, weight mixing ratio (WMR) of constituents and mode of component addition. In the case of 0.1% w/v solutions, IC-based NPs had the smallest particle sizes (100-150nm) and low polydispersity indices (0.1-0.4). A decrease in the solution concentration from 0.1% to 0.05% w/v enabled the formation of KC/PROT NPs. All carrageenans exhibited the ability to form NPs with surface charge ranging from -190 to 40mV. The inclusion of divalent cations caused an increase in the particle size and zeta potential. Infrared analysis confirmed the presence of a complex between CAR and PROT and showed that IC chains undergo structural changes when forming NPs. Colloidal stability of NPs was related to the initial surface charge of particles and was time- and pH-dependent. IC was found to be the most suitable type of CAR when forming nanoplexes with PROT.
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Dhakal, Dileep. "Growth Monitoring of Ultrathin Copper and Copper Oxide Films Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition." Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19801.
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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper films is getting enormous interest. Ultrathin Cu films are applied as the seed layer for electrochemical deposition (ECD) of copper in interconnect circuits and as the non-magnetic material for the realization of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors. Particularly, Co/Cu multi-layered structures require sub 4.0 nm copper film thickness for obtaining strong GMR effects. The physical vapor deposition process for the deposition of the copper seed layers are prone to non-conformal coating and poor step coverage on side-walls and bottoms of trenches and vias, and presence of overhanging structures. This may cause failure of interconnections due to formation of voids after copper ECD. ALD is the most suitable technology for the deposition of conformal seed layers for the subsequent ECD in very high aspect ratio structures, also for the technology nodes below 20 nm. Surface chemistry during the ALD of oxides is quite well studied. However, surface chemistry during the ALD of pure metal is rather immature. This knowledge is necessary to optimize the process parameters, synthesize better precursors systems, and enhance the knowledge of existing metal ALD processes. The major goal of this work is to understand the surface chemistry of the used precursor and study the growth of ultrathin copper films using in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Copper films are deposited by ALD using the precursor mixture consisting of 99 mol% [(nBu3P)2Cu(acac)], as copper precursor and 1 mol% of Ru(η5 C7H11)(η5 C5H4SiMe3), as ruthenium precursor. The purpose in having catalytic amount of ruthenium precursor is to obtain the Ru doped Cu2O layers for subsequent reduction with formic acid at temperatures below 150 °C on arbitrary substrates. Two different approaches for the growth of ultrathin copper films have been studied in this dissertation. In the first approach, direct thermal ALD of copper has been studied by using H2 as co-reactant on Co as catalytic substrate. In the second approach, Ru-doped Cu2O is deposited by ALD using wet-O2 as co-reactant on SiO2 as non-catalytic substrate. The Ru-doped Cu2O is successfully reduced by using either formic acid or carbon-monoxide on SiO2.Atomlagenabscheidung (ALD) von Kupfer steht im Fokus der ALD Gemeinschaft. Ultradünne Kupferschichten können als Keimschicht für die elektrochemische Abscheidung (ECD) von Kupfer in der Verbindungstechnologie eingesetzt werden. Sie können ebenfalls für Sensoren, welche auf den Effekt des Riesenmagnetowiderstandes (GMR) basieren, als nicht-ferromagnetische Zwischenschicht verwendet werden. Insbesondere Multischichtstrukturen aus ferromagnetische Kobalt und Kupfer erfordern Schichtdicken von weniger als 4,0 nm, um einen starken GMR-Effekt zu gewährleisten. Das derzeit verwendete physikalische Dampfabscheidungsverfahren für ultradünne Kupferschichten, ist besonders anfällig für eine nicht-konforme Abscheidung an den Seitenwänden und Böden von Strukturen mit hohem Aspektverhältnis. Des Weiteren kann es zur Bildung von Löchern und überhängenden Strukturen kommen, welche bei der anschließenden Kupfer ECD zu Kontaktlücken (Voids) führen können. Für die Abscheidung einer Kupfer-Keimschicht ist die ALD besonders gut geeignet, da sie es ermöglicht, ultradünne konforme Schichten auf strukturierten Oberflächen mit hohem Aspektverhältnis abzuscheiden. Dies macht sie zu einer der Schlüsseltechnologien für Struckturgrößen unter 20 nm. Im Gegensatz zur Oberflächenchemie rein metallischer ALD sind die Oberflächenreaktionen für oxidische ALD Schichten sehr gut untersucht. Die Kenntnis der Oberflächenchemie während eines ALD Prozesses ist essenziel für die Bestimmung von wichtigen Prozessparametern als auch für die Verbesserung der Präkursorsynthese ansich. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung der Oberflächenchemie und Charakterisierung des Wachstums von ultradünnen Metall-Cu-Schichten mittels In-situ XPS, welche eines indirekten (Oxid) bzw. direkten Metall-ALD Prozesses abgeschieden werden, wobei die Kupfer-Oxidschichten im Anschluss einem Reduktionsprozess unterworfen werden. Hierfür wird eine Präkursormischung bestehend aus 99 mol% [(nBu3P)2Cu(acac)] und 1 mol% [Ru(η5 C7H11)(η5-C5H4SiMe3)] verwendet. Die katalytische Menge an Ru, welche in der entstehenden Cu2O Schicht verbleibt, erhöht den Effekt der Reduktion der Cu2O Schicht auf beliebigen Substraten mit Ameinsäure bei Wafertemperaturen unter 150 °C. In einem ersten Schritt wird ein direkter thermisches Kupfer ALD-Prozess, unter Verwendung von molekularem Wasserstoff als Coreaktant, auf einem Kobalt-Substrat untersucht. In einem zweiten Schritt wird ein indirekter thermischer Cu2O-ALD-Prozess, unter gleichzeitiger Verwendung von Sauerstoff und Wasserdampf als Coreaktant, mit anschließender Reduktion durch Ameinsäure oder Kohlenstoffmonoxid zu Kupfer auf den gleichen Substraten betrachtet. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt das Wachstum von ultradünnen und kontinuierlichen Kupfer-Schichten mittels thermischer ALD auf inerten- SiO2 und reaktiven Kobalt-Substraten.