Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ion solutions – Spectra

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ion solutions – Spectra'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ion solutions – Spectra"

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Watling, Helen. "Spectroscopy of Concentrated Sodium Aluminate Solutions." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943310.

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Sodium aluminate solutions have been investigated by infrared absorption and Raman scattering in a broad concentration range in order to detect possible changes in aluminate ion species and distribution. Concentration-dependent changes in spectra include shifts in frequency at maximum band intensity, a loss of proportionality in band intensities, and the appearance of new vibrational bands or the increased asymmetry of existing ones. Changes in infrared spectra correlate well with those observed for Raman spectra and are consistent with the presence of more than one aluminate ion species in equilibrium in concentrated aluminate solutions. Assuming that the observed effects are due to changed solution speciation, it is found that the maximum concentration of Al(OH)4 occurs in solutions of 4–5 M aluminum, and that other species become relatively more abundant as the aluminum concentration is increased. Comparison of solution spectra with spectra of crystalline aluminates indicates that new species are likely to be oligomeric and polymeric anions in which aluminum is mainly 4-coordinate, but the possibility of low concentrations of aluminate species containing 6-coordinate aluminum cannot be excluded.
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Lin, Jie, Jing Zhou, and Chris W. Brown. "Identification of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions from Near-IR Spectra." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 4 (April 1996): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963906096.

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Dissolution of electrolytes causes characteristic changes in the near-IR spectrum of water. These changes result from a decrease in the concentration of water; charge-dipole interactions between ions and water molecules; formation of hydrogen bonds between oxygen or nitrogen atoms in some ions and water molecules; production of H+ and OH− ions from dissociation and hydrolysis; absorptions due to OH, NH, and CH groups in some ions; and intrinsic colors of some transition metal ions. Changes in spectra were used for identification of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Near-IR spectra of 71 solutions of single electrolytes were measured and used to develop a spectral library. This near-IR spectral library was processed with principal component regression (PCR) and used for the identification of single and multiple electrolytes in aqueous solutions with the use of their spectra. Most of the unknown electrolytes were identified correctly. For the others, very similar electrolytes were selected with one ion identified correctly. The near-IR spectral library of aqueous solutions of electrolytes can be used as a simple and fast approach for the identification of electrolytes.
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James, DW, and PG Cutler. "Ion Ion Solvent Interactions in Solution .XI. Spectroscopic Studies of Group-2 Perchlorates in Acetone." Australian Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 1 (1986): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9860149.

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Solutions of Mg(ClO4)2 and Sr (ClO4)2 in acetone have been studied at various concentrations up to saturation by using infrared absorption, Raman scattering and multinuclear n.m.r (1H, 13C, 17O, 25Mg, 35Cl). Solvation numbers of c. 4.5 (Mg2+) and c. 5.5 (Sr2+) were determined from component band analysis of the c. 800 cm-1 acetone band in the Raman spectra. The solvent shell about the Mg2+ had a high level of steric crowding. There was a small amount of solvent-shared ion-pair formation at all oncentrations in solutions of Mg(ClO4)2 which showed little concentration dependence. In solutions of Sr (ClO4)2 there was evidence for the formation of both solvent-shared associated-ion species and ion-contact species. The solvent-shared species appeared to have two alternative configurations in one of which the anion was both polarized and highly hindered. There was a salt-promoted reaction in which the perchlorate was reduced to chloride and the solution darkened. This reaction prevented the use of Raman spectra to quantify the association equilibria.
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Elbers, G., and G. Lehmann. "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Optical Absorption Spectra of VO2+ in CsCl Single Crystals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0517.

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In vanadium-doped CsCl crystals grown from aqueous solutions anisotropic EPR spectra due to VO2+ are observed and analyzed at room temperature. Evidence is presented that isotropic spectra of this ion observed in this and other compounds are due to inclusions of growth solution and not to rapid rotation of the vanadyl ion in the solid as normally assumed. At 77 K a well resolved vibrational progression of about 820 cm −1 is observed in the first ligand field band of this ion. The optical absorption spectra indicate the presence of a second valence state of vanadium, most likely V3+, in varying proportions depending on the crystal growth temperature.
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Shaver, Jeremy M., Kenneth A. Christensen, Jerilyn A. Pezzuti, and Michael D. Morris. "Structure of Dihydrogen Phosphate Ion Aggregates by Raman-Monitored Serial Dilution." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943329.

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The aggregation of dihydrogen phosphate ion has been studied by Raman spectroscopy during serial dilution of highly concentrated (>5 M) solutions. Factor analysis has been used to recover monomer and aggregate spectra from families of 600–2000 spectra obtained during dilution to about 0.1 M. Spectra of the free aquated dihydrogen phosphate ion and its dimer, trimer, and tetramer have been obtained. There is some evidence for the existence of longer chain aggregates. The serial dilution procedure has been verified by dilution of 2.3 M glycine solution. Only spectra of monomer and dimer ions are recovered. For the well-understood glycine system, the band positions and intensities and the dimerization concentration-dependence are in agreement with previously reported values.
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Hijji, Yousef Mohammad, Hani Darwish Tabba, Rajeesha Rajan, Hamzeh Mohammad Abdel-Halim, Musa Ibrahim El-Barghouthi, and Hutaf Mustafa Baker. "Selective colorimetric molecular probe for cyanide ion detection in aqueous solution." European Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.9.4.338-346.1777.

