Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ionosphere – Africa – Radio waves

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Ionosphere – Africa – Radio waves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ionosphere – Africa – Radio waves"

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Roger, Nakolemda, Nanema Emmanuel, and Sawadogo Gedeon. "MODELING CRITICAL FREQUENCY OF IONOSPHERE D-LAYER AT MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM OF THE SOLAR CYCLE 22WITH IRI-2016." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 08 (August 31, 2021): 960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13349.

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One of the interests of the study of the ionosphere lies in its importance for the transmission of radio waves in telecommunications. The ionospherebehaves as an obstacle to the passage of waves. Thus, the signals of short wavelengths are reflected by the F layer or the upper part of the sublayer E, while theD-layeris the seat of the reflection of low-frequencywaves. The presentstudyinvestigates the temporal variability of the criticalfrequency of the D-layer (for) using the 2016 version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model under quiet day conditions during at maximum and minimum phase of solar cycle 22. The workisconductedat the Ouagadougou station, located in West Africa. The methodology of the workadopted for the determination of the parameter foDisbased on the calculation of the monthlyhourlyaverages of this variable obtainedwith the help of the model during the monthsthatcharacterize the seasons. The resultsobtained for the parameter for as a function of time during the minimum and maximum of the solar cycle 22 have been presented. The seasonal and temporal variations of the criticalfrequency of the ionosphereD-layer show that the foD values are lower during a minimum of the solar cycle and present maximum values at the Zenith (1200 TL) at a minimum and maximum. Theseresultsalsorevealthatthisparameter varies with time, season, and geographical position. The results of thisstudy show a criticalfrequencybelow 1 MHz during both phases of the solar cycle.
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Barta, Veronika, Gabriella Sátori, Kitti Alexandra Berényi, Árpád Kis, and Earle Williams. "Effects of solar flares on the ionosphere as shown by the dynamics of ionograms recorded in Europe and South Africa." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 4 (August 23, 2019): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-747-2019.

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Abstract. We have investigated the solar flare effects on ionospheric absorption with the systematic analysis of ionograms measured at midlatitude and low-latitude ionosonde stations under different solar zenith angles. The lowest recorded ionosonde echo, the minimum frequency (fmin, a qualitative proxy for the “nondeviative” radio wave absorption occurring in the D-layer), and the dfmin parameter (difference between the value of the fmin and the mean fmin for reference days) have been considered. Data were provided by meridionally distributed ionosonde stations in Europe and South Africa during eight X- and M-class solar flares in solar cycle 23. Total and partial radio fade-out was experienced at every ionospheric station during intense solar flares (> M6). The duration of the total radio fade-out varied between 15 and 150 min and it was highly dependent on the solar zenith angle of the ionospheric stations. Furthermore, a solar-zenith-angle-dependent enhancement of the fmin (2–9 MHz) and dfmin (1–8 MHz) parameters was observed at almost every station. The fmin and dfmin parameters show an increasing trend with the enhancement of the X-ray flux. Based on our results, the dfmin parameter is a good qualitative measure for the relative variation of the “nondeviative” absorption, especially in the case of the less intense solar flares, which do not cause total radio fade-out in the ionosphere (class < M6).
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Altadill, David, Antoni Segarra, Estefania Blanch, José Miguel Juan, Vadym V. Paznukhov, Dalia Buresova, Ivan Galkin, Bodo W. Reinisch, and Anna Belehaki. "A method for real-time identification and tracking of traveling ionospheric disturbances using ionosonde data: first results." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 10 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019042.

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Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) are wave-like propagating irregularities that alter the electron density environment and play an important role spreading radio signals propagating through the ionosphere. A method combining spectral analysis and cross-correlation is applied to time series of ionospheric characteristics (i.e., MUF(3000)F2 or foF2) using data of the networks of ionosondes in Europe and South Africa to estimate the period, amplitude, velocity and direction of propagation of TIDs. The method is verified using synthetic data and is validated through comparison of TID detection results made with independent observational techniques. The method provides near real time capability of detection and tracking of Large-Scale TIDs (LSTIDs), usually associated with auroral activity.
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Waters, C. L., T. K. Yeoman, M. D. Sciffer, P. Ponomarenko, and D. M. Wright. "Modulation of radio frequency signals by ULF waves." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 5 (June 4, 2007): 1113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1113-2007.

