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Journal articles on the topic 'IPL (Computer program language)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

van Rensburg, Henriette Janse, and Jeong-Bae Son. "Improving English Language and Computer Literacy Skills in an Adult Refugee Program." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 6, no. 1 (January 2010): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ijpl.6.1.69.

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CHEN, ZHENMIN, and FANG ZHAO. "DETERMINING MINIMUM SURVEY SAMPLE SIZE FOR MULTI-CELL CASE." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 17, no. 06 (December 2010): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539310003962.

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Survey analysis method is widely used in many areas such as social study, marketing research, economics, public health, clinical trials and transportation data analysis. Minimum sample size determination is always needed before a survey is conducted to avoid huge cost. Some statistical methods can be found from the literature for finding the minimum required sample size. This paper proposes a method for finding the minimum total sample size needed for the survey when the population is divided into cells. The proposed method can be used for both the infinite population case and the finite population case. A computer program is needed to realize the sample size calculation. The computer program the authors used is SAS/IML, which is a special integrated matrix language (IML) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software.

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VENNEKENS, JOOST, MARC DENECKER, and MAURICE BRUYNOOGHE. "CP-logic: A language of causal probabilistic events and its relation to logic programming." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 9, no. 3 (May 2009): 245–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068409003767.

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AbstractThis paper develops a logical language for representing probabilistic causal laws. Our interest in such a language is two-fold. First, it can be motivated as a fundamental study of the representation of causal knowledge. Causality has an inherent dynamic aspect, which has been studied at the semantical level by Shafer in his framework of probability trees. In such a dynamic context, where the evolution of a domain over time is considered, the idea of a causal law as something which guides this evolution is quite natural. In our formalization, a set of probabilistic causal laws can be used to represent a class of probability trees in a concise, flexible and modular way. In this way, our work extends Shafer's by offering a convenient logical representation for his semantical objects. Second, this language also has relevance for the area of probabilistic logic programming. In particular, we prove that the formal semantics of a theory in our language can be equivalently defined as a probability distribution over the well-founded models of certain logic programs, rendering it formally quite similar to existing languages such as ICL or PRISM. Because we can motivate and explain our language in a completely self-contained way as a representation of probabilistic causal laws, this provides a new way of explaining the intuitions behind such probabilistic logic programs: we can say precisely which knowledge such a program expresses, in terms that are equally understandable by a non-logician. Moreover, we also obtain an additional piece of knowledge representation methodology for probabilistic logic programs, by showing how they can express probabilistic causal laws.

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Ito, Akihiro, and Junko Yamashita. "A corpus-based validation study of the universal processing hypothesis in English relative clause formation." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 149-150 (2005): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/itl.150.0.2004373.

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The present study focuses on spoken and written data in the British National Corpus (BNC). Based on a review of recent studies on English relative clauses, we formulated a Universal Processing Hypothesis (OS >OO>SS> SO) as target hypothesis to be validated using a corpus data approach. A computer program was designed to calculate the frequency of appearance of the four types of relative clauses (OS, OO, SS, and SO). The results indicated this hypothesis to be a valid predictor of frequency of appearance of relative clauses in the domain for written corpus texts. However, it is not supported in context-governed spoken material. Limitations of the present investigation and the direction of future research are also discussed.

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Wong, Man Leung, and Kwong Sak Leung. "Evolutionary Program Induction Directed by Logic Grammars." Evolutionary Computation 5, no. 2 (June 1997): 143–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.1997.5.2.143.

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Program induction generates a computer program that can produce the desired behavior for a given set of situations. Two of the approaches in program induction are inductive logic programming (ILP) and genetic programming (GP). Since their formalisms are so different, these two approaches cannot be integrated easily, although they share many common goals and functionalities. A unification will greatly enhance their problem-solving power. Moreover, they are restricted in the computer languages in which programs can be induced. In this paper, we present a flexible system called LOGENPRO (The LOgic grammar-based GENetic PROgramming system) that uses some of the techniques of GP and ILP. It is based on a formalism of logic grammars. The system applies logic grammars to control the evolution of programs in various programming languages and represent context-sensitive information and domain-dependent knowledge. Experiments have been performed to demonstrate that LOGENPRO can emulate GP and GP with automatically defined functions (ADFs). Moreover, LOGENPRO can employ knowledge such as argument types in a unified framework. The experiments show that LOGENPRO has superior performance to that of GP and GP with ADFs when more domain-dependent knowledge is available. We have applied LOGENPRO to evolve general recursive functions for the even-n-parity problem from noisy training examples. A number of experiments have been performed to determine the impact of domain-specific knowledge and noise in training examples on the speed of learning.

