Academic literature on the topic 'Ionic gelation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Ionic gelation"

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Silva, Karen Cristina Guedes, Ana Isabel Bourbon, Lorenzo Pastrana, and Ana Carla Kawazoe Sato. "Emulsion-filled hydrogels for food applications: influence of pH on emulsion stability and a coating on microgel protection." Food & Function 11, no. 9 (2020): 8331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01198c.

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Emulsion with gelatinized starch, also composed of alginate and gelatin, showed stability at pH 6, allowing microgels production by ionic gelation. During the in vitro digestion, microgels with the coating layer were more stable.
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Gamini, A., G. Civitarese, A. Cesàro, F. Delben, and S. Paoletti. "Gelation mechanism of ionic polysaccharides." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 39, no. 1 (October 1990): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19900390113.

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Rajmohan, Deepak, and Danielle Bellmer. "Characterization of Spirulina-Alginate Beads Formed Using Ionic Gelation." International Journal of Food Science 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7101279.

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Spirulina (blue-green algae) is one of the cheapest sources of protein and essential vitamins. However, bitterness and bad flavor of spirulina protein may limit its use in food products. In this study, spirulina was encapsulated using ionic gelation to facilitate protein delivery. The objective was to study the effects of different types of gelation methods on particle size, texture, morphology, and crude protein content of the beads. Spirulina protein was encapsulated in alginate using both internal and external gelation methods and varying concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride. A total of six different treatments were evaluated, and characterization of the beads included crude protein content, hardness measured using a texture analyzer, and thickness and width of the beads. The morphology was also studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results from the texture analysis show that the hardness of the external gelation beads is three times that of the internal gelation beads, and an increase in the alginate percentage in both gelation methods increased the firmness of the beads. The crude protein content was significantly higher with the beads formed using external gelation than with internal gelation. The SEM micrographs also show that the surface morphology of the beads produced with internal gelation has a more heterogeneous structure. Overall, the beads formed with external gelation were superior to those formed with internal gelation methods. Results from this study suggest that alginate is suitable for encapsulation of spirulina protein and these hydrogel beads could be used to enhance the protein delivery and facilitate the design of foods with alternative sources of protein.
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Purwanti, Tutiek, Rico Andre Satriawan, and Dewi Melani Hariyadi. "The Effect of the Comparison of Sodium Alginate-Gelatin Levels on Microspheres Characteristics (Produced by Ionic Gelation Method Aerosolized Technique)." International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, no. 02 (June 25, 2020): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.10.2.19.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of concentration ratio of sodium alginate-gelatin on the characteristics of microspheres. Microspheres were prepared with ionotropic gelation methods aerosolization technique with sodium alginate and gelatin as polymer matrixes, and calcium chloride (1.5 M) as the cross-linker, and then dried using freeze dryer. The concentration ratio of sodium alginate-gelatin that was used to make microsphere was divided into F1: 2.25:0.25%, F2: 1.75:0.75%, and F3: 1.25:1.25%. Resulting microspheres were characterized in terms of characteristics (yield, particle size, and swelling index). The result showed that there was an increase in yield and particle size, as sodium alginate concentration increased on formula. The statistical test showed the concentration ratio of sodium alginate-gelatine showed a significant meaning different from the yield and particle size. The swelling index shows that the swelling peak of microspheres became more quickly with increased sodium alginate concentration.
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Karout, Ali, and Alain C. Pierre. "Silica gelation catalysis by ionic liquids." Catalysis Communications 10, no. 4 (January 2009): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2008.07.046.

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Mourad, M. C. D., J. E. G. J. Wijnhoven, D. D. van 't Zand, D. van der Beek, and H. N. W. Lekkerkerker. "Gelation versus liquid crystal phase transitions in suspensions of plate-like particles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1847 (August 21, 2006): 2807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1856.

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Gelation is a common effect in aqueous suspensions of charged colloidal clay platelets at concentrations as low as 1 wt%. However, in systems of charged gibbsite [Al(OH) 3 ] platelets, gelation can be delayed to concentrations as high as 50 wt% depending on the ionic strength. We investigated the phase behaviour of this system approaching the state of gelation in the delicate region between attractive and repulsive states that originate from competition between Coulomb repulsion and van der Waals attraction. As a function of the ionic strength, isotropic–nematic, nematic–columnar and isotropic–columnar phase separations were observed. Moreover, compression by gravitational forces allowed us to observe phase separation that is arrested by gelation in the homogeneous suspensions.
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Shahidulla, SM, and Saniya Fatima. "Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Mucoadhesive Microspheres by Ionic Gelation Method." International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences 7, no. 4 (August 2019): 3032–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijprhs.2019.04.04.

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Javvaji, Vishal, Aditya G. Baradwaj, Gregory F. Payne, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan. "Light-Activated Ionic Gelation of Common Biopolymers." Langmuir 27, no. 20 (October 18, 2011): 12591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la201860s.

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Kurozawa, Louise Emy, and Miriam Dupas Hubinger. "Hydrophilic food compounds encapsulation by ionic gelation." Current Opinion in Food Science 15 (June 2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2017.06.004.

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Stone, A. P., and D. W. Stanley. "Muscle protein gelation at low ionic strength." Food Research International 27, no. 2 (January 1994): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)90157-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ionic gelation"

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Murdan, Sudaxshina. "Non-ionic surfactant-based organogels : their structures and potential as vaccine adjuvants." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299134.

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Costa, Bianca Souza da 1990. "Micropartículas produzidas por gelificação iônica recobertas com gelatina de peixe e isolado proteico de soja." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255991.

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Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir partículas de pectina e alginato por gelificação iônica, com posterior recobrimento com isolado proteico de soja (IPS), gelatina de pele de tilápia (GPT) e com a mistura dessas duas proteínas (IPS:GPT), avaliando suas características físico-químicas e seu comportamento frente a diferentes tratamentos. No estudo preliminar foram analisadas as condições que promovessem a carga elétrica livre que otimizassem a interação entre os polissacarídeos e proteínas, formando complexos insolúveis. A partir desses ensaios foram estabelecidas as seguintes proporções de polissacarídeo: proteína e valores de pH: 1:2 em pH4 para recobrimento com gelatina de pele de tilápia, e 1:0,75 em pH3 para interação com o isolado proteico de soja e para a mistura das duas proteínas. Foram testados 4 níveis de proteína em solução ( 1, 2, 4 e 8 %) para recobrimento das partículas de pectina e alginato. As partículas obtidas foram caracterizadas pelo teor de umidade, conteúdo proteico adsorvido e pela sua morfologia. A partir deste estudo preliminar foi selecionada a concentração de 8% de proteína em solução, devido à produção de partículas com alto teor proteico. Estas partículas foram avaliadas com relação à sua estabilidade frente a variações de pH, diferentes concentrações de NaCl e sob simulação das condições gastrointestinais in vitro. Utilizando a concentração de 8% de proteína em solução foram obtidos altos valores de adsorção proteica, resultando no percentual de proteína de 61,87%, 47,61% e 52,06% para as partículas recobertas com GPT, IPS e IPS:GPT, respectivamente. A variação de pH e das concentrações de sal influenciaram na solubilidade da camada proteica, apresentando uma maior solubilidade em condições de extrema acidez (pH 1) e a medida em que aumentava a concentração de sal. Nas faixas de pH (1 a 7) e nas concentrações de NaCl (0 a 584 mM) estudadas, independente do valor da solubilidade proteica obtida, todas as partículas permaneceram íntegras. No ensaio gastroentérico in vitro, as partículas de pectina e alginato (PEC:ALGPart) sem recobrimento e as recobertas com gelatina de pele de tilápia (GPTPart) foram resistentes as condições gástricas e entéricas, permanecendo íntegras. As partículas recobertas com isolado proteico de soja (IPSPart) e com a mistura de proteínas (IPS:GPTPart), foram resistentes às condições gástricas, porém desintegraram-se em meio intestinal, liberando o material encapsulado
Abstract: The aim of this work was to produce particles of pectin and alginate by ionic gelation with subsequent coating with isolated soy protein (IPS), tilapia skin gelatin (GPT), and a mixture of these two proteins (IPS:GPT), evaluating their physico-chemical characteristics and behavior to different treatments. In the preliminary study, the conditions that promote the balance of free electrical charge due the interaction between polysaccharides and proteins were analyzed. From these tests the following proportions of polysaccharide:protein and pH values were established: 1:2 at pH 4 for covering with tilapia skin gelatin, and 1:0.75 at pH3 for interaction with the isolated soybean protein and mixing of the two proteins. Four protein levels were tested (1, 2, 4 and 8%) in solutions for coating the particles of pectin and alginate. The particles obtained were characterized by moisture content, adsorbed protein content and their morphology. From this preliminary study it was selected the concentration of 8% protein solution, due to the production of particles with high protein content. These particles were evaluated for their stability against pH changes, different concentrations of NaCl and simulation under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Using a concentration of 8% protein solution high levels of protein adsorption were obtained, resulting in percentage of protein adsorbed of 61.87%, 47.61% and 52.06% for the coated particles GPT, IPS and IPS: GPT, respectively. The variation of pH and salt concentrations influence the solubility of the protein layer having a higher solubility in conditions of extreme acidity (pH 1) and the extent to which increased salt concentration. In the pH ranges and concentrations of NaCl studied, regardless of the amount of protein solubility obtained, all the particles remained intact. In the gastrointestinal assay, pectin and alginate particles (PEC: ALGPart) uncoated and coated particles with tilapia skin gelatin (GPTPart) were resistant to the gastric and enteric conditions, remaining intact. The coated particles with isolated soy protein (IPSPart) and the protein mixture (IPS:GPTPart) were resistant to gastric conditions, but disintegrated in the intestinal environment, releasing the encapsulated material
Mestrado
Nutrição Experimental e de Alimentos
Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição
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Tello, Célis Fernando 1966. "Partículas de alginato e pectina produzidas por gelificação iônica e recobertas com proteínas." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255990.