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Abstract. The ionospheric plasma is continually perturbed by ultra-low frequency (ULF; 1–100 mHz) plasma waves that are incident from the magnetosphere. In this paper we present a combined experimental and modeling study of the variation in radio frequency of signals propagating in the ionosphere due to the interaction of ULF wave energy with the ionospheric plasma. Modeling the interaction shows that the magnitude of the ULF wave electric field, e, and the geomagnetic field, B0, giving an e×B0 drift, is the dominant mechanism for changing the radio frequency. We also show how data from high frequency (HF) Doppler sounders can be combined with HF radar data to provide details of the spatial structure of ULF wave energy in the ionosphere. Due to spatial averaging effects, the spatial structure of ULF waves measured in the ionosphere may be quite different to that obtained using ground based magnetometer arrays. The ULF wave spatial structure is shown to be a critical parameter that determines how ULF wave effects alter the frequency of HF signals propagating through the ionosphere.
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Nanema, Emmanuel, Moustapha Konate, Doua Allain Gnabahou, and Frederic Ouattara. "Effects of Height of F2-Layer on Critical Frequency by Use of Data at Ouagadougou Station." Applied Physics Research 10, no. 5 (September 27, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v10n5p57.

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Ionosphere investigation leads to the knowledge of its composition in particles. The particle density and composition determine the capacity of this region to reflect radio waves in the atmosphere at different heights. Some variables such as season, solar cycle phase also influence the ionosphere behavior. Radio waves frequencies pass through the ionosphere layer without reflection above a critical value determining the critical frequency. This study determines the critical frequency of radio waves in the F2 layer (foF2) of the ionosphere by use of data at Ouagadougou station during the minimum and the maximum of solar cycle 22, at different seasons with the height of F2-layer (hmF2). Daytime and nighttime also influence ionosphere parameters. The study presents the hourly behavior of foF2 according to hmF2 values.
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Naumov, N. D. "Passage of short radio waves through the lower ionosphere." Plasma Physics Reports 38, no. 13 (December 2012): 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x12060086.

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Nina, A., and V. M. Čadež. "Detection of acoustic‐gravity waves in lower ionosphere by VLF radio waves." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 18 (September 16, 2013): 4803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50931.

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Lebedev, N. V., N. D. Naumov, and V. V. Rudenko. "Simulation of lower ionosphere heating by modulated radio-frequency waves." Plasma Physics Reports 39, no. 13 (December 2013): 1068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x13070155.

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Nielsen, E., D. D. Morgan, D. L. Kirchner, J. Plaut, and G. Picardi. "Absorption and reflection of radio waves in the Martian ionosphere." Planetary and Space Science 55, no. 7-8 (May 2007): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.10.005.

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Zawdie, K. A., D. P. Drob, D. E. Siskind, and C. Coker. "Calculating the absorption of HF radio waves in the ionosphere." Radio Science 52, no. 6 (June 2017): 767–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017rs006256.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ionosphere – Africa – Radio waves"

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Tshisaphungo, Mpho. "Validation of high frequency propagation prediction models over Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015239.

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The ionosphere is an important factor in high frequency (HF) radio propagation providing an opportunity to study ionospheric variability as well as the space weather conditions under which HF communication can take place. This thesis presents the validation of HF propagation conditions for the Ionospheric Communication Enhanced Profile Analysis and Circuit (ICEPAC) and Advanced Stand Alone Prediction System (ASAPS) models over Africa by comparing predictions with the measured data obtained from the International Beacon Project (IBP). Since these models were not developed using information on the African region, a more accurate HF propagation prediction tool is required. Two IBP transmitter stations are considered, Ruaraka, Kenya (1.24°S, 36.88°E) and Pretoria, South Africa (25.45°S, 28.10°E) with one beacon receiver station located in Hermanus, South Africa (34.27°S, 19.l2°E). The potential of these models in terms of HF propagation conditions is illustrated. An attempt to draw conclusions for future improvement of the models is also presented. Results show a low prediction accuracy for both ICEPAC and ASAPS models, although ICEPAC provided more accurate predictions for daily HF propagation conditions. This thesis suggests that the development of a new HF propagation prediction tool for the African region or the modification of one of the existing models to accommodate the African region, taking into account the importance of the African ionospheric region, should be considered as an option to ensure more accurate HF Propagation predictions over this region.
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Opperman, B. D. L. "Reconstructing ionospheric TEC over South Africa using signals from a regional GPS network." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005273.

