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1
Ward, Patrick. Targeting the poor in northern Iraq: The role of formal and informal research methods in relief operations. Overseas Development Institute, 1995.
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Lenhart, Martha K., Eric Savitsky, and Brian Eastridge. Combat casualty care: Lessons learned from OEF and OIF. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 2011.
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Connable, Ben. Modeling, simulation, and operations analysis in Afghanistan and Iraq: Operational vignettes, lessons learned, and a survey of selected efforts. RAND Corporation, 2014.
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Ferrari, Aldo, Stefano Riccioni, Marco Ruffilli, and Beatrice Spampinato. L'arte armena. Storia critica e nuove prospettive Studies in Armenian and Eastern Christian Art 2020. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-469-1.
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Exploration of Armenian art began in the 19th century with French, Russian, German, Finnish, Austrian and Armenian art historians, and continued into the 20th century primarily with Russian, Armenian, Ukrainian, American and Italian scholars, who brought to the attention of a large public – not only of academics –, the artistic heritage of a territory that goes beyond the borders of present-day Armenia and encompasses an area known as Subcaucasia, a term used to indicate the regions from the South Caucasus to Anatolia, Iran and Upper Mesopotamia. Interest in Armenian art, from illuminated manuscripts to khachkars and architecture, has grown in the last twenty years, a fact that provided the knowledge of these works of art with a global dimension. The book illustrates the characteristics, themes and methods of the various research paths, sprouting from different historiographical traditions. In other words, the volume intends to trace a map capable of orientating the reader among the artistic and cultural phenomena of this complex territory, thus offering different keys to understanding them and also useful insights for future scientific research.
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Strong, S. I. 5. Step three in the IRAC method: the application. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0005.
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This chapter deals with the third step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: the application of the facts to the rules (legal authorities) presented in the second step of the essay. This technique is very seldom addressed in class discussions, and many students can become overwhelmed when seeking to undertake this element of the exam- and essay-writing process. The discussion explains what ‘application’ means under the IRAC system; the need for an application process in legal writing; how to distinguish ‘application’ from the ‘rules’ in IRAC methodology; and various stylistic and practical issues concerning the application of the facts to the rules. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter. A worked example is also presented.
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Strong, S. I. 3. Step one in the IRAC method: the issue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses the first step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: namely, the identification of the major issue and the specific sub-issues that are in contention. It offers suggestions meant to help law students learn how to identify what question the examiners want them to answer, as well as how to write a two to three-sentence opening paragraph in approximately one minute. The chapter first considers the relationship of the IRAC method to legal practice before explaining in detail what an ‘issue’ is according to the IRAC methodology; why it is important to identify the issue explicitly in a legal essay or exam; and how to spot the major issues and the contentious sub-issues that arise out of a problem question. Examples of issue spotting are given. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
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Strong, S. I. 4. Step two in the IRAC method: the rule. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0004.
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This chapter presents techniques and tips for identifying and discussing the rules, the second step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing. Many students worry that they will not know enough ‘law’ to do well on their exams and essays, but this chapter provides key tips on how to maximise the effectiveness of each student’s knowledge. The discussion identifies the steps involved in writing a first-class essay in law: the purpose of supporting authority (‘rules’) in legal writing; what constitutes supporting authority in legal writing; how to compile the relevant supporting legal authority; and how to communicate the relevant supporting authority in the essay. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter. A worked example is also given.
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Strong, S. I. 6. Step four in the IRAC method: the conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0006.
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This chapter guides the law student to the fourth step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: identification of the conclusion of the argument. Students often overlook the need to have a conclusion in their law essays and exams, or believe that their conclusion must be the same as that identified by the instructor. This chapter explains what ‘conclusion’ means under the IRAC system, outlines the need for a conclusion in legal writing and provides a fast and easy technique that can be used to facilitate the process of writing a conclusion to any essay or exam. The chapter also includes tips on writing legal essays and exams, as well as a worked example.
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Strong, S. I. 9. Adapting IRAC for professional practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0009.
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This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for professional practice, with particular reference to drafting original documents (letters, attendance notes, memoranda, briefs (instructions) and opinions) that do not rely on precedents. While the discussion does not go into the same amount of detail as a professional legal training course, it does outline the forms of documents that every law student will encounter in legal practice and demonstrate how the IRAC method can be used to create those types of documents. The chapter also provides a brief overview of various formatting issues that may arise in professional practice. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
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Strong, S. I. 7. Adapting IRAC to ‘discuss’ questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0007.
