Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ionotropic emulsion-gelation method

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ionotropic emulsion-gelation method'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Ionotropic emulsion-gelation method"

1

Nguyen, G. H., and X. T. Le. "Palmarosa essential oil encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation: formulation and characterization." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 947, no. 1 (2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/947/1/012002.

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Abstract In this study, chitosan nanoparticles containing palmarosa essential oil (PEO-CNPs) were formed by ionotropic gelation, consisting of two parts: emulsion preparation followed by ionotropic gelation encapsulation with tripolyphosphate ions (TPP) as a crosslinker. The encapsulation method was optimized by varying three parameters, including chitosan concentration, initial oil loading in the emulsion and TPP concentration. The effects of these parameters on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) were analyzed. EE had an initial increase followed by a decrease in the range of three parameters. However, LC rose with varying initial oil content while it reduced with changing polymer and TPP concentration. The optimum experiment with the highest EE (10.0 g/L of chitosan, 5.0 g/L of TPP and 30.0 g/L PEO) was chosen to analyze the particle size using Dynamic Light Scanning method (DLS). With DLS measurement, the z-average diameter was 235.3 nm, and the particle size distribution was in the range of 100 – 500 nm.
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Ritthidej, Garnpimol C., W. Pichayakorn, Chulalongkorn Kusonwiriyawong, and V. Lipipun. "Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Protein Delivery by w/o/w Emulsion Solvent Evaporation and Simple Ionotropic Gelation Techniques." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.751.

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The purpose of this study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles (CS NP) for controlled protein delivery. Two techniques, simple ionotropic gelation (method [I]) and w/o/w emulsion solvent evaporation containing ionotropic gelation (method [II]), were used to prepare CS NP. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) and Eudragit L100-55 (Eud) were used as anionic agents to form complex with cationic chitosan. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was encapsulated into NP. The morphological characteristics, particle size and size distribution, protein entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in vitro release, protein secondary structure and its integrity were investigated. The results showed that CS NP could be prepared by appropriate cationic and anionic ratios in both methods. Excess anionic agents resulted in particle aggregation of micron size. The median sizes of particles were between 0.127-0.273 mcm with method [I] provided the smallest size. The 0.02-0.10% BSA loaded preparations showed the same particle sizes and size distributions as blank preparations. SEM photomicrographs revealed that the obtained NP were spherical. Protein entrapment efficiency was between 47-84% and increased when decreasing the percentage of drug loading. The method [II] with TPP exhibited the highest protein entrapment efficiency, following by the method [II] with Eud and method [I] with TPP, respectively. The zeta potentials were positive. Prolonged in vitro protein release profiles were observed from all preparations of CS NP. After 10 days, the release was between 53-72%. Circular dichroism and SDS-polyaceylamide gel electrophoresis techniques confirmed that these processes did not have any destructive effect on the protein structure. Therefore these preparation techniques could be used to encapsulate water-soluble drugs, proteins, DNA, or antigens into CS NP as effective delivery carriers.
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3

S, Revathi, and Dhanaraju Md. "FABRICATION AND EFFECT OF PROCESS VARIABLES OF SITAGLIPTIN MICROSPHERES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 4 (2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.24068.

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Objective: The study is to formulate and assess the effects of different variables on the release profile of sitagliptin microspheres.Methods: The microspheres were prepared by emulsion-solvent diffusion method and ionotropic gelation method using ethyl cellulose and sodium alginate as the polymers, respectively. The formulations are optimized by applying 23 factorial design based on the drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, and method of preparation.Results: The drug-polymer interaction was checked by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry the results of which indicated no incompatibility. The formulated sitagliptin microspheres were evaluated for shape, morphology, particle size, the degree of swelling, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release studies for 12 h, and kinetics of drug release.Conclusion: The results showed that the drug-polymer ratio and stirring speed affected the particle size and drug release. The release of the drug was found to be sustained, and diffusion path is following cube root law of Hixson-Crowell kinetics. The batch F3 was found to be desirable and was further characterized by scanning electron microscope for morphology.
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Lee, Boon-Beng, Bhesh R. Bhandari, Su Hung Ching, and Tony Howes. "Improving Hydrophilic Barriers of Encapsulated Compounds in Ca-Alginate Microgel Particles through a New Ionotropic Gelation Method for Double Emulsion Droplets." Food Biophysics 14, no. 4 (2019): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11483-019-09586-y.

