Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ionosphères'
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Grandin, Maxime. "Etude multi-instrumentale et modélisation des ionosphères terrestre et martienne." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30183.
Full textThis thesis is based on five publications studying the terrestrial and Martian ionospheres by making use of versatile instruments and of modelling techniques. The terrestrial ionosphere is a complex system strongly coupled to the magnetosphere and hence very sensitive to solar wind driving. Various kinds of instruments may be used to study the ionosphere, from ground-based instruments to satellite-borne systems. Two papers study the response of the auroral and subauroral ionosphere to solar wind high-speed streams, which originate from coronal holes at the surface of the Sun. These two studies make use of the superposed epoch analysis method, which enables to derive the statistical behaviour of the studied parameters. For the first study, which focuses on the F-region peak electron density measured by the Sodankylä ionosonde (at L = 5.2), the superposed epoch method has been modified so that a study of the effects of high-speed streams in the F region in different magnetic local time sectors becomes possible. The modified method is called phase-locked superposed epoch analysis. The second paper focuses on energetic (>30 keV) electron precipitation during high-speed streams by making use of cosmic noise absorption measurements from a chain of riometers located between L = 3.8 and L = 5.7. A third study reveals for the first time pulsation signatures in cosmic noise absorption data during a pulsating aurora event. This indicates that the electron precipitation flux is modulated simultaneously over a broad range of energies (from a few keV to several tens of keV) in relation to pulsating aurora. The fourth and fifth articles study the Martian ionosphere. They present a novel analysis method for Mars Express radio-occultation data. Contrary to the classical inversion approach, this new method is based on a direct simulation of the radio wave propagation between the ground-based station at Earth and the Mars Express spacecraft, in a modelled Martian environment. The parameters determining the properties of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere of Mars are adjusted in order for the simulated radio-occultation data to fit the measured data. The optimal set of parameters provides the retrieved neutral temperature and density profiles in the atmosphere, and the ion and electron density profiles in the ionosphere near the occultation point
Witasse, Olivier. "Modélisation des ionosphères planétaires et de leur rayonnement : la terre et Mars." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10094.
Full textLopes, Allan. "Réactions ion-molécule en phase gaz pour la chimie des ionosphères planétaires et des plasmas." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS577/document.
Full textThis PhD project is focused on the experimental study of reactions of positive and negative ions for which we want to characterize the effect of different energies: internal energy of parents ions and/or collisional energy on the reactivity. There are two main goals. The first is to understand the reaction dynamics of the studied systems. The second one is to obtain data for modelisation of the chemistry in complex areas (ionosphere, plasmas...). Studied systems will concern the reactivity of excited cations CH₃⁺ with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alcane, alcene and alcyne from C1 to C4) as well as the reactivity of the C₃N⁻ anion with acetylene C₂H₂. Targets are chosen for theirs different chemical functions and interesting size for theoretical studies of Titan. We have studied the reactivity of these systems on the CERISES setup as a function of internal and collisional energies of the parent ions. C₃N⁻ anions are produced by dissociative electron attachment on BrC₃N. CH₃⁺ cations can be produced by two different methods. At the LCP, electronic impact on methane CH₄ produce CH₃⁺ cations with low internal energy whereas electronic impact on chloromethane CH₃Cl produce CH₃⁺ cations with more internal energy. This observation allowed us to prepare for the experiments at the SOLEIL synchrotron where CH₃⁺ cations are produced with controlled internal energy by photoionisation of CH₃ radicals produced in-situ by pyrolysis of nitromethane CH₃NO₂. Tuning of the photon energy between 9.8 and 15 eV allowed us to change the vibrational or electronic energy distribution of the CH₃⁺ cations. The development of a photoelectron detector fitted to the radical source enabled TPEPICO experiments (Threshold PhotoElectron PhotoIon Coincidence) where ions are extracted from the source in coincidence with threshold electrons which allow a total control of their energy.We saw that the internal energy of CH₃⁺ can have an important role on its reactivity by opening paths of reaction like sequential dissociation of products (seen in reactions with methane, propene…) or endothermic charge transfer (with methane and ethene) which is not efficiently enhanced by collisional energy. From the evolution of the absolute reaction cross section with the two different energies we discussed the mechanisms of formation of the observed products (decomposition of a complex or direct transfer). The reaction C₃N⁻ + C₂H₂ produce C₂H⁻, CN⁻ and C₅N⁻ anions in small quantities and only above collisional energy threshold which exclude their formation in cold atmosphere like Titan’s one unless there is processes leading to the production of C₃N⁻ with energy
Gronoff, Guillaume. "Étude des effets des entrées énergétiques dans les atmosphères de Vénus, Mars et Titan." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10093.
Full textAeronomy is a multi disciplinary field with the aim of studying the relationship between the Earth or other planet atmospheres and the particles precipitation from space. Aeronomy was primarly the study of the Earth atmosphere, and its relations with the solar wind. In this thesis, I extended the standard aeronomy researches to higher energy and to other planets. In a first part, I modified the Trans* codes to study the doubly charged ions, in the upper atmosphere of Venus. In that frame, I used the highest energies of the standard studies of planetary ionospheres. That work also permitted to improve studies on the Venusian (and Martian) ionosphere-thermosphere emissions, and raised the issue of the mechanism leading to the green line in CO2-rich atmospheres. In a second part, I studied the precipitation of electrons along magnetic field lines embedded in the atmosphere of Titan. Giving a new approach on particle precipitation in the mesosphere of this saturnian satellite. In a third part, I used the Planetocosmic code to implement the computation of cosmic ray impact in the Titan atmosphere. Moreover, a proton precipitation code was added to that code to compute the whole ion production in the atmosphere (from electron and photon productions in the upper atmosphere to the lower atmosphere with the cosmic rays). Those productions were used as an input for chemical models to understand the whole chemical-physical processes in Titan. The theoretical work performed in this thesis has been successfully compared to space missions Mars Express, Venus Express and Cassini-Huygens
Chatain, Audrey. "Aerosols-plasma interaction in Titan’s ionosphere." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV022.
Full textThe climatic system of Saturn’s moon Titan is governed by the intense production of organic aerosols in its upper atmosphere. This phenomenon also certainly happened on Earth at the beginning of life. These two points strongly motivate research on the formation and evolution processes of the aerosols in the atmosphere of Titan. The aerosols form and stay several weeks in the ionosphere, between ~900-1200 km of altitude. This atmospheric layer is ionized by UV solar rays and energetic particles coming from Saturn’s magnetosphere, forming a plasma with very reactive species: radicals, excited species, ions and electrons. In such an environment, the main question I tackle is how the organic aerosols interact with the plasma species.The phenomenon is simulated in the laboratory with a plasma setup developed on purpose: analogues of Titan aerosols are exposed to a N2-H2 plasma discharge. Both an evolution of the solid and the gas phase are observed. H and N atoms chemically interact with the aerosols. Then, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and other organic molecules are ejected in the gas phase by ion sputtering. These results highlight an important contribution of heterogeneous processes in Titan’s upper atmosphere.My re-analysis of the Cassini Langmuir probe data revealed the presence of an unexpected electron population in the ionosphere, below 1200 km and on the day-side, where heavy ions are also detected. These electrons could be emitted by the aerosols, after collision with a photon, and/or heating by the active ion chemistry
Simon, Cyril. "Contribution à l'étude des entrées d'énergie solaire dans l'ionosphère : Ions doublement chargés et transport cinétique des protons - Application à la Terre et à Titan." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00109802.