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5-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1) demonstrated to be a sensitive, and a selective molecular probe for cyanide ion (CN-) in aqueous media. In acetonitrile, compound 1 shows sensitivity and selectivity for cyanide, acetate and fluoride, in comparison to other investigated anions using both visual and spectroscopic means. In aqueous solution, the color becomes intense yellow upon addition of cyanide, while acetate showed this effect to a much lower extent. Significant spectral changes were also detected with the appearance of two new absorption bands at 358 and 387 nm. This was accompanied by concomitant intensity decrease for the band at 314 nm. Fluoride, dihydrogen phosphate, chloride, bromide, perchlorate, and azide showed negligible color and spectral changes for the probe in aqueous solutions. On the other hand, hydrogen sulfate caused fainting of the yellow color and gave a spectrum similar to that of the sensor in polar aprotic solvents. The cyanide ion was detected at micro molar levels in aqueous solutions with a stoichiometry of 1:1 for CN: probe in acetonitrile as the solvent. Cyanide, hydroxide, acetate, fluoride and dihydrogen phosphate showed identical changes to color and spectra, indicating a hydrogen bonding and a deprotonation mechanism.
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Kurgyis, Bálint, and Máté Csanád. "A Particle Emitting Source From an Accelerating, Perturbative Solution of Relativistic Hydrodynamics." Universe 5, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5090194.

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The quark gluon plasma is formed in heavy-ion collisions, and it can be described by solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics. In this paper we utilize perturbative hydrodynamics, where we study first order perturbations on top of a known solution. We investigate the perturbations on top of the Hubble flow. From this perturbative solution we can give the form of the particle emitting source and calculate observables of heavy-ion collisions. We describe the source function and the single-particle momentum spectra for a spherically symmetric solution.
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Alam, M. Kathleen, James E. Franke, Thomas M. Niemczyk, John D. Maynard, Mark R. Rohrscheib, M. Ries Robinson, and R. Philip Eaton. "Characterization of pH Variation in Lysed Blood by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 3 (March 1998): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943572.

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Near-infrared spectra (1300–2500 nm) collected from lysed blood solutions were shown to correlate with the pH of the solutions measured potentiometrically. Cross-validated partial least-squares (PLS) models were developed from these spectral data, which provided standard error of prediction (SEP) values below 0.05 pH units for a pH range of 1.0 (6.8–7.8). Experiments were designed to eliminate possible correlation between pH and other components in the blood in order to ensure that variations in the spectral data correlated to pH were due to hydrogen ion changes only. Further work was performed to discern the primary source of pH information in the lysed blood spectra by using spectra collected from plasma and histidine solutions. The blood, plasma, and histidine data sets were compared with the use of loading vectors from principal component analysis (PCA). These loading vectors show that variations in the spectra of the titrated amino acid histidine mimic those seen in lysed blood, but not those seen in plasma. These results suggest that histidine residues of hemoglobin are providing the spectral variation necessary for pH modeling in the lysed blood solutions. It is further shown that the observed pH-sensitive histidine bands do not arise from the exchangeable proton on the imidazole ring of histidine; rather they arise from the variation in the C–H bonds of the C2 and/or the C4 carbons of the imidazole ring as they are influenced by the titration of the nitrogen-bound proton of the imidazole ring.
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Nakahara, Masaumi, Yuichi Sano, and Kazunori Nomura. "Influence of plutonyl ion on electrochemical characterization of zirconium in plutonium nitrate solutions." Radiochimica Acta 108, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3228.

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AbstractWith the aim of evaluating the corrosion behavior of a Pu evaporator made from Zr in the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant (RRP), the electrochemical characterization of Zr was investigated in Pu nitrate solutions. Before and after experiments, spectra of Pu nitrate solutions were recorded, and Pu4+ was oxidized to PuO22+ by heating these solutions. The ratio of PuO22+ in 3 mol dm−3 HNO3 was higher than that in 7 mol dm−3 HNO3 in our experiments. The maximum open circuit potential of Zr in the Pu nitrate solution was approximately 1 V in the Pu nitrate solution containing 7 mol dm−3 HNO3. However, there were no significant changes at high PuO22+ concentrations, and this value remained below the passivity breakdown potential under our experimental conditions. In this study, Zr showed high corrosion resistance, even though many PuO22+ ions existed in the Pu nitrate solution containing 7 mol dm−3 HNO3.
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Chen, Guo Bao, Hong Ying Yang, and Hai Jun Li. "An In Situ Characterization for the Bioleaching Process of Natural Pyrite Using Electrochemical Noise Technique." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.268.

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An in situ characterization has been carried out for several active systems (sulfuric acid, ferric iron, 9k medium and bioleaching solutions) to investigate the bioleaching process of natural pyrite using electrochemical noise (ECN) technique. Spectral noise impedance spectra obtained from power spectral density (PSD) plots for the different systems were compared. It has been observed that the bioleaching system obtained the lowest noise resistance Rsn 0.101MΩ. The reaction mechanism was proposed based on experimental data analysis. The bioleaching process of natural pyrite has been identified as the main function of bio-battery reactions, which distinguishes from the chemical oxidation reaction for the ferric ion and 9k solutions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ion solutions – Spectra"

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Rudolph, Wolfram W., and Gert Irmer. "Hydration and ion pair formation in common aqueous La(III) salt solutions: a Raman scattering and DFT study." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36118.

