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Academic literature on the topic 'Ionosphères'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ionosphères"
Grandin, Maxime. "Etude multi-instrumentale et modélisation des ionosphères terrestre et martienne." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30183.
Full textThis thesis is based on five publications studying the terrestrial and Martian ionospheres by making use of versatile instruments and of modelling techniques. The terrestrial ionosphere is a complex system strongly coupled to the magnetosphere and hence very sensitive to solar wind driving. Various kinds of instruments may be used to study the ionosphere, from ground-based instruments to satellite-borne systems. Two papers study the response of the auroral and subauroral ionosphere to solar wind high-speed streams, which originate from coronal holes at the surface of the Sun. These two studies make use of the superposed epoch analysis method, which enables to derive the statistical behaviour of the studied parameters. For the first study, which focuses on the F-region peak electron density measured by the Sodankylä ionosonde (at L = 5.2), the superposed epoch method has been modified so that a study of the effects of high-speed streams in the F region in different magnetic local time sectors becomes possible. The modified method is called phase-locked superposed epoch analysis. The second paper focuses on energetic (>30 keV) electron precipitation during high-speed streams by making use of cosmic noise absorption measurements from a chain of riometers located between L = 3.8 and L = 5.7. A third study reveals for the first time pulsation signatures in cosmic noise absorption data during a pulsating aurora event. This indicates that the electron precipitation flux is modulated simultaneously over a broad range of energies (from a few keV to several tens of keV) in relation to pulsating aurora. The fourth and fifth articles study the Martian ionosphere. They present a novel analysis method for Mars Express radio-occultation data. Contrary to the classical inversion approach, this new method is based on a direct simulation of the radio wave propagation between the ground-based station at Earth and the Mars Express spacecraft, in a modelled Martian environment. The parameters determining the properties of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere of Mars are adjusted in order for the simulated radio-occultation data to fit the measured data. The optimal set of parameters provides the retrieved neutral temperature and density profiles in the atmosphere, and the ion and electron density profiles in the ionosphere near the occultation point
Witasse, Olivier. "Modélisation des ionosphères planétaires et de leur rayonnement : la terre et Mars." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10094.
Full textLopes, Allan. "Réactions ion-molécule en phase gaz pour la chimie des ionosphères planétaires et des plasmas." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS577/document.
Full textThis PhD project is focused on the experimental study of reactions of positive and negative ions for which we want to characterize the effect of different energies: internal energy of parents ions and/or collisional energy on the reactivity. There are two main goals. The first is to understand the reaction dynamics of the studied systems. The second one is to obtain data for modelisation of the chemistry in complex areas (ionosphere, plasmas...). Studied systems will concern the reactivity of excited cations CH₃⁺ with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alcane, alcene and alcyne from C1 to C4) as well as the reactivity of the C₃N⁻ anion with acetylene C₂H₂. Targets are chosen for theirs different chemical functions and interesting size for theoretical studies of Titan. We have studied the reactivity of these systems on the CERISES setup as a function of internal and collisional energies of the parent ions. C₃N⁻ anions are produced by dissociative electron attachment on BrC₃N. CH₃⁺ cations can be produced by two different methods. At the LCP, electronic impact on methane CH₄ produce CH₃⁺ cations with low internal energy whereas electronic impact on chloromethane CH₃Cl produce CH₃⁺ cations with more internal energy. This observation allowed us to prepare for the experiments at the SOLEIL synchrotron where CH₃⁺ cations are produced with controlled internal energy by photoionisation of CH₃ radicals produced in-situ by pyrolysis of nitromethane CH₃NO₂. Tuning of the photon energy between 9.8 and 15 eV allowed us to change the vibrational or electronic energy distribution of the CH₃⁺ cations. The development of a photoelectron detector fitted to the radical source enabled TPEPICO experiments (Threshold PhotoElectron PhotoIon Coincidence) where ions are extracted from the source in coincidence with threshold electrons which allow a total control of their energy.We saw that the internal energy of CH₃⁺ can have an important role on its reactivity by opening paths of reaction like sequential dissociation of products (seen in reactions with methane, propene…) or endothermic charge transfer (with methane and ethene) which is not efficiently enhanced by collisional energy. From the evolution of the absolute reaction cross section with the two different energies we discussed the mechanisms of formation of the observed products (decomposition of a complex or direct transfer). The reaction C₃N⁻ + C₂H₂ produce C₂H⁻, CN⁻ and C₅N⁻ anions in small quantities and only above collisional energy threshold which exclude their formation in cold atmosphere like Titan’s one unless there is processes leading to the production of C₃N⁻ with energy
Gronoff, Guillaume. "Étude des effets des entrées énergétiques dans les atmosphères de Vénus, Mars et Titan." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10093.
