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Journal articles on the topic "Ionizz"
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Beyerlein, Kenneth R., H. Olof Jönsson, Roberto Alonso-Mori, Andrew Aquila, Saša Bajt, Anton Barty, Richard Bean, et al. "Ultrafast nonthermal heating of water initiated by an X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 22 (May 14, 2018): 5652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711220115.
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The bright ultrafast pulses of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers allow investigation into the structure of matter under extreme conditions. We have used single pulses to ionize and probe water as it undergoes a phase transition from liquid to plasma. We report changes in the structure of liquid water on a femtosecond time scale when irradiated by single 6.86 keV X-ray pulses of more than 106 J/cm2. These observations are supported by simulations based on molecular dynamics and plasma dynamics of a water system that is rapidly ionized and driven out of equilibrium. This exotic ionic and disordered state with the density of a liquid is suggested to be structurally different from a neutral thermally disordered state.
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Del Favero, C. "Effetti secondari comparati dei mezzi di contrasto ionici e non ionici." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 1, no. 2 (August 1988): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140098800100206.
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Vengono presentati i risultati relativi alle reazioni avverse dei mezzi di contrasto ionici e non ionici introdotti per via venosa in 34.928 pazienti. L'incidenza delle reazioni avverse è stata dell '11.47% con il mezzo di contrasto ionico e 2.1% con il mezzo di contrasto non ionico. Si è notato un incremento di rischio per i soggetti con anamnesi allergica. Le reazioni avverse sono state prevalentemente minori e moderate mentre le gravi sono state più frequenti con il mezzo di contrasto ionico. Complessivamente i mezzi di contrasto non ionici diminuiscono l'incidenza delle reazioni avverse da 1 a 5–8 volte rispetto ai contrasti ionici.
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Matsuda, Yoshinori, Koji Kakutani, Teruo Nonomura, Yoshihiro Takikawa, Kiyotsugu Okada, Manabu Shibao, Kazuhiro Miyama, Shinya Yokoo, Shin-ichi Kusakari, and Hideyoshi Toyoda. "A Simple Electrostatic Device for Eliminating Tobacco Sidestream Smoke to Prevent Passive Smoking." Instruments 2, no. 3 (July 22, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments2030013.
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An electrostatic apparatus was constructed to capture tobacco sidestream smoke. This apparatus consisted of a perforated polypropylene plate with metal spikes and a grounded metal net arrayed in parallel at a defined interval. Spikes were negatively charged to positively polarize the net and an electric field was formed between the opposite charges of the spike tips and the grounded net. Discharge from the spike tips occurred, which depended on the pole distance and the voltage applied to the spikes. At lower voltages (<12.1 kV) that do not cause arc discharge from the tips, a corona discharge occurred with the generation of an ionic wind from the spiked plate to the net. This discharge increased in direct proportion to the applied voltage and relative humidity, while a larger corona discharge generated a stronger ionic wind. The ionic wind involved negative ions and the number of negative ions in the wind increased with increasing applied voltage. The optimal voltage (10 kV) generated sufficient negative ions to ionize smoke particles in the electric field, before the ionized smoke particles were successfully captured by the oppositely charged metal net. Thus, this study provides an experimental basis for the practical application of an electrostatic-based method to prevent the production of tobacco sidestream smoke that leads to passive smoking by non-smokers.
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Fennell, Eanna, Juliane Kamphus, and Jacques M. Huyghe. "The Importance of the Mixing Energy in Ionized Superabsorbent Polymer Swelling Models." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2020): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030609.
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The Flory–Rehner theoretical description of the free energy in a hydrogel swelling model can be broken into two swelling components: the mixing energy and the ionic energy. Conventionally for ionized gels, the ionic energy is characterized as the main contributor to swelling and, therefore, the mixing energy is assumed negligible. However, this assumption is made at the equilibrium state and ignores the dynamics of gel swelling. Here, the influence of the mixing energy on swelling ionized gels is quantified through numerical simulations on sodium polyacrylate using a Mixed Hybrid Finite Element Method. For univalent and divalent solutions, at initial porosities greater than 0.90, the contribution of the mixing energy is negligible. However, at initial porosities less than 0.90, the total swelling pressure is significantly influenced by the mixing energy. Therefore, both ionic and mixing energies are required for the modeling of sodium polyacrylate ionized gel swelling. The numerical model results are in good agreement with the analytical solution as well as experimental swelling tests.
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Masuyama, Kento, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "On the performance of electrohydrodynamic propulsion." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2154 (June 8, 2013): 20120623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0623.
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Partially ionized fluids can gain net momentum under an electric field, as charged particles undergo momentum-transfer collisions with neutral molecules in a phenomenon termed an ionic wind. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) thrusters generate thrust by using two or more electrodes to ionize the ambient fluid and create an electric field. We characterize the performance of EHD thrusters of single- (SS) and dual-stage (DS) configurations. SS thrusters refer to a geometry using one emitter electrode, an air gap and a collector electrode with large radius of curvature relative to the emitter. DS thrusters add a collinear intermediate electrode. SS thruster performance was shown to be consistent with a one-dimensional theory. Increasing the gap length requires a higher voltage for thrust onset, generates less thrust per input voltage, generates more thrust per input current and most importantly generates more thrust per input power. A thrust-to-power ratio as high as approximately 100 N kW −1 was obtained. DS thrusters were shown to be more effective than their SS counterparts at producing current, leading to a smaller total voltage necessary for producing equal thrust. However, losses involving ion collection at the intermediate electrode led to reduced thrust-per-power compared with the SS thruster of equal length.
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Xu, Fang, Guang Xian Zhang, Feng Xiu Zhang, and Da Yang Wu. "High Hydrophilic Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)(PET) Fabric Modified by Ionic Agent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.58.