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Raman spectra of aqueous lanthanum perchlorate, triflate (trifluorosulfonate), chloride and nitrate solutions were measured over a broad concentration (0.121–3.050 mol Lˉ¹) range at room temperature (23 °C). A very weak mode at 343 cmˉ¹ with a full width at half height at 49 cmˉ¹ in the isotropic spectrum suggests that the nona-aqua La(III) ion is thermodynamically stable in dilute perchlorate solutions (∼0.2 mol Lˉ¹) while in concentrated perchlorate solutions outer-sphere ion pairs and contact ion pairs are formed. The La³⁺ nona-hydrate was also detected in a 1.2 mol Lˉ¹ La(CF₃SO₃)₃(aq). In lanthanum chloride solutions chloro-complex formation was detected over the measured concentration range from 0.5–3.050 mol Lˉ¹. The chloro-complexes in LaCl₃(aq) are fairly weak and disappear with dilution. At a concentration <0.1 mol Lˉ¹ almost all complexes disappeared. In LaCl₃ solutions, with additional HCl, a series of chloro-complexes of the type [La(OH₂)₉₋nCln]⁺³⁻ⁿ (n = 1–3) were formed. The La(NO₃)₃(aq) spectra were compared with a spectrum of a 0.409 mol Lˉ¹ NaNO₃(aq) and it was concluded that in La(NO₃)₃(aq) over the concentration range from 0.121–1.844 mol Lˉ¹, nitrato-complexes, [La(OH₂)₉₋n-(NO₃)n]⁺³⁻ⁿ (n = 1, 2) were formed. These nitrato-complexes are quite weak and disappear with dilution <0.01 mol Lˉ¹. DFT geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are reported for a lanthanumnona-hydrate with a polarizable dielectric continuum in order to take the solvent into account. The bond distances and angles for the cluster geometry of [La(OH₂)₉]³⁺ with the polarizable dielectric continuum are in good agreement with data from recent structural experimental measurements and high quality simulations. The DFT frequency of the La–O stretching mode at 328.2 cmˉ¹, is only slightly smaller than the experimental one.
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VIGOUROUX, CECILE. "Microdynamique des solutions : influence des espèces paramagnétiques sur la relaxation en RMN." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10068.

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Ce travail concerne l'etude de differents systemes modeles en solution, representant les interactions inter- ou intramoleculaires. L'agent de perturbation est une espece paramagnetique. Nous utilisons le tempol (radical nitroxyde neutre), l'anion nitrosodisulfonate (radical nitroxyde charge) ou des cations lanthanide trivalents. La methode consiste a mesurer des taux de relaxation spin-reseau et des coefficients de diffusion translationnelle par resonance magnetique nucleaire, puis a elaborer un modele theorique ou les valeurs calculees sont les plus proches possibles des valeurs experimentales. Les resultats obtenus montrent la particularite du chloroforme (formation d'agregats entre molecules de chloroforme et de solute). Nous montrons egalement que le fluor est difficilement utilisable comme sonde de distance intramoleculaire pour nos systemes (sucre doublement marque par un radical tempol et un noyau #1#9f). Nous avons pu mettre en evidence par la mesure experimentale la formation d'associations entre un ion cs#+ et une molecule de tempol par un modele simultane de dynamique translationnelle et rotationnelle. Les resultats sur les cations lanthanides trivalents en presence de cations tetramethylammonium montrent que les modeles de mouvements relatifs d'ions spheriques sont parfaitement adaptes a ces systemes. Nous obtenons une adequation moins bonne en remplacant un radical neutre (tempol) par un radical charge (anion nitrosodisulfonate) en presence d'un autre anion (methanesulfonate). Nous pouvons alors etudier les proprietes electroniques des cations lanthanides. Nous montrons experimentalement la substitution des molecules d'eau par l'anion nitrate complexant dans le cas du gd#3#+. Nous estimons les parametres de champ cristallin des cations lanthanides hydrates par des mesures de deplacements paramagnetiques.
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El-Masri, Nasrein. "Ion-association complexes of thallium and mercury with rhodamine 6G in aqueous solution." Scholarly Commons, 1988. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2170.

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Sizov, Grigory Alekseevich. "Solution of spectral problem in planar supersymmetric gauge theories." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/solution-of-spectral-problem-in-planar-supersymmetric-gauge-theories(f26c9311-8d86-41ab-b934-3ab0323a05cb).html.

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Supersymmetric gauge theories are among the most important objects of study in modern theoretical physics. They are considered as more symmetric versions of gauge theories describing the real world and are often dual to string theories in curved backgrounds. In planar limit some supersymmetric gauge theories | N = 4 SYM and ABJM theory among them | manifest integrability, a property which might allow to solve them exactly. In this thesis we discuss application of integrability methods to spectral problems in supersymmetric gauge theories. Our main topic is the Quantum Spectral Curve (QSC) method, the ultimate simpli cation of integrability tools developed over the last decade. We describe the objects of our study, N = 4 SYM and ABJM theories and their dual string theories. Then we review the integrable structures appearing in these theories in the planar limit. A chapter is dedicated to description of QSC in N = 4 SYM and then we solve the QSC equations in various limits, including near-BPS limits of twist operators and of a cusped Wilson line. For the last observable we explore the quasiclassical limit in more detail, nding the matrix model reformulation and the corresponding algebraic curve. We also apply QSC method to BFKL physics, a regime which establishes a more direct connection between N = 4 SYM and QCD. In particular, we nd a new, NNLO, coecient in the weak-coupling expansion of BFKL eigenvalue. We describe an ecient algorithm of numerical solution of QSC equations and use it to explore the relation between the spin and the conformal dimension for wide range of conformal dimension, including complex values. In ABJM we also consider the near-BPS limit of twist operators, calculating the slope function, and extracted from this calculation a conjecture for so-called interpolating function h() | the long-sought-for missing ingredient for the integrability construction in ABJM.
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Kusche, Tobias. "Spectral analysis for linearizations of the Allen-Cahn equation around rescaled stationary solutions with triple-junction." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979448786.

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Zahidi, Assou. "Etudes structurales et dynamiques de complexes macrocycliques par rmn heteronucleaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13171.

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Etude de la complexation de cations et d'anions par des ligands synthetiques a l'aide de la rmn heteronucleaire (**(6)li, **(7)li, **(13)c, **(14)n, **(15)n, **(19)f, **(31)p, **(35)cl et **(109)ag) et de mesures d'effet overhauser homo- et heteronuclaires
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Zheng, Lixin. "Properties of Liquid Water and Solvated Ions Based on First Principles Calculations." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/527565.