Full textAeronomy is a multi disciplinary field with the aim of studying the relationship between the Earth or other planet atmospheres and the particles precipitation from space. Aeronomy was primarly the study of the Earth atmosphere, and its relations with the solar wind. In this thesis, I extended the standard aeronomy researches to higher energy and to other planets. In a first part, I modified the Trans* codes to study the doubly charged ions, in the upper atmosphere of Venus. In that frame, I used the highest energies of the standard studies of planetary ionospheres. That work also permitted to improve studies on the Venusian (and Martian) ionosphere-thermosphere emissions, and raised the issue of the mechanism leading to the green line in CO2-rich atmospheres. In a second part, I studied the precipitation of electrons along magnetic field lines embedded in the atmosphere of Titan. Giving a new approach on particle precipitation in the mesosphere of this saturnian satellite. In a third part, I used the Planetocosmic code to implement the computation of cosmic ray impact in the Titan atmosphere. Moreover, a proton precipitation code was added to that code to compute the whole ion production in the atmosphere (from electron and photon productions in the upper atmosphere to the lower atmosphere with the cosmic rays). Those productions were used as an input for chemical models to understand the whole chemical-physical processes in Titan. The theoretical work performed in this thesis has been successfully compared to space missions Mars Express, Venus Express and Cassini-Huygens
Chatain, Audrey. "Aerosols-plasma interaction in Titan’s ionosphere." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV022.
Full textThe climatic system of Saturn’s moon Titan is governed by the intense production of organic aerosols in its upper atmosphere. This phenomenon also certainly happened on Earth at the beginning of life. These two points strongly motivate research on the formation and evolution processes of the aerosols in the atmosphere of Titan. The aerosols form and stay several weeks in the ionosphere, between ~900-1200 km of altitude. This atmospheric layer is ionized by UV solar rays and energetic particles coming from Saturn’s magnetosphere, forming a plasma with very reactive species: radicals, excited species, ions and electrons. In such an environment, the main question I tackle is how the organic aerosols interact with the plasma species.The phenomenon is simulated in the laboratory with a plasma setup developed on purpose: analogues of Titan aerosols are exposed to a N2-H2 plasma discharge. Both an evolution of the solid and the gas phase are observed. H and N atoms chemically interact with the aerosols. Then, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and other organic molecules are ejected in the gas phase by ion sputtering. These results highlight an important contribution of heterogeneous processes in Titan’s upper atmosphere.My re-analysis of the Cassini Langmuir probe data revealed the presence of an unexpected electron population in the ionosphere, below 1200 km and on the day-side, where heavy ions are also detected. These electrons could be emitted by the aerosols, after collision with a photon, and/or heating by the active ion chemistry
Simon, Cyril. "Contribution à l'étude des entrées d'énergie solaire dans l'ionosphère : Ions doublement chargés et transport cinétique des protons - Application à la Terre et à Titan." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00109802.
Full textGautier, Anne-Lise. "Etude de la propagation des ondes radio dans les environnements planétaires." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2013. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01145651.
Full textIn the Solar System, the study of the radio emissions at very low frequencies (from few kHz up to few MHz) is a source of information about the processes of acceleration of electrons in the planetary environment and in the Solar Wind. The understanding of the emission mechanisms and the knowledge of the methods of detection enable to probe the physical conditions of the plasma sources. This dissertation deals with the propagation of the radio waves in the planetary environment. Their inhomogeneous characteristics could induce a non-linear path of rays in addition to the anisotropy of the plasma caused by the presence of magnetic fields. The study of wave propagation effects permits to relax the hypothesis of rectilinear propagation between the source and the detectors, to track the evolution of the wave characteristics and to probe the propagating medium. The theoretical study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in magnetized and anisotropic plasma led to the development of a generalized ray tracing code, that includes the calculation of the polarization state of the wave along the rays : ARTEMIS-P (Anisotropic Ray Tracer for Electromagnetism in Magnetosphere, Ionosphere and Solar wind, including Polarization). This code led to two studies : on the one hand, the modeling of the "Over-the-Horizon" effect consisting of the detection of guided radio signatures associated with lightning bursts in Saturn atmosphere, and on the other hand, the characterization of the influence of the auroral cavities profile on the beaming of the Auroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) at the Earth
Dubois, David. "Etude de la chimie de la haute et basse atmosphère de Titan : approche expérimentale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV049/document.