Full textGautier, Anne-Lise. "Etude de la propagation des ondes radio dans les environnements planétaires." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2013. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01145651.
Full textIn the Solar System, the study of the radio emissions at very low frequencies (from few kHz up to few MHz) is a source of information about the processes of acceleration of electrons in the planetary environment and in the Solar Wind. The understanding of the emission mechanisms and the knowledge of the methods of detection enable to probe the physical conditions of the plasma sources. This dissertation deals with the propagation of the radio waves in the planetary environment. Their inhomogeneous characteristics could induce a non-linear path of rays in addition to the anisotropy of the plasma caused by the presence of magnetic fields. The study of wave propagation effects permits to relax the hypothesis of rectilinear propagation between the source and the detectors, to track the evolution of the wave characteristics and to probe the propagating medium. The theoretical study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in magnetized and anisotropic plasma led to the development of a generalized ray tracing code, that includes the calculation of the polarization state of the wave along the rays : ARTEMIS-P (Anisotropic Ray Tracer for Electromagnetism in Magnetosphere, Ionosphere and Solar wind, including Polarization). This code led to two studies : on the one hand, the modeling of the "Over-the-Horizon" effect consisting of the detection of guided radio signatures associated with lightning bursts in Saturn atmosphere, and on the other hand, the characterization of the influence of the auroral cavities profile on the beaming of the Auroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) at the Earth
Dubois, David. "Etude de la chimie de la haute et basse atmosphère de Titan : approche expérimentale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV049/document.
Full textTitan is the only moon in the SolarSystem to possess its own dense and gravitationallybound atmosphere, and is even larger than planetMercury. Its rocky diameter is a mere 117 km shy ofGanymede’s. If we were to scoop up a 1 cm3 sam-ple from Titan’s upper atmosphere, we would findtwo dominant molecules: molecular nitrogen N2 andmethane CH4. Should we look a bit more carefully,we would find many neutral molecules and positiveand negative ion compounds. These chemical speciesare the outcome of processes resulting from ener-getic radiation reaching Titan’s upper atmosphere,breaking apart the initial N2 and CH4. A cascadeof subsequent reactions will trigger the formationof new gas phase products more and more com-plex. Eventually, these products mainly contain-ing hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen will form largefractal aggregates composing the opaque haze en-shrouding the surface of Titan. This haze is whatgives Titan such a unique brownish hue. Most ofthe photochemically-produced volatiles will eventu-ally condense in the lower atmosphere, where theymay aggregate to form micrometer-sized icy parti-cles and clouds. During my PhD, I have focusedmy studies on (i) the gas phase reactivity of aerosolprecursors in experimental conditions analogous toTitan’s upper atmosphere (Chapters 3 & 4), and (ii)the end of life of some of the products as they con-dense in the lower and colder atmosphere (Chapter5). I used two experiments to address these respec-tive issues: the PAMPRE plasma reactor, located atLATMOS, UVSQ, Guyancourt, France, and the Ac-quabella chamber at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA.In this manuscript, I present my work on the neutraland positive ion reactivity in the PAMPRE plasmadischarge, as well as ice photochemistry results usinglaser irradiation in near-UV wavelengths
Rolland, Lucie. "Sismologie ionosphérique : détection et modélisation des ondes ionosphériques postsismiques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GLOB0008.
Full textWe detect and model the ionospheric perturbations generated after an earthquake or the passage of a tsunami. Acoustic waves are forced by the passage of Rayleigh waves at the Solid Earth surface, while in ocean the tsunami propagation generates gravity waves. In particular, we confirm the detectability of gravity waves generated by the passage of three recent transpacific tsunamis (Kouriles 2006, Samoa 2009 and Chile 2010) offshore the Hawaii archipelago, thanks to a dense network of GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers. A first-order complete three-dimensionnal modeling of Rayleigh-waves induced atmospheric and ionospheric waves is proposed. The modelled ionospheric plasma fluctuations allow the reconstruction of total electron content (TEC) perturbations detected by GPS. The geomagnetic field influence on the coupling between the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere is also illustrated in various locations of the world and we study the influence of the observation geometry, in order to better characterize the directional sensitivity of the detection. We also highlight the necessity of improving our knowledges about the high atmosphere and about the physical mechanisms involved, as the thermal and viscuous dissipation effects, as much as the drag of ions on the neutral particles. This work opens perspectives for future space-based observations of eathquakes and tsunamis and could contribute to prevent these natural risks
Sammuneh, Muhammad Ali. "Contribution au positionnement en temps réel par GPS : prédiction de la correction ionosphérique." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2003. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02167397.
Full textPermanent reference station networks are used all over the world for surveying applications requiring decimeter or centimeter accuracy. The well-known advantages provided by reference station array information include improved modeling of the remaining orbit, tropospheric and ionospheric biases. The influence of the ionosphere on the GPS signal is given by a physical parameter, the Total Electronic Content. The dominant factor of the temporal variations is a diurnal cycle resulting from the influence of solar radiation with irregular amplitude. The goal of this work is the optimal prediction of the TEC for real time applications within 100 km of a reference station. The complex of the signal to be predicted led us to import statistical methods for time series analysis from the fields of economy and the metrology of time and frequency. We had two kinds of signals at our disposal for this study based on a network of forty stations in Western Europe. The second signal results from one GPS station in France. An optimal predictor of the ionospheric parameters was derived from the analysis of the network signal and then tested on the station signal. The maximal error level of the predictor is equivalent to a 12 cm error for 100 km baseline distance
Coggiola, Eric. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de l'écoulement de plasma autour d'un cylindre non équipotentiel." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ESAE0018.
Full textLi, Feng. "Etude dans l’ionosphère de la densité électronique et de la turbulence électrostatique en fonction de l’activité séismique." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2001.
Full textBallatore, Paola. "Rapport entre les activités solaire, interplanétaire et géomagnétique." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2003.
Full textPenquerc'h, Virginie. "Variation avec le cycle solaire et modélisation globale du champ magnétique ionosphérique : préparation de la mission Swarm." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0001.