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Physics
Ph.D.
Water is of essential importance for life on earth, yet the physics concerning its various anomalous properties has not been fully illuminated. This thesis is dedicated to the understanding of liquid water from aspects of microscopic structures, dynamics, electronic structures, X-ray absorption spectra, and proton transfer mechanism. This thesis use the computational simulation techniques including density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and theoretical models for X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) to investigate the dynamics and electronic structures of liquid water system. The topics investigated in this thesis include a comprehensive evaluation on the simulation of liquid water using the newly developed SCAN meta-GGA functional, a systematic modeling of the liquid-water XAS using advanced ab initio approaches, and an explanation for a long-puzzling question that why hydronium diffuses faster than hydroxide in liquid water. Overall, significant contributions have been made to the understanding of liquid water and ionic solutions in the microscopic level through the aid of ab initio computational modeling.
Temple University--Theses
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Bouslamti, Raada Najia. "Etude vibrationnelle et conformationnelle de l'ion butanoate en solution aqueuse." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20182.

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L'auteur decrit les spectres raman de l'ion butanoate, associe au cation potassium et de trois isotopomeres, 4-d#3, 3-d#2 et 2-d#2, en solution aqueuse et a l'etat solide. L'influence de la temperature et de la concentration sur ces spectres raman a ete etudiee. Utilisant un champ de force approximatif, et s'appuyant sur l'evolution des spectres en fonction de la temperature, l'auteur propose une attribution des bandes observees pour les conformeres gauche et trans. Puis par application d'une methode originale de restitution des spectres des constituants a partir de ceux de leurs melanges, l'auteur a pu isoler les spectres des formes gauche et trans pour les quatre varietes isotopiques, en utilisant le fait que l'equilibre gauche-trans se deplace par variation de la concentration. En definitive, entre 100 et 1350 cm##1, 55 frequences sont attribuees avec certitude pour la forme trans de l'ensemble des isotopomeres et 59 pour la forme gauche. Enfin, on montre que dans le conformere trans, le groupement carboxylate s'oriente dans le plan de la chaine, alors que dans le conformere gauche l'angle diedre que fait le groupement carboxylate avec le plan des noyaux de carbone 1, 2 et 3 est superieur a 0, ce qui confirme la formation d'agregats aux concentrations elevees
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Chaussedent, Stéphane. "Etude par simulation numérique de la structure et de la dynamique d'un ion luminescent en solution dans l'eau. Calcul des propriétés spectroscopiques." Angers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ANGE0011.

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L'utilisation d'une sonde luminescente permet d'etudier experimentalement la structure locale du materiau dope a chaque etape du procede de fabrication sol-gel. Nous traitons ici l'etape initiale pendant laquelle les ions terre-rare se trouvent en solution aqueuse. En complement des etudes experimentales, nous avons analyse par simulation de dynamique moleculaire, la structure et la dynamique de l'ion europium en solution dans l'eau. La premiere sphere d'hydratation de cet ion a pu etre caracterisee en detail : nous avons mis en evidence un nombre d'hydratation de 8,3, auquel est associee une structure bien specifique, correspondant a la geometrie d'un antiprisme a base carree. Nous avons egalement revele un processus d'echange dynamique des molecules d'eau entre la premiere et la deuxieme sphere d'hydratation. Nous avons montre que selon le type d'anion introduit en solution avec l'europium, la structure et la dynamique de la premiere sphere d'hydratation de l'ion luminescent pouvaient etre modifiees de maniere consequente. En adaptant la theorie du champ cristallin, nous avons procede au calcul des parametres de champ de ligands a partir des environnements obtenus par dynamique moleculaire. De la, nous avons pu simuler la levee de degenerescence des niveaux d'energie electroniques de l'ion libre, ainsi que les probabilites de transition associees, le tout en ne presupposant aucune symetrie. Il a donc ete possible de construire des spectres d'emission simules dont l'accord avec les spectres experimentaux a permis de valider, d'une part nos resultats concernant la structure et la dynamique de l'europium en solution dans l'eau, et d'autre part, la methode de reconstruction des spectres de luminescence a partir d'environnement simules.
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Habka, Sana. "Spectroscopie optique des paires d'ions : De la caractérisation des modèles en phase gazeuse à l'identification des paires d'ions en solution." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS227/document.

