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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ionic structure. Ionic solutions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Reichenbach, Judith. "Structure and dynamics in ionic liquids and concentrated salt solutions : an ultrafast spectroscopy study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8571/.

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A combination of spectroscopic methods and symmetry considerations were used throughout the presented studies to investigate the terahertz spectra showing liquid dynamics in varied systems. Optical Kerr effect spectroscopy revealed clusters of different sizes in aqueous sodium thiosulfate solutions with non-Newtonian behaviour. In conjunction with terahertz infrared spectroscopy, optical Kerr effect spectroscopy showed the charge-ordered nature of butylammonium ionic liquids, which manifested through phonon modes in the terahertz spectra. In eutectic lithium thiocyanate solutions, a combinatio

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2

Divi, Suresh Chandra. "Electrochemical corrosion study of structural materials in complex multi-ionic solutions." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3307140.

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3

Hu, Zhonghan. "Transport properties, optical response and slow dynamics of ionic liquids." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/160.

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4

Eisermann, Jana [Verfasser], Dariush [Gutachter] Hinderberger, and Christopher [Gutachter] Kay. "Colloid-like ionic clusters : structure formation with small molecules through weak interactions in solution / Jana Eisermann ; Gutachter: Dariush Hinderberger, Christopher Kay." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1210728575/34.

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5

Overton, Philip. "Electrolytes polymères monofonctionnels à conduction monocationique : synthèse et propriétés de transport d'ions lithium." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV010/document.

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Cette thèse décrit des électrolytes polymères à conduction mono-ionique (EC-SIPEs). Ces macromolécules sont constituées de n* unités répétition d’oxyde d’éthylène (OE) et d’un groupe fonctionnel ionique à une des extrémités de leur architecture macromoléculaire asymétrique. La bibliothèque des EC-SIPEs synthétisée est basée sur des poly(oxyde d’éthylène) mono méthyl éther (mPOEn-OH) ayant 8, 10, 20 et 55 unités EO. Les anions sont liés de manière covalente au squelette polymère via une des extrémités. Leur mobilité est donc limitée par celles de ces macromolécules fonctionnelles. Les EC-SIPES

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6

Pedesseau, Laurent. "Modélisation atomique à l'équilibre de phases, périphases et interphases : vers l'application à des cristaux hydratés." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30286.

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La prise et le durcissement des matériaux de Génie Civil (plâtre, C-S-H) reposent sur des interactions entre cristaux et solutions ioniques. Ces interactions mettent en jeu des équilibres entre phases, leurs frontières (dites périphases) et des phases confinées entre périphases (dites interphases). La partie 1 "Concepts, méthodes et outils" introduit tout d'abord le concept phéno-corpusculaire proposé pour l'étude de ces équilibres, irréductibles à une approche macroscopique via la physique statistique, et d'autre part encore inabordables par la seule voie corpusculaire. Parmi les méthodes ori

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7

Coles, Samuel. "Interfacial nanostructure of solvate ionic liquids and ionic liquid solutions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:89c797e4-e000-4c8c-b6b8-ffa5ed202a4d.

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The technology employed by human beings for the generation, storage and usage of energy is presently undergoing the fastest and most profound change since the industrial revolution. The changes in the generation and usage of energy necessitate the development of new methods of energy storage. In these systems, electrochemical energy storage will play a crucial role and to this end new electrolytes need to be explored to complement these changes. One such class of liquids is ionic liquids, a class of salts that are molten at room temperature. These liquids have a broad applicability to batterie

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8

Charpentier, Dominique. "Carboxyméthylcelluloses à hydrophobie variable : propriétés associatives en solution diluée et semi-diluée." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES012.

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Les propriétés associatives de dérivés de la carboxyméthylcellulose à hydrophobie variable ont été étudiées en solution diluée et semi diluée. Deux types de réactions de modification chimique, par greffage d'une alkylamine, ont été réalisés sur la fonction acide de la CMC. Le premier greffage de chaînes alkyle fait intervenir l'activation des fonctions acide par la dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (L-CMC). La seconde réaction consiste à former le sel d'ammonium de la CMC qui est ensuite deshydraté à 140°C (I-CMC). Des dérivés mono et bigreffés ont ainsi pu être obtenus. Une étude RMN 1H et 13C a permi

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9

Anton, Mihai. "Equilibrium and dynamics of ionic solutions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51616.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-201).<br>The present work is motivated by the desire to understand the physical mechanism underlying the propagation of nervous influx in neurons as well as the modulation and summation of electrical signals during their progression in dendrites. The survey of existing literature shows that most studies model dendrites and axons as cables and simply ignore the physical basis of these electrical signals. Indeed in neurons as in any cell there exists a p