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5

Shaik, Khaja Moinuddin, Kumar M. Pradeep, Kumar G. Sandeep, Ramya Perugumi, Sravya Sree Konda, and K. Kavya. "A review on micro beads: Formulation, technological aspects, and extraction." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 26, no. 2 (2024): 059–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10969852.

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Any drug delivery system's purpose is to deliver a therapeutic amount of medicine to the appropriate place in the body while also achieving and maintaining the correct drug concentration. This could be accomplished by using numerous unit dosage forms such as microgranules/spheroids, pellets, microcapsules, and beads, which are divided into many separate units, referred to as subunits, each of which possesses certain desired features. The advantages of micro particle drug delivery systems over single unit dose form are well documented. One of the solutions that does not entail the use of harsh chemicals or elevated temperatures is the production of microbeads medication delivery systems. The traditional procedures require the use of ionotropic gelation methods, which include internal and external gelation methods, emulsion gelation methods, polyelectrolyte complexation methods, and so on. Because of the ease of preparation, the majority of work has been done on the preparation of microbeads using the ionotropic gelation process rather than alternative approaches.
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Jaradat, Abdolelah, Ali Alazzo, Mohammad F. Bayan, and Wasfy Obeidat. "A Green, Solvent- and Cation-Free Approach for Preparing 5-Fluorouracil-Loaded Alginate Nanoparticles Using Microfluidic Technology." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 4 (2025): 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17040438.

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Background/Objectives: Alginate nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly synthesised using either an emulsion technique that involves organic solvent use or ionotropic gelation utilising multivalent cations, e.g., Ca+2. However, the extensive use of organic solvents imposes detrimental effects on the ecosystem, and using multivalent cations as crosslinkers could eventually lead to the leakage of these cations, thus disrupting nanoparticle matrices. Therefore, this study aimed to overcome the limitations of these techniques by eliminating the usage of organic solvents and multivalent cations. Methods: In this research, alginate nanoparticles were synthesised using proton gelation by microfluidic technology through protonating alginate carboxylate groups to crosslink alginate chains through H-bond formation. Results: The prepared acid-gelled alginate nanoparticles demonstrated an MHD circa 200 nm and a PDI of less than 0.4 at pH 0.75. Moreover, 5-FU was successfully encapsulated into acid-gelled alginate nanoparticles and displayed a high EE% of around 30%, comparable to the EE% at high alginate concentration and molecular weight (0.4 H-ALG) achieved by Ca+2-crosslinked alginate nanoparticles; however, 5-FU NPs had superior characteristics, i.e., a lower MHD (around 500 nm) and PDI (<0.5). The optimum formula (0.4 H-ALG) was explored at various pH values, i.e., low pH of 4.5 and high pH of 10, and alginate NPs produced by acid gelation demonstrated high stability in terms of MHD and PDI, with slight changes at different pH values, indicating stable crosslinking of alginate matrices prepared by technology compared with Ca+2-crosslinked alginate NPs. Conclusions: In conclusion, this research has invented an ecologically friendly approach to producing acid-gelled alginate nanoparticles with superior characteristics compared with the conventional methods, and they could be harnessed as nanocarriers for therapeutics delivery (5-FU). Also, this research offers a promising approach for developing eco-friendly and biocompatible drug carriers. The produced nanoparticles have the potential to enhance drug stability, improve controlled release, and minimise toxic effects, making them suitable for pharmaceutical applications.
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Chebout, Afaf, Makhlouf Chaalal, Siham Ydjedd, and Louiza Himed. "Optimization of Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) Leaves’ Phenolic Compounds by Alginate Emulsion-gelation Approach using Response Surface Methodology." Current Bioactive Compounds 20 (March 12, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0115734072297243240304113132.