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Les appariements d’ions sontomniprésents dans la nature, des océans auxaérosols, et passant par les organismes vivants.Les paires d’ions présentes dans les solutionsriches en ions y jouent un rôle crucial, notammentdans le déroulement des mécanismes réactionnelschimiques et biochimiques. En dépit de leurimportance, la caractérisation expérimentale despaires en solution reste problématique en raison dela coexistence de plusieurs types. Ainsi, le premierobjectif de ce travail est de développer uneapproche originale en phase gazeuse, pour l’étudedes paires d’ions modèles entre un groupementcarboxylate et un cation alcalin, illustrant le typed’appariement observé dans le milieu biologique.Ces premières études sont menées à l’aide d’uneapproche de spectroscopie IR et UV sélective enconformation, combinée à des calculs au niveauchimie quantique sur des modèles de formulegénérale (C6H5-(CH2)n-COO-, M+; M = Li, Na, K,Rb, Cs et n ≤ 4). L’appariement entre les ions a étéainsi caractérisé sur l’ensemble de ces systèmes, etune compétition entre les interactions cation-anionet cation-π a été observée pour les systèmes de plusgrande taille.Dans un second temps, une étude théorique estdéveloppée dans l’objectif de proposer un spectrethéorique pour chaque type de paires, et de leconfronter aux spectres expérimentaux en solutionde la littérature. L’approche repose sur le calcul dela signature vibrationnelle de paires (CH3-COO-,M+; M = Li, Na) et de l’anion libre, entouréssuccessivement de molécules d’eau explicitesdécrites au niveau chimie quantique, puis auniveau champ de force et enfin par un modèle desolvant continu.Cet apport original pour l’étude des paires d’ionsneutres ouvre la voie vers une meilleurecaractérisation de ces paires dans les solutions électrolytiques
Ion pairs are ubiquitous in nature andwere documented in sea waters, aerosols andliving organisms, thus they play a crucial role inmany chemical and biochemical mechanisms.Although many experimental approaches aimedat identifying these ion pairs in solutions, theyfailed in characterizing their microscopicproperties, mainly due to the coexistence of manytypes of pairs in solution. This original study aimsto identify the structural properties of ion pairmodels in the gas phase that depicts theinteraction between carboxylate group and alkalication, largely present in biological media.Model systems (M+, C6H5(CH2)nCOO-, M = Li,Na, K, Rb, Cs and n ≤ 4) were the subject of thefirst studies conducted using gas phaseconformational selective IR and UV spectroscopycombined to quantum chemistry calculations.Among the identified structures, we found asecondary interaction between the cation andphenyl ring (cation-π interaction) for systems witha flexible carbon chain, which led us to study thecompetition between cation-anion and cation-πinteractions.The second study developed focused mainly oncharacterizing ion pairs (M+, CH3COO-; M = Li,Na) and free anion in solution, where the firstsolvation layer were described at the quantumlevel, followed by a solvent continuum. Thus thevibrationnal signatures proposed for theseaggregates were compared to solution spectra inlitterature, thus offering a reliable structuralassignement.This study on neutral ion pairs paves way to a betterunderstanding of ion pairing and offers a uniqueapproach to adress the structural characterization ofthese systems in solution
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Books on the topic "Ion solutions – Spectra"

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Orlik, Lyubov', and Galina Zhukova. Operator equation and related questions of stability of differential equations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1061676.

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The monograph is devoted to the application of methods of functional analysis to the problems of qualitative theory of differential equations. Describes an algorithm to bring the differential boundary value problem to an operator equation. The research of solutions to operator equations of special kind in the spaces polutoratonny with a cone, where the limitations of the elements of these spaces is understood as the comparability them with a fixed scale element of exponential type. Found representations of the solutions of operator equations in the form of contour integrals, theorems of existence and uniqueness of such solutions. The spectral criteria for boundedness of solutions of operator equations and, as a consequence, sufficient spectral features boundedness of solutions of differential and differential-difference equations in Banach space. The results obtained for operator equations with operators and work of Volterra operators, allowed to extend to some systems of partial differential equations known spectral stability criteria for solutions of A. M. Lyapunov and also to generalize theorems on the exponential characteristic. The results of the monograph may be useful in the study of linear mechanical and electrical systems, in problems of diffraction of electromagnetic waves, theory of automatic control, etc. It is intended for researchers, graduate students functional analysis and its applications to operator and differential equations.
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Culp, Susan. A buffet of sensory interventions: Solutions for middle and high school students with autism spectrum disorders. Shawnee Mission, Kan: AAPC Pub., 2011.

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Dzhamay, Anton, Christopher W. Curtis, Willy A. Hereman, and B. Prinari. Nonlinear wave equations: Analytic and computational techniques : AMS Special Session, Nonlinear Waves and Integrable Systems : April 13-14, 2013, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2015.

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1943-, Gossez J. P., and Bonheure Denis, eds. Nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations: Workshop in celebration of Jean-Pierre Gossez's 65th birthday, September 2-4, 2009, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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Morawetz, Klaus. Simulations of Heavy-Ion Reactions with Nonlocal Collisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0023.

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The scenario of heavy-ion reactions around the Fermi energy is explored. The quantum BUU equation is solved numerically with and without nonlocal corrections and the effect of nonlocal corrections on experimental values is calculated. A practical recipe is presented which allows reproducing the correct asymptotes of scattering by acting on the point of closest approach. The better description of dynamical correlations by the nonlocal kinetic equation is demonstrated by an enhancement of the high-energy part of the particle spectra and the enhancement of mid-rapidity charge distributions. The time-resolved solution shows the enhancement of neck formation. It is shown that the dissipated energy increases due to the nonlocal collision scenario which is responsible for the observed effects and not due to the enhancement of collisions. As final result, a method is presented how to incorporate the effective mass and quasiparticle renormalisation with the help of the nonlocal simulation scenario.
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Rajeev, S. G. Spectral Methods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0013.

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Thenumerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs)with boundary conditions is studied here. Functions are approximated by polynomials in a Chebychev basis. Sections then cover spectral discretization, sampling, interpolation, differentiation, integration, and the basic ODE. Following Trefethen et al., differential operators are approximated as rectangular matrices. Boundary conditions add additional rows that turn them into square matrices. These can then be diagonalized using standard linear algebra methods. After studying various simple model problems, this method is applied to the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, deriving results originally due to Orszag. The difficulties of pushing spectral methods to higher dimensions are outlined.
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Small, Mindy, and Lisa Kontente. Everyday Solutions: A Practical Guide for Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Asperger Publishing Company, 2003.

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Kendler, Kenneth S. Introduction to “Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in DSM-5, ICD-11, and RDoC: Conceptual questions and practical solutions”. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0007.

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This chapter presents an introduction to conceptual questions and practical solutions on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in DSM-5, ICD-11, and RDoC. It highlights the important issues confronted by the Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and Dissociative Disorders DSM-5 work group.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. RSW Modons and their Surprising Properties: RSW Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0009.