Full textThe Earth’s magnetic field is continuously measured by about 200 magnetic observatories worldwide and by satellites, such as Oersted (launched in 1999) and CHAMP (2000-2010). These recordings are used to study the properties of the geomagnetic field, and in particular to model the contributions of the various sources of the field. Among these, the electric currents flowing in the ionosphere around 110 km of altitude cause the diurnal variation of the field, which has been observed since the eighteenth century. This field, the so-called Sq ionospheric field, is mainly present on the dayside of the Earth, at midlatitudes, and strongly varies with days, seasons and solar activity. The aim of this study was twofold: to study the variability of the Sq field with solar activity, and to improve its parameterisation in numerical models as a preparation for the upcoming ESA Swarm mission. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part presents a study of the variability of the Sq field over several solar cycles as a function of the f10. 7 index, which is a good indicator of solar activity. Using data from several observatories, we show that part of the solar cycle variability of the Sq field is not taken into account in current spherical harmonics models. This coefficient of variability (Wolf ratio) varies with seasons, a robust observation over more than fifty years of data. This result suggests the existence of a seasonal effect in the relationship between the electrical conductivity of the ionosphere and solar activity. The second part presents new spherical harmonic modelling of the Sq field. Based on four months of CHAMP satellite data, we show that it is possible to recover the main characteristics of the ionospheric field at low and mid-latitudes. The resulting models, for which the parameterisations are close to that of the CM4 model (Sabaka et al. , 2004), satisfactorily reproduce the observed field in observatories
M'bra, Kouadio Séverin. "Utilisation des mesures du système GPS pour la localisation relative précise : combinaison de récepteurs bi-fréquences amélioration des orbites radiodiffusées." Observatoire de Paris, 1991. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02095453.
Full textNAVSTAR/GPS is a satellite positioning system with various precisions according to the type of receiver, to the method of observation and to the method of processing. During this thesis on the precise relative positioning, three themes were studied : - a new study on the receivers combination justified by the recent use of different receivers and antennas in the same campaign, - the ionospheric correction by dual-frequency model, - the improvement of broadcast orbits in regional networks like EUREF89. The application of corrections models developed, has permitted to reach a relative accuracy of 0. 4 ppm on a 500 km baseline and an absolute accuracy, useful for differential navigation, of 0. 700 m on 1000 km. The current performance of GPS method in geodesy (a few ppm on less than 100 km) has been so improved
Le, Bouter Guy. "Conception, réalisation et tests d'un réseau de capteurs constitués d'antennes colocalisées dans la gamme des hautes fréquences." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10142.
Full textBoyer, Christophe. "Etude de dispositifs électroniques pour l'acquisition de signaux électromagnétiques ayant traversé l'ionosphère." Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIMO0047.
Full textNguyen, Chien-Thang. "Etude expérimentale de l’ionosphère de moyenne et basse latitude et de ses instabilités au moyen d’observations in-situ par DEMETER." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS044V/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing two kinds of ionospheric disturbances observed on plasma measurements on-board the DEMETER satellite.The first events are Mid-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances that develop through the interaction between atmospheric gravity waves and the ionospheric plasma. They are observed as quasi-periodic variations of the plasma density that may reach very large amplitudes and are more frequently observed in the Southern hemisphere with a maximum over the Pacific Ocean. These MSTID may strongly modify the electrodynamics of the mid latitude ionosphere and form structures where the dynamo electric field is significantly enhanced.The second events are detected in the equatorial ionosphere as large scale enhancements of the plasma density under the form of plateau. Depending on the level of magnetic activity these large scale structures may be modified by mid-scale density depletions that, eventually, get instable and led to the formation of depleted plasma bubbles
Parent, du Châtelet Jacques. "Etude des possibilités de mesure des paramètres océaniques avec un radar en onde de ciel." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066270.
Full textMarchaudon, Aurélie. "Etude multi-instrumentale de la dynamique des structures aurorales côté jour et côté nuit : couplage avec la magnétosphère et le milieu interplanétaire." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003VERS0032.
Full textThe dynamics of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system is controlled by the solar wind through small scale processes affecting magnetospheric flux tubes. In a series of multi-instrument studies, we investigate the dynamics of these flux tubes simultaneously in the magnetosphere and in the ionosphere. In a first part, we give a general description of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, and we analyse the recent work on meso-scale structures and available experimental measurements used for their description. In the second part, we study the dynamic responses of the dayside system due to variations of the interplanetary magnetic field or of the solar wind pressure. In the third part, we study the electrodynamics of meso-scale auroral structures in the dayside and in the nightside. This work illustrates the role of meso-scale processes in the global dynamics of the magnetosphere
Plessis, Sylvain. "Modélisation probabiliste pour l'étude de l'influence des ions sur la composition des espèces neutres dans l'atmosphère de Titan : Inversion bayésienne de spectres de masse INMS et représentation des recombinaisons dissociatives par distributions de Dirichlet imbriquées." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112129.
Full textTitan's high atmosphere neutral composition has been infered from CASSINI INMS ionic mass spectra inversion and by coupled models. We used Bayesian Monte Carlo methods to perform ionic mass spectra inversion with uncertainty propagation. We have shown that most of the neutral species are not constrained by this method. In a second time, we studied the dissociative recombination (DR) to improve the model description of this process. Being only partially characterized by experiments, knowledge of this process adopts a probabilistic tree structure. Nested Dirichlet distributions are efficient in representing such structures. We could therefore build a comprehensive database of DR relative to Titan, integrating all pieces of information. First results showed that a complete description of DR is enough to account for the densities of some neutral species, in particular nitrogen-bearing species
Rakoto, Virgile. "Inversion des signaux ionosphériques des Tsunamis par la méthode des modes propres." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC176/document.
Full textLarge earthquake (MW > 7) and tsunamis are known to induce perturbations which can be detected in the atmosphere and ionosphere using total electron content (TEC) measurements. In this thesis, I first investigated on the possibility of using these ionospheric signals in order to complete the tsunami monitoring and warning system. Thus, I study the coupling between the solid Earth, the ocean, the atmosphere. I demonstrate that only the resonance at 1.5 mHz between the tsunami modes and the atmospheric gravity modes can be detected through ionosphere and highlight the fact that the efficiency of the coupling ocean/atmosphere is sensitive to ocean depth and local time. These developments enables the complete modelling of the ionospheric signature of 3 tsunami with an amplitude of 2, 3 and 60cm in deep ocean: the 2012 Haida Gwaii and the 2006 Kuril tsunami in far field and the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in closer field respectively. Finally, we demonstrated that the peak-to- peak amplitude of the height of the inverted tsunami reconstructs with less than 20% error the amplitude measured by a DART buoy in these three cases
Hurtaud, Yannis. "Modélisation de la dynamique couplée des plasmas magnétosphérique et ionosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00261300.
Full text1) d'y inclure les effets des asymétries entre les deux hémisphères Nord et Sud de la Terre liées à l'éclairement solaire
2) de remplacer le modèle de champ magnétique dipolaire utilisé jusqu'à présent par un modèle plus proche des observations. Les premiers résultats obtenus montrent que les asymétries inter-hémisphériques ont un effet considérable sur la dynamique du plasma ionosphérique mais que la magnétosphère y est relativement insensible. Ils montrent également qu'une topologie de champ magnétique différente de celle d'un dipôle est nécessaire pour reproduire les observations.