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This chapter explains how the IRAC method of legal essay writing can be adapted for use with ‘discuss’ type questions, focusing on the following topics: what a ‘discuss’ question is asking you to do; how to structure the ‘discuss’ essay; and how to adapt each of the four IRAC steps (issue, rule, application, conclusion) to ‘discuss’ questions. The discussion also identifies the three basic types of ‘discuss’ questions (legal theory, legal reform and legal history) and describes the best way to approach each particular category of questions and the best types of legal authorities to introduce to do well. Tips on writing legal essays and exams are given.
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Strong, S. I. 1. An introduction to writing law essays and exams. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces law students to writing law essays and sitting exams, firstly by explaining why there is a need for a special approach to law essays and exams. It then outlines the hallmarks of a good essay in law, from paying close attention to the question as it is asked, to excellent use of supporting information and ideas. It also describes the four-step IRAC method of legal analysis and writing that provides a practical and proven method of answering law school essay and examination questions: identification of the issues relevant to the question; presentation of the applicable rules; application of the facts to the legal authority presented in the second step; and identification of the conclusion of the argument.
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Strong, S. I. 10. Worked questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0010.
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This chapter presents eight legal essays written by law students, six in response to problem questions and two in response to ‘discuss’ questions. The first essay is a first-class example of how the IRAC method of legal writing can work in practice; the second, third and fourth essays deal with contract; the next three are tort questions; and the last essay relates to a jurisprudence ‘discuss’ question. Each essay is followed by general comments and a class mark. A partial sample from a first-class essay in tort appears before the essays, which the student can use to improve their individual writing style.
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d'Ambruoso, William L. American Torture from the Philippines to Iraq. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197570326.001.0001.
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What accounts for the United States’ recurring turn to torture in wars against insurgents and terrorists over the past hundred-plus years? After all, torture is an abhorrent and risky interrogation method. Drawing on archival and bibliographic research, the book argues that the antitorture norm has two features that can lead to torture. First, the antitorture norm can, paradoxically, encourage torture by attracting those who believe unscrupulous methods confer advantages on those who use them. Second, because it is difficult to separate torture from milder acts, the norm lacks specificity. This gray area allows practitioners to portray their behavior as something short of torture and redefine torture to exclude their behavior. The two explanations interact as well: torture occurs because actors believe that it is harsh enough to work, and the definition of torture is blurry enough that actors believe they can sell their methods as legitimate. The book confirms these patterns in three comparable but disparate settings from the history of U.S. foreign policy: the Philippine-American War (1899–1902), the early Cold War up to the Vietnam War, and the post-2001 war on terror. In one extension of the argument, the book shows how the pervasive belief that autocrats have an edge over rule-bound democracies has tempted certain elected officials to chip away at their own liberal-democratic institutions.
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Golrang, Bahram Mohammadi. Mixed-Method Evaluation of Watershed Management: Practices from Kushk-Abad Basin, Iran. Springer, 2017.
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Women's autobiographies in contemporary Iran. Distributed for the Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University by Harvard University Press, 1990.
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Yaghoobi, Claudia, ed. The #MeToo Movement in Iran. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755647286.
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The #MeToo movement started in 2017 in the United States. Ten years later, it took off on social media leading to a global campaign. The Iranian #MeToo movement was a crucial form of resistance, with ordinary Iranian women sharing their experiences of sexual harassment and assault in the public sphere of cyberspace. Yet despite its significance, there is no major work dedicated to #MeToo in Iran. This is the first book of its kind providing a comprehensive analysis of the Iranian #MeToo movement. Based on archival, empirical, ethnographic, literary and cultural research, the contributors discuss the abuse of women report and women and society’s responses to it. Part one examines the specific nature of the Iranian #MeToo movement and how it has shifted concepts such as sexual harassment, sexual violence, and consent. Part two focuses on the intersection of power and privilege in silencing the voices of the survivors of sexual harassment in Iran, particularly focusing on male power. Part three covers the intersections of various systems of oppression specifically highlighting marginalized voices according to sexuality and class. Finally, part fourexamines how cinematic and literary works have normalized and even romanticized sexual harassment and how this is being challenged. At a time when the political context of Iran makes reporting accounts of rape, harassment and sexual abuse almost impossible, the analysis found in this book is vital and unique.