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As the surface of polyester fabric is hydrophobic, it is not comfortable to wear. In this paper, the surface of polyester fabric was ionized by an ionic agent. The result showed that the ionized polyester fabric had wonderful hydrophilicity. The water contact angle of ionized polyester fabric decreased to 0o, and the capillary rise height increased from 0.4cm to 14.4cm, water content from 23.77% to 119.78%. Water spraying rate decreased from 4 degree to 1 degree. The whiteness of ionized polyester fabric kept well.
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Dorozhkin, Sergey V., Elena I. Dorozhkina, S. Salman, and Faik N. Oktar. "Crystallization of a Bone-like Apatite from a Milk-Containing Revised Simulated Body Fluid (SBF)." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.641.
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Revised simulated body fluid (rSBF) was prepared using a conventional route but all the chemicals were dissolved in commercial cow milk instead of de-ionized water. To accelerate crystallization and increase the amount of precipitates, the influence of milk on the crystallization of calcium phosphates was studied in supersaturated solutions equal to 4 times the ionic concentrations of rSBF. The experiments were carried out in physiological conditions, i.e. pH of 7.35–7.40, temperature of 37.0 (± 0.2) °C, and duration of 7 days, using a constant-composition double-diffusion (CCDD) device, which enables slow precipitation in strictly controlled crystallization conditions. Similar experiments with 4 times the ionic concentrations of rSBF using de-ionized water as solvent were carried out as control. For comparison purposes, another set of experiments with 4 times the ionic concentrations of rSBF in de-ionized water also containing 40 g of bovine serum albumin (BSA) per liter was also conducted. The experimental results showed that the behavior of milk was similar to the presence of dissolved BSA. Some components of milk, presumably proteins, co-precipitated with calcium phosphates. This phenomenon had a strong negative influence on the crystallinity of the precipitates.
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KORATKAR, NIKHIL. "NANOSCALE FIELD IONIZATION SENSORS: A REVIEW." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 05n06 (October 2005): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003905.
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So far, one of the most promising applications of nanoscale science and technology has been in the area of field emission. The electric field amplification effects associated with sharp nanostructure tips can be used to significantly reduce the emission voltages. Another equally promising area that also takes advantage of the field amplification effects is the area of field ionization. The extremely high electrical fields generated near the vicinity of sharp nanostructure tips can be used to ionize chemical or biological species at a fraction of the voltage of a traditional ionizer. In this article we review two of the very first reported papers related to nanoscale field ionization published by our group at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The first paper describes a carbon nanotube gas ionizer, which shows potential for gas sensing applications. The second paper describes an ultra low-power gas ionizer featuring β-phase Tungsten nanorod electrodes. We end with a review of the major challenges that must be overcome to develop nanoscale ionization sensors.
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Jen, Coty N., Jun Zhao, Peter H. McMurry, and David R. Hanson. "Chemical ionization of clusters formed from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine or diamines." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 19 (October 7, 2016): 12513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12513-2016.
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Abstract. Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometers are used to study atmospheric nucleation by detecting clusters produced by reactions of sulfuric acid and various basic gases. These instruments typically use nitrate to deprotonate and thus chemically ionize the clusters. In this study, we compare cluster concentrations measured using either nitrate or acetate. Clusters were formed in a flow reactor from vapors of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine, ethylene diamine, tetramethylethylene diamine, or butanediamine (also known as putrescine). These comparisons show that nitrate is unable to chemically ionize clusters with high base content. In addition, we vary the ion–molecule reaction time to probe ion processes which include proton-transfer, ion–molecule clustering, and decomposition of ions. Ion decomposition upon deprotonation by acetate/nitrate was observed. More studies are needed to quantify to what extent ion decomposition affects observed cluster content and concentrations, especially those chemically ionized with acetate since it deprotonates more types of clusters than nitrate.Model calculations of the neutral and ion cluster formation pathways are also presented to better identify the cluster types that are not efficiently deprotonated by nitrate. Comparison of model and measured clusters indicate that sulfuric acid dimers with two diamines and sulfuric acid trimers with two or more base molecules are not efficiently chemical ionized by nitrate. We conclude that acetate CI provides better information on cluster abundancies and their base content than nitrate CI.
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Zikri, Afdhal, Martias Martias, and Toto Sugiarto. "The Effect of Air Ionizers Installation on Motorcycle Performance." MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering 1, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v1i2.2.
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An air ionizer device can produce negative ion which ionizes the air, can be used for engine air induction system for improving the quality of fuel mixture that increase the engine output of power & torque. Test is done by using a dynamometer by comparing power & torque with installed air ionizer active and inactive. Data analysis technique using descriptive analysis of formula ttest with 5% of significant level. The t test results showed a significant increase in maximum power under active air ionizer conditions (tcount 5,128> ttable 4,303) with a significant level of 5%, increase 0.8 HP or 11.7% of inactive air ionizer with a value 7.2 HP to 8.0 HP. Meanwhile, the maximum torque shows an insignificant increase (tcount = 0.929 <ttable = 4,303) with a significant level of 5%, increase 0.5 Nm or 6.9% of inactive air ionizer with a value of 7.24 Nm to 7, 74 Nm.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ionizz"
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Padoan, Sara <1991>. "DETERMINAZIONE DI COMPOSTI IONICI IN CAMPIONI ANTARTICI MEDIANTE CROMATOGRAFIA IONICA ACCOPPIATA ALLA SPETTROMETRIA DI MASSA." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6891.
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Nel presente lavoro di Tesi è stato sviluppato un metodo analitico per la determinazione di anioni e cationi rispettivamente mediante cromatografia ionica accoppiata alla spettrometria di massa e cromatografia ionica con rivelazione conduttimetrica in campioni di aereosol atmosferico. Il metodo è stato validato valutando la linearità del segnale strumentale, limiti di rilevabilità e precisione strumentale, recuperi, accuratezza e ripetibilità della procedura analitica di preparazione dei campioni. Il metodo così ottenuto è stato applicato a campioni antartici raccolti in quattro campagne di campionamento condotte presso il sito costiero di "Mario Zucchelli Station" (estate 2010-11), il sito continentale di Concordia (estati 2011-12 e 2012-13) e presso nave Italica durante una campagna oceanografica (gennaio-febbraio 2012). I dati ottenuti sono stati quindi valutati al fine di studiare l'origine dell'aerosol marino e il comportamento durante il trasporto a lunga distanza.