Benito, Llauradó Eulàlia. "Exploitation de la mesure de l’angle d’élévation à l’aide d’un radar HF 2D à ondes de ciel pour l’inversion de l’ionogramme de rétrodiffusion." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S090.
Full textAccuracy in target location by over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) can be improved when the propagation channel, the ionosphere, is known. Two inversion methods able to provide an electron density profile of the ionosphere from backscatter ionograms are presented in this document. These methods use the measurements realized by the radar during elevation scans. One difficulty when using measured data is the presence of outliers and, moreover, the lack of data for low elevation and for high elevation angle. The methods presented here tries to overcome these difficulties. At the end, the inversion provides parameters of an equivalent ionosphere that can be used to characterize the propagation and to convert group path into ground range
Shytermeja, Enik. "Design and performance of a GNSS single-frequency multi-constellation vector tracking architecture for urban environments." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19756/1/SHYTERMEJA_Enik.pdf.
Full textGrandin, M. (Maxime). "Multi-instrument and modelling studies of the ionospheres at Earth and Mars." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216157.
Full textTiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja tutkii Maapallon ja Marsin ionosfäärejä yhdistämällä useiden eri instrumenttien havaintoja, joilla saadaan tietoa planeettojen ympäristöistä. Maapallon ionosfääriä koskeva työ tutkii aurinkotuuli–magnetosfääri–ionosfäärikytkentää, kun taas Marsin ionosfääriä koskevan työn tavoite on uuden radio-okkultaatiomittauksen data-analyysimenetelmän kehittäminen, joka tuottaa ilmakehän ja ionosfäärin profiileja. Maan ionosfäärin tapauksessa yhdessä julkaisussa tutkitaan nopeiden aurinkotuulivirtausten vaikutuksia F-kerroksen elektronitiheyteen ja toisessa julkaisussa tutkitaan energeettisten (>30 keV) elektronien sateesta johtuvaa kosmisen radiokohinan absorptiota D-kerroksessa. Ensimmäisessä julkaisussa on kehitetty uusi versio data-analyysimenetelmästä, jota kutsutaan vaihelukituksi epookkien superpositiomenetelmäksi. Julkaisun päätulos on, että nopeiden aurinkotuulivirtausten aikana F-kerroksen maksimielektronitiheys pienenee iltapäivän ja illan sektoreilla. Tämä voidaan selittää johtuvan siitä, että ioni-neutraalitörmäysten synnyttämä kitkalämpö kasvattaa ionilämpötilaa ja aiheuttaa lisäksi ilmakehän laajenemisen. Molemmat prosessit kasvattavat elektronien häviönopeutta. F-kerroksen elektronitiheysmaksimi puolestaan kasvaa sektorilla, joka ulottuu keskiyöstä aamun kautta keskipäivään, ja tämä johtuu matalaenergeettisestä elektronisateesta. Toisessa julkaisussa havaitaan, että lisääntynyt kosmisen radiokohinan absorptio kestää jopa neljä päivää nopean aurinkotuulivirtauksen saavuttua Maan kohdalle. Tämä johtuu siitä, että alimyrskyitse injektoidut energeettiset elektronit satavat keskiyön ja aamun ionosfääriin, pääasiassa revontuliovaalin alueella. Kolmas julkaisu raportoi ensimmäistä kertaa havainnon sykkiviin revontuliin liittyvästä kosmisen radiokohinan absorptiosta n. 10 s jaksollisuudella. Tämä osoittaa, että elektronivuon energeettinen komponentti on moduloitu samalla jaksollisuudella kuin revontulielektronien energiat (1–10 keV). Marsissa on tehty radio-okkultaatiomittauksia vuodesta 2004 saakka Mars Express -luotaimen avulla. Vaitoskirjassa on kehitetty uusi datan analyysimenetelmä, joka perustuu numeeriseen simulointiin radioaaltojen etenemisestä Marsin ilmakehässä ja ionosfäärissä. Tämän lähestymistavan avulla vältetään tähän asti käytetyn klassisen inversiomenetelmän rajoitukset. Lisäksi menetelmä tuottaa uusia parametrejä kuten ionitiheysprofiileja. Uutta menetelmää testattiin tulkiten kahden radio-okkultaatiomittauksen aineistoa
Résumé Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit de thèse s'articule autour de l'étude des ionosphères terrestre et martienne. Une approche multi-instrumentale est adoptée afin de combiner des observations permettant de mettre en perspective des manifestations de phénomènes physiques de natures différentes mais intervenant dans un même contexte global. Le travail doctoral comporte également un volet modélisation. Le manuscrit de thèse consiste en une partie introductrice à laquelle sont adossées cinq publications dans des revues scientifiques à comité de lecture. La partie introductrice de ce manuscrit de thèse a pour objectif de présenter le contexte scientifique sur lequel est basé le travail doctoral. Un premier chapitre passe en revue les principaux aspects théoriques dans lesquels s'inscrivent les études dont les résultats sont publiés dans les cinq articles. Les atmosphères et ionosphères de la Terre et de Mars y sont succinctement décrites, de même que les interactions entre ces planètes et le vent solaire, comprenant notamment la formation de magnétosphères. Les deux chapitres suivants présentent les instruments dont sont issues les données utilisées dans ce travail doctoral ainsi que les méthodes d'analyse des données. Le quatrième chapitre résume les principaux résultats obtenus autour des trois grandes thématiques abordées au cours de cette thèse. Enfin, des pistes quant à la continuation potentielle du travail présenté dans ce manuscrit de thèse sont évoquées en conclusion. Le premier article porte sur une étude statistique des effets des courants de vent solaire rapide sur la région F de l'ionosphère aurorale. Il s'appuie sur des données mesurées par l'ionosonde de Sodankylä entre 2006 et 2008. Au cours de cette période, 95 événements associés à des courants de vent solaire rapide ont été sélectionnés, et la réponse de l'ionosphère au-dessus de Sodankylä a été étudiée à partir des fréquences critiques des régions E et F de l'ionosphère, qui donnent la valeur du pic de concentration électronique dans ces deux régions. Pour cela, une version modifiée de la méthode des époques superposées a été développée, appelée “méthode des époques superposées avec verrouillage de phase”. Une augmentation du pic de concentration des régions E et F est observée du côté nuit et le matin, en lien avec une activité aurorale accrue, tandis qu'une déplétion de la région F est révélée aux temps magnétiques locaux situés entre 12 h et 23 h. Une estimation des effets d'une possible modification de l'équilibre photo-chimique résultant d'un accroissement du chauffage issu de la friction entre les ions et les éléments neutres est proposée. Le deuxième article s'intéresse aux précipitations énergétiques dans l'ionosphère aurorale durant ces mêmes 95 événements, en étudiant l'absorption du bruit cosmique qui en résulte. Il apparaît que les événements au cours desquels le vent solaire demeure rapide pendant plusieurs jours produisent davantage de précipitations énergétiques, qui peuvent atteindre les latitudes subaurorales. Par ailleurs, trois types de précipitations énergétiques sont étudiés séparément, selon qu'elles sont associées avec des signatures de sous-orage magnétique, avec des pulsations géomagnétiques, ou ni l'un ni l'autre. Les deux premiers types de précipitations semblent liés. En effet, l'analyse des données suggère que les électrons énergétiques sont injectés dans la magnétosphère interne durant les sous-orages. Tandis qu'une partie d'entre eux précipitent immédiatement du côté nuit, d'autres dérivent vers le côté matin, où ils subissent