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Mockaitis, Thomas R. Iraq and the Challenge of Counterinsurgency. Praeger, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400672552.
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Mockaitis begins by providing a working definition of counterinsurgency that distinguishes it from conventional war while discussing the insurgents' uses of terror as a method to support their broader strategy of gaining control of a country. Insurgent movements, he notes, use terror far more selectively than do terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda, which kills indiscriminately and is more than willing to produce mass casualties. Such methods stand in stark contrast to the American approach to armed conflict, which is more ideally suited to pragmatic culture leery of involvement in protracted foreign wars and demands immediate results. Within this context, Mocktaitis examines the conflict in Iraq, from post conflict troubles with Saddam in the early 1990s, to pre-invasion planning in 2003. He then moves into a discussion of the rise of insurgent movements and the challenges they posed in the aftermath of the fighting, tracing the ongoing efforts to shape a doctrine that allows US forces to successfully deal with the growing insurgency. The U.S. military in Iraq faces the most complex counterinsurgency campaign in its history and perhaps the history of modern warfare. At the outset, it confronted as many as 22 different domestic insurgent and foreign terrorist groups in an environment made more difficult by thousands of criminals released by Saddam Hussein. Over the past three years, the conflict has evolved with growing ethnic violence complicating an already difficult security situation. Even the most optimistic assessments predict a continued deployment of significant U.S. forces for at least five years for the country to be stabilized. It remains to be seen whether public opinion will support such a deployment. Mockaitis situates the Iraq War in its broad historical and cultural context. He argues that failure to prepare for counterinsurgency in the decades following the end of the Vietnam War left the U.S. military ill equipped to handle irregular warfare in the streets of Baghdad. Lack of preparation and inadequate troop strength led American forces to adopt a conventional approach to unconventional war. Over-reliance on firepower combined with cultural insensitivity to alienate many Iraqis. However, during the first frustrating year of occupation, U.S. forces revised their approach, relearning lessons from past counterinsurgency campaigns and adapting them to the new situation. By the end of 2004, they had developed an effective strategy and tactics but continued to be hampered by troop shortages, compounded by the unreliability of many Iraqi police and military units. The Army's new doctrine, embodied inFM 3-24 Counterinsurgency, outlines the correct approach to winning Iraq. However, three years of desultory conflict amid ongoing revelations that the premises upon which the administration argued the need for invading Iraq may be false have eroded support for the war. The American armed forces may soon find themselves in the unfortunate situation of having found a formula for success at almost the same time the voters demand withdrawal.
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Badawi, Ayman, Mohammad Reza Vedadi, Siamak Yassemi, and Ahmad Yousefian Darani. Homological and Combinatorial Methods in Algebra: SAA 4, Ardabil, Iran, August 2016. Springer, 2018.
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Homological and Combinatorial Methods in Algebra: SAA 4, Ardabil, Iran, August 2016. Springer, 2019.
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McCollum, Jonathan, and David G. Hebert, eds. Theory and Method in Historical Ethnomusicology. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978737266.
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Historical ethnomusicology is increasingly acknowledged as a significant emerging subfield of ethnomusicology due to the fact that historical research requires a different set of theories and methods than studies of contemporary practices and many historiographic techniques are rapidly transforming as a result of new technologies. In 2005, Bruno Nettl observed that “the term ‘historical ethnomusicology’ has begun to appear in programs of conferences and in publications” (Nettl 2005, 274), and as recently as 2012 scholars similarly noted “an increasing concern with the writing of musical histories in ethnomusicology” (Ruskin and Rice 2012, 318). Relevant positions recently advanced by other authors include that historical musicologists are “all ethnomusicologists now” and that “all ethnomusicology is historical” (Stobart, 2008), yet we sense that such arguments—while useful, and theoretically correct—may ultimately distract from careful consideration of the kinds of contemporary theories and rigorous methods uniquely suited to historical inquiry in the field of music. In Theory and Method in Historical Ethnomusicology, editors Jonathan McCollum and David Hebert, along with contributors Judah Cohen, Chris Goertzen, Keith Howard, Ann Lucas, Daniel Neuman, and Diane Thram systematically demonstrate various ways that new approaches to historiography––and the related application of new technologies––impact the work of ethnomusicologists who seek to meaningfully represent music traditions across barriers of both time and space. Contributors specializing in historical musics of Armenia, Iran, India, Japan, southern Africa, American Jews, and southern fiddling traditions of the United States describe the opening of new theoretical approaches and methodologies for research on global music history. In the Foreword, Keith Howard offers his perspective on historical ethnomusicology and the importance of reconsidering theories and methods applicable to this field for the enhancement of musical understandings in the present and future.