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Straccialano, Raffaela. "Simulazioni atomiche di canali ionici del potassio: limiti del Force Field AMBER nelle stime di conduttanza." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19971/.
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Le simulazioni atomiche dei canali ionici del K+ mettono in evidenza una significativa inaccuratezza: i valori di conduttanza del canale stimati sono molto distanti dai valori sperimentali. Per tentare di migliorare le simulazioni e i loro risultati, è necessario modificare il modello di Force Field impiegato. Si è scelto di adottare il modello di Force Field AMBER, uno dei più utilizzati per simulazioni di molecole biologiche in dinamica molecolare, e di agire sui valori dei parametri di Lennard-Jones cercando un set di valori che permetta di minimizzare la distanza tra la conduttanza stimata e la conduttanza sperimentale delle soluzioni saline. L’analisi ha dimostrato che non è possibile riprodurre in modo quantitativo i valori sperimentali di conduttanza di soluzioni saline di Na+ e K+ in simulazioni atomiche basate su un modello di Force Field additivo.
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BOZZA, SARA. "ARCHITETTURA IONICA A HIERAPOLIS DI FRIGIA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10487.
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La ricerca di dottorato si inserisce nel quadro delle attività della MAIER – Missione Archeologica Italiana a Hierapolis di Frigia (Pamukkale, Turchia) e nel filone degli studi di architettura antica relativi ai complessi edilizi dei centri microasiatici. Vengono analizzati, in particolare, alcuni edifici e materiali architettonici di ordine ionico emersi dalle recenti indagini di scavo, allo scopo di fornire una ricostruzione dei monumenti nella planimetria e negli alzati, ma anche delle loro funzioni e le destinazioni d’uso; parallelamente si è sviluppata l’analisi del linguaggio formale delle architetture, allo scopo sia di definire le cronologie degli edifici sia di inserirli nel più ampio fenomeno della decorazione architettonica microasiatica, rintracciandone gli eventuali modelli, anche in rapporto al complesso problema dell’attività delle maestranze, per fornire un quadro aggiornato delle modalità di impiego dell’ordine ionico a Hierapolis di Frigia nel corso dell’età imperiale. La ricerca ha affrontato i due complessi santuariali del centro cittadino: nel Santuario di Apollo vengono analizzati il Tempio C, una serie di eccezionali capitelli ionici con collarino decorato e un consistente gruppo di elementi architettonici riferibili ad un portico di temenos (di ordine corinzio); nel Ploutonion si sono indagati alcuni materiali riferibil invece ad un portico ionico, posto a coronamento del theatron rituale.This doctoral research is part of the activities of MAIER – Italian Archaeological Mission in Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale, Turkey) and of the investigation field on the ancient architecture in Asia Minor. Some buildings and architectural blocks of Ionic order, recently discovered, are analyzed in order to achieve a reconstruction of the monuments, not only of the plan and elevation, but also of the ancient functions and use of the buildings. The stylistic analysis is also very important, to determine the chronology of the monuments and to relate the Ionic architecture of Hierapolis with the other urban centres in Asia Minor and their architectural tradition during the Imperial period. The dissertation is focused on both the sanctuaries of Hierapolis: in the Sanctuary of Apollo, the research analyzes the Temple C, a series of Ionic capitals with decorated hypotrachelion, and a group of architectural blocks from a (Corinthian) temenos portico; in the Ploutonion, the focus is on a series of blocks from an Ionic Stoa, related to the cultic theatre.
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BOZZA, SARA. "ARCHITETTURA IONICA A HIERAPOLIS DI FRIGIA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10487.
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La ricerca di dottorato si inserisce nel quadro delle attività della MAIER – Missione Archeologica Italiana a Hierapolis di Frigia (Pamukkale, Turchia) e nel filone degli studi di architettura antica relativi ai complessi edilizi dei centri microasiatici. Vengono analizzati, in particolare, alcuni edifici e materiali architettonici di ordine ionico emersi dalle recenti indagini di scavo, allo scopo di fornire una ricostruzione dei monumenti nella planimetria e negli alzati, ma anche delle loro funzioni e le destinazioni d’uso; parallelamente si è sviluppata l’analisi del linguaggio formale delle architetture, allo scopo sia di definire le cronologie degli edifici sia di inserirli nel più ampio fenomeno della decorazione architettonica microasiatica, rintracciandone gli eventuali modelli, anche in rapporto al complesso problema dell’attività delle maestranze, per fornire un quadro aggiornato delle modalità di impiego dell’ordine ionico a Hierapolis di Frigia nel corso dell’età imperiale. La ricerca ha affrontato i due complessi santuariali del centro cittadino: nel Santuario di Apollo vengono analizzati il Tempio C, una serie di eccezionali capitelli ionici con collarino decorato e un consistente gruppo di elementi architettonici riferibili ad un portico di temenos (di ordine corinzio); nel Ploutonion si sono indagati alcuni materiali riferibil invece ad un portico ionico, posto a coronamento del theatron rituale.This doctoral research is part of the activities of MAIER – Italian Archaeological Mission in Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale, Turkey) and of the investigation field on the ancient architecture in Asia Minor. Some buildings and architectural blocks of Ionic order, recently discovered, are analyzed in order to achieve a reconstruction of the monuments, not only of the plan and elevation, but also of the ancient functions and use of the buildings. The stylistic analysis is also very important, to determine the chronology of the monuments and to relate the Ionic architecture of Hierapolis with the other urban centres in Asia Minor and their architectural tradition during the Imperial period. The dissertation is focused on both the sanctuaries of Hierapolis: in the Sanctuary of Apollo, the research analyzes the Temple C, a series of Ionic capitals with decorated hypotrachelion, and a group of architectural blocks from a (Corinthian) temenos portico; in the Ploutonion, the focus is on a series of blocks from an Ionic Stoa, related to the cultic theatre.