des interactions avec des ondes électromagnétiques de type siffleur (whistler en anglais), qui peuvent être modulées par des pulsations géomagnétiques, menant à leur précipitation. Le troisième article présente pour la première fois l'observation de signatures d'aurore pulsante dans des données d'absorption du bruit cosmique. Ces signatures sont consistantes avec les pulsations observables dans l'émission aurorale, et semblent indiquer une modulation cohérente des composantes aurorale (1–10 keV) et énergétique (> 30 keV) du spectre des précipitations électroniques au cours d'une aurore pulsante. Le quatrième article introduit une nouvelle méthode proposée pour analyser les données de radio-occultation mesurées par la sonde Mars Express. Cette approche vise à contourner des difficultés posées par les hypothèses fortes nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la méthode classique d'inversion, notamment celle d'un environnement martien à symétrie sphérique — qui n'est pas acceptable lors de sondages proches du terminateur jour-nuit. La nouvelle méthode est basée sur la modélisation de l'atmosphère et de l'ionosphère de Mars, et sur la simulation de la propagation des ondes radio entre la station sol sur Terre et Mars Express lors d'une expérience de radio-occultation. Les paramètres libres contrôlant les profils atmosphériques et ionosphériques sont ajustés afin que la simulation reproduise le plus fidèlement possible les mesures. Le cinquième article est une réponse à un commentaire sur l'article précédent. Il vise d'une part à répondre aux critiques émises sur la méthode développée, montrant que celles-ci n'en remettent en cause ni la validité ni la pertinence, et d'autre part à y apporter quelques améliorations
Lathuillère, Chantal. "Etude locale par diffusion incohérente du comportement moyen et perturbé de la région F1 de l'ionosphère et de la basse thermosphère aurorale : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724948.
Full textNicolas, Christophe. "Etude de réactions ion-molécule de l'ionosphère de Titan : réactions de N2+ et N+ avec différentes molécules d'hydrocarbures." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112227.
Full textElementary mechanisms involved in gas phase ion-molecule reactions are studied for N2+ and N+ reactions with methane, as well as N2+ reactions with ethane and acetylene, which are important reactions in the Titan ionosphere. We used the guided ion beam technique with two experimental apparatuses. Absolute integral cross sections are measured as a function of collision energy (0. 10 to 3. 5 eV CM) and internal energy of the parent ions. Internal energy is selected by coincidences between threshold photoelectrons and photoions (TPEPICO), when parent ions are produced by photoionisation with synchrotron radiation. Branching ratios between all reactive channels are measured, as well as axial velocity distributions of product ions. Quasi-resonant charge transfer is the dominant channel for reactions between N2+ and hydrocarbons. It is dissociative for reactions with methane and ethane and non-dissociative with acetylene. A minor H transfer channel is observed. Vibrational excitation of N2+ ions has little impact on its reactivity with methane. On the other hand, the total cross section decreases when collision energy increases, according to previous models describing similar reactions. The dissociative photoionisation of N2 is studied with the TPEPICO method when photon energy is varied from 24 to 32 eV. Possible predissociative mechanisms towards the different dissociation limits are discussed, particularly concerning the formation of N+ ions in its 'D metastable state. With this coincidence method, we show that the branching ratio for the reaction with deuterated methane is different if N+ ions are in the 3P fundamental or the 'D excited state. Besides the charge transfer channel, which is the dominant one for N+ 'D, D2CN+ and DCN+ ions are produced via a long-lived complex and CD3+ ions partially come from a D ̄transfer process
Jangal, Florent. "Apport de la bipolarisation, du traitement adaptatif du signal et de la mutirésolution à l'élimination du fouillis isonosphérique pour les radars haute fréquence à ondes de surface." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066339.
Full textPérigaud, Anne-Marie. "Modélisation bidimensionnelle de la propagation d'ondes radioélectriques TBF [très basse fréquence] à l'intérieur du guide Terre-ionosphère localement perturbé par une précipitation électronique induite par l'éclair - application à des évènements "Trimpi" observés à Poitiers." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2273.
Full textLointier, Guillaume. "Vers une surveillance en temps réel des régions magnétosphériques à partir des radars cohérents HF SuperDARN." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00294447.
Full textFarges, Thomas. "Traitement et analyse de données de systèmes radar HF : Etude des perturbations ionosphériques détectées à l'équateur magnétique avec le radar LDG et à moyenne latitude avec le réseau de Francourville." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00100361.
Full textLa première partie de la thèse analyse les données enregistrées par le radar HF du LDG en 1993 à l'équateur magnétique. Des observations montrent la présence d'échos radar assez complexes dont il est difficile de déterminer la ou les origines. Une analyse très détaillée des paramètres en jeu (caractéristiques du radar, effet de propagation aux différentes fréquences utilisées, et mécanismes de formation des irrégularités dans l'ionosphère équatoriale) est menée. Une simulation numérique a permis de comprendre la structure des échos formés par réflexion ou diffusion de l'onde radar sur les différentes irrégularités présentes dans l'ionosphère équatoriale. Une seconde étude a été menée montrant pour la première fois à ces latitudes avec un radar l'observation d'irrégularités le jour dans la région F de l'ionosphère.
La seconde partie de la thèse examine les effets de deux sources différentes (éclipse solaire et séismes importants) mesurés avec le réseau HF de Francourville.
L'éclipse solaire du 11 août 1999 a modifié le terme de production des électrons pendant trois heures. Avec des ionogrammes et des mesures Doppler, les coefficients des différents processus de perte des électrons et la vitesse de transport des ions et des électrons ont été calculés. L'onde de gravité créée par le passage supersonique de l'ombre de la Lune sur l'atmosphère terrestre a été nettement identifiée dans les mesures ionosphériques et dans des mesures infrason complémentaires. On distingue une source différente pour les deux altitudes de mesure : source stratosphérique pour les mesures faites au sol et source locale pour les mesures ionosphériques. Enfin, une cartographie de la variation temporelle de la perturbation due à l'éclipse au dessus de l'Europe occidentale à 180 km d'altitude a été réalisée avec l'apport des données de 11 autres ionosondes.
Entre août et novembre 1999, les effets de 8 séismes de magnitude de surface supérieure à 6 ont été mesurés dans l'ionosphère. Les sismogrammes sont comparés aux mesures Doppler. On évalue avec les mesures Doppler l'effet du filtre thermosphérique pour les ondes acoustiques.
El-Alaoui, Mostafa. "Etude des faisceaux d'ions détectés en région aurorale par le satellite AUREOL-3 : synthèse des observations et apport de la modélisation numérique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30037.