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A Guide for Using Ira Sleeps Over in the Classroom. Teacher Created Resources, 2004.
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Estimation of levels and patterns of fertility in Iran: With application of own-children method (1972-1996). Statistical Centre of Iran, 2001.
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A life-study of Franz Kafka, 1883-1924, using the intensive journal method of Ira Progoff. E. Mellen Press, 1992.
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25
Williams, Kristian. American Methods: Torture And the Logic of Domination. South End Press, 2006.
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26
Developing Psychiatry: Epidemiological and Social Studies in Iran, 1963-1976 (Monographien Aus Dem Gesamtgebiete Der Psychiatrie, Bd 43). Springer-Verlag, 1987.
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Wolfe, Wojtek Mackiewicz. Winning the War of Words. www.praeger.com, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216036227.
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Throughout history and especially during contemporary times, presidential rhetoric sets the foreign policy tone not only for Congress but mainly for the American public. Consequently, US foreign policy is actively marketed and spun to the American public. This book describes the marketing strategy of the War on Terror and how that strategy compelled public opinion towards supporting the spread of the War on Terror from Afghanistan to Iraq. The author investigates how President George W. Bush's initial framing of the September 11th attacks provided the platform for the creation of long term public support for the War on Terror and established early public support for U.S. action in Iraq. Mining public opinion data and nearly 1500 presidential speeches over a four year period, the book argues that presidential framing of threats and losses, not gains, contributed to public support for war in Afghanistan, war in Iraq, and President Bush's successful reelection campaign. President Bush's initial framing of the terrorist threat was introduced immediately after the September 11th attacks and reinforced throughout the Afghanistan invasion. During this time period, presidential threat framing established the broad parameters for the War on Terror and enabled the president to successfully market a punitive war in Afghanistan. Second, the president marketed the strategy of preemptive war and led the country into the more costly war in Iraq by focusing on the potentially global threat of terrorism and the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. President Bush's previous war rhetoric was repackaged into a leaner, more focused format in which the Iraq war became part of the War on Terror, resulting in increased support for the president and a successful reelection campaign. Finally, the author examines the withdraw vs. surge in Iraq debate bringing the book up to date. The book shows the influencing potential of presidential spin and of risky foreign policy in the Middle East, and presents a systematic analysis of how a president effectively pursued a marketing strategy that continues to show an enduring ability to influence public support. Even two years after the Iraq invasion, 52% of Americans believed that the U.S. should stay in Iraq until it is stabilized. This finding bypasses agenda setting explanations, which prescribes issue salience amongst the public for only one year. The large speech database available with the study will also be an added benefit to scholars seeking to teach undergraduate and graduate level qualitative research methods.
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Combat orthopedic surgery: Lessons learned in Iraq and Afghanistan. SLACK Incorporated, 2011.
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Griffel, Frank. The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.001.0001.
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This is a comprehensive study of the far-reaching changes that led to a reshaping of the philosophical discourse in Islam during the sixth/twelfth century. Whereas earlier Western scholars thought that Islam’s engagement with the tradition of Greek philosophy ended during that century, more recent analyses suggest its integration into the genre of rationalist Muslim theology (kalam). This book proposes a third view about the fate of philosophy in Islam. It argues that in addition to this integration, Muslim theologians picked up the discourse of philosophy in Islam (falsafa) and began to produce books on philosophy. Written by the same authors, books in these two genres, kalam and philosophy (hikma), argue for opposing teachings on the nature of God, the world’s creation, and the afterlife. This study explains the emergence of a new genre of philosophical books called hikma that stand opposed to Islamic theology and at the same time wish to complement it. Offering a detailed history of philosophy in Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia during the sixth/twelfth century together with an analysis of the circumstances of practicing philosophy during this time, this study can show how reports of falsafa, written by major Muslim theologians such as al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111), developed step-by-step into critical assessments of philosophy that try to improve philosophical teachings and eventually become fully fledged philosophical summas in the work of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210). The book ends in a discussion of the different methods of kalam and hikma and the coherence and ambiguity of a Muslim post-classical philosopher’s œuvre.