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Bernhem, Kristoffer. "How ionic are ionic liquids?" Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41033.
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Ionic liquids are continuously finding more and more applications, both in research and in the industry. Many attempts have been made to find parameters that could be used to describe all ionic liquid systems. Five years ago a Japanese group applied the work of Gutmann on ionic liquids to use ionic association to describe solvation effects. The group calculated ionic association from conductivity and diffusion measurements. This report presents a direct approach through electrophoretic NMR to measure ionic association in ionic liquids. The report contains a brief introduction to ionic liquids and their properties as well as a short explanation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, diffusion NMR and a more detailed explanation of electrophoretic NMR (eNMR). Experimental setups, taken from previous work by the NMR group at Physical Chemistry KTH, have been modified to allow for measurements in ionic liquid systems. The report discusses the issues that can arise when measuring eNMR in ionic liquids and suggests solutions. The method developed is principally built upon experiments on 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoroacetate and is directly applicable to other ionic liquid systems. For more viscous systems than the one investigated here, slight changes will need to be made, as explained in the report. In order to evaluate the method developed during the project the degree of association for 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoroacetate has been calculated from experimental results and results in similar values as reported by Tokuda et al.. Furthermore, the temperature variation due to Joule heating during a complete eNMR experiment was also investigated by observing change in chemical shift.
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Barros, Davison Storai de. "Estudo espectroscopico e morfologico de filmes automontados de azocompostos." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249464.
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Orientador: Teresa Dib Zambon AtvarsDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T05:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_DavisonStoraide_M.pdf: 2037047 bytes, checksum: bfc81c7ccb14370261c20ba48859e0ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Neste trabalho são estudadas as propriedades fotoquímicas e morfológicas de filmes automontados compostos de um polieletrólito fraco e azocorantes em função das condições impostas nas soluções de origem, como o pH, a força iônica e tamponamento. Na automontagem, os filmes são fabricados pela deposição de camadas alternadas de dois materiais, de cargas elétricas opostas, a partir de suas soluções aquosas em um substrato de vidro. Os materiais usados foram o polieletrólito catiônico hidrocloreto de poli(alilamina) (PAH) e três azocorantes aniônicos: Vermelho do Congo (CR), Ponceau SS (PSS) e Alaranjado de Metila (MO). Foram fabricados filmes de PAH/CR, PAH/PSS e PAH/MO. Para avaliar somente o efeito do pH, foram usados três valores de pH (3, 7 e 10). Para verificar o efeito da força iônica, foram usadas soluções aquosas de cloreto de potássio em diferentes concentrações e, para verificar a influência de tampão, foram usados três sistemas tampão, um para cada valor de pH. Foram usadas as técnicas de espectroscopia UV-vis e turbidimetria para investigar as propriedades espectroscópicas das soluções, dos filmes e a solubilidade do PAH. Foi utilizada a técnica de microscopia de força atômica para verificar a morfologia do filme. Observa-se que a deposição dos corantes e do PAH no filme depende de suas densidades de carga, bem como da presença de outras espécies iônicas em solução. Tanto um aumento do pH como a presença de contra-íons, leva a uma redução da carga do PAH e causa um aumento de sua adsorção no filme, acompanhado de um aumento de rugosidade superficial. Porém, a primeira condição pode ou não diminuir as cargas dos corantes e a segunda enfraquece a atração eletrostática, reduzindo as suas deposições. As interações do par corante-PAH induzem a agregação dos corantes em solução e nos filmes. As diferenças estruturais dos corantes são igualmente importantes, pois o CR e o PSS são os que mais se depositam e apresentam diferentes comportamentos de deposição em função do pH. Verifica-se também que o PAH interage distintamente com diferentes contra-íons, o que pode ser explicado considerando-se a especificidade iônica e não o simples conceito de força iônica
Abstract: In this work, the photochemical and morphological properties of layer-by-layer self¿assembly films made of a weak polyelectrolyte and azodyes are studied in dependence of the solution¿s pH, ionic strength and buffering. In self-assembly technique, films are made from deposition of alternate layers of two compounds, which have opposite electrical charges, from their solutions onto a glass substrate. We employed the polyelectrolyte poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) which is positively ionized when in aqueous solution and the three different anionic azodyes: Congo Red (CR), Ponceau SS (PSS) and Methyl Orange (MO). Films of PAH/CR, PAH/PSS and PAH/MO were prepared. To investigate only the pH effect, three pH values were used (3, 7 and 10). To investigate the ionic strength, potassium chloride aqueous solution at different concentrations were used and to verify the buffer effect, three buffer systems were used, one for each pH. The UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Turbidimetry were employed to study the spectroscopic properties of the solutions, films and PAH solubility. The Atomic Force Microscopy was used to verify the film morphology. One observes that the dyes and PAH deposition depend on their charge densities as well the presence of other ionic species. An increase in solution¿s pH and/or the presence of counter-ions reduces PAH¿s charge increasing its adsorption on film, accompanied by a higher surface roughness. Differently, the first condition can or cannot reduce the dye¿s charge and the second weakens the electrostatic interaction, reducing dye adsorption. The pair dye-PAH interactions induces the dye aggregation both in solution and film. The structural differences between dyes are equally important, as CR and PSS are the ones that adsorb most and show different deposition behavior in function of solution¿s pH. Also, one verifies that PAH interacts distinctly with different counter-ions, a fact that can be explained considering ionic specificity and not by the simple concept of ionic strength
Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestre em Química
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Avala, Usha Kranthi. "Ionic Conductivity in Non-Ionic Compounds." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1279.