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10

Creazzo, Fabrizio. "Oxygen evolution reaction at cobalt oxides/water interfaces : heterogeneous electrocatalysis by DFT-MD simulations & metadynamics Ab initio molecular dynamics study of an aqueous NaCl solution under an electric field Ionic diffusion and proton transfer in aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts Ionic Diffusion and Proton Transfer in Aqueous Solutions under an Electric Field: State-of-The-Art Ionic diffusion and proton transfer of MgCl2 and CaCl2 aqueous solutions: an ab initio study under electric field DFT-MD of the (110)-Co 3 O 4 cobalt oxide semiconductor in contact with liquid water, preliminary chemical and physical insights into the electrochemical environment Enhanced conductivity of water at the electrified air–water interface: a DFT-MD characterization Ions tune interfacial water structure and modulate hydrophobic interactions at silica surfaces." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASE012.

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Dans cette thèse, des simulations DFT-MD couplées à des techniques inno-vantes de métadynamique, sont appliquées pour acquérir une compréhensionglobale des interfaces aqueuses d'oxyde de cobalt Co3O4 et CoO(OH) dansla catalyse de la réaction d'évolution de l'oxygène (OER), et ainsi éventuellement aider à la conception de nouveaux catalyseurs basés sur des matériaux non précieux, un domaine clé de la recherche scientifique et technologique, particulièrement important pour l'économie de l'hydrogène, pour les technologies vertes dans une période de temps avec une demande toujours plus croissantee

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11

Fangelow, M. "Dimerisation of aleic acid in ionic solutions." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419519.

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12

Lomba, Rosana Fatima Teixeira. "Membrane behavior of shales and ionic solutions /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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13

Teles, Ana Rita Ribeiro. "Electrospinning of cellulose from ionic liquids solutions." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3969.

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Mestrado em Materiais Derivados e Recursos Renováveis<br>Os líquidos iónicos (LIs) têm sido alvo de um vasto estudo numa tentativa de substituir os solventes orgânicos voláteis comummente utilizados na indústria. Os LIs possuem uma grande capacidade de solvatação e pressões de vapor desprezáveis, tornando-os assim uma mais valia na solubilização das mais diversas biomoléculas (desde a própria madeira que é um biocompósito, até aos hidratos de carbono mais simples – monossacarídeos). A presente dissertação centra-se na solubilização de biomassa em LIs (celulose e monossacarídeos). A prim

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14

Yao, Wenlong. "Structure, ionic conductivity and mobile carrier density in fast ionic conducting chalcogenide glasses." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.

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15

Wassell, D. F. "Mechanism and structure in ionic liquids." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403156.

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16

Sethi, Alick Rajesh. "Reactivity and structure in ionic liquids." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11365.

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17

McMath, S. E. J. "Structure-reactivity relationships in ionic liquids." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273178.

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18

Evans, Russell Griffith. "Application of room temperature ionic liquids as electrochemical solvents." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3b09fc8a-d3b0-47ff-8c6e-adaa79a3df1e.

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This thesis is concerned with investigating the suitability of room temperature ionic liquids as solvents in which to perform voltammetry, and in characterising electrochemical processes within these media. After providing a general introduction and a background to the ionic liquid field, the results of six original studies are presented, dealing in turn with the following subjects: • The oxidation of N,N,N',N'-tetraalkyl-para-phenylenediamine (TAPD) in five ionic liquids each incorporating the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion. • The reduction of oxygen in four ionic liquids based on qu

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19

Silvester, Debbie Sue. "Electrochemical studies in room temperature ionic liquids." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be9e6269-f19a-48de-96e3-41c0c7143d6a.

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The work presented in this thesis involves the application of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as solvents for use in electrochemical experiments. Initially, the fundamentals of electrochemistry is presented, followed by a comprehensive overview of RTILs in terms of their properties, applications and their behaviour as electrochemical solvents compared to conventional aprotic solvents. The results of 8 original studies are then presented as follows: X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to quantify the concentration of bromide ions in an ionic liquid, and is independently confirmed by

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20

Liu, Jingyi. "Acetic acid separation from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.679212.

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A series of hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) have been employed to extract acetic acid from aqueous solutions at 101.3 KPa. This study was carried out using tetradecyltrihexylphosphonium cation ([P666, 14]+) combined with two series of anions: benzoate and long-chain carboxylate based anions. For comparison, the extraction of organic solvent MTBE was also investigated. The long-chain carboxylate based ILs showed a larger two phase region and high extraction efficiency. [The performance of a selection of inorganic salts, organic salts, and ILs in the extractive distillation for the (HOAc + H20)

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21

Oleksy, Anna. "Wetting transitions of ionic solutions at charged solid substrates." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611681.