Full textBourdillon, Alain. "Etude à l'aide de deux radars cohérents HF des irrégularités d'ionisation de la région f sub-aurorale." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066042.
Full textRuelle, Nicolas. "Application des données du sondeur à retro diffusion de l'île Losquet à la télédétection du profil de densité électronique de l'ionosphère." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066317.
Full textPerrine, Clency. "Modem vectoriel HF à haut débit." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S159.
Full textOcchipinti, Giovanni. "Observations multi-paramètres et modélisation de la signature ionosphérique du grand séisme de Sumatra." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GLOB0012.
Full textNdao, Papa Moussa. "Système MIMO de transmission numérique à haut débit en gamme HF (3-30 MHz)." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S058.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the design of a MIMO system for long range digital transmission through the ionospheric channel. Within the HF band (3-30 MHz), the system is based on an original solution for which the classical space diversity, uneasy to set up in a context of decametric wavelengths, is replaced with the diversity of the transmitted polarizations. In a first step, a modelisation of ionospheric propagation is carried out to compute the theoretical capacity of several MIMO architectures under the assumption of deterministic frequency selective channels. An acceptable solution, appearing as a balanced trade off between performances and complexity, is identified: it consists in a 2x2 MIMO architecture transmitting to complementary circular polarizations. In a second part, the data block format and the selected single carrier waveform are described. All modules of signal processing at the receiver are then tested: block detection, channel estimation, frequency domain equalisation, decoding. The third step consists in the set up of the global system and the realization of preliminary tests in the laboratory in an off-line mode version of the signal processing. Finally, the operational transmission system is tested on an approximately 300 km long radio link. This experiments validate the concept of diversely polarised HF MIMO as they underline a transfer rate reaching up to 25. 6 kbps with a good quality of service. This value significantly exceeds the common standards (4. 8 to 9. 6 kbps)
Steckiewicz, Morgane. "L'ionosphère du côté nuit de Mars dévoilée par les déplétions d'électrons suprathermiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30142/document.
Full textThe nightside ionosphere of Mars still remains an unfamiliar and mysterious place. Nightside suprathermal electron depletions are specific features of this region which have been observed at Mars by three spacecraft to date: Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars EXpress (MEX) and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. Their study enables the observation of the nightside ionosphere structure and dynamics as well as the underlying neutral atmosphere, the specific Martian magnetic topology, and possible conduits for atmospheric escape. Structures as different as magnetic cusps, current sheets or the UV terminator can be investigated through suprathermal electron depletions, due to the processes leading to their observation on the nightside of Mars. The main goal of my PhD has been to use the complementarity of the three missions MGS, MEX, and MAVEN to understand the different mechanisms at the origin of suprathermal electron depletions and their implication on the structure and the dynamics of the nightside ionosphere. In this context, three simple criteria adapted to each mission have been implemented to identify suprathermal electron depletions from 1999 to 2017. A statistical study reveals a transition region near 170 km altitude separating the collisional region where suprathermal electron depletions are directly due to electron absorption by atmospheric CO_2 and the collisionless region where they are mainly due to electron exclusion by closed crustal magnetic field loops. Understanding of these phenomena enables me to estimate the location of the UV terminator. It appears to be located ~120 km above the optical terminator, though this location is different between the dawn and dusk terminator and is expected to vary throughout the different Martian seasons
Lilensten, Jean. "Résolution de l'équation de transport et applications dans le plasma ionosphérique." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0061.
Full textTwo major sources of ionization occur in the high latitude ionosphere : the electrons created by solar photo-ionization, and the precipitated electrons. The transport equation describing their evolution is described, and a model of resolution of this equation is discussed and tested. Using this program, we compute the diurnal secondary electron production for different solar fluxes, and we propose a simple mathematical model of it. Then, we study the thermal electron energy ,budget, using a precipitated flux. The budget equation determines the balance between the heating rate, the cooling rate, and the heat conduction. Using intensively the measurements (radar EISCAT and satellite VIKiNG), we show that in our actual knowledge of the electron cross-sections, this budget is correctly satisfied. The effect of ion precipitations is shown during one of the spacecraft orbit
Marchaudon, Aurélie. "Étude multi-instrumentale de la dynamique des structures aurorales côté jour et côté nuit : couplage avec la magnétosphère et le milieu interplanétaire." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008894.
Full textAsgari, Jamal. "Etude de modèles prédictifs dans un réseau de stations GPS permanentes." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2005. https://hal.science/tel-02071417.
Full textThis thesis consists of two parts with various objectives. The motivations of the first part of the study are : investigation of the GPS spatial and temporal error models, and study of their validity, emphasizing on the network real time applications and the non-differential processing. In the second part we studied the theory of non-differential positioning and we developed a non-differential GPS processing software in the MATLAB IDE. In this study, we investigated the multi-reference use of the network with establishment of interpolation models of the various errors affecting GPS measurements. Filtering and adjustment methods like Kalman filter, collocation, and kriging are studied. The Least Squares Spectral (LSSA) is applied to a 4 years series of TEC values. These analyses show that the data spectrum contains 1 day, 12 hours and 8 hours periods. The validity of several ionospheric models is studied, by examining their effectiveness for real data. Moreover we present a new computation method of ionospheric grids for the prediction of TEC values. The predicted grids could be diffused by Internet and be used in single frequency applications. The numerical tests of interpolation via collocation and kriging were performed for the residual part of the tropospheric delay. The interpolation of other errors may be done in a similar manner. GPSS is a Precise Point Positioning (PPP) software which uses raw data in RINEX format and precise ephemeris. It includes additional visualizations and data quality controls tools
Ouzeau, Christophe. "Modes dégradés résultant de l'utilisation multi constellation du GNSS." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0091/document.