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Radio signals transmitted by GPS satellites orbiting the Earth are modulated as they propagate through the electrically charged plasmasphere and ionosphere in the near-Earth space environment. Through a linear combination of GPS range and phase measurements observed on two carrier frequencies by terrestrial-based GPS receivers, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along oblique GPS signal paths may be quantified. Simultaneous observations of signals transmitted by multiple GPS satellites and observed from a network of South African dual frequency GPS receivers, constitute a spatially dense ionospheric measurement source over the region. A new methodology, based on an adjusted spherical harmonic (ASHA) expansion, was developed to estimate diurnal vertical TEC over the region using GPS observations over the region. The performance of the ASHA methodology to estimate diurnal TEC and satellite and receiver differential clock biases (DCBs) for a single GPS receiver was first tested with simulation data and subsequently applied to observed GPS data. The resulting diurnal TEC profiles estimated from GPS observations compared favourably to measurements from three South African ionosondes and two other GPS-based methodologies for 2006 solstice and equinox dates. The ASHA methodology was applied to calculating diurnal two-dimensional TEC maps from multiple receivers in the South African GPS network. The space physics application of the newly developed methodology was demonstrated by investigating the ionosphere’s behaviour during a severe geomagnetic storm and investigating the long-term ionospheric stability in support of the proposed Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio astronomy project. The feasibility of employing the newly developed technique in an operational near real-time system for estimating and dissimenating TEC values over Southern Africa using observations from a regional GPS receiver network, was investigated.
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Carozzi, Tobia. "Radio waves in the ionosphere : Propagation, generation and detection." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för astronomi och rymdfysik, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1184.

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We discuss various topics concerning the propagation, generation, and detec-tionof high-frequency (HF) radio waves in the Earth's ionosphere. With re-gardsto propagation, we derive a full wave Hamiltonian and a polarization evo-lutionequation for electromagnetic waves in a cold, stratified magnetoplasma.With regards to generation, we will be concerned with three experiments con-ducted at the ionosphere- radio wave interaction research facilities at Sura, Rus-siaand Tromsø, Norway. These facilities operate high power HF transmittersthat can inject large amplitude electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere andexcite numerous nonlinear processes. In an experiment conducted at the Surafacility, we were able to measure the full state of polarization of stimulatedelectromagnetic emissions for the first time. It is expected that by using thetechnique developed in this experiment it will be possible to study nonlinearpolarization effects on powerful HF pump waves in magnetoplasmas in the fu-ture.In another experiment conducted at the Sura facility, the pump frequencywas swept automatically allowing rapid, high-resolution measurements of SEEdependence on pump frequency with minimal variations in ionospheric condi-tions.At the Tromsø facility we discovered by chance a highly variable, pumpinduced, HF emission that most probably emanated from pump excited spo-radicE. Regarding detection, we have proposed a set of Stokes parametersgeneralized to three dimension space; and we have used these parameters in aninvention to detect the incoming direction of electromagnetic waves of multiplefrequencies from a single point measurement.
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Carozzi, Tobia D. "Radio waves in the ionosphere : propagation, generation, and detection /." Uppsala : Institutionen för astronomi och rymdfysik, Univ. [distributör], 2000. http://publications.uu.se/theses/99-3364278-2/.

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Bond, Giles Edward. "The interaction of radio waves with the auroral ionosphere." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30629.

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A high power radio wave propagating through the ionosphere perturbs the natural plasma in a number of ways. These include bulk changes in the electron temperature and density, and the excitation of plasma waves and instabilities. The ionosphere can be regarded as a natural plasma laboratory, with far greater scale sizes then anything achievable in a conventional laboratory, thus giving unique access to a range of plasma waves and instabilities. In this thesis results from two campaigns involving the EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATter) ionospheric modification facility (heater) at Tromso, Northern Norway are presented. The first campaign, in February 1995, was principally concerned with modification of the auroral electrojet region during both disturbed and quiet conditions. During this campaign the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar was utilised to achieve the first experimental demonstration of artificial inospheric cooling by a high power radio wave. For the second campaign, in April 1996, the most important diagnostic was CUTLASS (Co-operative UK Twin Located Auroral Sounding System), which can measure power backscattered from field aligned irregularities produced during heating. It has been found that irregularities are excited over a horizontal spatial extent of around 175 km, which far exceeds the normal width of the heater beam. The temporal decay of artificial irregularities remain in the ionosphere for up to four minutes after heater-off. In addition to these experimental studies, a computer model has been developed to investigate the electron temperature and density changes which are induced in the ionospheric D- and E-regions during periods of electrojet activity. The model reproduces the experimental observations, and predicts reduced artificial heating efficiency under distributed natural conditions.
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Stocker, Alan John. "Modification of the ionosphere by means of high power radio waves." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35799.