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22

Passos, Helena Isabel Sousa. "Extraction of bioactive compounds with ionic liquid aqueous solutions." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9694.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Química<br>O principal objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar a aplicação dos líquidos iónicos (LIs) na formação de sistemas aquosos bifásicos (SAB) e avaliar a sua capacidade para extrair compostos bioativos. Deste modo, este estudo foca essencialmente a procura de sistemas mais benignos, através da aplicação de sais orgânicos, e uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos que regem a partição de biomoléculas entre as duas fases destes sistemas. Os SAB constituídos por LIs apresentam uma grande aplicabilidade na extração e purificação de uma vasta gama de compostos, sendo c

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23

Young, Taylor Tront. "Lipid Bilayer Formation in Aqueous Solutions of Ionic Liquids." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35292.

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The formation of lipid bilayer membranes between droplets of ionic liquid is presented as a means of forming functional bimolecular networks for use in sensor applications. Ionic liquids are salts that have a number of useful properties, such as low melting points making them liquid at room temperature and exceedingly low vapor pressure. Ionic liquids have seen recent popularity as environmentally friendly industrial solvent alternatives. Our research demonstrates that it is possible to consistently form lipid bilayers between droplets of ionic liquid solutions. Analysis shows that the ionic

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24

Okello, Maurice O. "Polar ionic media and stabilized charged species in organic synthesis ionic liquids derived from a biorenewable source, d-fructose, as a possible alternative to conventional organic reaction solvents /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3150493.

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25

Saheb, Amir Hossein. "Sensing materials based on ionic liquids." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24789.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: Janata, Jiri; Committee Member: Bunz, Uwe; Committee Member: Collard, David; Committee Member: Josowicz, Mira; Committee Member: Kohl, Paul.

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26

Hollabaugh, Kate R. "Microstructure and rheology of mixed ionic surfactants." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 108 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654493531&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.Ch.E.)--University of Delaware, 2008.<br>Principal faculty advisors: Norman J. Wagner, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; and Eric W. Kaler, College of Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

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27

Alibrahim, Moussa. "Systèmes à base de tensio-actifs non ioniques : Influence de co-tensio-actifs ioniques et structure des phases mésomorphes." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10061.

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Détermination des diagrammes de phase de systèmes à base de poly(oxyethylène) ether dodécyle et de faibre quantité de décane, à l'aide de la méthode isotherme et par balayage automatique en température. Étude structurale des zones cristallines par diffraction des rayons X

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28

Kruger, Elna. "Ionic liquids as media for electro-organic synthesis." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/538.

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The IL’s used in this study were either synthesized or commercially available. Preparation of the IL’s involved 2 step processes: firstly the heating of distilled 1-methylimidazole with distilled 1-chlorobutane under reflux to obtain 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride; secondly, the metathesis reaction of sodium tetrafluoroborate with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride to obtain 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The addition of sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium hexafluorophosphate and lithium trifluoromethane sulfonamide with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride produced good

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29

Harrington, Robert Franklin 1955. "Release of meltwater and ionic solute from melting snow." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191224.

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The release of ionic solute from melting seasonal snow produces an influx of ion laden water into hydrologic systems at the start of spring snowmelt. The spatial and temporal variability of meltwater and solute release from melting snow was investigated at different spatial scales to assess the magnitude and variability of this process. Four laboratory experiments were performed where an 0.4 m³ volume of snow was placed in a plexiglass box and melted from above. NaCl and dye tracer experiments revealed contemporaneous areas of concentrated dye and dilute meltwater in flow fingers, indicating t

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30

Wang, Yu. "Ionic dynamics and electronic structure of open systems." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430140.

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31

Kadel, Rajesh. "Surface structure study of imidazolium based ionic liquid." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1004.

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32

Cabry, Christopher Patrick. "Structure and reactivity in self-organised ionic liquids." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19490/.

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The research presented within this thesis aimed to contribute to the understanding of the structure of, and reactivity in, self-organised ionic liquids (ILs). This thesis comprises of three studies. The first relates to the local, short-range ordering in both pure and binary mixtures of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides ([CnC1im][Tf2N]). Following the synthesis of selectively deuterated materials, in order to provide the necessary contrast, small-angle neutron scattering data were collected and fit to a range of scattering models. It was found that pure ILs with sh

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33

Mazurkiewicz, Jakub. "Studies of inherently conducting polymers in ionic liquids." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080310.150035/index.html.

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34

Marcera, Donna M. "Conformational studies of carboxymethylcellulose in aqueous saline solutions as a function of ionic strength /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10684.

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35

Vega, Jose A. "Electrochemical comparison and deposition of lithium and potassium from phosphonium- and ammonium-tfsi ionic liquids." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28223.

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36

Rabie, Hamid Reza. "Reverse micellar extraction of ionic and zwitterionic species from aqueous solutions." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34432.