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Sadiq, Ibrahim. Origins of the Kurdish Genocide. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978721562.
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The author argues that a part of the history of nation building in Iraq through addressing its political characters, different communities, agreements and pan Arab ideology, including the Baath ideology and its attempts to seize power through nondemocratic methods. It is an attempt to approach the essence of the exclusion mentality of the ruling elite in order to understand the process of genocide against the Kurdish people, including all existing religious minorities. This essence of the process has been approached in the framework of the civilizing and de-civilizing process as a main theory of the German sociologist, Norbert Elias. Thus, this book may be considered as one of the comprehensive books to present a study of state-building in Iraq, along with identifying some of the political figures that had an essential impact on the construction. On the other hand, it is a comprehensive study of the genocide, in the sense of searching for the causes and roots of the genocide. The Anfal campaigns took place in 1988, but the process started as far back as the end of the sixties and the beginning of the seventies of the last century.
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At war with PTSD: Battling post traumatic stress disorder with virtual reality. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.
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Ward, Patrick, and Martin Rimmer. Targeting the Poor in Northern Iraq: The Role of Formal and Informal Research Methods in Relief Operations (Relief and Rahabilitation Network Paper). Overseas Development Institute, 1995.
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Sterling, Christopher H., ed. Military Communications. ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400685651.
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An alphabetically organized encyclopedia that provides both a history of military communications and an assessment of current methods and applications. Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century is the first comprehensive reference work on the applications of communications technology to military tactics and strategy—a field that is just now coming into its own as a focus of historical study. Ranging from ancient times to the war in Iraq, it offers over 300 alphabetically organized entries covering many methods and modes of transmitting communication through the centuries, as well as key personalities, organizations, strategic applications, and more. Military Communications includes examples from armed forces around the world, with a focus on the United States, where many of the most dramatic advances in communications technology and techniques were realized. A number of entries focus on specific battles where communications superiority helped turn the tide, including Tsushima (1905), Tannenberg and the Marne (both 1914), Jutland (1916), and Midway (1942). The book also addresses a range of related topics such as codebreaking, propaganda, and the development of civilian telecommunications.
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Torry, Malcolm. Why we need a Citizen's Basic Income. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447343158.001.0001.
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In the five years since Money for Everyone was published, the idea of a Citizen's Basic Income has rocketed in interest to an idea whose time has come. In moving the debate from the desirability of a basic income, this fully updated and revised edition now includes comprehensive discussions on feasibility and implementation. Using the consultation undertaken by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales as a basis, the book examines a number of implementation methods for Citizen's Basic Income and considers the cost implications. Including real-life examples from the UK, and data from case studies and pilots in Alaska, Namibia, India, Iran and elsewhere, this is the essential research-based introduction to the Citizen's Basic Income.
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William A, Schabas. Part III Prosecutorial Policy and Practice, 16 Selecting Situations and Cases. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0016.
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This chapter analyses selection and charging choices from an observer’s perspective. It re-visits the coherence and transparency of prosecutorial choices and charging practice, based on an analysis of ICC choices, criteria (e.g. ‘gravity’), and methods. It argues that existing practice has made the ICC vulnerable to criticisms of ‘selective justice’ and politicization, for example in the decisions reached with respect to Palestine and Iraq. It claims that further attention needs to be given to the inconsistency in the Prosecutor’s position, whereby selection of a situation is more or less mandatory once the objective criteria are met yet selection of cases is not. It notes that in reality, a great deal of discretion is involved in the selection both of situations and of cases.
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Rid, Thomas, and Marc Hecker. War 2.0. Praeger Security International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216033455.
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War 2.0: Irregular Warfare in the Information Age argues that two intimately connected grassroots trends—the rise of insurgencies and the rise of the web—are putting modern armies under huge pressure to adapt new forms of counterinsurgency to new forms of social war. After the U.S. military—transformed into a lean, lethal, computerized force—faltered in Iraq after 2003, a robust insurgency arose. Counterinsurgency became a social form of war—indeed, the U.S. Army calls it "armed social work"—in which the local population was the center of gravity and public opinion at home the critical vulnerability. War 2.0 traces the contrasting ways in which insurgents and counterinsurgents have adapted irregular conflict to novel media platforms. It examines the public affairs policies of the U.S. land forces, the British Army, and the Israel Defense Forces. Then, it compares the media-related counterinsurgency methods of these conventional armies with the methods devised by their irregular adversaries, showing how such organizations as al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and Hezbollah use the web, not merely to advertise their political agenda and influence public opinion, but to mobilize a following and put violent ideas into action.