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Experiments have been performed at Troms?, Norway and Arecibo, Puerto Rico to investigate the effects produced by high power radio waves (heating) on the high and low latitude ionospheres, respectively. The modifications induced in the F-region have been observed with both incoherent scatter radars and tow power HF diagnostic radio waves. These observations provide information on both heater-induced large scale changes, and small scale density structures. The spatial and temporal development of the perturbation in electron temperature caused by heating, measured at Troms? for the first time, compares well with theory. Observations of thermal striations, which may be the result of the thermal self-focussing of the heater wave, are also presented. The large-scale heater-induced changes in the electron density measured by EISCAT have been compared with those derived from measurements of the phase of reflected HF diagnostic signals. Both methods yield consistent results with regard to whether the electron density is enhanced or depleted but there are, however, differences in the magnitudes of the measured changes. The sign of the perturbation can reveal aeronomical information on the chemical and diffusion characteristics of the unheated ionosphere. The first observations of tow latitude heating by means of low power HF diagnostic waves are presented. The anomalous absorption measured at tow latitudes is less than that at high latitudes, in agreement with theory. The scale length and amplitude of the associated small-scale density structures are comparable at both high and low latitudes. A detailed comparison has been undertaken of the effect of heating at high and low latitudes and the results compared with current theoretical models. The two independent diagnostic techniques (incoherent scatter and low power HF waves) provide a consistent picture of the ionospheric perturbation induced by both heating facilities.
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Hahlin, Axel. "Coupled waves as a model to describe chaotic turbulence pumped by radio waves in the ionosphere." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutet för rymdfysik, Uppsalaavdelningen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356265.

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Experimental results concerning plasma turbulence pumped in theionosphere by powerful radio waves suggest that the turbulence is due todeterministic chaos. To investigate the possibility of deterministic chaosin the ionosphere coupled wave systems have been studied to see chaoticdynamics. If coupled waves can exhibit chaos it is a possible way tomodel ionospheric chaos. The result showed that chaos was present inboth wave systems studied which means that they could possibly explainthe chaos, to verify this more studies needs to be done on theparameters relevant to the coupled wave systems in the ionosphere andfind if they are in a regime where chaos develops
Studier av plasmaturbulens i jonosfären som pumpas av kraftfulla radiovågor antyder att turbulensen är kopplat till deterministiskt kaos. För att undersöka möjligheten för deterministiskt kaos i jonosfären studeras kopplade vågsystem om de kan innehålla kaotiska regimer. Om dessa system visar kaotiskt beteende skulle de kunna användas för att beskriva kaos i jonosfären. Resultatet visade att kaos var närvarande i de kopplade vågsystem som studerats, för att verifiera om de kan användas för att beskriva kaos i jonosfären måste närmare studier av de parametrar som modellen använder sig av göras för att se om de faller inom ett intervall där kaos uppstår.
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Habarulema, John Bosco. "A contribution to TEC modelling over Southern Africa using GPS data." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005241.

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Modelling ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is an important area of interest for radio wave propagation, geodesy, surveying, the understanding of space weather dynamics and error correction in relation to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNNS) applications. With the utilisation of improved ionosonde technology coupled with the use of GNSS, the response of technological systems due to changes in the ionosphere during both quiet and disturbed conditions can be historically inferred. TEC values are usually derived from GNSS measurements using mathematically intensive algorithms. However, the techniques used to estimate these TEC values depend heavily on the availability of near-real time GNSS data, and therefore, are sometimes unable to generate complete datasets. This thesis investigated possibilities for the modelling of TEC values derived from the South African Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver network using linear regression methods and artificial neural networks (NNs). GPS TEC values were derived using the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic Analysis (ASHA) algorithm. Considering TEC and the factors that influence its variability as “dependent and independent variables” respectively, the capabilities of linear regression methods and NNs for TEC modelling were first investigated using a small dataset from two GPS receiver stations. NN and regression models were separately developed and used to reproduce TEC fluctuations at different stations not included in the models’ development. For this purpose, TEC was modelled as a function of diurnal variation, seasonal variation, solar and magnetic activities. Comparative analysis showed that NN models provide predictions of GPS TEC that were an improvement on those predicted by the regression models developed. A separate study to empirically investigate the effects of solar wind on GPS TEC was carried out. Quantitative results indicated that solar wind does not have a significant influence on TEC variability. The final TEC simulation model developed makes use of the NN technique to find the relationship between historical TEC data variations and factors that are known to influence TEC variability (such as solar and magnetic activities, diurnal and seasonal variations and the geographical locations of the respective GPS stations) for the purposes of regional TEC modelling and mapping. The NN technique in conjunction with interpolation and extrapolation methods makes it possible to construct ionospheric TEC maps and to analyse the spatial and temporal TEC behaviour over Southern Africa. For independent validation, modelled TEC values were compared to ionosonde TEC and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) generated TEC values during both quiet and disturbed conditions. This thesis provides a comprehensive guide on the development of TEC models for predicting ionospheric variability over the South African region, and forms a significant contribution to ionospheric modelling efforts in Africa.
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Okoh, Daniel Izuikeninachi. "Developing an ionospheric map for South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005244.