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Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A encapsulação permite a formação de estruturas que apresentam propriedades como a proteção e liberação controlada do material encapsulado. As características do material encapsulado determinam a escolha do material de parede da matriz encapsulante e da técnica de encapsulação. Proteínas e polissacarídeos têm sido investigados para a formação destas matrizes. Diferentes técnicas produzem partículas com diferentes propriedades. A associação de técnicas de encapsulação permite a obtenção de matrizes com melhores propriedades tecnológicas. A gelificação iônica é uma técnica de encapsulação branda, simples e rápida onde polissacarídeos aniônicos interagem com íons divalentes como o Ca2+ para a encapsulação de diversos tipos de compostos incluindo lipídicos. Neste estudo, pectina e alginato foram utilizados para produção de partículas por gelificação iônica. Na primeira parte do estudo, partículas produzidas por gelificação iônica com alginato ou pectina foram revestidas com proteínas da clara de ovo, de soro do leite e da mistura (1:1) das referidas proteínas utilizando-se diferentes concentrações de proteínas em solução a pH 4,0. Partículas de alginato aumentaram de tamanho após revestimento proteico enquanto partículas de pectina diminuíram de tamanho. Aumento da concentração desta na solução produziu aumento na quantidade de proteína adsorvida e de matéria seca nas partículas. Para o maior nível de adsorção proteica, um óleo modelo contendo alto teor de ácidos graxos insaturados foi utilizado como material de recheio e as partículas avaliadas quanto a estabilidade oxidativa. Partículas sem recobrimento proteico foram menos protetivas e quando recobertas com proteínas, apresentaram menor formação de peróxidos quando clara de ovo foi utilizada. Na segunda parte do estudo as partículas obtidas por gelificação iônica foram recobertas com diferentes quantidades de gelatina tipo A, proteínas do soro do leite e mistura das proteínas (1:1). A complexação eletrostática foi estimada pelo potencial zeta e pela quantidade de proteína adsorvida, avaliando-se o efeito do pH e das diferentes relações estequiométricas proteína : polissacarídeo. Partículas que apresentaram maior adsorção proteica foram adicionalmente avaliadas quanto à resistência física e solubilidade proteica quando submetidas a condições gastrointestinais in vitro. O aumento da quantidade de proteína em solução produziu aumento da proteína adsorvida produzindo também aumento de tamanho da partícula quando alginato foi utilizado. Morfologicamente as partículas sem revestimento proteico foram resistentes às condições gastrointestinais in vitro. Independente da proteína utilizada partículas com alginato revestidas com proteína mantiveram integridade física após ensaio intestinal enquanto partículas com pectina e revestidas com gelatina foram destruídas após ensaio intestinal e muito danificadas quando proteínas do soro do leite e mistura gelatina : proteínas do soro do leite foram utilizadas. Quando a solubilidade proteica foi utilizada como parâmetro no ensaio gastrointestinal in vitro, partículas de pectina revestidas com gelatina, a mistura proteica e a proteína do soro do leite apresentaram solubilidades no ambiente gástrico de ~ 56, 38 e 37 % enquanto as partículas de alginato recobertas liberaram ~ 32, 12 e 11 %, respectivamente. Após passagem pelo sistema intestinal, partículas de pectina liberaram praticamente todo o conteúdo proteico adsorvido (> 96 %) enquanto partículas de alginato liberaram quantidades superiores a 82 %
Abstract: Encapsulation allows the formation of structures with properties such as protection and controlled release of the encapsulated material. The characteristics of the core material determine the choice of the wall material and encapsulation technique. Proteins and polysaccharides have been investigated for the formation of these matrices. Different techniques yield particles with different properties. The association of encapsulation techniques allows obtaining matrices with better technological properties. The ionic gelation is a gentle, simple and rapid encapsulation technique in which anionic polysaccharides interact with divalent ions such as Ca2+ for the encapsulation of various types of materials including lipid compounds. In this study, alginate and pectin have been used to produce particles of ionic gelation. In the first part of the study, gelling ionic particles produced with alginate or pectin were coated with proteins from egg white, whey protein and mixture (1:1) of these proteins using different concentrations of proteins in solution at pH 4.0. Particle size increased after coating alginate particles with protein and coated pectin particles had the size reduced. Increasing the protein concentration of the solution produced an increase in the amount of adsorbed protein and dry matter in the particles. For the highest level of protein adsorbed, a model oil containing high content of unsaturated fatty acids was used as core material and the particles evaluated with respect to oxidative stability. Particles without protein coating were less protective and when coated with proteins, showed lower peroxide formation when egg white was used. In the second part of the study the particles obtained by ionic gelation were coated with different amounts of gelatin type A, protein, whey protein and a mixture of both (1:1). The electrostatic complexation was estimated by zeta potential and the amount of adsorbed protein, assessing the effect of pH and the stoichiometry of the various proteins: polysaccharide ratios. Particles showed higher protein adsorption were further evaluated for physical resistance and protein solubility when subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. The increased amount of protein in solution produced also increases the adsorbed protein causing an increase in particle size when alginate was used. Morphologically, the protein particles without coating were resistant to gastrointestinal conditions in vitro. Independent of protein used, alginate particles coated with protein maintained physical integrity after intestinal assay, while pectin particles coated with gelatin were destroyed after intestinal assay and damaged when the whey protein or and gelatin : whey proteins mixture were used. When protein solubility was used as a parameter in the gastrointestinal in vitro assay, pectin particles coated with gelatin, whey protein and gelatin : whey proteins mixture showed solubility in the gastric environment of 56, 38 and 37% while the coated alginate particle released 32, 12 and 11 %, respectively. After passage through the intestinal tract, coated pectin particles released substantially all adsorbed protein content (> 96%). Coated alginate particles released quantities above 82%
Doutorado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição
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Padilha, Giovana da Silva 1976. "Caracterização, purificação e encapsulamento de lipase de Burkholderia cepacia." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266999.