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Rahimi, Meisam. "Second language articulatory training and computer-generated feedback in L2 pronunciation improvement." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 167, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.167.2.04rah.

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This paper investigates the efficacy of articulatory training and acoustic feedback on Persian L2 learners’ production of English segmental (/ɒ/). A sample of 30 Persian ESL learners was recruited- 10 learners were randomly assigned to the experimental group 1, 10 to the experimental group 2, and 10 to the control group. Over a five-week period, the experimental group 1 received training on the manner of articulation of the segment, the experimental group 2 received acoustic-articulatory training and was exposed to CALL software for receiving feedback, and the control group was only exposed to auditory input. The groups were given a pretest, an immediate posttest, and a generalization test. The results of the study showed a significant improvement in the performance of the participants in both the posttest and the generalization test in the experimental group 2. These findings suggest the inefficiency of the mere knowledge of the manner of articulation of the segment and lend support to the feasibility of using acoustic features of sounds and computer-based, learner-centred programs for second language segmental acquisition.

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Poreh, Davod, Antonio Iodice, Antonio Natale, and Daniele Riccio. "Software Tool for Soil Surface Parameters Retrieval from Fully Polarimetric Remotely Sensed SAR Data." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 5085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185085.

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The retrieval of soil surface parameters, in particular soil moisture and roughness, based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, has been the subject of a large number of studies, of which results are available in the scientific literature. However, although refined methods based on theoretical/analytical scattering models have been proposed and successfully applied in experimental studies, at the operative level very simple, empirical models with a number of adjustable parameters are usually employed. One of the reasons for this situation is that retrieval methods based on analytical scattering models are not easy to implement and to be employed by non-expert users. Related to this, commercially and freely available software tools for the processing of SAR data, although including routines for basic manipulation of polarimetric SAR data (e.g., coherency and covariance matrix calculation, Pauli decomposition, etc.), do not implement easy-to-use methods for surface parameter retrieval. In order to try to fill this gap, in this paper we present a user-friendly computer program for the retrieval of soil surface parameters from Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) imageries. The program evaluates soil permittivity, soil moisture and soil roughness based on the theoretical predictions of the electromagnetic scattering provided by the Polarimetric Two-Scale Model (PTSM) and the Polarimetric Two-Scale Two-Component Model (PTSTCM). In particular, nine different retrieval methodologies, whose applicability depends on both the used polarimetric data (dual- or full-pol) and the characteristics of the observed scene (e.g., on its topography and on its vegetation cover), as well as their implementation in the Interactive Data Language (IDL) platform, are discussed. One specific example from Germany’s Demmin test-site is presented in detail, in order to provide a first guide to the use of the tool. Obtained retrieval results are in agreement with what was expected according to the available literature.

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Lange, Fiete, Tiemen W. Van Weerden, and Johannes H. Van Der Hoeven. "A new surface electromyography analysis method to determine spread of muscle fiber conduction velocities." Journal of Applied Physiology 93, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00594.2001.

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Muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) estimation from surface signals is widely used to study muscle function, e.g., in neuromuscular disease and in fatigue studies. However, most analysis methods do not yield information about the velocity distribution of the various motor unit action potentials. We have developed a new method–the interpeak latency method (IPL)–to calculate both the mean MFCV and the spread of conduction velocities in vivo, from bipolar surface electromyogram (sEMG) during isometric contractions. sEMG was analyzed in the biceps brachii muscle in 15 young male volunteers. The motor unit action potential peaks are automatically detected with a computer program. Associated peaks are used to calculate a mean MFCV and the SD. The SD is taken as a measure of the MFCV spread. The main finding is that the IPL method can derive a measure of MFCV spread at different contraction levels. In conclusion, the IPL method provides accurate values for the MFCV and additionally gives information about the scatter of conduction velocities.