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Pettegrew, John. Light It Up: The Marine Eye for Battle in the War for Iraq. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.
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Murrani, Sana. Rupturing Architecture. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350325371.
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This is the first book to critically and visually explore the spatial practices of refuge in response to conditions of war, violence, and displacement experienced in Iraq from 2003 to 2023. Written by an Iraqi architect who has lived through the trauma of several wars, 10 years of UN-imposed sanctions, an invasion, and the subsequent violence, this book captures a broad spectrum of spatial responses to trauma and presents a fresh perspective on how ordinary Iraqis create refuge across the spaces of the home, the urban environment, and border geographies. In the face of spatial wounding and the many injustices suffered by the Iraqi people, there has also been a wealth of refuge-making practices that showcase their creative and imaginative design and adaptability to change and trauma over time.Rupturing Architectureemploys methods such as creative deep mapping, memory work, storytelling, interviews, and case studies of architectural responses to the geographies of war and violence. At the core of the book are the lived and felt experiences of fifteen Iraqis from across Iraq, whose resilience underscores a broader narrative of spatial justice and feminist spatial practices. The book articulates the dual nature of rupturing as both a sign of trauma and a powerful act of resistance, examining how these forces shape domesticity, urbanity, and border spaces. The concluding manifesto for spatial justice calls for a deep, integrated understanding of place, memory, and trauma, advocating for comprehensive strategies in the making of refuge spaces that also resonate in a wider, global context.
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Ravndal, Ellen Jenny. Trygve Lie, 1946–1953. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748915.003.0002.
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This chapter explores all aspects of Trygve Lie’s interaction with the Security Council, beginning with his appointment process and the negotiation of the relative domains of the Council and the Secretary-General. This was a time when the working methods of the UN system were rapidly evolving through political negotiation and responses to external crises. It examines Lie’s personality and character, how he viewed his own responsibilities in the maintenance of international peace and security as crises arose, the legal and political tools he developed and exercised, and his changing relationship with individual permanent members and the six elected members. In the emerging Cold War, Lie’s position in the Security Council would be determined in particular by his relationships with the United States and the Soviet Union. Taking initiative in response to external crises in Iran, Palestine, Berlin, and Korea, Lie succeeded in laying foundations for an expanded political role for the Secretary-General.
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Szypielewicz, Ludmiła, ред. Sovremennye trendy v mežkulʹturnoj kommunikacii i didaktike/Contemporary Trends in Intercultural Communication and Didactics. University of Warsaw Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323555131.
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The monograph presents a system-dynamic model of intercultural communication and pedagogy. Authors hailing from eight countries (Armenia, Finland, Georgia, Iraq, Japan, Poland, Russia and Ukraine) examine the principles of interaction of linguistic cultures, components of intercultural dialogue, models and mechanisms of overcoming difficulties in communication between representatives of different cultures. The volume offers answers to a number of crucial questions. Why is it so important to highlight the current trends in intercultural communication? Which factors help and which hinder the development of communication? Which pedagogical methods and techniques are more effective? What is the influence of language on personality formation? How are the individual and the collective mentality, ideology, and culture reflected in language and at the same time formed by it? Among the authors are both those with extensive research experience and young ones. The monograph may be of interest not only to linguists but also to diplomats, sociologists, businesspeople, ethnographers, psychologists, cultural studies scholars, and, more generally, all those who confront these issues in their professional or everyday lives.
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Paulson, Daryl S., and Stanley Krippner. Haunted by Combat: Understanding PTSD in War Veterans Including Women, Reservists, and Those Coming Back from Iraq. Praeger Security International General Interest-Cloth, 2007.
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Bobić, Marinko. Why Minor Powers Risk Wars with Major Powers. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205206.001.0001.