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By using quasi-geostrophic modons constructed in Chapter 6 as initial conditions, rotating-shallow-water modons are obtained through the process of ageostrophic adjustment, both in one- and in two-layer configurations. Scatter plots show that they are solutions of the rotating shallow-water equations. A special class of modons with an internal front (shock) is shown to exist. A panorama of collision processes of the modons, leading to formation of tripoles, nonlinear modons, or elastic scattering is presented. The modon solutions are then used for initialisations of numerical simulations of decaying rotating shallow-water turbulence. The results are analysed and compared to those obtained with standard in 2D turbulence initializations, and differences are detected, showing non-universality of decaying 2D turbulence. The obtained energy spectra are steeper than theoretical predictions for ‘pure’ 2D turbulence, and pronounced cyclone–anticyclone asymmetry and dynamical separation of waves and vortices are observed.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Wave Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0013.

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Main notions and ideas of wave (weak) turbulence theory are explained with the help of Hamiltonian approach to wave dynamics, and are applied to waves in RSW model. Derivation of kinetic equations under random-phase approximation is explained. Short inertia–gravity waves on the f plane, short equatorial inertia–gravity waves, and Rossby waves on the beta plane are then considered along these lines. In all of these cases, approximate solutions of kinetic equation, annihilating the collision integral, can be obtained by scaling arguments, giving power-law energy spectra. The predictions of turbulence of inertia–gravity waves on the f plane are compared with numerical simulations initialised by ensembles of random waves. Energy spectra much steeper than theoretical are observed. Finite-size effects, which prevent energy transfer from large to short scales, provide a plausible explanation. Long waves thus evolve towards breaking and shock formation, yet the number of shocks is insufficient to produce shock turbulence.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ion solutions – Spectra"

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Micsonai, András, Éva Bulyáki, and József Kardos. "BeStSel: From Secondary Structure Analysis to Protein Fold Prediction by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 175–89. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0892-0_11.

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Abstract Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a classical method for the study of the secondary structure of polypeptides in solution. It has been the general view that the α-helix content can be estimated accurately from the CD spectra. However, the technique was less reliable to estimate the β-sheet contents as a consequence of the structural variety of the β-sheets, which is reflected in a large spectral diversity of the CD spectra of proteins containing this secondary structure component. By taking into account the parallel or antiparallel orientation and the twist of the β-sheets, the Beta Structure Selection (BeStSel) method provides an improved β-structure determination and its performance is more accurate for any of the secondary structure types compared to previous CD spectrum analysis algorithms. Moreover, BeStSel provides extra information on the orientation and twist of the β-sheets which is sufficient for the prediction of the protein fold. The advantage of CD spectroscopy is that it is a fast and inexpensive technique with easy data processing which can be used in a wide protein concentration range and under various buffer conditions. It is especially useful when the atomic resolution structure is not available, such as the case of protein aggregates, membrane proteins or natively disordered chains, for studying conformational transitions, testing the effect of the environmental conditions on the protein structure, for verifying the correct fold of recombinant proteins in every scientific fields working on proteins from basic protein science to biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. Here, we provide a brief step-by-step guide to record the CD spectra of proteins and their analysis with the BeStSel method.
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Karelson, Mati. "Molecular Properties and Spectra in Solution." In Problem Solving in Computational Molecular Science, 353–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0039-4_10.

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Hübner, Wigand, and Henry H. Mantsch. "Polarized Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) FT-IR Spectra of Oriented Alkanoates." In Surfactants in Solution, 303–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3836-3_21.

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Kassmann, Moritz. "Variational solutions to nonlocal problems." In Spectral Structures and Topological Methods in Mathematics, 183–96. Zuerich, Switzerland: European Mathematical Society Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/197-1/8.

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Obraztsova, E. D., V. L. Kuznetsov, E. N. Loubnin, S. M. Pimenov, and V. G. Pereverzev. "Raman and Photoluminescence Spectra of Diamond Particles with 1–5 nm Diameter." In Nanoparticles in Solids and Solutions, 485–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8771-6_24.

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Canuto, Claudio, M. Yousuff Hussaini, Alfio Quarteroni, and Thomas A. Zang. "Solution Techniques for Implicit Spectral Equations." In Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics, 124–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84108-8_5.

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Harwalkar, V., S. T. Kshirsagar, and D. Balasubramanian. "Raman Spectral Analysis of the Conformations of the Dodecanoate and 10-Undecenoate Chains." In Surfactants in Solution, 379–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7984-7_25.

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Isaev, Igor, Sergey Burikov, Tatiana Dolenko, Kirill Laptinskiy, and Sergey Dolenko. "Diagnostics of Water-Ethanol Solutions by Raman Spectra with Artificial Neural Networks: Methods to Improve Resilience of the Solution to Distortions of Spectra." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 319–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30425-6_37.

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Badrieh, Fuad. "Steady State Solutions to Circuit Problems." In Spectral, Convolution and Numerical Techniques in Circuit Theory, 5–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71437-0_2.

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Braak, Daniel. "What Kind of Insight Provide Analytical Solutions of Quantum Models?" In International Symposium on Mathematics, Quantum Theory, and Cryptography, 5–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5191-8_2.