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This thesis describes the development of an ionospheric map for the South African region using the current available resources. The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, the South African Bottomside Ionospheric Model (SABIM), and measurements from ionosondes in the South African Ionosonde Network, were incorporated into the map. An accurate ionospheric map depicting the foF2 and hmF2 parameters as well as electron density profiles at any location within South Africa is a useful tool for, amongst others, High Frequency (HF) communicators and space weather centers. A major product of the work is software, written in MATLAB, which produces spatial and temporal representations of the South African ionosphere. The map was validated and demonstrated for practical application, since a significant aim of the project was to make the map as applicable as possible. It is hoped that the map will find immense application in HF radio communication industries, research industries, aviation industries, and other industries that make use of Earth-Space systems. A potential user of the map is GrinTek Ewation (GEW) who is currently evaluating it for their purposes
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Löfås, Henrik. "Ionospheric modification by powerful HF-waves : Underdense F-region heating by X-Mode." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121898.

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Observations of modifications of the electron temperature in the F-region produced by powerful high-frequency waves transmitted in X-mode are presented. The experiments were performed during quiet nighttime conditions with low ionospheric densities so no reflections occurred. Nevertheless temperature enhancements of the order of 300-400K were obtained. The modifications found can be well described by the theory of Ohmic heating by the pump wave and both temporal and spatial changes are reproduced.  A brief overview of several different experimental campaigns at EISCAT facilities in the period from October 2006 to February 2008 are also given pointing out some interesting features from the different experiments. The main focus is then on the campaign during October 2006 and modifications of the electron temperature in the F-region.
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Books on the topic "Ionosphere – Africa – Radio waves"

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Hunsucker, Robert D. Radio Techniques for Probing the Terrestrial Ionosphere. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991.

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Budden, K. G. Radio waves in the ionosphere: The mathematical theory of the reflection of radio waves from stratified ionised layers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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The propagation of radio waves: The theory of radio waves of low power in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Laboratory), Ionospheric Effects Symposium (6th 1990 Naval Research. The effect of the ionosphere on radiowave signals and system performance: Based on Ionospheric Effects Symposium, 1-3 May 1990. [Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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M, Hayakawa, ed. Resonances in the earth-ionosphere cavity. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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M, Goodman John, and Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.), eds. The effect of the ionosphere on communication, navigation, and surveillance systems: Based on Ionospheric Effects Symposium, 5-7 May 1987. [Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory], 1988.

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M, Goodman John, Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.), United States. Defense Communications Agency., and United States. Defense Nuclear Agency., eds. Effect of the ionosphere on C³I systems: Based on Ionospheric Effects Symposium held in Old Town, Alexandria, Va., 1-3 May 1984. [Washington, D.C.?]: Naval Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Rao, D. R. K. Studies of generation and dev[e]lopment of plasma irregularities in low latitude ionosphere through scintillation of satellite radio beacon: Project completion report, July 1989-March 1994. [Bombay]: Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, 1994.

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The Propagation of Radio Waves: The Theory of Radio Waves of Low Power in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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Hayakawa, M., and A. P. Nickolaenko. Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity. A P Nickolaenko, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ionosphere – Africa – Radio waves"

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Rawer, Karl. "Propagation of radio waves in a cold magnetoplasma." In Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere, 53–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3665-7_7.

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Hunsucker, Robert D. "Ionospheric Modification by High Power Radio Waves." In Radio Techniques for Probing the Terrestrial Ionosphere, 142–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76257-4_6.

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Rawer, Karl. "Refraction of radio waves in a plasma. Simplest case." In Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere, 7–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3665-7_2.

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Hunsucker, Robert D. "Terrestrial Atmospheric Structure and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves." In Radio Techniques for Probing the Terrestrial Ionosphere, 3–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76257-4_1.