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Major powers have immense resources at their disposal, while minor powers are assumed to avoid wars and power politics due to structural and material constraints. This provokes the question why do some minor powers nonetheless decide to militarily engage their vastly stronger opponents, particularly major powers? Inspired by several theoretical insights, this book proposes a more complex framework of minor powers in interstate asymmetric conflict. It analyses five conditions highlighted by previous studies: domestic crisis, foreign support, window of opportunity, anomalous beliefs, and regime stability. The theoretical framework works well with a mixed-methods approach, a medium-N research design (Qualitative Comparative Analysis), and three case studies: Iraq (1990), Moldova (1992), and Serbia (1999). The book finds that by looking through the lenses of multiple theories, one can observe a more nuanced relationship how different conditions interact in impacting minor powers’ decisions. Ultimately, minor powers militarily engage major powers when facing a more important domestic crisis and when they also believe that they have a window of opportunity or support from another major power in order to constrain major powers’ capability and resolve. Looking at the current conflict in Syria, there are important policy implications given the observation that minor powers do and will continue to challenge major powers in the future.
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Kabalan, Marwan. Qatar's Foreign Policy. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755655236.
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This study offers an analysis of Qatar’s foreign policy since its independence from Britain in 1971. Locked between two vying powers, Iran and Saudi Arabia, and lacking the traditional elements of influence in the regional and international state system such as land, human capital, and advanced industry, Qatar nevertheless wields a disproportionately large amount of regional influence with an assertive foreign policy approach. Here, Marwan Kabalan highlights the strategies pursued by the ruling Qatari elite, especially during the last two decades, and delves into the methods Qatar has used to deal with the structural challenges to its foreign policy. These strategies include financially leveraging its access to crucial resources, such as natural gas, and its manipulation of existing regional frictions. The book also addresses Qatar’s soft power influence – positioning itself as an alternative cultural and intellectual hub in the Arab world, enabling it to take a leading role, particularly as a mediator, in the region. By highlighting Qatar’s foreign policy strategies and outcomes, Kabalan illustrates how the Qatari case challenges key assumptions of international relations theory which assumes that wealthy small powers tend to pursue passive foreign policies, and that structural forces minimize the role of ruling elites in foreign policymaking.
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Choi, Seung-Whan. Emerging Security Challenges. ABC-CLIO, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400645099.
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This book looks into four areas of our world's international security crisis: the growing threat of America's homegrown jihadists, the continuing rise of terrorism, the causes of gross violations of human rights, and the pervasiveness of civil war. When American jihadists join such international terrorist organizations as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and Al Qaeda, the danger to security and stability is often magnified on both global and domestic fronts. The global rise of terrorism in turn causes a deterioration in the quality of human rights for politically disadvantaged people or minority groups within a national territory; meanwhile, the internal crisis created by terrorist violence and human rights violations can expedite the development of civil war, which is likely to endanger domestic and international stability. Taking a consistent theoretical and empirical approach, Emerging Security Challenges: American Jihad, Terrorism, Civil War, and Human Rights explicates the relationships among these four closely related areas of concern for national security. Each chapter presents systematic, empirical evidence of security trends for more than 100 sample countries, determined using the most current statistical methods. Given that security studies should provide practical policy recommendations, this book also offers potentially effective policy suggestions at the end of each chapter. • Examines four closely related security issues • Employs a systematic, empirical approach • Supports analysis with data • Makes feasible policy recommendations pertaining to growing security threats
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Lawrence, Mark. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Foreign Relations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190699468.001.0001.
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More than 111 scholarly articles The study of US foreign relations is one of the most dynamic fields of American history. The availability of new sources in recent years has opened new opportunities for examining US behavior through the lenses of other nations. Meanwhile, historians of international affairs have increasingly borrowed the methods, questions, and insights of cultural and social history, enlivening their field and opening bold new lines of interpretation. Some scholars have moved away from the traditional focus on presidents, diplomats, intelligence chiefs, and military officers to examine the roles of activists, experts, journalists, athletes, and others in American foreign relations. This collection captures all these trends in a fully up-to-date, authoritative survey of US foreign relations across almost 250 years. More than 100 entries on topics ranging from the American Revolution to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq provide basic background well-suited to readers approaching their topics for the first time. But the entries, written by a remarkable array of expert authors, also offer a valuable tool for experienced researchers and advanced scholars. Authors provide surveys of the scholarly literature related to each topic, along with guides to primary sources, including a rapidly growing number of online collections. The collection covers traditional topics like Anglo-American relations or the role of nuclear weapons in US diplomacy, while also considering newer themes like gender, LGBTQ issues, and environmental diplomacy.