Full textThe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has defined the concept of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which corresponds to the set of systems allowing to perform satellite-based navigation while fulfilling ICAO requirements. The US Global Positioning Sysem (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system which constitutes one of the components of the GNSS. Currently, this system broadcasts a civil signal, called L1 C/A, within an Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services (ARNS) band. The GPS is being modernized and will broadcast two new civil signals: L2C (not in an ARNS band) and L5 in another ARNS band. Galileo is the European counterpart of GPS. It will broadcast three signals in an ARNS band: Galileo E1 OS (Open Service) will be transmitted in the GPS L1 frequency band and Galileo E5a and E5b will be broadcasted in the same 960-1215 MHz ARNS band than that of GPS L5. GPS L5 and Galileo E1, E5a, E5b components are expected to provide operational benefits for civil aviation use. However, civil aviation requirements are very stringent and up to now, the bare systems alone cannot be used as a means of navigation. For instance, the GPS standalone does not implement sufficient integrity monitoring. Therefore, in order to ensure the levels of performance required by civil aviation in terms of accuracy, integrity, continuity of service and availability, ICAO standards define different systems/algorithms to augment the basic constellations. GPS, Galileo and the augmentation systems could be combined to comply with the ICAO requirements and complete the lack of GPS or Galileo standalone performance. In order to take benefits of new GNSS signals, and to provide the service level required by the ICAO, the architecture of future combined GNSS receivers must be standardized. The European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) Working Group 62, which is in charge of Galileo standardization for civil aviation in Europe, proposes new combined receivers architectures, in coordination with the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA). The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the efforts made by the WG 62 by providing inputs necessary to build future receivers architecture to take benefits of GPS, Galileo and augmentation systems. In this report, we propose some key elements of the combined receivers' architecture to comply with approach phases of flight requirements. In case of perturbation preventing one of the needed GNSS components to meet a phase of flight required performance, it is necessary to be able to switch to another available component in order to try to maintain if possible the level of performance in terms of continuity, integrity, availability and accuracy. That is why future combined receivers must be capable of detecting the impact of perturbations that may lead to the loss of one GNSS component, in order to be able to initiate a switch. These perturbations are mainly atmospheric disturbances, interferences and multipath. In this thesis we focus on the particular cases of interferences and ionosphere perturbations. The interferences are among the most feared events in civil aviation use of GNSS. Detection, estimation and removal of the effect of interference on GNSS signals remain open issues and may affect pseudorange measurements accuracy, as well as integrity, continuity and availability of these measurements. In literature, many different interference detection algorithms have been proposed, at the receiver antenna level, at the front-end level. Detection within tracking loops is not widely studied to our knowledge. That is why, in this thesis, we address the problem of interference detection at the correlators outputs. The particular case of CW interferences detection on the GPS L1 C/A and Galileo E1 OS signals processing is proposed. Nominal dual frequency measurements provide a good estimation of ionospheric delay. In addition, the combination of GPS or GALILEO navigation signals processing at the receiver level is expected to provide important improvements for civil aviation. It could, potentially with augmentations, provide better accuracy and availability of ionospheric correction measurements. Indeed, GPS users will be able to combine GPS L1 and L5 frequencies, and future GALILEO E1 and E5 signals will bring their contribution. However, if affected by a Radio Frequency Interference, a receiver can lose one or more frequencies leading to the use of only one frequency to estimate the ionospheric code delay. Therefore, it is felt by the authors as an important task to investigate techniques aimed at sustaining multi-frequency performance when a multi constellation receiver installed in an aircraft is suddenly affected by radiofrequency interference, during critical phases of flight. This problem is identified for instance in [NATS, 2003]. Consequently, in this thesis, we investigate techniques to maintain dual frequency performances when a frequency is lost (L1 C/A or E1 OS for instance) after an interference occurrence
Eisenbeis, Julian. "Ionospheric Dynamics by GNSS total electron content observations : the effect of Solar Eclipses and the mystery of Earthquake precursors." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7027.
Full textThis thesis focuses mainly on two topics: one is the ionospheric signature of solar eclipses, the second is the Hole vs Enhancement debate about earthquake precursors. On the 21st August 2017 the shadow of a total eclipse drastically changed the state of the ionosphere over the USA. This effect is visible in the total electron content (TEC) measured by ~3000 GNSS stations seeing multiple GPS and GLONASS satellites. This tremendous dataset allows high-resolution characterization of the frequency content and wavelengths -using an omega-k analysis based on 3D Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT)- of the eclipse signature in the ionosphere in order to fully identify traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). We confirm the generation of TIDs associated with the eclipse including TIDs interpreted as bow waves in previous studies. Additionally we reveal, for the first time, short (50-100 km) and long (500-600 km) wavelength TIDs with periods between 30 and 65 min (Eisenbeis et al., 2019). On 2nd July 2019 another total solar eclipse happened across the South American continent at magnetic conjugate latitudes as the Great American Eclipse, and consequently useful to visualize the difference response. Although for the South American eclipse we have only data from more than hundred GNSS stations and located in a zone close to the sunset, we can show the clear evidence of the ionospheric signature of the eclipse (Eisenbeis & Occhipinti in prep.a).The second major topic in this work is the still ongoing debate about the possibility of earthquake precursors. Heki (2011) sparked this debate when he published results of the Tohoku earthquake showing a TEC enhancement before the earthquake. The enhancement claimed by Heki (2011) has been interpreted as a decrease in the background TEC after the seismic event, the so called ionospheric hole in literature. The existence of the enhancement has been promoted by several papers (e.g. He & Heki, 2017) extending the observation to several events with moderate magnitude (M> 7.5) and proposes a new vision of the rupture dynamics. By trying to reproduce their results we show that the reference curve used by Heki (2011) to define the TEC background is strongly affected by the order of polynomial fit as well as the selected time windows. This shows that the TEC enhancement could be, in fact, just an artifact, subjectively selected to create the presumed precursor (Eisenbeis & Occhipinti in prep.b)
Garcia, Geraldine. "Etude de la dynamique des electrons en presence de fortes densites de courant." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00250116.
Full textAinsi, nous allons étudier la dynamique des électrons portant ces courants très intenses. Pour cela, nous considérons un ensemble d'électrons se déplaçant à travers un gaz ionosphérique d'ions et de neutres et soumis à un champ électrique aligné au champ magnétique. Nous avons développé un modèle cinétique de collisions, incluant les collisions électrons/électrons, électrons/ions et électrons/neutres. Nous utilisons une approche Fokker-Planck afin de décrire les collisions binaires entre les particules chargées (interactions à longue portée). L'opérateur de collisions comporte deux parties : l'équation de Langevin pour les collisions électrons/électrons et électrons/ions et la méthode de Monte-Carlo avec une approche "collision nulle" pour les collisions électrons/neutres. Nous donnons un exemple de retour à l'équilibre afin de tester ces opérateurs de collisions et d'étudier l'impact des différents termes (les collisions électrons/électrons et électrons/ions d'une part et les collisions électrons/neutres d'autre part).
Tout d'abord, nous considérons un champ électrique constant au cours du temps. Dans ce test, les électrons sont déplacés uniquement selon z, la direction parallèle au champ electrique et au champ magnétique. Nous constatons alors que les fonctions de distribution ne sont plus maxwelliennes et que des électrons runaway sont créés. Ces électrons représentent 20% de la densité totale et ce sont eux qui portent le courant. Cependant, nous remarquons que nous ne conservons pas la divergence du courant nulle.
Nous introduisons alors des modifications majeures telles qu'une rétroaction sur le champ électrique ou la résolution des équations fluides afin de tenir compte de l'évolution des moments de la fonction de distribution des ions. Nous observons que les fonctions de distribution des électrons restent non maxwelliennes. Des électrons suprathermiques sont créés et portent le courant. En effet, la population correspondant au coeur de la distribution reste au repos. Comme ces électrons subissent moins de collisions, ils augmentent la conductivité du plasma.