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The main objective of this work is to investigate the ionic conductivity of the drugs under certain conditions and also to compare the ionic conductivities of drugs determined by single surface sensors and parallel plate sensors. The ionic conductivity of various materials at their pre-melt and melt states are studied in order to further study a recently discovered phenomenon. Polar solids like Lidocaine, Ketoconazole, Procainamide and Nifedipine were examined in this study. Experimental studies show an increase in ionic conductivity in both pre-melt (20 -30 °C below melting temperature) and melt transition regions. Results of ionic conductivity of both parallel plate and single surface sensor at different frequencies are compared. At 1000 Hz, all the samples show an increase in ionic conductivity with both parallel plate and single surface sensor, but at 0.1 Hz frequency, no increase in ionic conductivity is observed with parallel plate sensor except for Nifedipine.
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LATINI, GIULIO. "Bio-based ionic liquids and poly(ionic liquid)s for CO2 capture." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2912980.
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Figueira, Sebastiao Miguel. "Ionized regions and star formation in the galaxy." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0291.
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Ma thèse est centrée sur l'étude de l'interaction entre les étoiles massives et le milieu environnant. Je suis particulièrement intéressé par l'effet qu'ont ces étoiles sur les jeunes objets stellaires observés autour d'elles. Les étoiles massives forment des régions d'hydrogène ionisé (HII) dont l'expansion supersonique conduit à la formation d'une couche de gaz et de poussières où les conditions paraissent favoriser la formation stellaire. Mon travail consiste à étudier les propriétés des jeunes objets stellaires autour de ces régions HII et à savoir si la région HII a influencé positivement la formation de ces sources.En utilisant les données Herschel, issues des programmes HOBYS et Hi-GAL, complétées par d'autres observations, j'ai étudié deux régions HII galactiques (RCW~79 et RCW~120) afin de caractériser la formation stellaire observée à leurs frontières. Pour étudier l'impact de la photoionisation, j'ai calculé le taux de formation stellaire (SFR) pour ces deux régions. Cette grandeur suggère que RCW~79 et RCW~120 sont des régions de formation stellaire actives malgré leur relative faible densité surfacique de gaz. Une nouvelle étude de la région G345 est en cours. Cette région HII est située au-dessus du plan galactique et forme activement des étoiles. Avec les données disponibles, les propriétés de la formation stellaire seront discutées. Cette étude nous donne l'opportunité de mieux comprendre les effets de la photoionisation en dehors du plan galactique. Cette région viendra augmenter notre échantillon de régions HII, ce qui est nécessaire pour avoir une vision globale des mécanismes en jeu et pour mieux comprendre l'efficacité de la formation stellaireMy PhD thesis deals with the study of the interaction between high mass stars and their surrounding medium. I am particularly interested in the way high-mass stars affect the young stars observed around them. Massive stars form ionized (HII) regions which, during their supersonic expansion, lead to the formation of a layer of gas and dust where the conditions seem to favor star formation. My work aims at understanding the properties of star formation around Galactic HII regions.Using \herschel\, data (HOBYS and Hi-GAL programs) complemented with ancillary data, I studied two Galactic \HII\, regions (RCW~79 and RCW~120) to characterize the star formation observed at their edges. To study the impact of the ionization pressure, I computed the Star Formation Rate (SFR), which suggests that RCW~79 and RCW~120 are active star-forming regions despite their low gas surface density.A new study about the G345 region is in progress. This HII region is located above the Galactic plane and is actively forming stars. With the data available, the star formation's properties is being derived such as the spatial distribution of clumps, their stellar content, the SFR and CFE. This new study offers another opportunity to better understand the photoionization feedback out of the Galactic plane. Moreover, this will complete the sample of detailed studies of \HII\, regions, allowing us to obtain a global view of the mechanisms at play and of the efficiency of star formation in these regions
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Paschalidi, M. "Constructing Ionian identities : the Ionian Islands in British official discourses, 1815-1864." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19415/.
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Utilising material such as colonial correspondence, private papers, parliamentary debates and the press, this thesis examines how the Ionian Islands were defined by British politicians and how this influenced various forms of rule in the Islands between 1815 and 1864. It explores the articulation of particular forms of colonial subjectivities for the Ionian people by colonial governors and officials. This is set in the context of political reforms that occurred in Britain and the Empire during the first half of the nineteenth-century, especially in the white settler colonies, such as Canada and Australia. It reveals how British understandings of Ionian peoples led to complex negotiations of otherness, informing the development of varieties of colonial rule. Britain suggested a variety of forms of government for the Ionians ranging from authoritarian (during the governorships of T. Maitland, H. Douglas, H. Ward, J. Young, H. Storks) to representative (under Lord Nugent, and Lord Seaton), to responsible government (under W. Gladstone’s tenure in office). All these attempted solutions (over fifty years) failed to make the Ionian Islands governable for Britain. The Ionian Protectorate was a failed colonial experiment in Europe, highlighting the difficulties of governing white, Christian Europeans within a colonial framework.
Books on the topic "Ionizz"
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A, Von Engel. Ionized gases. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 1994.
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Iōannou, Voudourēs Kōnstantinos, and International Conference on Greek philisophy (1st : 1988 : Samos), eds. Ionian philosophy. Athens: International Association for Greek philosophy and International Center for Greek philosophy and culture, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ionizz"
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Jaime, Curbera. "Simple Names in Ionia." In Personal Names in Ancient Anatolia. British Academy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265635.003.0007.