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Orientadoesr: Elias Basile Tambourgi, Ranulfo Monte Alegre
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo : O presente trabalho foi dividido em três etapas e teve como objetivo a caracterização, purificação e encapsulamento da lípase a partir da cepa de Burkholderia cepacia. Para produção da enzima, o microorganismo foi cultivado em meio contendo sais, extrato de levedura, peptona bacteriológica e 6% de óleo de soja, por fermentação líquida em biorreator do tipo Bioflo III. As fermentações foram conduzidas a 150 rpm em 30ºC. Após 96 horas de cultivo, o sobrenadante foi separado das células por centrifugação e foi utilizado como extrato enzimático, uma vez que a Burkholderia cepacia produz lípase extracelular. O extrato bruto apresentou atividade usando azeite de oliva como substrato. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, analisou-se a condições ótimas de trabalho e estabilidade sob condições diversas e na presença de diferentes íons. A temperatura ótima foi a 37ºC, no entanto a 50ºC a enzima perdeu 10% da atividade em relação à temperatura em 37ºC. O cálculo de energia de ativação, seguindo a equação de ARRHENIUS, foi de 10,1 kJ/mol. O efeito do pH sobre a hidrólise do azeite de oliva pela lípase foi investigado com diferentes tampões na faixa de pH entre 3 e 11. Foram mantidas aproximadamente 80% da atividade entre os pHs 5 e 7, com atividade máxima no pH 8. Atividades razoáveis foram obtidas mesmo nos valores mais ácidos de pH e menores atividades nos valores entre 9 e 11. No entanto, no pH 11 observou-se queda de 80% de atividade em relação à atividade ótima da lípase. A estabilidade da atividade enzimática em diferentes tampões e valores de pH 5, 8 e 11 também foi investigada, onde nas 4 horas de incubação a diferentes valores de pH, a enzima mostrou-se bastante estável. Um estudo de estabilidade com diferentes íons por incubação da lípase durante 30 dias também foi realizado. Íons como Mn2+, Co2+, I- e Ca2+ mantiveram ou aumentaram a atividade enzimática, mas a enzima foi inibida na presença de Fe2+, Hg2+ e Al3+. À temperatura de 37 ºC e pH 8 foi feita a determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos. Os dados obtidos experimentalmente permitiram a obtenção da curva cinética, que mostrou a influência da emulsão óleo e água contendo diferentes proporções de azeite de oliva (0,1 a 50% v/v) na velocidade de hidrólise pela lípase. De acordo com a metodologia de LINEWEAVER-BURK, calculou-se os valores de Km e Vmáx de 43,90 mg/mL e 0,0258 U/mg, respectivamente. A segunda etapa foi purificar a lípase de Burkholderia cepacia em sistema bifásico aquoso polietileno glicol (PEG)/fosfato. Foram preparadas soluções estoques de PEG com massas molares de 1500, 4000 e 6000 Da (50% m/m) e tampão fosfato nos pHs 6, 7 e 8 (20% m/m de KH2PO4/K2HPO4). Um planejamento fatorial 23 foi feito para avaliar a massa molecular do PEG, pH e comprimento da linha de amarração (tie-line) no coeficiente de partição da atividade específica da lípase. Os resultados mostraram que maiores valores de atividade específica foram obtidos ao usar a menor massa molecular de PEG (1500 Da) em pH 6 e 8 e maior comprimento da linha de amarração. Após a purificação, determinou-se 33 kDa a massa molecular e 6,0 o ponto isoelétrico da lípase de Burkholderia cepacia. Na terceira etapa do trabalho, a enzima foi encapsulada por gelificação iônica usando alginato de sódio e cloreto de cálcio. Para a encapsulação foi feito um planejamento fatorial 22 variando o tamanho do bico atomizador (2 e 0,5 mm) e a concentração de CaCl2 (2 e 4% m/v). A enzima imobilizada foi caracterizada quanto à eficiência de encapsulamento, estabilidade, tamanho médio e sua distribuição e morfologia. No estudo de estabilidade verificou-se, em todas as condições de processo, que a enzima imobilizada manteve maior estabilidade em relação ao extrato bruto durante os 28 dias analisados. Nas análises de microscopia óptica, as microcápsulas formadas apresentaram formas esféricas, com média de tamanho de 400 e 100 ?m para os bicos de 2 e 0,5 mm, respectivamente. Nas análises por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), as microcápsulas foram secas em estufa e mantiveram as formas esféricas, com redução de tamanho, mesmo após esse processo de secagem. Usando o bico atomizador de 2 mm nas concentrações de 2 e 4% (m/v) de CaCl2, a microcápsula seca apresentou um tamanho de 139 e 150 µm, respectivamente, contra a média de 400 µm das hidratadas. Para o bico atomizador de 0,5 mm nas concentrações de 2 e 4% (m/v) de CaCl2, as microcápsulas apresentaram tamanhos de 15 e 6 µm, respectivamente
Abstract: This work was divided into three stages and aimed the characterization, purification and encapsulation of the lipase from a strain of Burkholderia cepacia. For enzyme production, the microorganism was grown in medium containing salts, yeast extract, bacteriological peptone and 6% soybean oil, liquid fermentation in bioreactor type Bioflo III. The fermentations were performed at 150 rpm and 30ºC. After 96 hours, the supernatant was separated from the cells by centrifugation and it was used as enzyme extract, since the Burkholderia cepacia produces extracellular lipase. In the first stage of this work, the enzymatic activity and stability were analyzed under different conditions and in the presence of different ions. The crude extract showed activity using olive oil as substrate. The optimum temperature was 37ºC, however at 50ºC the enzyme remained activity, with loss of activity of 10% compared to activity at 37°C. The calculation of activation energy, ARRHENIUS equation, was 10.1 kJ/mol. The effect of pH on hydrolysis of olive oil by lipase was investigated in the pH range between 3 and 11. About 80% of the activity was kept in the pH range between 5 and 7, with maximum activity at pH 8. Reasonable activities were obtained even in the more acidic pH values and lower activities in the values between 9 and 11. At pH 11 we observed a decrease of 80% of activity relative to the optimal activity of the enzyme. The stability of the enzyme activity of the crude extract in different buffers and pH values of 5, 8 and 11 was also investigated, where the 4 hour incubation at different pH values, the enzyme was stable. A stability study with different ions for incubation the lipase for 30 days was also realized. Ions such as Mn2+, Co2+, I- and Ca2+ remained stable or increased enzyme activity but the enzyme was inhibited in the presence of Fe2+, Hg2+ and Al3+. The determination of kinetic parameters was performed at 37°C and pH 8. The data obtained experimentally allowed obtaining the kinetic curve, which showed the influence of oil-water emulsion containing different proportions of olive oil (0.1 to 50% v/v) at the rate of hydrolysis by the lipase. According to the method of LINEWEAVER-BURK, it was calculated Km and Vmax values of 43.90 mg/mL and 0.0258 U/mg, respectively. The second step was to purify the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia in a polyethylene glycol (PEG)/phosphate aqueous two-phase system. Stock solutions were prepared with PEG molecular mass of 1500, 4000 and 6000 Da (50% w/w) and phosphate buffer in pHs 6, 7 and 8 (20% w/w KH2PO4/K2HPO4). A factorial design 23 was made to evaluate the molecular mass of PEG, pH and length of the tie-line in the partition coefficient of the enzyme specific activity. The results showed that higher values of specific activity of the enzyme were obtained when using the lower molecular mass PEG (1500 Da) at pH 6 and 8 and greater tie-line length. After purification, 33 kDa was determined for the molecular mass and 6.0 for the isoelectric point of the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia. In the third stage, the enzyme was encapsuled by ionic gelation using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. For the encapsulation, a factorial design 22 was made with 2 and 0.5 mm atomizer sizes and CaCl2 (2 and 4% w/v) concentration. The immobilized enzyme was characterized as to its encapsulation efficiency, stability, size and distribution size, and morphology. In the 28 day stability study, it was found in all process conditions that the immobilized enzyme remained more stable compared to the crude extract. In optical microscopy, the formed microspheres were spherical with average size of 400 and 100 µm for the 2 and 0.5 mm nozzles respectively. In the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, the microspheres were dried in oven and maintained their spherical shapes with size reduction, even after the drying process. Using a 2 mm atomizer in the 2 and 4% (w/v) CaCl2 concentrations, the dry microcapsule presented a size of 139 and 150 µm respectively, against the average of hydrated 400 ?m. For the 0.5 mm atomizer in 2 and 4% (w/v) concentrations the dry microcapsules were 15 and 6 ?m, respectively
Doutorado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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5