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Saikia, Manob Jyoti, Rajan Kanhirodan, and Ram Mohan Vasu. "High-Speed GPU-Based Fully Three-Dimensional Diffuse Optical Tomographic System." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/376456.

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We have developed a graphics processor unit (GPU-) based high-speed fully 3D system for diffuse optical tomography (DOT). The reduction in execution time of 3D DOT algorithm, a severely ill-posed problem, is made possible through the use of (1) an algorithmic improvement that uses Broyden approach for updating the Jacobian matrix and thereby updating the parameter matrix and (2) the multinode multithreaded GPU and CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) software architecture. Two different GPU implementations of DOT programs are developed in this study: (1) conventional C language program augmented by GPU CUDA and CULA routines (C GPU), (2) MATLAB program supported by MATLAB parallel computing toolkit for GPU (MATLAB GPU). The computation time of the algorithm on host CPU and the GPU system is presented for C and Matlab implementations. The forward computation uses finite element method (FEM) and the problem domain is discretized into 14610, 30823, and 66514 tetrahedral elements. The reconstruction time, so achieved for one iteration of the DOT reconstruction for 14610 elements, is 0.52 seconds for a C based GPU program for 2-plane measurements. The corresponding MATLAB based GPU program took 0.86 seconds. The maximum number of reconstructed frames so achieved is 2 frames per second.

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10

Karn, Helen E., and MacEnglish. "Pronunciation Plus (Computer Program)." TESOL Quarterly 30, no. 1 (1996): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587618.

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Solomon, Gabriela R., and Ford Language Institute. "The American Accent Program (Computer Program, Version 4.0)." TESOL Quarterly 27, no. 4 (1993): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587425.

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12

McMinn, Mark R., and James D. Foster. "A Computer Program to Teach Nonsexist Language." Teaching of Psychology 18, no. 2 (April 1991): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1802_16.

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13

Reps and Teitelbaum. "Language Processing in Program Editors." Computer 20, no. 11 (November 1987): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.1987.1663414.

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14

Yalcin, Hatice, and Murat Demirekin. "Training Program Supporting Language Acquisition." International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijmecs.2021.03.01.

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15

Baniassad, Elisa, and Clayton Myers. "An exploration of program as language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, no. 10 (October 25, 2009): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1639949.1640132.

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16

Underwood, John, Keith Cameron, Theo Bongaerts, Pieter de Haan, Sylvia Lobbe, and Herman Wekker. "Computer Assisted Language Learning: Program Structure and Principles." Modern Language Journal 74, no. 4 (1990): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328534.

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17

Walczyk, Jeffrey J. "A computer program for constructing language comprehension tests." Computers in Human Behavior 9, no. 1 (March 1993): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(93)90026-o.

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18

Wolach, Allen H. "Developing a computer program to facilitate language training." Computers in Human Behavior 10, no. 4 (December 1994): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(94)90046-9.

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19

Baughan, Carolyn E. "Daedalus Integrated Writing Environment (Computer Program)." TESOL Quarterly 29, no. 2 (1995): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587635.

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20

Jacobs, Paul S. "TRUMP: A transportable language understanding program." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 7, no. 3 (March 1992): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.4550070303.

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21

Sulzmann, Martin, and Răzvan Voicu. "Language-Based Program Verification via Expressive Types." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 174, no. 7 (June 2007): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2006.10.041.

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Sklenar, Ivan. "Programming language assessments using the program profiles." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 20, no. 4 (April 1985): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/988316.988324.

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Jones, Mark P., and Iavor S. Diatchki. "Language and program design for functional dependencies." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, no. 2 (January 28, 2009): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1543134.1411298.

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Schetz, Katherine F. "Computer-Aided Language/Concept Enrichment in Kindergarten." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 20, no. 1 (January 1989): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2001.02.

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A model program for language/concept enrichment was set up with 22 kindergarten students as participants. A total screening score during routine kindergarten screenings relative to the areas of articulation, language and concepts was low for each of these students, but not low enough to recommend indepth diagnostic testing. The objective of the program was to demonstrate the role of the speech-language pathologist as consultant, an alternate service delivery model for public school speech-language services. Language/concept enrichment was provided by volunteers using four educational software programs for the microcomputer. Concepts taught included quantity, quality, time/sequence, nouns, and verbs. Program structure, implementation, and evaluation are discussed.