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The most significant work written so far about Greek onomastics in Asia Minor (Louis Robert’s Noms indigènes de l’Asie Mineure) mainly demonstrates the excessively ‘indigenist’ interpretation of personal names. The question of non-Greek names has dominated studies in this field. The aim of this paper is to explain the use and the nature of Greek simple names in Ionia. The first part deals with general questions, such as the origin of simple names and the role of baby-talk in their formation, their relationship with nicknames and second names, their evolution and how they can contribute to a better knowledge of Ionic colloquial language. The second part is a commentary on thirty-nine typical or significant Ionic names: Akkês, Alpalê, Bábōn, Bállaros, Bastâs, Bátalos, Bátion, Baûs, Billâs, Bisthâs, Bíttaros, Bóa, Botâs, Boutalînos, Boutâs, Gellías, Grŷttos, Kíllos, Kírōn, Kollybâs, Konníōn, Kôkos, Kōlōtēs, Minníōn, Mitýlos, Myschês, Mytâs, Nánnichos, Nóssos, Pátaikos, Pósthōn, Sálaros, Sannâs, Smórdos, Sýrphax, Phíttalos, Phórys, Chorēgíōn, Psychâs.
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"Ionic Republic – United States of the Ionian Islands." In Encyclopedia of Seas, 124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08206-1_90017.
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Clemmow, P. C., and J. P. Dougherty. "Waves in an Ionized Gas: Magneto-Ionic Theory." In Electrodynamics of Particles and Plasmas, 140–96. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429493928-5.
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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Ionic Equilibria and pH." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0022.
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Water is a weak acid. At 25°C, pure water ionizes to form a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion: H2O ⇋ H+ + OH− Hydration of the proton (hydrogen ion) to form hydroxonium ion is ignored here for simplicity. This equilibrium lies mainly to the left; that is, the ionization happens only to a slight extent. We know that 1 L of pure water contains 55.6 mol. Of this, only 10−7 mol actually ionizes into equal amounts of [H+] and [OH−], i.e., [H+] = [OH−] = 10−7M Because these concentrations are equal, pure water is neither acidic nor basic. A solution is acidic if it contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. Similarly, a solution is basic if it contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. Acidity is defined as the concentration of hydrated protons (hydrogen ions); basicity is the concentration of hydroxide ions. Pure water ionizes at 25°C to produce 10−7 M of [H+] and 10−7 M of [OH−]. The product Kw = [H+]×[OH−] = 10−7 M×10−7 M= 10−14 M is known as the ionic product of water. Note that this is simply the equilibrium expression for the dissociation of water. This equation holds for any dilute aqueous solution of acid, base, and salt. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions. The lower the pH, the greater the acidity of the solution. Mathematically: pH=−log10[ H+] or −log10[H3O+] This can also be written as: pH = log10 1/[H+] or log10 1/[H3O+] Taking the antilogarithm of both sides and rearranging gives: [H+] = 10−pH This equation can be used to calculate the hydrogen ion concentration when the pH of the solution is known.
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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Liquids and Solids." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0016.
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The atoms or molecules in a liquid have enough kinetic energy to partially overcome the forces of attraction between them. Therefore, they are in constant random motion (as in a gas) but they are still relatively close together. However, they are not as tightly packed, or as well ordered, as in a solid. There is not as much free space in a liquid as in a gas. The atoms or molecules may aggregate together to form chains or rings that readily move relative to one another; this gives a liquid its fluid (flow) properties. Liquids generally occur as compounds. For example, water, ethanol, and carbon tetrachloride are liquids at room temperature. However, a few elements are also liquids at room temperature: bromine, cesium, gallium, mercury, and rubidium. A liquid is characterized by the following physical properties: boiling point and freezing point, density, compressibility, surface tension, and viscosity. These properties of a liquid are greatly influenced by the strength of its intermolecular forces. In summary: • Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape. They take on the shape of their containers. • Liquids are characterized by low compressibility, low rigidity, and high density relative to gases. • Liquids diffuse through other liquids. • Liquids can vaporize into the space above them and produce a vapor pressure. Polar molecules possess an electric dipole moment, μ, defined as the product of the magnitude of the partial charges Q+ and Q− on the molecule and the distance r separating the charges. In mathematical terms, it is given by the equation: μ = Qr The unit for μ is debyes (D), and 1 D = 3.336×10−30 coulomb meter (C-m). No interatomic bonds are completely ionic. Knowing the dipole moment of a compound, though, lets us differentiate ionic from covalent bonds by calculating the percent ionic character for the bonds. The percent ionic character of a bond is found by comparing the measured dipole moment of the molecule of the type A−B with the calculated dipole moment for the 100% ionized compound A+B−.
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"ionite." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 747. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_91679.
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"“Ionian”." In Encyclopedia of Seas, 124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08206-1_90006.
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"Ionica." In Endurable Infinity, 36. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2xqngpg.31.
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K. Bhowmik, Pradip, Si L. Chen, Haesook Han, Khairul A. Ishak, Thamil Selvi Velayutham, Umama Bendaoud, and Alfonso Martinez-Felipe. "High Ionic Conductivities of Ionic Materials as Potential Electrolytes." In Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107949.
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts consisting of organic cations and inorganic/organic anions having melting transitions lower than 100°C. They hold promise as engineered materials in a variety of modern fields. They are used as green solvents or catalysts for chemical reactions, biocatalysts, biopolymers processing, active pharmaceutical ingradients in medicine, even as electrolytes for batteries. For batteries applications, ionic liquids must have high ionic conductivity, but most of the ionic liquids (monocationic) have low conductivities. To address this limitation, we describe in this chapter dicationic ionic liquids based on extended viologens. The colossal conductivities, σdc ~ 10−1.5·S cm1 of new diatonic ionic liquids in the same range of benchmark materials/electrolytes applied in fuel cells and batteries is reported. The relatively new class of ionic liquids consist of extended viologen bistriflimides containing oligoethyleneoxy groups were prepared via Zincke reaction under mild conditions and are excellent candidates as components in devices for energy conversion and storage applications. The synthesis and ionic conductivities of other ionic liquids and dicationic organic salts will be contrasted with dicationic ionic liquids in this chapter.
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Zhang, Jianwei, Ying Xiao, Bowei Lei, Gengyuan Liang, and Wenshu Zhao. "Research Progress of Ionic Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting." In Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101771.