Silva, Francenya Kelley Lopes da. "Produção de quitinase por paenibacillus illinoisensis imobilizados em matriz de alginato." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8516.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Chitins are enzymes that act in the hydrolysis of chitin, a polysaccharide present in insect exoskeletons, crustacean shells, algae and fungal cell walls. Such enzymes can be applied in the preparation of chitosan and chitoligomers for pharmaceutical use, in the control of pathogenic fungi and in the treatment of chitinous residues derived from fishing. Improvement in the production of chitinase and other enzymes by microorganisms can be achieved by the cell immobilization technique, which consists in fixing or confining cells in an inert carrier. The cell immobilization confers protection against the shear force, promotes the easy separation of the cells from the culture medium, as well as the product and decrease of the cost of production, since, it allows the reuse of the biocatalyst. Among the materials used as support in a cellular immobilization, biopolymers, such as alginate, have been highlighted as non-toxic, inexpensive and highly available in nature. The present work aims to immobilize Paenibacillus illinoisensis in a polymer matrix of alginate for chitinase production, evaluating the differences in the production of the enzyme between free and immobilized cells. Thus, an anionic alginate solution containing the cells was dripped into a cationic solution of CaCl2, leading to the instant formation of spheres having an average size of 4 mm. The immobilization efficiency was 99.99% ± 0.01. The biomass was determined during enzymatic production and the maximum values were 1.45 x 108 CFU / mL in 96 hours for immobilized cells and 8.95 x 107 CFU / mL in 48 hours for free cells, evidencing an increase of 62.01% in the amount of cells immobilized in comparation to the free cells. The cell leakage from the immobilization support during the process was evaluated and corresponded to 6.46% of the total cells at the end of the fermentation. The enzymatic activity was 0.902 U in 96 hours for the immobilized cells and 0.641 U in 48 hours for the free cells, demonstrating an activity increase of 40.71%. The immobilized cells were also tested for reuse in a sequential batch system and demonstrated stability in the production for 4 cycles of 96 hours each, losing 21.04% of the initial activity at the end of the fourth cycle. The cellular immobilization methodology resulted in spheres with capacity to maintain the cell viability during the bioprocess, increase of the enzymatic activity, low leakage of cells of the support and reuse capacity, being able to be used in the future for the production of chitinase for its various applications.
As quitinases são enzimas que atuam no processo de hidrólise da quitina, um polissacarídeo presente nos exoesqueletos de insetos, carapaças de crustáceos, em algas e na parede celular de fungos. Tais enzimas podem ser aplicadas na preparação de quitosana e quitoligômeros para uso farmacêutico, no controle de fungos patogênicos e no tratamento de resíduos quitinosos derivados da pesca. A melhoria na produção de quitinase e de outras enzimas por microrganismos pode ser alcançada pela técnica da imobilização celular, que consiste na fixação ou confinamento de células em um suporte inerte. A imobilização celular confere proteção contra a força de cisalhamento, promove a fácil separação das células utilizadas do meio de cultura, bem como do produto e diminuição do custo de produção, uma vez que, possibilita o reuso do biocatalisador. Dentre os materiais utilizados como suporte em uma imobilização celular, os biopolímeros, tais como o alginato, têm recebido destaque por serem atóxicos, baratos e de grande disponibilidade na natureza. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a imobilização de Paenibacillus illinoisensis em matriz polimérica de alginato para produção de quitinase, avaliando-se as diferenças na produção da enzima entre as células livres e imobilizadas. Para tal, uma solução aniônica de alginato contendo as células foi gotejada em uma solução catiônica de CaCl2, levando a formação instantânea das esferas que apresentaram tamanho médio de 4 mm. A eficiência de imobilização foi de 99,99 % ± 0,01, sendo utilizados para produção de quitinase. A biomassa foi determinada durante a produção enzimática e os valores máximos foram de 1,45 x 108 UFC/ mL em 96 horas para células imobilizadas e 8,95 x 107 UFC/ mL em 48 horas para células livres, evidenciando o aumento da quantidade de células imobilizadas em relação as células livres em 62,01 %. A saída de células do suporte de imobilização durante o processo foi avaliada e correspondeu a 6,46 % do total de células ao final da fermentação. A atividade enzimática foi de 0,902 U em 96 horas para as células imobilizadas em comparação com a das células livres de 0,641 U em 48 horas, demonstrando um aumento da atividade em 40,71 %. As células imobilizadas também foram testadas para a reutilização em um sistema de bateladas sequenciais e demonstraram estabilidade para produção por 4 ciclos de 96 horas cada, perdendo 21,04 % da atividade inicial ao final do quarto ciclo. Desse modo, verificou-se que a metodologia de imobilização celular empregada resultou em esferas com capacidade de manutenção da viabilidade celular durante o bioprocesso, aumento da atividade enzimática, baixa saída de células do suporte e capacidade de reuso, podendo futuramente ser empregada para produção de quitinase para suas diversas aplicações.
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6

Almeida, Talita Emanuela Melo e. 1986. "Produção e caracterização de micropartículas obtidas por métodos combinados para imobilização celular de Erwinia sp. D12." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255993.