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Fleury, Eric. On Absolute War. The Rowman … Littlefield Publishing Group, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978725072.
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Nearly two decades after the declaration of a ‘War on Terror,’ the precise relationship between warfare and terrorism remains unclear. The United States and its allies have long sought to inflict a decisive defeat upon groups such as Al Qaeda and ISIS, while regarding their individual members as malevolent criminals undeserving of combatant status. A clearer understanding of how terrorists define victory, and how their method of fighting relates to conventional military forces, is necessary in order to devise more realistic and effective strategies of counterterrorism. On Absolute War constructs a theoretical framework for the study of terrorism based on Carl von Clausewitz’s On War, widely regarded as the greatest analysis of war ever written. Through a review of Clausewitz’s work and a set of historical case studies ranging from the Fenian Dynamite Campaign of the 1880s to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Prof. Fleury reveals just how closely terrorism mimics the logic of war. Terrorism attempts to restore war to its theoretical baseline, a condition that Clausewitz called ‘absolute war’ featuring relentless escalation toward a climactic result. While never achieving this ideal in practice, terrorists succeed to the extent that they compel their enemies and their prospective followers to engage mutual escalation, which will ultimately favor whichever side is better able to jettison logistical and normative limits. Consequently, states must engage terrorists on the basis of Clausewitz’s two most important injunctions, namely that war is temporary and subordinate to political controls. Given the very real prospect of a war without any temporal and spatial limits, On Absolute War provides the theoretical basis for a strategy of limiting the effects of terrorism, rather than repeatedly trying and failing to destroy it.
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Perkoski, Evan. Divided Not Conquered. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197627068.001.0001.
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Abstract Less academic: Terrorist, rebel, and insurgent groups face myriad challenges. Between state repression and fears of infiltration and defeat, it is no surprise they are prone to infighting, instability, and division. And these divisions are meaningful: one led the Islamic State to break from Al Qaeda, and others have perpetually plagued the Irish Republican Army, Palestinian militants, and many more. This book analyzes how armed groups fracture and how splinter groups behave. It is the first to look inside these organizations and to understand the specific disagreements leading fractures to occur. It shows how disagreements are commonly driven by disputes over ideology, leadership, and strategy. Drawing on research from organizational studies to social psychology, and by leveraging analogies from business firms to religious sects, the book shows how these disputes uniquely shape the behavior and survivability of breakaway splinters. When motivated by single, shared disagreement, splinters tend to exhibit higher cohesion, clearer objectives, and greater survivability. And when motivated by strategy in particular, splinters typically attract the most hardline operatives and subsequently adopt increasingly lethal tactics and strategies. The book tests these claims comprehensively. Statistical analyses reveal a clear link between internal disagreements and splinter behavior across countries and over time. Case studies of republican militants in Northern Ireland, Basque militants in Spain, and the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq then confirm these trends. As a result, this book demystifies a complex albeit common event with ramifications for counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and understanding increasingly fragmented conflicts around the globe. More academic: Armed groups are tenuous organizations. They face difficult environments and uncertain challenges that make instability, division, and organizational fractures common. But when fractures occur, what explains how breakaway groups behave? Drawing on social and group dynamics that afflict everything from political parties to religious sects, this book shows how a splinter group’s trajectory is not predetermined, but is in fact shaped by its motivations for breaking away. Splinters emerging from a single, shared internal disagreement form with clear organizational objectives that attract a highly cohesive base of recruits. This lowers the odds of defection and infiltration, making it easier to decentralize operations and ultimately survive. Armed groups also break apart for a variety of reasons. Ideological, strategic, and leadership disputes each uniquely shape the goals and membership composition of breakaway groups. Strategic disagreements create the most radical splinters since they usually attract dissatisfied hardliners away from the parent. These claims are tested using a mixed-methods research design. Statistical analyses of a new data set reveal strong support for the theory across countries and over time, while in-depth case studies of republican militants in Northern Ireland, Basque militants in Spain, and the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq confirm the theory’s more specific implications. As a result, this book refocuses attention away from external dynamics, like state repression and conciliation, and towards internal dynamics that can better explain how armed groups fragment, operate, and survive.