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Thermoelectric material is a kind of functional material that can mutually convert heat energy and electric energy. It can convert low-grade heat energy (less than 130°C) into electric energy. Compared with traditional electronic thermoelectric materials, ionic thermoelectric materials have higher performance. The Seebeck coefficient can generate 2–3 orders of magnitude higher ionic thermoelectric potential than electronic thermoelectric materials, so it has good application prospects in small thermoelectric generators and solar power generation. According to the thermoelectric conversion mechanism, ionic thermoelectric materials can be divided into ionic thermoelectric materials based on the Soret effect and thermocouple effect. They are widely used in pyrogen batteries and ionic thermoelectric capacitors. The latest two types of ionic thermoelectric materials are in this article. The research progress is explained, and the problems and challenges of ionic thermoelectric materials and the future development direction are also put forward.
Conference papers on the topic "Ionizz"
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Nagamatsu, Henry, Leik Myrabo, Marco Minucci, and Russell Sheer, Jr. "Ionic conductivity at electrode for high velocity slightly ionized plasmas." In 30th Plasmadynamic and Lasers Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-3716.
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Deng, G., M. H. Gordon, L. A. Roe, A. P. Malshe, and W. F. Schmidt. "Comparison of Laser-Ceramic and Laser-Metal Material Processing." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1553.
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Abstract In an effort to better understand and thereby utilize laser processing, an existing code describing laser-metal (aluminum) interaction is modified to describe laser-ceramic (diamond) interaction. Comparisons between our modified code (diamond target) and the original code (aluminum target) highlight similarities and differences between laser-ceramic and laser-metal processing. Gas breakdown effects, which are expected for the simulated short (time duration), high energy laser pulses, are observed in both codes. Due to the lower sublimation heat of aluminum (1.1×104J/g) compared to diamond (5.3×104J/g), aluminum vaporizes more quickly and exhibits a faster expansion speed (1.4×107 cm/sec compared to 8×106 cm/sec for diamond) in the early stage of the laser pulse. Because aluminum requires significantly more energy to fully ionize than does carbon, our simulations show that the diamond plasma is fully ionized (6 of 6 electrons per atom) and the aluminum plasma is partially ionized (11 of 13 electrons per atom).
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Fulton, R. D., J. Abdallah, J. C. Goldstein, M. E. Jones, D. P. Kilcrease, J. M. Kinross-Wright, S. H. Kong, and D. C. Nguyen. "Debris Free, Electron Beam Driven, Lithography Source at 130Å." In Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/eul.1994.sel.270.
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Most of the proposed Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) sources utilize the interaction of some high energy density source, i.e. a laser, electron beam, or arc discharge, with a solid target. EUV can be efficiently generated by these techniques, but debris from the interaction region impacting on the reflective optics can substantially degrade the performance of the condenser system. Los Alamos and Grumman are cooperatively investigating a debris free source1,2 for EUV lithography. This source utilizes the predicted anomalous energy loss3,4 of a short pulse electron beam in a preformed plasma to heat and ionize the ions to a charge state where efficient radiation at 130Å occurs. Accelerators5 developed for the free electron laser program at Los Alamos are used as the electron bunch source. These accelerators use a laser driven photocathode to produce 15 psec electron bunches containing 4 nC of charge with an energy of 15.5 MeV. These micropulses are produced at a repetition rate of 108 MHz and continue for the length of the rf macropulse energizing the accelerator cavities, typically 1-10 μsec. The weakly ionized preformed plasma is created by purely classical collisional ionization caused by the initial few electron micropulses within the macropulse. When a critical electron density is reached, n e ≅ 1.6x1015/τ2cm-3, where τ is the FWHM, in psec, of the electron bunch, the plasma responds collectively to the electron micropulse generating a large amplitude plasma wave. The plasma wave efficiently slows the high energy electron beam while heating the background plasma electrons. The initial electron population rapidly heats and then equilibrates with the bulk ion and electron populations in a few 10's of picoseconds. With neon as the dominant ionic species, an efficient filamentary radiator of line radiation near 130Å is created.
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Khasenov, M. U. "Emission of the heteronuclear ionic molecules (ArXe)+ at excitation by a hard ionizer." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Victor F. Tarasenko, Georgy Mayer, and Gueorgii G. Petrash. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.677459.
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Gibson, G. N., M. Li, C. Guo, and J. Neira. "Non-Sequential Double Ionization of Nitrogen." In Applications of High Field and Short Wavelength Sources. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hfsw.1997.pdp1.
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Although the non-sequential double ionization (NSDI) of atoms has been well documented experimentally, there is still no consensus as to the physical mechanism.1 However, in an atom the only information easily obtained about the ionization process comes from ion yields versus laser intensity. For this reason, we have begun to study the multiphoton ionization of nitrogen in order to learn more about the double ionization process as there are more final state products to analyze. Specifically, if we consider the rescattering model2 for NSDI the electron ionized from N2 → N2+ would return to and further ionize the molecule creating N22+. However, the molecular double ion can then remain as N22+, dissociate into N+ + N++ K.E., or N22+ → N + N2++ K.E. or be further ionized to N23+ and again dissociate. By analyzing the ion yields for N2+, N22+, N+, and N2+ and the kinetic energies of the N+ and N2+ ion fragments we have observed the following: 1) NSDI does occur in nitrogen with approximately the same rate as in argon. 2) NSDI does not lead to the fragmentation of N22+ into any dissociation channel. From these observations, we conclude that the NSDI process in N2 always leaves the N22+ molecular ion in the metastable ground state. Furthermore, it would seem to be unlikely that the rescattering model for NSDI would lead to such final state specificity.
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Goeringer, D. E., and W. H. Christie. "Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Ion-Beam Sampling." In Lasers in Material Diagnostics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lmd.1987.thc2.