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Experimental data have been measured at 23$ sp circ$C for reverse micelles formed by Aerosol-OT (AOT), and by dioctyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DODMAC), or bromide (DODMAB) in an organic phase in contact with an aqueous salt solution. The following studies in Winsor type II systems have been considered: (i) ion distribution in AOT and DODMAC reverse micellar systems, (ii) extraction of zwitterionic amino acids with AOT reverse micelles, (iii) extraction of proteins with DODMAC reverse micelles, (iv) water uptake of AOT, DODMAC and DODMAB reverse micelles. Depending on the study, the effects o

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37

Rabie, Hamid Reza. "Reverse micellar extraction of ionic and zwitterionic species from aqueous solutions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30364.pdf.

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38

Mohorich, Michael E. "Electrochemical corrosion behavior of AISI 4340 steel in multi-ionic solutions." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1459436.

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39

Qi, Fei. "Carboxylic acid and formaldehyde separation from aqueous solutions using ionic liquids." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/carboxylic-acid-and-formaldehyde-separation-from-aqueous-solutions-using-ionic-liquids(56aa0414-73e4-4f2e-9622-a9d3cd88ff4e).html.

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A series of hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) have been employed to extract acetic acid (AcOH) or formaldehyde (HCHO) from aqueous solutions at atmosphere pressure. The ILs, mainly trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P6,6,6,14]+) carboxylate based ILs, were tested as a function of the anion chain length, which ranges from isobutyrate ([IB]-) to dodecanoate ([D]-). Most of these ILs show a large two-phase region and high extraction efficiency. Furthermore, tetraoctylphosphonium ([P8,8,8,8]+) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)ammonium ([N6,6,6,14]+) based ILs were also investigated to study the effect of the

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40

O'Callaghan, Michael Patrick. "Structure and ionic transport properties of lithium-conducting garnets." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493341.

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This thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of three related series of lithium-containing garnets. All compounds have been synthesised by conventional solid-state ceramic methods at temperatures up to 960 Â°C.

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41

Sate, Daniel. "The structure and activity of enzymes in ionic liquids." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491491.

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Ionic Liquids are a potentially new and exciting solvent for biocatalysis. Initial studies have shown enzymes to exhibit increased activity, stability and enantioselectivity in this solvent, with many interesting and industrially relevant reactions able to be performed that were previously impossible in the aqueous environment. However, while some enzyme and ionic liquid combinations have proven successful, many ionic liquids are seemingly incapable of supporting enzyme activity with negligible activity observed - in particular in those ionic liquids which are capable ofdissolving the enzyme o

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42

Lord, Jason Charles David. "The preparation, structure, and properties of ionic liquid systems." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425299.

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43

Falcioni, Francesco. "Structure and activity of hydrolases in protic ionic liquids." Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444294.

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44

Hamdoune, Salaheddine. "Relations entre les structures et les propriétés de transport des solutions solides Li(1+x)Ti(2-x)In(x)P(3)O(12)." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10088.

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Etude cristallographique par diffraction rx d'electrons de li::(1+x) ti::(2-x) in::(x) p::(3) o::(7) et de li in p::(2) o::(7) afin de permettre une meilleure comprehension des mecanismes de transport de li**(+) dans ces composes. Suivant la concentration en in, les etudes structurales mettent en evidence trois phases differentes dans la solution solide. Les mesures de la conductivite ont montre que la modification des proprietes electriques est associee a l'etablissement d'une structure favorable a une conductivite elevee. C'est pourquoi cinq cristaux de compositions differentes ont ete etudi

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45

Blair, Laura May. "Optimizing growth in low ionic strength solutions and the ameliorative effects of increased ionic strength on copper toxicity in Triticum aestivum (wheat) /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22574.pdf.

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46

Harrison, T. R. "Field-effect transistors for the determination of ionic species in aqueous solutions." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356803.

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47

Gomes, Hugo André do Monte. "Extraction of caffeine from spent coffee using aqueous solutions of ionic liquids." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/19137.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Química<br>The main objective of this work consists on the development of a more benign and efficient technique for the extraction of added-value compounds from biomass. In particular, the use of ionic liquids (ILs) for the extraction of caffeine from spent coffee was investigated. This compound display important properties with relevance in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and agrochemical industries. Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a waste product without commercial value, being thus a raw material with virtually no cost and with a huge potential of value-added compounds

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48

Reichert, Peter [Verfasser]. "Structure and dynamics of ionic liquid,electrode interfaces / Peter Reichert." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053428715/34.

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49

Williams, A. A. "The chemistry and electronic structure of surfaces of ionic compounds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370273.

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50

Tang, Chi Ming. "Structure and dynamics of doped ionic clusters : a computational study." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1991. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/5.

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