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Sarkisyan, A. A., and Yu G. Shukuryan. "Program testing technology based on specification language." Cybernetics 26, no. 6 (1991): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01069487.

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Leidy, Judy, Ann Burke, Anne Merkel, and Marlin Howard. "Using Computer Assisted Instruction in an ESL Language Program." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 15, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v15i1.9074.

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Van Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G., and Marcel B. M. De Croock. "Strategies for Computer-Based Programming Instruction: Program Completion vs. Program Generation." Journal of Educational Computing Research 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mjdx-9pp4-kfmt-09pm.

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Two instructional strategies were implemented in a two-and-a-half hour computer-based training program that was designed to teach elementary turtle graphics programming techniques to novice undergraduate students ( N = 40). Learning activities that either emphasized the completion of existing programs or the generation of new programs were studied for the two strategies. In the completion group, the information needed to perform the program completion tasks appeared to be largely available in the to-be-completed programs; in the generation group, students frequently had to search for useful examples while they were performing their program generation tasks. It is hypothesized that during practice, the direct availability of examples in the form of incomplete computer programs facilitates the acquisition of programming language templates, especially because students cannot complete a program without carefully studying it so that “mindful abstraction” is explicitly provoked. Data in this study on learning outcomes support this hypothesis: the completion group showed a superior use of programming language templates in both a program construction test and a multiple choice test that measured the knowledge of language statements.

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Vistein, Michael, Frank Ortmeier, Wolfgang Reif, Ralf Huuck, and Ansgar Fehnker. "An Abstract Specification Language for Static Program Analysis." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 254 (October 2009): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2009.09.066.

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Ensink, Brian, Joel Stanley, and Vikram Adve. "Program Control Language: a programming language for adaptive distributed applications." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 63, no. 11 (November 2003): 1082–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-7315(03)00117-5.

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Lomax, A. "The suitability of language syntaxes for program generation." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 22, no. 3 (March 1987): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/24697.24707.

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De Niel, Anne, Eddy Bevers, and Karel De Vlaminck. "Program bifurcation for a polymorphically typed functional language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 26, no. 9 (September 1991): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/115866.115880.

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Gallimore, R. M. "UMIST OBJ: a Language for Executable Program Specifications." Computer Journal 32, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/32.5.413.

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Sharvelle, Derek J. "A BASIC language computer program for intraocular lens power calculations." American Intra-Ocular Implant Society Journal 11, no. 4 (July 1985): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-2776(85)80074-4.

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Irshad, Mufeeda, Merel Keijzer, Martijn Wieling, and Marjolijn Verspoor. "Effectiveness of a dynamic usage based computer assisted language program." Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.16018.irs.

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Abstract The current paper explores whether a Dynamic Usage Based (DUB) approach – which takes authentic meaningful language use with repetition and scaffolding for comprehension as its basis – can also be implemented in a CALL environment. The effectiveness of the DUB-CALL program was tested in a semester-long experiment, comparing it with a teacher-fronted DUB program (using the same materials as the CALL program) and a traditional CLT program; 228 university undergraduates in Sri Lanka participated. Language gains were assessed in a pre-post design with an objective General English Proficiency (GEP) test and a writing task. The results show that the students in the DUB-CALL condition performed significantly better on the GEP test than the students in the two teacher-fronted classes. The results of the writing tests show that all groups improved significantly, but here there were no differences among groups.

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Dobizha, N. "THE USE OF COMPUTER TRAINING PROGRAM IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM." Information Technologies in Education 2, no. 35 (June 2018): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14308/ite000669.

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Hakim, Badia. "Implementing A Computer Assisted Language Learning Training Program for English Teachers." Arab World English Journal 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2015): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no1.8.

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Dobizha, N. "The use of computer training program in the foreign language classroom." Інформаційні технології в освіті, Вип. 2 (35) (2018): 89–99.

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Coniam, David. "A COMPUTERISED ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROOFING CLOZE PROGRAM." Computer Assisted Language Learning 10, no. 1 (January 1997): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958822970100106.