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Sputter atomization/resonance ionization mass spectrometry (SA/RIMS) is a highly sensitive technique for materials analysis which combines ion beam sputtering, resonance ionization, and mass spectrometry. A pulsed beam of high-energy primary ions bombards the sample producing a plume of neutral atoms. The cloud of sputtered neutrals is intersected and ionized by a synchronized, pulsed laser beam tuned to a resonant transition for specific sample atoms. Laser-generated ions are then extracted into a mass spectrometer for mass analysis. Ion beam sputtering allows the sampling process to be highly controlled by varying the energy, current density, and composition of the primary beam; the pulsed nature of the beam results in efficient sample utilization. Use of a micro-focused beam permits imaging of small areas and particles. The pulsed dye laser generates the high optical power necessary to efficiently ionize the sputtered atoms. Mass analysis of the laser-generated ions provides the capability for isotope ratio measurements.
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Ajlouni, Abdul-Wali M. S. "Deep Atomic Binding (DAB) Hypothesis: A New Approach of Fission Product Chemistry." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89054.
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Former studies assumed that, after fission process occurs, the highly ionized new born atoms (20–22 positive charge), ionize the media in which they pass through before becoming stable atoms in a manner similar to 4-MeV-particles. Via ordinary chemical reactions with the surroundings, each stable atom has a probability to form chemical compound. Since there are about 35 different elemental atoms created through fission processes, a large number of chemical species were suggested to be formed. But, these suggested chemical species were not found in the environment after actual releases of FP during accidents like TMI (USA, 1979), and Chernobyl (former USSR, 1986), also the models based on these suggested reactions and species could not interpret the behavior of these actual species. It is assumed here that the ionization states of the new born atoms and the long term high temperature were not dealt with in an appropriate way and they were the reasons of former models failure. Our new approach of DEEP ATOMIC BINDING (DAB) based on the following: 1. The new born atoms which are highly ionized, 10–12 electrons associated with each nucleus, having a large probability to create bonds between them to form molecules. These bonds are at the L, or M shells, and we call it DAB. 2. The molecules stay in the reactor at high temperatures for long periods, so they undergo many stages of composition and decomposition to form giant molecules. By applying DAB approach, field data from Chernobyl, TMI and nuclear detonations could be interpreted with a wide coincidence resulted.
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Wise, Michael L., and Stephen W. Downey. "Characterization of Semiconductor Materials by the Photoionization of Sputtered Neutrals Using Ultra-High Laser Intensities." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1996.lfb.6.
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The depth profiling of dopant concentrations across ultrathin device structures is critical to microelectronic device design and fabrication. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) remains an extremely important technique for semiconductor characterization. However, secondary ion production during sputtering is extremely dependent on matrix composition, complicating the characterization of elemental concentrations at or near the interfaces of two materials. For this reason, complementary analytical techniques referred to as Sputtered Neutrals Mass Spectrometry (SNMS) have been developed. In SNMS, a laser beam is used to ionize the neutral species in the gas phase above the sample after ion beam sputtering. These "post-ionization" techniques can accomplish surface analysis and depth profiling with high sensitivity and relative freedom from matrix effects. The application of ultra-high intensity lasers (>1014 W / cm2) to the post-ionization technique creates the possibility that all the sputtered species, regardless of electronic structure, will be non-resonantly ionized with high efficiency1. Uniform ionization of all the sputtered species within the laser volume will greatly simplify the quantification of unknown materials.
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Vostrikova, Anastasia Sergeevna. "Air ionizer." In International Research-to-practice conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-119672.
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Chowdari, B. V. R., M. Yahaya, I. A. Talib, and M. M. Salleh. "SOLID STATE IONIC MATERIALS." In 4th Asian Conference on Solid State Ionics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814533942.
Full textReports on the topic "Ionizz"
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Fernando, P. U. Ashvin Iresh, Gilbert Kosgei, Matthew Glasscott, Garrett George, Erik Alberts, and Lee Moores. Boronic acid functionalized ferrocene derivatives towards fluoride sensing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44762.
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In this technical report (TR), a robust, readily synthesized molecule with a ferrocene core appended with one or two boronic acid moieties was designed, synthesized, and used toward F- (free fluoride) detection. Through Lewis acid-base interactions, the boronic acid derivatives are capable of binding with F- in an aqueous solution via ligand exchange reaction and is specific to fluoride ion. Fluoride binding to ferrocene causes significant changes in fluorescence or electrochemical responses that can be monitored with field-portable instrumentation at concentrations below the WHO recommended limit. The F- binding interaction was further monitored via proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). In addition, fluorescent spectroscopy of the boronic acid moiety and electrochemical monitoring of the ferrocene moiety will allow detection and estimation of F- concentration precisely in a solution matrix. The current work shows lower detection limit (LOD) of ~15 μM (285 μg/L) which is below the WHO standards. Preliminary computational calculations showed the boronic acid moieties attached to the ferrocene core interacted with the fluoride ion. Also, the ionization diagrams indicate the amides and the boronic acid groups can be ionized forming strong ionic interactions with fluoride ions in addition to hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Wang, J. (Solid state ionics). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5241910.
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Drake, Greg, Tommy Hawkins, Kerri Tollison, Leslie Hall, and Ashwani Vij. New Ionic Liquids. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417389.
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Giannelis, Emmanuel P., Dongkyu Lee, Engin Burgaz, and Dongyan Wang. Nanoscale Ionic Liquids. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada474807.
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Kruger, C. H. Fundamental Processes in Partially Ionized Plasmas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada207910.
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Kruger, C. H., M. Mitchner, and S. A. Self. Fundamental Processes in Partially Ionized Plasmas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198627.
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Kruger, Charles H., and Christophe Laux. Fundamental Processes in Partially Ionized Plasmas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada259272.
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Kruger, C. H., M. Mitchner, and S. A. Self. Fundamental Processes in Partially Ionized Plasmas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada160011.
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Blumstein, Alexandre. Conjugated Substituted Ionic Polyacetylenes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada264702.
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Yao, Wenlong. Structure, ionic conductivity and mobile carrier density in fast ionic conducting chalcogenide glasses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/897364.
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