Enfin, nous avons réalisé une étude paramétrique afin d'étudier l'influence des divers paramètres d'entrée (densité de courant, densité électronique, temps de montée du courant...) sur les fonctions de distribution. Pour cela, nous ajustons deux maxwelliennes qui correspondent au coeur de la distribution et à la population suprathermique. Nous mettons en avant le fait que le temps de montée du courant, c'est-à-dire le temps nécessaire pour atteindre la valeur maximale du courant, est un paramètre clef. En effet, augmenter ce temps influe essentiellement sur les températures : la température moyenne des électrons, mais aussi celle des électrons de la population représentant le coeur de la distribution et de la population suprathermique. La densité de courant joue également un rôle primordial.Augmenter la densité de courant augmente l'ensemble des paramètres : la densité et la vitesse moyenne des électrons runaway et les températures électroniques des deux populations. L'étude sur la densité a révélé que, plus la densité électronique totale augmente, plus la température et la vitesse moyenne des électrons suprathermiques diminuent.
Artru, Juliette. "Observations au sol ou par satellite et modélisation des signaux ionosphériques post-sismiques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GLOB0006.
Full textAzzouzi, Ilyasse. "Impact des évènements solaires sur l'ionisation de l'ionosphère des moyennes et basses latitudes dans le secteur Europe-Afrique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066247/document.
Full textThis work aims to study the regular variations of the ionosphere at middle and low latitudes and the impact of various events on solar ionization. To quantify these changes, we will use GPS networks to measure the Total Electronic Content (TEC) .This work is part of the project ISWI. The study will include a morphological analysis on regular variations in the ionization time of the Quiet Sun (diurnal variation, seasonal and based on the solar cycle) for the treatment of GPS stations in Europe and Africa over the period analyzed (2000 to 2014); variations disturbed ionosphere associated with solar events selected according to a set of criteria; Analysis of the ROTI index to study the ionospheric scintillation generating degradation positioning at low latitudes and especially Africa.The study will continue with the comparison with existing models in order to identify their performance: the NeQuick2 model modeling software profile of the median vertical ,the ionospheric model IONEX / CODG which is a daily mapping TEC in specific spatial and temporal positions and from the post-processing of GPS measurements on a third coverage mondiale.The component of this study will give prospects for a possible anticipation of the impact of specific solar events on the ionosphere, such modeling gradients in magnetically disturbed period and prediction of the presence of ionospheric scintillation event on some ground-satellite paths
Galmiche, Aurélien. "Modélisation de la scintillation ionosphérique en zone équatoriale : application à l'inversion des signaux GNSS pour la caractérisation de la turbulence." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30053.
Full textThe ionosphere is an ionized medium, into which the spatio-temporal electronic density variations disrupt the electromagnetic waves propagation. The turbulent ionospheric plasma is in particular linked to rapid amplitude and phase fluctuations of the radio electric signals: this is the ionospheric scintillation phenomenon. Especially around the equatorial latitudes, systems needing great accuracy, availability and measurement integrity are particularly sensitive to its effects. This is the case of the positioning systems using the GNSS technology. The aim of this thesis is to exploit insightly the ionospheric scintillation effects on the signal in order to propose a turbulent ionosphere's characteristics sounding through GNSS measurements inversion. At first, the specificities of the ionosphere's plasma dynamics accounting for the scintillation effects are reminded. Then, from a spectral description of the electronic density's turbulent fluctuations, an analytic and a numeric model of the transionospheric propagation are introduced. They are completed by considering the GNSS receiver. This step finalizes the direct problem's modelization. A new GNSS data inversion algorithm is then come up with. Its intensive application to the SAGAIE database (collected in equatorial Africa) shows the invers approach's capacity to return various parameters describing the ionospheric turbulences
Mouginot, Jérémie. "Traitement et Analyse des Données du Radar MARSIS/Mars Express." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00364323.
Full textLe traitement de ces données a principalement consisté à compenser la distorsion ionosphérique. Cette correction a permis de réaliser une mesure indirecte du contenu électronique de l'ionosphère. Grâce à ces mesures, nous avons pu étudier en détail l'ionosphère martienne. Nous avons ainsi montré que le champ magnétique rémanent modifiait la distribution des électrons de l'ionosphère en précipitant les particules du vent solaire le long des lignes de champ radiales.
Les radargrammes corrigés nous ont permis d'étudier en détail les calottes martiennes. Nous faisons le bilan du volume des calottes polaires de Mars en utilisant des outils numériques développés pour le pointage des interfaces. Nous montrons ainsi que le volume des calottes correspondrait à une couche d'eau d'environ 20 m d'épaisseur répartie sur toute la planète.
Nous étudions enfin la réflectivité de la surface martienne. Pour cela, nous avons extrait l'amplitude de l'écho de surface de chaque pulse MARSIS, puis, après avoir calibré ces mesures, nous avons créé une carte globale de l'albédo radar. Nous nous sommes attachés à décrire cette carte de réflectivité, d'abord de manière globale, puis plus localement autour de Medusae Fossae et de la calotte résiduelle sud. Nous montrons que la réflectivité décroît avec la latitude, cette constatation est surement liée à la présence d'un pergélisol lorsqu'on remonte vers les hautes latitudes. Près de l'équateur, nous observons que les formations de Medusae Fossae possèdent une constante diélectrique de 2,4+/-0.5 ce qui est caractéristique d'un terrain poreux et/ou riche en glace. Dans cette même région, nous montrons que, dans les plaines d'Elysium et Amazonis, la constante diélectrique est égale à 7\pm1 et nous observons une interface dans la plaine d'Amazonis à environ 140+/-20 m, notre conclusion est que ces résultats sont caractéristiques d'écoulements de lave. L'étude de la calotte résiduelle sud de Mars, à l'aide d'un modèle de réflectivité multi-couches, nous permet d'estimer l'épaisseur de CO2 qui couvre cette région à 11+/-1.5 m.
Jain, Ankit. "Detection on HF radio transmitters using passive geolocation techniques." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IMTA0128/document.
Full textLong-range radio transmission in the HF band can cover large geographical areas using light and mobile equipment. It is therefore well suited for communications during military operations orfor the rapid deployment of an agile communication network during humanitarian operations. In this context, it is important to determine the geographic location of the transmitters by analyzing the electromagnetic communication signals. The aim of the thesis is to develop an alternative, complementary geolocation technique, entitled Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) that has rarely been studied in the case of ionospheric propagation. As a first step, HF geolocation algorithm based on TDoA is setup and analyzed by parametric software simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that increasing the number of receivers leads to a significant improvement in the geolocation accuracy. In order to study the feasibility of a practical HF geolocation system based on TDoA, multiple remotely controllable HF receivers are designed using software defined radio (SDR) modules and a country wide operational receiver network is deployed in France. A concept of cross-channel sounding along with its mathematical description is proposed to evaluate the propagation duration differences between the signals captured by two distinct receivers. Preliminary experimental results show that it is possible to locate the HF transmitters under favorable conditions with a relative geolocation error ranging from about 0.1 to 10% of the actual ground distance. Data captured during the large scale measurement campaign are analyzed statistically to evaluate the performance of the geolocation algorithm and define parameters that could be considered in an operational approach