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Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo a produção de micropartículas por técnicas combinadas de gelificação iônica e interação eletrostática utilizando alginato de sódio, concentrado proteico do soro do leite (WPC) e manteiga fundida para imobilização do micro-organismo Erwinia sp. D12 e avaliação da conversão de sacarose em isomaltulose por células íntegras livres e imobilizadas em processo descontínuo durante quatro dias. No estudo preliminar, os biopolímeros alginato de sódio e WPC foram caracterizados para produção de micropartículas com boas propriedades. A análise da carga elétrica disponível de alginato de sódio em solução ou emulsão com diferentes concentrações de manteiga fundida e das proteínas do WPC em solução indicou que em uma faixa de pH de 3,0 - 4,5 pode ocorrer uma interação de natureza eletrostática entre os biopolímeros. Misturas formadas em diferentes proporções entre emulsão de alginato de sódio com diferentes concentrações de manteiga fundida e solução proteica de WPC foram caracterizadas com relação à carga elétrica e tamanho médio dos coacervados insolúveis formados. Maiores tamanhos de coacervados, variando entre 29,12 µm a 33,72 µm, foram obtidos na proporção volumétrica 1:6 (emulsão de alginato e manteiga fundida:WPC) sendo que a adição de diferentes concentrações de manteiga fundida não modificou o tamanho dos coacervados formados. As micropartículas de alginato contendo manteiga fundida foram preparadas pela técnica de gelificação iônica associado com recobrimento, por interação eletrostática, com solução de WPC em diferentes concentrações e em seguida foi avaliada a adsorção proteica sobre as micropartículas em sistemas diluídos e concentrados. Um aumento da adsorção proteica pôde ser observado com o aumento da concentração de proteína em solução e diminuição da concentração de manteiga adicionada. Utilizando-se solução de WPC na concentração de 4% (m/m) foram obtidas maiores quantidades de proteínas adsorvidas sobre as micropartículas com taxas de adsorção variando de 44,35% para micropartículas com baixo nível de manteiga fundida, de 37,58% para micropartículas contendo nível intermediário de manteiga e de 30,61% para micropartículas contendo alto nível de manteiga. Micropartículas com elevado teor de umidade, conteúdo proteico acima de 30% e tamanho variando entre 130,0 µm a 161,5 µm puderam ser produzidas pela técnica de gelificação iônica com posterior recobrimento, por interação eletrostática, com solução 4% (m/m) de WPC. A partir do estudo preliminar, as micropartículas com os diferentes tratamentos foram estudadas para imobilização celular do micro-organismo Erwinia sp. D12 com uma contagem inicial de 108-107 UFC/mL e atividade enzimática de 10,7 U/mL. A incorporação de diferentes concentrações de manteiga fundida modificou a atividade enzimática do micro-organismo encapsulado sendo que uma maior adição de manteiga fundida (2%, m/m) acarretou em uma maior atividade enzimática (17,68 U/mL). O tamanho médio das micropartículas sem recobrimento variou entre 91,54 ¿ 106,52 µm sendo observado um aumento no tamanho, 118,34 ¿ 143,12 µm, após o recobrimento. Células íntegras na forma livre e imobilizadas com os diferentes tratamentos foram avaliadas com relação à conversão de sacarose em isomaltulose em processo descontínuo durante quatro dias. Maiores taxas de conversão foram obtidas no primeiro dia de análise empregando células livres ou imobilizadas com os diferentes tratamentos. A taxa de conversão diminuiu no decorrer dos dias, em todos os tratamentos, sendo observada uma queda mais acentuada na conversão utilizando células íntegras livres. As maiores médias aritméticas de conversão de sacarose em isomaltulose foram alcançadas por micropartículas de gelificação iônica sem adição de manteiga fundida e micropartículas de gelificação iônica adicionadas de 2% (m/m) de manteiga fundida, 33,77% e 35,12%, respectivamente, sem diferenças estatísticas entre as mesmas. O recobrimento adicional das micropartículas acarretou em uma diminuição na taxa de conversão devido provavelmente à diminuição no tamanho dos poros ou recobrimento total dos mesmos. Outra hipótese levantada está no pH utilizado para produção das micropartículas (pH 3,75) que encontra-se fora da faixa ótima de crescimento do micro-organismo. Os resultados indicam o potencial de emprego de células íntegras de Erwinia sp. D12 imobilizadas em hidrogel de alginato, sem recobrimento adicional das micropartículas, para conversão de sacarose em isomaltulose em processos descontínuos
Abstract: This study aimed to produce microparticles by combined techniques of electrostatic interaction and ionic gelation using sodium alginate, whey protein concentrated (WPC) and butter for immobilization of micro-organism Erwinia sp. D12 and evaluating the conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose by immobilized whole cells and free cells in a batch process during four days. In a preliminary study, biopolymers sodium alginate and WPC were characterized for production of microparticles having good properties. The analysis of electric charge available sodium alginate in solution or emulsion with different concentrations of butter and WPC solution indicated that in a pH range from 3.0 to 4.5 may occur electrostatic interactions between the biopolymers. Mixtures formed in different ratios emulsion of sodium alginate with different concentrations of butter and WPC solution were characterized with respect to size and load presented average coacervates insoluble formed. Larger coacervates sizes, ranging from 29.12 µm to 33.72 µm, were obtained in ratio 1:6 (emulsion alginate and butter: WPC) being that addition of different concentrations of butter not statistically change the size of coacervates formed. Alginate microparticles containing butter were prepared by ionic gelation associated with coating by electrostatic interaction with WPC at different concentrations and then the protein adsorption on the microparticles in dilute and concentrated was assessed. An increase in protein adsorption could be observed even in concentrated systems, with increasing concentration of protein in solution and decreased concentration of butter added. Using WPC solution at a concentration of 4% (w/w) were obtained larger quantities of proteins adsorbed on the microparticles with varying rates of adsorption of 44.35% for microparticles containing low level of butter , of 37.58% for microparticles containing intermediate level of butter and 30.61% for microparticles containing high level of butter. Microparticles content high moisture, protein content above 30% and size ranging from 130.0 µm to 161.5 µm could be produced by ionic gelation technique with subsequent coating by electrostatic interaction with solution 4% (w/w) WPC. From the preliminary study, the microparticles with different treatments were studied for cell immobilization of micro-organism Erwinia sp. D12 with an initial count of 108-107 CFU/mL and enzyme activity of 10.7 U/mL. The incorporation of different concentrations of butter modify the enzymatic activity of the encapsulated micro-organism being greater than the addition of butter (2%, w/w) resulted in an increased enzymatic activity (17.68 U/mL). The average size of uncoated microparticles ranged from 91.54 µm to 106.52 µm an increase in size was observed, 118.34 - 143.12 µm, after coating. The addition of different concentrations of butter not influence statistically the average size of microparticles. Whole cells in free form and immobilized with different treatments were evaluated for conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose in a batch process during four days. Higher rates of conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose were obtained on the first day of analysis using free cells or immobilized with the different treatments. The conversion rate decreased during the days, in all treatments, with a more pronounced decrease observed in conversion using free cells. The greatest average conversion of sucrose into isomaltulose were reached by microparticle ionic gelling without addition of butter and microparticles ionic gelling added 2% (w/w) of butter, 33.77% and 35.12% respectively, no statistical differences between them. The additional coating of microparticles by electrostatic interaction resulted in a decrease in conversion rate probably due to a reduction in pore size or full coating thereof. Another hypothesis is the pH used for production of microparticles, at pH 3.75, which is outside the optimum range for growth of the micro-organism. The results indicate the potential use of whole cells of Erwinia sp. D12 immobilized in alginate hydrogel without additional coating of microparticles for conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose in batch processes
Mestrado
Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição
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7

Silva, Cassiane Araújo. "Produção de grânulos de amido-alginato por meio da gelificação iônica de gotas em sistemas bifásicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74133/tde-16102018-162050/.

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O amido de milho é uma importante fonte de energia para os seres humanos, além de ser um polímero natural utilizado nas indústrias químicas, farmacêuticas e de alimentos. O amido possui grande capacidade de retenção de água e gelatinizam na presença de água e em elevadas temperaturas. Nestas condições, suas propriedades reológicas e mecânicas se modificam e fazem com que seja interessante o uso na fabricação de diversos materiais. Os processos de aglomeração e recobrimento de partículas, em combinação com outros métodos, podem proporcionar o aprimoramento de ingredientes alimentícios em pó, por meio da alteração do tamanho e forma das partículas. Além disso, o processo de aglomeração também permite alterar o índice de compactação, incorporar aditivos às partículas e aplicar películas de revestimento. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o estudo do tamanho e forma de partículas de amido de milho aglomeradas com alginato de sódio, produzidas por meio de formação de gotas a partir de suspensão de amido-alginato de sódio, e posterior gelificação iônica em cloreto de cálcio. Os processos de aglomeração e recobrimento foram estudados por meio dos métodos de gotejamento e método de dispersão em óleo. O método de gotejamento, ou dripping, consistiu no gotejamento da suspensão de amido-alginato em solução de cloreto de cálcio. O método de agitação em líquidos imiscíveis consistiu na gelificação iônica da suspensão sob agitação continua, em que o óleo de soja é a fase contínua e a suspensão de amido-alginato é a fase dispersa. Após a secagem em estufa a 60 °C, as partículas foram caracterizadas pelas análises de tamanho e forma. As alterações na microestrutura dos grânulos e investigação da resistência foram observadas por ensaios de calorimetria diferencial de varredura. As partículas também foram caracterizadas por análises de imagem de tamanho e forma. Os grânulos de amido foram produzidos utilizando-se a partir de suspensões de amido-alginato, e resultaram em frações de amido iguais a (50, 60, 70, 80 e 90)%. O aumento da concentração de amido de milho na suspensão de alginato resultou no aumento da viscosidade e também grânulos secos com maior tamanho. Para o método de dispersão em óleo, o aumento da frequência de agitação de 4 Hz para 11 Hz produziu menores tamanho de gota e, consequentemente, em grânulos secos com menores tamanhos. A aplicação destas técnicas de aglomeração por formação de gotas pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a produção de microcápsulas ou agregação de sistemas particulados contento dois ou mais ingredientes com distribuições de tamanho distintas.
Cornstarch is an important source of energy for humans, as well as being a natural polymer seen in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. Starch has a high retention capacity of water and gelatin in the presence of water and in heat. Under these conditions, its rheological and mechanical properties change and make it interesting to use as a material medium. Agglomeration and particle coating processes, in combination with other methods, can provide the enhancement of powdered food ingredients by altering the size and shape of the particles; agglomeration process can also replace, adopt applications and apply coating films. The aim of this work is to study the size and shape of particles of agglomerated particles with sodium alginate produced by the formation of droplets from the suspension of sodium starch alginate and subsequent ionic gelation in calcium chloride. The agglomeration and recoating processes were studied by means of the drip methods and oil dispersion method. The dripping method consisted of the drip of the starch-alginate suspension in to calcium chloride solution. The method of stirring in immiscible liquids consisted of ionic gelation of the suspension under continuous stirring, wherein the soybean oil is the continuous phase and the starch-alginate suspension is the dispersed phase. After oven drying at 60 ° C, the particles were characterized by size and shape analyzes. Changes in microstructure and resistance of the beads investigation were observed by differential scanning calorimetry assays. Particles were also characterized by size and shape image analyzes. The starch granules were produced using starch-alginate suspensions, and resulted in starch fractions equal to (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90%). Increasing the concentration of corn starch in the alginate suspension resulted in increased viscosity and also larger dried granules. For the oil dispersion method, increasing the stirring frequency from 4 Hz to 11 Hz produced smaller droplet size and consequently smaller dried granules. The application of these agglomeration techniques by droplet formation can be a useful tool for the production of microcapsules or aggregation of particulate systems containing two or more ingredients of different size distribution.
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Kuhn, Kátia Regina 1984. "Gelificação a frio de proteinas do soro e fibras de linhaça através da adição de sais de calcio ou sodio." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255553.