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"The ionosphere and magnetosphere." In The Propagation of Radio Waves, 1–21. Cambridge University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511564321.002.

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"Ray theory results for isotropic ionosphere." In The Propagation of Radio Waves, 328–55. Cambridge University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511564321.013.

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"Full wave solutions for isotropic ionosphere." In The Propagation of Radio Waves, 438–79. Cambridge University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511564321.016.

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"Propagation of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere." In Electrodynamics, 345–55. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814340755_0013.

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"Propagation of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere." In Electrodynamics: An Introduction Including Quantum Effects, 277–87. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812562159_0013.

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Cottrell, Geoff. "4. Windows in the sky." In Telescopes: A Very Short Introduction, 39–46. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198745860.003.0004.

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The atmosphere influences much of what can be seen through a telescope. Most of the atmosphere lies within 16 km from the Earth’s surface. Further out, the air becomes thinner until it merges with outer space. In the ionosphere—a layer 75–1000 km high—neutral atoms are ionized by solar radiation and high-energy cosmic ray particles arriving from distant parts of the Universe. ‘Windows in the sky’ explains electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma rays through to visible light and radio waves. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that can be polarized. The atmosphere acts as a filter and blocks cosmic electromagnetic radiation. Atmospheric turbulence distorts starlight resulting in ‘twinkling’ stars.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ionosphere – Africa – Radio waves"

1

Jandieri, George, Zhuzhuna Diasamidze, Mzia Diasamidze, and Irma Takidze. "Scintillation studies of scattered radio waves in the ionosphere." In 2017 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers.2017.8261701.

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2

Wong, Alfred Y. "Nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic waves with the auroral ionosphere." In The thirteenth topical conference on radio frequency power in plasmas. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.59730.

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3

Kumar, Sushil, and Sandip K. Chakrabarti. "Tweek atmospherics: Diagnostics Tools to Probe D-Region Ionosphere." In PROPAGATION EFFECTS OF VERY LOW FREQUENCY RADIO WAVES: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Science with Very Low Frequency Radio Waves: Theory and Observations. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3512873.

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4

Loi, Shyeh Tjing, Tara Murphy, Iver H. Cairns, Cathryn M. Trott, Martin E. Bell, Natasha Hurley-Walker, John Morgan, et al. "Waves in the sky: Probing the ionosphere with the Murchison Widefield Array." In 2015 1st URSI Atlantic Radio Science Conference (URSI AT-RASC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursi-at-rasc.2015.7303197.

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Samanes, Jorge, Jean-Pierre Raulin, and Cao Jinbin. "Estimation of the nighttime height of the lower ionosphere using VLF waves propagation." In 2016 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (URSI AP-RASC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ursiap-rasc.2016.7601185.

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Raulin, Jean-Pierre, Fernando C. P. Bertoni, Hernan R. Gavilán, Jorge C. Samanes, and Sandip K. Chakrabarti. "Long-term and transient forcing of the low ionosphere monitored by SAVNET." In PROPAGATION EFFECTS OF VERY LOW FREQUENCY RADIO WAVES: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Science with Very Low Frequency Radio Waves: Theory and Observations. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3512872.

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Streltsov, Anatoly V., and Jesse R. Woodroffe. "Propagation of whistler-mode waves through the ionosphere to the radiation belt." In 2014 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi-nrsm.2014.6928088.

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Tatarinova, Kristina V., and Vineamin E. Zakharov. "Search on the Normal Wave Amplitude Change for HF-Waves Propogating in The Ionosphere." In 2019 Russian Open Conference on Radio Wave Propagation (RWP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rwp.2019.8810227.

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Chernyshov, Alexander, Andres Spicher, Askar Ilyasov, Wojciech Miloch, and Mikhail Mogilevsky. "Role of Plasma Inhomogeneities in the Generation of Broadband Waves in the Polar Ionosphere." In 2018 2nd URSI Atlantic Radio Science Meeting (AT-RASC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursi-at-rasc.2018.8471639.

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Bertoni, F. C. P., J. P. Raulin, H. R. Gavilan, P. Kaufmann, T. E. Raymundo, and Sandip K. Chakrabarti. "Periodic and quiescent solar activity effects in the low ionosphere, using SAVNET data." In PROPAGATION EFFECTS OF VERY LOW FREQUENCY RADIO WAVES: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Science with Very Low Frequency Radio Waves: Theory and Observations. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3512878.

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