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Abstract There are several concepts of what constitutes the analytical solution of a quantum model, as opposed to the mere “numerically exact” one. This applies even if one considers only the determination of the discrete spectrum of the corresponding Hamiltonian, setting aside such important questions as the asymptotic dynamics for long times. In the simplest case, the spectrum can be given in closed form, the eigenvalues $$E_{j}, j=0,\ldots ,N\le \infty $$ read $$E_{j} =f(j,\{p_{k}\})$$, where f is a known function of the label $$j\in \mathbb {N}_{0}$$ and the $$\{p_k\}$$ are a set of numbers parameterizing the Hamilton operator. This kind of solution exists only in cases where the classical limit of the model is Liouville-integrable. Some quantum-mechanical many-body systems allow the determination of the spectrum in terms of auxiliary parameters $$[\{k_j\},\{n_l\}]$$ as $$E(\{n_l\}) = f(\{k_{j}(\{n_{l}\})\})$$ where the $$\{k_{j}(\{n_{l}\})\}$$ satisfy a coupled set of transcendental equations, following from a certain ansatz for the eigenfunctions. These systems (integrable in the sense of Yang-Baxter (Eckle 2019)) may have a Hilbert space dimension growing exponentially with the system size L, i.e., $$N\sim e^{L}$$. The simple enumeration of the energies with the label j is replaced by the multi-index $$\{n_{l}\}$$. Although no priori knowledge about the spectrum is available, its statistical properties can be computed exactly (Berry and Tabor 1977). Other integrable and also non-integrable models exist where N depends polynomially on L and the energies $$E_j$$ are the zeroes of an analytically computable transcendental function, the so-called G-function $$G(E,\{p_k\})$$ (Braak 2013a, 2016), which is proportional to the spectral determinant. Although no closed formula for $$E_j$$ as function of the index j exists, detailed qualitative insight into the distribution of the eigenvalues can be obtained (Braak 2013b). Possible applications of these concepts to information compression and cryptography are outlined.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ion solutions – Spectra"

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Oks, E. "Exact analytical solution for the ion impact broadening of hydrogen lines in plasmas at high densities or high principal quantum numbers." In SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES. ASCE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.58342.

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Ferrant, Pierre, and David Le Touze´. "Fully-Nonlinear Spectral/BEM Solution for Irregular Wave Interactions With a 3D Body." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28521.

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An original method for simulating the interaction of irregular long crested waves with a 3D body is described. Incident waves are modeled using a recently developed pseudo-spectral method for fully-nonlinear free surface waves in water of finite depth. The wave generation process is based on submerged dipoles. The dipoles strengths and orientations are combined in such a way that waves are generated in a single direction. Furthermore, the wave generation transfer function is predetermined analytically, so that sea states of given energy spectrum are easily generated. The interaction of these waves with a 3D body is modeled using the 3D fully nonlinear BEM solver XWAVE, based on a formulation for the nonlinear diffracted flow. The effective coupling of both models is illustrated by simulating the diffraction of 2D wave packets as well as different realizations of ITTC wave spectra, by a vertical bottom-mounted cylinder.
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Houston, Thomas W., Greg E. Mertz, Michael C. Costantino, and Carl J. Costantino. "Investigation of the Impact of Seed Record Selection on Structural Response." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25919.

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Time history records are typically used to define the seismic demand for critical structures for which soil structure interaction (SSI) analyses are often required. Criteria for the development of time histories is provided in ASCE 43-05. The time histories are based on a close fit of 5% damped target response spectra. Recent experience has demonstrated that for cases where the transfer functions associated with the structural response are narrow, the ASCE 43-05 criteria can under-predict peak spectral responses in the structure by as much as 70% in some frequency ranges. One potential solution for this issue is to reinstate requirements for matching target response spectra for multiple damping levels to ASCE 43-05 criteria. However, recent probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) do not generally contain spectra for multiple damping levels. This paper proposes an approach to generate target spectra at multiple damping levels, given the 5% damped target spectrum provided by the PSHA, utilizing catalogs of recorded earthquakes. The process of fitting time histories to multiple damped spectra is effective in correcting defficiencies observed in the computed structural response when time histories meeting the ASCE 43-05 fitting criteria are used.
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Eppner, Clemens, Sebastian Höfer, Rico Jonschkowski, Roberto Martín-Martín, Arne Sieverling, Vincent Wall, and Oliver Brock. "Lessons from the Amazon Picking Challenge: Four Aspects of Building Robotic Systems." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/676.

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We describe the winning entry to the Amazon Picking Challenge 2015. From the experience of building this system and competing, we derive several conclusions: (1) We suggest to characterize robotic system building along four key aspects, each of them spanning a spectrum of solutions - modularity vs. integration, generality vs. assumptions, computation vs. embodiment, and planning vs. feedback. (2) To understand which region of each spectrum most adequately addresses which robotic problem, we must explore the full spectrum of possible approaches. (3) For manipulation problems in unstructured environments, certain regions of each spectrum match the problem most adequately, and should be exploited further. This is supported by the fact that our solution deviated from the majority of the other challenge entries along each of the spectra. This is an abridged version of a conference publication.
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Balintova, Magdalena, Stefan Demcak, Adriana Estokova, Marian Holub, and Petra Pavlikova. "Study of Thermal Reduction of Barium Sulphate for Barium Sulphide Preparation." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.004.

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Industrial wastewaters, particularly those associated with mining and mineral processing, can contain high con-centrations of sulphate. There are various methods of sulphate removal e.g. reverse osmosis, ion exchange, precipitation by lime, cements, and salts of barium and the biological removal process. The soluble salts of barium are most commonly used for precipitation of sulphate from aquatic acidic solutions to the insoluble product barium sulphate BaSO4. Benefits of precip-itation are high sulphate removal efficiency but limitations are toxicity of barium compounds and high economical costs. For this reason the recycling of BaSO4 to barium sulphide BaS (the precipitating reagent) is very important. The paper deals with study of BaSO4 reduction by activated carbon to BaS by thermal analysis and infrared spectrometry. DCS analysis indicated that conversion of BaSO4 to BaS in the range of temperature 800–1,000 °C was performed. Thermal analysis and infrared spectra of the products confirmed the change in its composition, but process of reduction by carbon was incomplete and in sample was still present a part of BaSO4. Presence of BaS was confirmed by colorimetric method.
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Lee, Yu-Tai, Theodore M. Farabee, and William K. Blake. "Wall Pressure Fluctuations in the Reattachment Region of a Backward Facing Step." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37142.