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Gillam, Ronald B. "Computer-Assisted Language Intervention Using Fast ForWord®." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 30, no. 4 (October 1999): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3004.363.

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A computer-assisted language intervention program called Fast ForWord® (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1998) has received a great deal of attention at professional meetings and in the popular media. Newspaper and magazine articles about this program contain statements like, "On average, after only 6 to 7 weeks of training, language-learning impaired children ages 4 to 12 showed improvement of more than one and a half years in speech processing and language ability." (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1997). Are the claims that are being made about this intervention approach just a matter of product promotion, or is this really a scientifically proven remedy for language-learning impairments? This article critiques the theoretical basis of Fast ForWord®, the documented treatment outcomes, and the clinical methods associated with the procedure. Fifteen cautionary statements are provided that clinicians may want to consider before they recommend Fast ForWord® intervention for the children they serve.

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Ciobâcă, Ştefan, Dorel Lucanu, Vlad Rusu, and Grigore Roşu. "A language-independent proof system for full program equivalence." Formal Aspects of Computing 28, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): 469–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00165-016-0361-7.

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Leung, Wu-Hon F. "Program entanglement, feature interaction and the feature language extensions." Computer Networks 51, no. 2 (February 2007): 480–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2006.08.002.

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Siegfried, Robert M. "A scripting language to help the blind to program visually." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 37, no. 2 (February 2002): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/568600.568611.

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Reiser, John F., and Joseph P. Skudlarek. "Program profiling problems, and a solution via machine language rewriting." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 29, no. 1 (January 1994): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/181577.181583.

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Pezold, Mollee J., Caitlin M. Imgrund, and Holly L. Storkel. "Using Computer Programs for Language Sample Analysis." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 51, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_lshss-18-0148.

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Purpose Although language sample analysis is widely recommended for assessing children's expressive language, few school-based speech-language pathologists routinely use it, citing a lack of time, resources, and training ( Pavelko, Owens, Ireland, & Hahs-Vaughn, 2016 ). The purpose of this clinical tutorial is (a) to describe options for language sample analysis using computer programs and (b) to demonstrate a process of using language sample analysis focused on the assessment of 2 preschool children as case studies. Method We provide an overview of collecting and analyzing child language samples and describe 3 programs for language sample analysis: 2 dedicated software programs (Computerized Language Analysis [ MacWhinney, 2000 ] and Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts [ Miller & Iglesias, 2015 ]) and 1 protocol for using word processing software to analyze language samples (Sampling Utterances and Grammatical Analysis Revised; Pavelko & Owens, 2017 ). We also present analysis results from each program for play-based language samples from 2 preschool children and detailed analysis of the samples with potential treatment goals. Results Each program offers different analyses, comparison databases, and sampling contexts. We present options for additional analysis, clinical interpretations, and potential treatment goals based on the 2 preschool cases. Conclusion Clinicians can use computer programs for language sample analysis as part of a process to make naturalistic language assessment more feasible. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10093403

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Telap, Cherry, Benny Pinontoan, and Jullia Titaley. "Derivation of Quantum Guarded Command Language Program for Average." d'CARTESIAN 4, no. 2 (June 26, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/dc.4.2.2015.9055.

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Has conducted research to determine the derivation of quantum guarded command language (qGCL) program for average. Initially calculation of average value was made in guaded command language (GCL) which is then implemented on a digital computer into the Pascal programming language. Furthermore GCL to calculate the average value was analyzed again to be made in the quantum guarded command language (qGCL). qGCL implementation is on a quantum computer is a future computer could perform calculations very quickly because it uses a superposition state is referred to as quantum bits (qubits). Keywords : GCL, qGCL, Quantum Computer

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COSTANTINI, STEFANIA. "SEMANTICS OF A METALOGIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 01, no. 03 (September 1990): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054190000175.

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This paper presents the declarative and procedural semantics of Reflective Prolog, a new logic language able to represent metaknowledge and use it in the proof process via an extended resolution procedure including forms of implicit reflection. The declarative semantics of a Reflective Prolog definite program is provided in terms of the Least Reflective Herbrand Model of the program, characterized by means of a suitable mapping. The extended resolution is then shown to be sound and complete with respect to the Least Reflective Herband Model.