Full textTitan is the only moon in the SolarSystem to possess its own dense and gravitationallybound atmosphere, and is even larger than planetMercury. Its rocky diameter is a mere 117 km shy ofGanymede’s. If we were to scoop up a 1 cm3 sam-ple from Titan’s upper atmosphere, we would findtwo dominant molecules: molecular nitrogen N2 andmethane CH4. Should we look a bit more carefully,we would find many neutral molecules and positiveand negative ion compounds. These chemical speciesare the outcome of processes resulting from ener-getic radiation reaching Titan’s upper atmosphere,breaking apart the initial N2 and CH4. A cascadeof subsequent reactions will trigger the formationof new gas phase products more and more com-plex. Eventually, these products mainly contain-ing hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen will form largefractal aggregates composing the opaque haze en-shrouding the surface of Titan. This haze is whatgives Titan such a unique brownish hue. Most ofthe photochemically-produced volatiles will eventu-ally condense in the lower atmosphere, where theymay aggregate to form micrometer-sized icy parti-cles and clouds. During my PhD, I have focusedmy studies on (i) the gas phase reactivity of aerosolprecursors in experimental conditions analogous toTitan’s upper atmosphere (Chapters 3 & 4), and (ii)the end of life of some of the products as they con-dense in the lower and colder atmosphere (Chapter5). I used two experiments to address these respec-tive issues: the PAMPRE plasma reactor, located atLATMOS, UVSQ, Guyancourt, France, and the Ac-quabella chamber at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA.In this manuscript, I present my work on the neutraland positive ion reactivity in the PAMPRE plasmadischarge, as well as ice photochemistry results usinglaser irradiation in near-UV wavelengths
Rolland, Lucie. "Sismologie ionosphérique : détection et modélisation des ondes ionosphériques postsismiques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GLOB0008.
Full textWe detect and model the ionospheric perturbations generated after an earthquake or the passage of a tsunami. Acoustic waves are forced by the passage of Rayleigh waves at the Solid Earth surface, while in ocean the tsunami propagation generates gravity waves. In particular, we confirm the detectability of gravity waves generated by the passage of three recent transpacific tsunamis (Kouriles 2006, Samoa 2009 and Chile 2010) offshore the Hawaii archipelago, thanks to a dense network of GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers. A first-order complete three-dimensionnal modeling of Rayleigh-waves induced atmospheric and ionospheric waves is proposed. The modelled ionospheric plasma fluctuations allow the reconstruction of total electron content (TEC) perturbations detected by GPS. The geomagnetic field influence on the coupling between the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere is also illustrated in various locations of the world and we study the influence of the observation geometry, in order to better characterize the directional sensitivity of the detection. We also highlight the necessity of improving our knowledges about the high atmosphere and about the physical mechanisms involved, as the thermal and viscuous dissipation effects, as much as the drag of ions on the neutral particles. This work opens perspectives for future space-based observations of eathquakes and tsunamis and could contribute to prevent these natural risks
Sammuneh, Muhammad Ali. "Contribution au positionnement en temps réel par GPS : prédiction de la correction ionosphérique." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2003. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02167397.
Full textPermanent reference station networks are used all over the world for surveying applications requiring decimeter or centimeter accuracy. The well-known advantages provided by reference station array information include improved modeling of the remaining orbit, tropospheric and ionospheric biases. The influence of the ionosphere on the GPS signal is given by a physical parameter, the Total Electronic Content. The dominant factor of the temporal variations is a diurnal cycle resulting from the influence of solar radiation with irregular amplitude. The goal of this work is the optimal prediction of the TEC for real time applications within 100 km of a reference station. The complex of the signal to be predicted led us to import statistical methods for time series analysis from the fields of economy and the metrology of time and frequency. We had two kinds of signals at our disposal for this study based on a network of forty stations in Western Europe. The second signal results from one GPS station in France. An optimal predictor of the ionospheric parameters was derived from the analysis of the network signal and then tested on the station signal. The maximal error level of the predictor is equivalent to a 12 cm error for 100 km baseline distance
Books on the topic "Ionosphères"
Active Experiments / Critical Ionization Velocity (Asr 10 Advances in Space Research). Elsevier Science Pub Co, 1989.
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