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Background: The encapsulation technique is an effective method for coating bioactive molecules and protecting them against various technological treatment conditions during production processing. Objective: The aim of this study was to optimize the encapsulation conditions of phenolic compounds extracted from Malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) leaves by alginate emulsion-gelation approach using response surface methodology Methods: The ionotropic gelation method was used to encapsulate the phenolic compounds of Malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) leaves. The optimization of this phenolic compounds encapsulation was carried out using response surface methodology through Box˗Behnken design. Four parameters with three levels (-1, 0, +1) were chosen including sodium alginate concentration (2 – 3 - 4%), calcium chloride concentration (4 - 6 - 8%), plant extract-alginate solution ratio (0.02 – 0.11 - 0.2 mg/ml), and gelation time (5 – 12.5 - 20 min). of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents encapsulation efficiency was assessed. Likewise, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using ferric-reducing power (FRP) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH). Results: The results of response surface methodology analysis using Box˗Behnken design showed that the optimal encapsulation conditions were 3.11% for alginate concentration, 5.74% for calcium chloride concentration, 0.1 mg/ml for the plant extract-alginate solution ratio, and 10.80 min for gelation time. Under these conditions, the optimum values of total phenolic and flavonoid encapsulation efficiency were 86.17% and 75.69%, respectively, 126.75 mg AAE/100 g for ferric reducing power and 97.29% for DPPH. The experimental and prediction results have expressed a high significant level for all responses. Conclusion: The method revealed the validity of elaborated models through response surface methodology optimization processes for phenolic antioxidants encapsulation of Malabar nut (Justicia adhatoda L.) leaves extract.
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Saleh, Noha, Soha Elshaer, and Germeen Girgis. "Biodegradable polymers-based nanoparticles to enhance the antifungal efficacy of fluconazole against Candida albicans." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 22 (July 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201022666210708105142.

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Background: Fluconazole (FLZ), a potent antifungal medication, is characterized by poor water solubility that reduced its antifungal efficacy. Objective: This study aimed to prepare FLZ-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) by using different polymers and techniques as a mean of enhancing the antifungal activity of FLZ. Methods: NP1, NP2, and NP3 were prepared by the double emulsion/solvent evaporation method using PLGA, PCL, and PLA, respectively. The ionotropic pre-gelation technique was applied to prepare an alginate/chitosan-based formulation (NP4). Particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity were characterized. FT-IR spectra of FLZ, the polymers, and the prepared NPs were estimated. NP4 was selected for further in-vitro release evaluation. The broth dilution method was used to assess the antifungal activity of NP4 using a resistant clinical isolate of Candida albicans. Results: The double emulsion method produced smaller-sized particles (<390 nm) but with much lower encapsulation efficiency (< 12%). Alternatively, the ionic gelation method resulted in nanosized particles with a markedly higher encapsulation efficiency of about 40%. The FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the loading of the FLZ molecules in the polymeric network of the prepared NPs. The release profile of NP4 showed a burst initial release followed by a controlled pattern up to 24 hours with a higher percent released relative to the free FLZ suspension. NP4 was able to reduce the value of MIC of FLZ by 20 times. Conclusion: The antifungal activity of FLZ against C. albicans was enhanced markedly via its loading in the alginate/chitosan-based polymeric matrix of NP4.
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Hema, Naga Durga Divvela*1 Lohithasu Duppala2 Srikavya Nelapudi1. "FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF OILENTRAPPED FLOATING ALGINATE BEADS OF RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE FOR SUSTAINED RELEASE." June 30, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2531142.

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The present investigation deals with the preparation and evaluation of oilentrapped floating alginate beads of Ranitidine hydrochloride for sustained release. The beads were prepared by ionotropic emulsion-gelation method. The prepared beads were evaluated for percentage yield, entrapment efficiency, micromeretic studies, in-vitro drug release studies, stability studies. Ranitidine hydrochloride floating beads which are prepared with polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), were free flowing and showed almost spherical shape. The beads showed excellent floating properties throughout the study period. Polymer such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone effectively sustained the drug release from the bead formulations. It can be concluded that the polymer plays a major role in the design of formulation F12. Gastro retentive floating formulation containing Ranitidine hydrochloride (F12 Formulation) gave slow and maximum drug release over 12 h. The dissolution data was also plotted in accordance with korsemeyer-peppas model (where n is the release exponent).Applicability of data indicating Non-Fickian diffusion as mechanism of drug release. The drug release followed first order kinetics. Hence it was considered as the best formulation.
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10

Samal, Himansu Bhusan, Itishree Jogmaya Das, Sabina Yasmin, et al. "Formulate Lornoxicam Bio Adhesive Microspheres Using Different Polymers by Ionotropic Gelation Method and Emulsion Cross Linking Method: An Integrated Molecular Dynamics Approach." Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation 20, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-024-09895-x.

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