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Dévai, Gergely, Zoltán Gera, and Zoltán Kelemen. "Language abstractions for low level optimization techniques." Computer Science and Information Systems 11, no. 4 (2014): 1499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis130224080d.

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Programmers are often forced to implement performance-critical applications at a low abstraction level. This leads to programs that are hard to develop and maintain because the program text is mixed with low level optimization tricks and is far from the algorithm it implements. Even if compilers are smart nowadays and provide the user with many automatically applied optimizations, practice shows that in some cases it is hopeless to optimize the program automatically without the programmer?s knowledge. A complementary approach is to allow the programmer to fine tune the program by providing him with language features that make the optimization easier. These are language abstractions that make optimization techniques explicit without adding too much syntactic noise to the program text. This paper presents such language abstractions for two well-known optimizations: bitvectors and SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data). The language features are implemented in the embedded domain specific language Feldspar which is specifically tailored for digital signal processing applications. While we present these language elements as part of Feldspar, the ideas behind them are general enough to be applied in other language definition projects as well.

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Zuidema, Johan, Gellof Kanselaar, H. Wichmann, M. Giezeman, L. Koster, and J. van der Veen. "Vrue Taalprodukties En De Computer." Computer-ondersteund talenonderwijs 33 (January 1, 1989): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.33.05zui.

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In second language teaching a great deal of attention is paid to the learning of communicative skills. The computer program PRESTIGE (Productive and Receptive English, a Smart Tutor and Intelligent Generator of Exercises) subscribes to the views currently held in communicative language teaching. Among these are learning the meaning of a word through deduction of the word's meaning from contexts, and emphasizing the use of productive language. The computer program PRESTIGE, written in PROLOG, consists of several parts: A parser, which checks if syntax, spelling and inflection of pupils' input sentences, words, and verbs are correct. The parser is the heart of the program, and is capable of analysing most English sentence structures which are used in the first years of secondary education. A database of descriptions of words and context sentences in everyday English (taken from Collins COBUBLD English Language Dictionary). Both databases can be consulted by the pupil at any moment and thus constitute an extensive help facility. A database of texts. These texts are taken from a method called "Notting Hill Gate" (Malmberg). A generator of exercises. The program is able to generate exercises for both receptive and productive language use. Receptive: a story fragment is selected from the database. For every word, pupils can ask for a description (in English) or for a context sentence in which the word is used. Productive: several different exercises can be generated. They vary from cloze texts: the parser leaves out words that belong to a certain grammatical class (adjectives, prepostions, etc.), to free language productions: writing a composition. Furthermore, exercises can be generated in which interrogative or negative sentences have to be made. When the pupil is writing a composition, the parser checks whether the sentences are grammatically correct. Here as well, all help options from the databases are available. Pupil registration. For every pupil the program keeps track of the words that (s)he has studied, what kind of help (s)he has asked for, and what the results of the exercises are. The advantage of PRESTIGE over existing courseware for second language teaching is the open structure of the program, which makes free input of language possible. In the article the possibilities of the parser are shown and illustrated by examples. The article concludes with a discussion of the uses of PRESTIGE as an intelligent generator of exercises, and some plans for further research.

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Vu, Ngoc Thiem, Shinn Liang Chang, Jackson Hu, and Tacker Wang. "Computer Program in Visual Basic Language for Manufacture of Helical Cutting Tools." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.813.

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The helical cutting tools have complex geometries. A rack cutter is the most economical tool that has been used for manufacturing helical cutting tool. In this paper, the computer program has been designed to evaluate the manufacture abilities following design concept and analyze the technical parameters of helical cutting tool. The program can simulate the sections of helical cutting tool and the rack cutter, analyze the clearance angle, relief angle, and width top of the helical cutting tool, and modify the rack cutter profile to show the helical cutting tool profile suitably. This program can predict the differences during manufacture process and give the best solution for economical consideration.

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Oxford, Rebecca, Young Park‐Oh, Sukero Ito, and Malenna Sumrall. "Factors affecting achievement in a satellite‐delivered Japanese language program." American Journal of Distance Education 7, no. 1 (January 1993): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923649309526807.

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