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Orientadores: Rosiane Lopes da Cunha, Angelo Luiz Fazani Cavallieri
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Biopolímeros, como as proteínas e os polissacarídeos, são utilizados pela indústria de alimentos por desempenharem um papel essencial na estrutura, textura e estabilidade dos produtos. O entendimento das interações biopoliméricas é importante para melhorar suas propriedades funcionais, como por exemplo, a capacidade de gelificação, e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as interações macromoleculares de sistemas contendo proteínas do soro de leite (WPI) e/ou polissacarídeo da linhaça (FG) em sistemas gelificados a frio pela adição de sais de cálcio ou sódio, buscando correlacionar estas interações com as propriedades mecânicas e de estrutura dos géis formados. Inicialmente realizou-se a caracterização reológica do polissacarídeo da linhaça e foi observado um comportamento de fluido pseudoplástico e propriedades de gel fraco. Com a adição de sais, verificou-se uma redução na viscosidade intrínseca e nos módulos elástico e viscoso das soluções. Em uma segunda etapa, foram estudados géis puros de WPI (5, 6, 7, 8 e 9% m/m) formados pela difusão de sais de cálcio ou sódio através de membranas de diálise e observou-se a formação de estruturas opaca e translúcida, sendo que o aumento na concentração de WPI levou a uma diminuição na claridade e porosidade dos géis e a um aumento na rigidez, elasticidade e capacidade de retenção de água, em ambos os sistemas (CaCl2 e NaCl). Os géis de WPI formados pela difusão de sais de cálcio apresentaram-se mais rígidos e elásticos, menos deformáveis e com menor capacidade de retenção de água em relação aos géis de sódio. Por último, foram estudados sistemas mistos WPI (8% m/m) ¿ FG (0,1; 0,3 e 0,5% m/m) utilizando dois procedimentos para incorporação de sais, a difusão através de membranas de diálise e a adição direta, e observou-se que o método de preparo dos géis levou a sistemas com propriedades mecânicas bastante distintas. No método de difusão lenta de sais, visualizou-se a formação de géis heterogêneos (separação de fases macroscópica). Nestes sistemas, o aumento na concentração de FG levou a diminuição da rigidez, deformabilidade e da capacidade de retenção de água dos géis como conseqüência da incompatibilidade termodinâmica entre os biopolímeros e descontinuidade da estrutura da rede do gel. No entanto, foi no método de adição direta de sais de sódio que obteve-se os géis bipoliméricos mais fortes, sendo este método o mais indicado visando melhor estrutura e propriedades mecânicas dos géis formados com maior viabilidade de uso em escala industrial
Abstract: Biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, are used by the food industry for playing an essential role in the structure, texture and stability of the products. An understanding of the biopolymers interactions is important for improvement of their functional properties, such as gelation, and for the new products development. Thus, the aim of this work it was to study macromolecular interactions between whey protein isolate (WPI) and/or flaxseed gum (FG) at cold-set gels formed by calcium or sodium salts addition, by correlation of these interactions with the mechanical properties and structure of the formed gels. Initially, flaxseed gum rheological characterization was realized and it was observed a shear thinning behavior and ¿weak gel¿ properties. Salts addition led to a decrease in intrinsic viscosity and in the storage and loss modulus of solutions. In a second step of this work, pure WPI gels (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9% w/w) formed by calcium or sodium salts diffusion through dialysis membranes were studied and it was observed the formation of structures opaque and translucent, where the increase WPI concentration led to a decrease in the clarity and porosity of the gels and to an increase in hardness, elasticity and water-holding capacity, in both systems (CaCl2 and NaCl). WPI gels formed by calcium salts diffusion were harder and more elastic, less deformable and with lesser ability to hold water in relation to sodium gels. Finally, mixed WPI (8% w/w) ¿ FG (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% w/w) systems using two procedures for incorporation of salts were studied, the diffusion through dialysis membranes and the direct addition, and it was observed that the gels preparation method led to systems with quite different mechanical properties. By slow salts diffusion, it was observed the heterogeneous gels formation (macroscopic phase separation). In these systems, the increase FG concentration led to a decrease of the hardness, deformability and water-holding capacity of the gels as a consequence of the thermodynamic incompatibility between biopolymers and gel network discontinuity. However, it was by sodium salts direct addition that it were obtained stronger bi-polymeric gels, being this the most appropriate method to better structure and mechanical properties of the formed gels with higher viability for use in industrial scale
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
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Lascol, Manon. "Gélification ionique de la pectine pour l’encapsulation d’antiseptiques buccaux : études physico-chimiques et formulation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1317.

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L'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une forme galénique pour l'administration locale d'antiseptiques dans le traitement de lésions buccales. De par la présence de la salive et des mécanismes de déglutition et de mastication, le temps de séjour des principes actifs dans la cavité buccale est court ce qui conduit à une faible efficacité thérapeutique locale. Ainsi, l'encapsulation de principes actifs dans des microparticules mucoadhésives à base de pectine a été envisagée. Deux antiseptiques couramment utilisés dans le traitement des lésions buccales ont été retenus : la chlorhexidine (CX) et l'hexétidine (HX). Le procédé utilisé pour l'encapsulation de l'HX consiste en la gélification ionique de pectine contenue dans la phase aqueuse d'une émulsion double L/H/L par l'ajout de Ca2+. L'influence des paramètres de procédé et de formulation sur l'efficacité d'encapsulation de l'actif a été étudiée à l'aide d'un plan d'expériences. Dans le cas de la CX, les essais préliminaires ont mis en évidence des interactions entre l'actif et la pectine conduisant à la gélification du polymère sans utilisation d'ions Ca2+. Des études physicochimiques ont donc été réalisées afin d'investiguer ces interactions et de comparer le mécanisme de gélification observé à celui de la gélification ionique de la pectine par les ions Ca2+. Des mécanismes de gélification similaires ont été observés pour ces deux cations divalents avec de plus fortes interactions entre la pectine et la CX. Puis des microparticules de pectine et CX ont été développées par prilling sans ajout d'ions. L'influence de l'ajout de Zn2+ dans la formulation sur les propriétés des microparticules a finalement été étudiée
The aim of this project was to develop a dosage form for antiseptics local administration in order to treat buccal injuries. Due to the presence of saliva in association with swallowing and chewing, actives substances have a short retention time in the buccal cavity and thus a low therapeutic efficacy. To resolve this problem, the encapsulation of active agents in pectin mucoadhesive microparticles was studied. For this purpose, two widely used antiseptics have been selected: chlorhexidine and hexetidine. Hexetidine encapsulation was obtained by performing calcium-induced ionic gelation of the pectin aqueous solution involved in a double emulsion L/H/L. The influence of both process and formulation parameters on encapsulation efficiency were studied by using an experimental design. In the case of chlorhexidine, preliminary experiments highlighted interactions between the active substance and pectin leading to polymer gelation without the use of additional Ca2+ dications. Hence, pectin/chlorhexidine interactions were investigated by several physico-chemical studies and the corresponding gelation mechanism was compared to that of the well-known pectin ionic gelation induced by Ca2+ ions. Similar binding processes were observed for both divalent ions, though stronger interactions were observed with chlorhexidine. Pectin/chlorhexidine microparticles were then developed by prilling (vibrational jet technique) without additional Ca2+ ions. Finally, the influence of zinc dications addition in the formulation on the microparticle properties (size, encapsulation efficiency, drug release kinetics) was evaluated
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Rodrigues, Juliana Bürger 1988. "Desenvolvimento de micropartículas contendo Lactobacillus acidophilus para alimentação de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255969.