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Steady mean flow fields and turbulent flow characteristics obtained from solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations with a k-ε isotropic turbulence model are used to predict the frequency spectrum of wall-pressure fluctuations for flow past a backward facing step. The linear source term (LST) of the governing fluctuating-pressure equation is used in deriving the final double integration formula for the fluctuating wall pressure. The integrand of the solution formula includes the mean-flow velocity gradient, modeled turbulence normal fluctuation, Green’s function and the spectral model for the interplane correlation. An anisotropic distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy is implemented using a function named anisotropic factor. This function represents a ratio of the turbulent normal Reynolds stress to the turbulent kinetic energy and is developed based on an equilibrium turbulent flow or flows with zero streamwise pressure gradient. The spectral correlation model for predicting the wall-pressure fluctuations is obtained through modeling of the streamwise and spanwise wavenumber spectra. The nonlinear source term (NST) in the original fluctuating-pressure equation is considered following the conclusion of Kim’s direct numerical simulation (DNS) study of channel flow. Predictions of frequency spectra for the reattachment flow past a backward facing step (BFS) are investigated to verify the validity of the current modeling. Detailed turbulence features and wall-pressure spectra for the flow in the reattachment region of the BFS are predicted and discussed. DNS and experimental data for BFSs are used to develop and validate these calculations. The prediction results based on different modeling characteristics and flow physics agree with the observed turbulence field.
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Vidotto, Monica, Timor Grego, Ina Erceg, Božana Čolović, Maja Dutour Sikirić, and Nadica Maltar-Strmečki. "Effects of saline solution and simulated body fluid on ion substituted hydroxyapatites EPR spectra." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2021.4.3.

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Polito, Aure´lie. "Waste Treatment by Selective Mineral Ion Exchanger." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7340.

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STMI, subsidiary company of the AREVA Group with over 40 years in the D&D business, has been continuously innovating and developing new decontamination techniques, with the objectives of achieving more efficient decontaminations on a growing spectrum of media. In the field of liquid waste treatment, STMI manufactures uses and commercialises selective inorganic ion exchangers (RAN). These are hydrated synthetic inorganic compounds prepared from very pure raw materials. Different types of RANs (POLYAN, OXTAIN, Fe-Cu, Fe-CoK, Si-Fe-CoK) can be used to trap a large number of radioactive elements in contaminated effluents. Different implementations could be applied depending on technical conditions. STMI’s offers consist in building global solution and preliminary design of installation either in dispersed form (batch) or in column (cartridge filtration). Those products are used all over the world not only in the nuclear business (Canada, US, Belgium, France…) but also in other fields. Indeed, it provides competitive solutions to many domains of application especially water pollution control, liquid waste treatment in the nuclear business by decreasing the activity level of waste. The following paper will focus on the theoretical principle of the mineral exchanger, its implementation and the feed back collected by STMI.
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Rupp, Cory J., and Gregory W. Antal. "Implementation of an Efficient RMS Algorithm for Random Analysis in Vibrata™." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71134.

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When analyzing forced dynamic response to random excitation, obtaining root-mean-square (RMS) results without having to compute the underlying power spectral density (PSD) functions can significantly reduce solution time and memory usage. An algorithm for such calculations published by de la Fuente [1, 2] has been incorporated in ATA Engineering’s Vibrata™ program, a GUI- and text-file-driven modal dynamic analysis tool that works with Femap™ and MATLAB® to provide random, transient, harmonic, and response spectrum analysis. This paper describes some of the difficulties encountered in implementing this random response method and how they were overcome. It then shows two examples of the algorithm’s use in Vibrata and compares those computation times and solutions to standard PSD-based computations.
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Meylan, Michael H. "Time-Dependent Solution for Linear Water Waves by Expansion in the Single-Frequency Solutions." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57048.

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We consider the solution in the time-domain of water wave scattering by fixed bodies (which may or may not intersect with the free surface). We show how the the problem with arbitrary initial conditions can be found using the single-frequency solutions. This result relies on a special inner product and is known as a generalized eigenfunction expansion (because the operator has a continuous spectrum). We also show how this expansion should be modified when trapped modes are present.
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Reports on the topic "Ion solutions – Spectra"

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Ambrogi, Emma, Emily Asenath-Smith,, and Jonathon Brame. High-performance photocatalytic degradation of model contaminants with iron oxide–based colloidal solutions under broad-spectrum illumination. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/37418.

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Katz, Sabrina, Miguel Algarin, and Emanuel Hernandez. Structuring for Exit: New Approaches for Private Capital in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003074.

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Structured financing solutions encompass a range of investment approaches that provide liquidity to investors without the need for a traditional equity exit event, such as a strategic sale, sale to another financial investor, or public market listing. Structuring mechanisms across the debt-to-equity spectrum determine the exit terms of the deal, therefore providing considerable downside protection to investors. Structured financing solutions are an incipient but increasingly important set of tools for investors active in Latin America to address the financing gap for companies that lack access to bank financing and are not attractive targets for traditional PE and VC players. Many investors employing these strategies are in an experimental phase, reporting new lessons learned with each deal completed. Impact investors have been among the top drivers of these structuring innovations, as they have grappled with the additional limitations associated with the straight equity model for environmental or social enterprises. However, the use of structured financing is by no means restricted to the impact investing space. Fund managers have invested USD4b in private credit deals in Latin America since 2018, more than the previous ten years combined. PE and VC investors have also increasingly employed quasi-equity and debt instruments. ACON Investments, for example, has employed mezzanine structures in several deals from its latest funds. Brazil-focused venture capital firm SP Ventures has recently begun investing from its debut venture debt fund. Growing experimentation by fund managers demonstrates the opportunity for investors across ticket sizes, strategies, and the impact-to-commercial spectrum. The structures discussed and the case studies highlighted in this report contain some of the major lessons applicable to a wide group of private capital investors in Latin America targeting certain and timely exits with consistent returns.
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