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Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo produzir micropartículas por gelificação iônica associada à interação eletrostática, contendo constituintes nutricionalmente importantes para a alimentação de larvas de peixes. Na primeira parte deste estudo, foram desenvolvidas micropartículas por gelificação iônica, utilizando-se pectina e cloreto de cálcio para a formação das matrizes. O recheio das micropartículas era constituído de proteínas do soro de leite, na sua forma não-desnaturada ou desnaturada, e óleo de soja adicionado de oleoresina de páprica. Nas partículas em que o recheio era constituído somente de óleo, a proteína de soro de leite foi incluída por meio da interação eletrostática na superfície da micropartícula. Além disto, avaliou-se a influência do teor de cálcio e do grau de amidação da pectina na incorporação proteica, nos teores de umidade e na morfologia das micropartículas. As micropartículas produzidas por gelificação iônica, seguidas de recobrimento com proteínas do soro de leite (WPC) por interação eletrostática, foram as que apresentaram os melhores teores de umidade e proteína. Na segunda parte do estudo, partículas produzidas por gelificação iônica, utilizando pectina de baixo grau de esterificação amidada, foram recobertas com proteínas de soro de leite por interação eletrostática na tentativa de mimetizar a composição centesimal encontrada em náuplios de Artemia, alimento vivo comumente utilizado na criação intensiva de larvas de peixes. Após a produção, as partículas foram caracterizadas em relação à composição centesimal, tamanho médio e distribuição de tamanho, morfologia e comportamento de reidratação após secagem por liofilização. As matérias-primas utilizadas para a produção das partículas foram também caracterizadas quanto à composição centesimal e ao potencial zeta quando em solução. Adicionalmente, partículas otimizadas quanto à composição centesimal foram utilizadas em experimento de crescimento de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Lactobacillus acidophilus foram acrescentados a uma das dietas e seu efeito avaliado no experimento biológico. Os teores de proteína, lipídio e umidade das partículas foram semelhantes aos dos náuplios de Artemia, com valores médios de 50, 23 e 85%, respectivamente. Partículas apresentaram forma esférica quando úmidas ou reidratadas, com uma distribuição de tamanho de 75-619 µm e aglomeração após secagem. A reidratação das partículas secas foi instantânea, sem diferença de tamanho médio entre partículas úmidas ou reidratadas. O experimento biológico mostrou que as larvas alimentadas com as dietas experimentais não apresentaram crescimento quanto ao peso e tamanho, em relação aos resultados observados para as larvas alimentadas com os náuplios de Artemia ou para uma dieta comercial usada como controle. As dietas testadas, incluindo as experimentais, náuplios de Artemia e dieta microencapsulada comercial, apresentaram elevada taxa de ingestão (>90%). As taxas de sobrevivência obtidas foram de 83,6%, 43,6%, 30,7% e 34,5%, para larvas alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia, dieta microencapsulada comercial, dieta experimental contendo o probiótico e dieta experimental, respectivamente, após 28 dias de experimento. No teste de estresse provocado pela exposição ao ar, larvas que receberam a dieta contendo o probiótico por 21 dias apresentaram menor porcentagem de mortalidade quando comparado à dieta comercial, porém ainda superior à observada com larvas alimentadas com Artemia. A possível inadequação nutricional das dietas experimentais, a baixa quantidade mineral e vitamínica presentes nas dietas experimentais e a possível indisponibilidade de nutrientes devido à associação forte desses nutrientes com o polissacarídeo utilizado poderiam ter produzido as taxas de crescimento nulas obtidas, indicando a necessidade de novos experimentos
Abstract: The aim of this study was to produce microparticles by ionic gelation associated with electrostatic interaction containing important nutritionally constituents for fish larvae. In the first part of this study, microparticles were developed by pectin using ionic gelation and calcium chloride to form the matrices. The filling of the microparticles consisted of nondenatured or denatured whey proteins and soybean oil with paprika oleoresin. Filling particles consisting only of oil and whey protein was included through the electrostatic interaction on the surface of the microparticle. In addition, the influence of calcium and the amidation of pectin in the protein incorporation, moisture content and the morphology of the microparticles were evaluated. The microparticles produced by ionic gelation followed by coating with whey proteins (WPC) by electrostatic interaction were the ones that contained the best levels of moisture and protein. In the second part of the study, particles produced by ionic gelation using low methoxyl amidated pectin were coated with milk whey proteins by electrostatic interaction in an attempt to mimic the proximate composition found in Artemia, commonly used in the intensive rearing of fish larvae. The particles after production were characterized with respect to their chemical composition, average size and size distribution, morphology and rehydration behavior after freeze dried. The raw materials used for the production of particles were also characterized as its chemical composition and zeta potential in solution. Additionally, optimized particles as to chemical composition were used in an experiment of growth with larvae of Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Lactobacillus acidophilus has been added in one of the diets and its effect evaluated in this assay. The levels of protein, lipid and moisture of the particles were similar to those of Artemia, with mean values of 50, 23 and 85% respectively. Particles had spherical shape when wet or rehydrated with a size distribution from 75 to 619 mM and agglomeration after drying. Rehydration of the dry particles was instantaneous without difference in the average size between wet or rehydrated particles. The biological experiment showed that larvae fed the experimental diets showed no growth in weight and size, in relation to the results observed for larvae fed Artemia or with the commercial diet used as control. The diets tested, including the experimental diets, Artemia and the commercial diet showed a high rate of intake (> 90%). Survival rates were 83.6%, 43.6%, 30.7% and 34.5% for larvae fed with Artemia, commercial microencapsulated diet, experimental diet containing the probiotic and experimental diet, respectively, after 28 days of experiment. Larvae fed the diet containing the probiotic for 21 days showed a lower percentage of mortality in relation to the commercial diet, but still higher than that observed with larvae fed with Artemia. The possible nutritional inadequacy of the experimental diets, low ash content present in the experimental diets and possible lack of nutrients due to the strong association with the polysaccharide used in the diets may have produced low growth, indicating that more experiments are needed
Mestrado
Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição
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Book chapters on the topic "Ionic gelation"

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Jitta, Srinivas Reddy, and Lalit Kumar. "Salting Out and Ionic Gelation Manufacturing Techniques for Nanoparticles." In Emerging Technologies for Nanoparticle Manufacturing, 129–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50703-9_7.

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Yamamoto, Kazuya, and Jun-ichi Kadokawa. "Preparation of Chitin-Based Nanocomposite Materials Through Gelation with Ionic Liquid." In Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, 97–120. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119441632.ch128.

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Klingshirn, Marc A., Scott K. Spear, John D. Holbrey, Jonathan G. Huddleston, and Robin D. Rogers. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Cross-Linked Poly(ethylene glycol) Networks Used for the Gelation of Ionic Liquids." In ACS Symposium Series, 149–62. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2005-0913.ch010.

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Sagiri, Sai S., Suraj K. Nayak, S. Lakshmi, and Kunal Pal. "Preparation and Characterization of Biopolymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicles." In Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials, 1659–80. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch069.

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In recent years, the use of biopolymeric nanoparticles as vehicles for drug delivery has increased exponentially. In the present study, chitosan and gelatin nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation and desolvation methods, respectively. Salicylic acid was used as the model drug. The nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, XRD analysis and FTIR spectrophotometric studies. In vitro drug release experiments were carried out to understand the mechanism of drug release. SEM micrographs showed the formation of spherical nanoparticles. XRD studies indicated a higher crystalline nature of the chitosan nanoparticles as compared to the gelatin nanoparticles. FTIR studies indicated the presence of salicylic acid within the drug- loaded nanoparticles. Drug release studies indicated that the developed nanoparticles may be used as carriers for various bioactive agents.
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M.T., Nuno, Ana V.M., Catarina M.M., and Pedro Vidinh. "Ionic Liquids Gelation with Polymeric Materials: The Ion Jelly Approach." In Applications of Ionic Liquids in Science and Technology. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/24464.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ionic gelation"

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Suryani, Nur Hatidjah Awaliyah Halid, Nur Illiyyin Akib, Rahmanpiu, and Nina Mutmainnah. "Preparation of curcumin nanoparticle by using reinforcement ionic gelation technique." In NOVEL TRENDS IN RHEOLOGY VII. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4982185.

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Rachmaniar, Revika, Deby Tristiyanti, Syarif Hamdani, and Afifah. "Solubility and dissolution improvement of ketoprofen by emulsification ionic gelation." In THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION ON POWDER TECHNOLOGY INDONESIA (ICePTi) 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5021217.

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Triwulandari, Evi, Sri Fahmiati, Yulianti Sampora, Yenny Meliana, Muhammad Ghozali, and Dewi Sondari. "Effect of polyanions variation on the particle size of chitosan nanoparticle prepared by ionic gelation method." In SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5064314.

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Amri, Y., R. Fajri, Fitriani, P. Novitasari, and M. Zulfajri. "The Effect of Tripolyphosphate (TPP) Volumes on the Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Ionic Gelation Method." In 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology, and Modern Society (ICSTMS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210909.048.

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Handani, Wenny Rinda, Wahyudi Budi Sediawan, Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman, Wiratni, and Yuni Kusumastuti. "The effect of temperature and chitosan concentration during storage on the growth of chitosan nanoparticle produced by ionic gelation method." In INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2016 (ISFAChE 2016): Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar on Fundamental and Application of Chemical Engineering 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4982299.

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Geisler, Chris G., Ho-Lung Li, David M. Wootton, Peter I. Lelkes, and Jack G. Zhou. "Soft Biomaterial Study for 3-D Tissue Scaffold Printing." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34274.

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In 3-D scaffold printing, it is critical to find a material that is suitable for your printing method, printing speed, and ease of use. For a biomaterial to best suit solid freeform fabrication techniques, it must: 1) be a low-viscous solution before being printed, 2) involve easily joined on-substrate mixing to form a homogenous gel, 3) have a short solution to gel transition time, 4) be a mechanically strong gel, and 5) have an irreversible gelation processes. Ionic crosslinkable, photocrosslinkable, and thermo-sensitive hydrogels have all been investigated and found to not fully satisfy our every requirement for SFF printing. Ionic crosslinking hydrogels can gel rapidly but tend to involve additional steps for crosslinking like freeze drying, stirring, and shaking, while some form beads, not homogenous gels. Some photocrosslinkable hydrogels would not work due to the concern for viability of cells in initial gel layers receiving copious amount of UV light. Thermosensitive hydrogels meet most of the requirements except that they are reversible gels. A new type of gel that obtains the qualities of a photocrosslinkable and thermosensitive hydrogel satisfies every requirement. A PEG-PLGA-PEG thermosensitive triblock copolymer additionally crosslinked with photocrosslinkable Irgacure 2959 allows for quick transition from solution to gel with a post-processing step utilizing UV light would add additional crosslinks to the gel structure resulting in an irreversible hydrogel.
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Patel, Hasmukh, and Gadam Myratgeldiyev. "Anisotropic Nano-Platelets to Develop Gel Strength at High Temperature in Aqueous Fluids." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205955-ms.

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Abstract Aqueous fluids also refer as water-based drilling muds (WBMs) have considered as the most favorable WBMs, owing to their inherent advantages such as economically viability and environmentally benign characteristics. The major problems WBMs encountered is thinning of drilling fluids while drilling under high pressure high temperature. The detrimental rheological properties of WBMs under HPHT result into pipe sticking, low rate of penetration of the drill bit and requirement of high torque for drilling operations. The hydrophilic clays have been employed as viscosifiers in WBMs to maintain the rheological properties, albeit, their viscosifying characteristics have hindered in the presence of ionic species in the aqueous system at high temperature. These shortcomings can be tackled by developing an additive that can exhibit neutral surface changes and ability to undergo gelation at higher temperature. We have developed an additive functionalized with polar groups on anisotropic nano-platelets (LMS) through sol-gel technique. Spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of LMS have proved the formation of layered structures with covalently linked polar functionalities. The viscoelastic studies were conducted on aqueous dispersion of these nano-platelets at different temperature, which revealed an unprecedented phenomenon -increase in gel strength at higher temperature, a key property required for ideal WBMs. LMS nano-platelet has shown formation of network structure in aqueous medium to boost storage modulus of the fluid. This additive can overcome the demerits associated with natural hydrophilic layered silicates and improve the rheological properties under challenging well conditions.
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Pawlicka, A., A. Firmino, D. Vieira, F. Sentanin, J. G. Grote, and F. Kajzar. "Gelatin- and DNA-based ionic conducting membranes for electrochromic devices." In SPIE Europe Security + Defence, edited by James G. Grote, François Kajzar, and Roberto Zamboni. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.835913.

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Murayama, H., and N. U. Bang. "INCORPORATION OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR INTO FIBRIN, AN ALTERNATIVE REGULATORY PATHWAY OF FIBRINOLYSIS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644442.

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Abstract:
A plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) Mj, 50 kd is normally found in plasma at low concentrations. Plasma levels increase sharply upon stimulation of endothelial cells with endotoxin or monokines and activated platelets secrete significant quantities of PAI-1. It is possible that high levels of PAI-1 may be achieved at the local sites of intravascular thrombi. Semipurified PAI-1 was therefore prepared from human platelets to study its affinity for fibrin (F). Approximately 50% PAI-1 adsorbed to F monomer immobilized on sepharose and desorbed under conditions of acidic pH and high ionic strength suggesting hydrogen bonding as the mode of interaction. Wells of 96-well microtiter plates were each coated with 50 yg [125I] plasminogen (P)-free fibrinogen and clotted with thrombin in the presence and absence of different concentrations of PAI-1. After extensive washing of the wells, they were incubated with 5 mU of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and 5 mU of P for 6 h. Appropriate calibration curves utilizing different concentrations of t-PA and different concentrations of PAI-1 added to the supernatant rather than to F established that 8-15% of 21-166 mU PAI-1 incorporated into crosslinked (XL) F or noncrosslinked (NXL) F. Incorporated PAI strikingly inhibited fibrinolysis (FL). Percent inhibition of FL of XL or NXLF (Mean±S.D., N=5) plotted in the presence of 166, 83, 42 and 21 mU of PAI were: 83±3.3, 59.5±1.8, 29.7±5.2 and 15.2±6.14 for XLF and 78±5.3, 31±8.1, 14.5±10.5 and 0 Tor NXL F. As demonstrated by radioautography on SDS PAGE PAI-1 incorporated into F readily formed complexes with [125I] urokinase (u-PA). In these experiments, no evidence for crosslinking of PAI-1 into F has been obtained to date. In experiments utilizing agarose immobilized proteins, it was evident that not only F but also fibrinogen binds PAI-1; PAI-1 associated with F as well as fibrinogen is capable of forming complexes with [1251] u-PA.In contrast, fibronectin, collagen, gelatin and albumin did not bind PAI-1. Thus, PAI-1 in analogy with alpha-2 plasmin inhibitor may modulate physiological fibrinolysis through incorporation into fibrin.
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