Academic literature on the topic 'Iran 1970s'
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Journal articles on the topic "Iran 1970s"
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Sassoon, Joseph. "The East German Ministry for State Security and Iraq, 1968–1989." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 1 (2014): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00429.
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Despite the close relationship between the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and Iraq from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, new evidence from documents of the former East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) and the Iraqi Ba'th Party archives, combined with interviews of senior East German diplomats who served in the Arab world, indicates that the Stasi changed its policy in the second half of the 1970s and persisted with that policy in the 1980s after the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War. This article gives an overview of relations between the Stasi and Iraq following the rise of the Ba'th to power in 1968 under Saddam Hussein (who later became president of Iraq in 1979) and examines Iraq's efforts to obtain assistance from the Stasi. The Iraqi regime's persecution of Communists within Iraq and its targeting of Iraqi Communists in Eastern Europe were important in discouraging the Stasi from establishing close cooperation with Iraq.
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Karimi, Pamela. "Of Cultural Diplomacy, Culture Games, and Curation of Non-Western Art." ARTMargins 3, no. 3 (2014): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_r_00096.
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This essay is a review of the Iran Modern Exhibition, which took place at the Asia Society in New York from September 6, 2013, to January 5, 2014. The show was the first major international retrospective of Iranian art of the 1960s and 1970s. While shedding light on the featured art from a period that is lesser known outside of Iran, this essay mainly elaborates on the curatorial strategies at work in the exhibit.
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Blaszczyk, Regina Lee. "Synthetics for the Shah: DuPont and the Challenges to Multinationals in 1970s Iran." Enterprise & Society 9, no. 4 (2008): 670–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270000759x.
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In the 1960s and 1970s, the largest U.S. chemical firm, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, established an international presence in synthetic fibers by building plants to make nylon, polyester, and acrylic in Latin America and Europe. DuPont managers also looked to the Middle East, specifically to Iran, which was fast industrializing under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The Shah's pro-Western stance and his country's rich oil fields made Iran appealing to a petrochemical giant like DuPont, which used petroleum feed stocks to make fibers and other products. In the 1970s, DuPont partnered with the Behshahr Industrial Group, a conglomerate run by the Ledjavardi clan, one of Iran's leading families, to build a high-tech fiber facility that would help modernize the Iranian textile industry. The story of this short-lived joint venture, a victim of the Islamic Revolution, demonstrates the challenges to multinationals operating in imperial Iran, and shows how the daily experience of dealing with cultural differences often masked larger political and economic troubles.
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JONES, JUSTIN. "Shi‘ism, Humanity and Revolution in Twentieth-Century India: Selfhood and Politics in the Husainology of ‘Ali Naqi Naqvi." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 24, no. 3 (2014): 415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186314000066.
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AbstractThe story of Imam Husain's martyrdom at Karbala has been told with variant emphases and interpretations in different historical contexts. This article examines one of the most famous modern tellings of this narrative: that of ‘Ali Naqi Naqvi, arguably South Asia's most influential Shi‘imujtahidof the twentieth century. It argues that, from the 1930s–1940s, ‘Ali Naqi pioneered a novel perspective on Imam Husain, establishing him as a model for human comportment and a figure to be actively emulated, both by Shi‘as and by humanity at large. As well as having implications for transformation within Shi‘ism, this reorientation of Husain's significance pre-empted its politicisation: ‘Ali Naqi's message informed the incorporation of Shi‘i symbology within the 1942 Quit India agitation, and in some senses exhibited parallels with the later revolutionary rendering of the Karbala message in 1960s–1970s Iran. It is the range of the religious and political implications to be drawn from Ali Naqi's interpretation that have ensured both the durability, and ongoing controversy, of his Husainology.
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Baron, Beth. "Introduction." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 3 (2016): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000489.
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Women's history emerged as a branch of social history in the 1970s, parallel to the feminist movement. Scholars of the Arab world, Iran, and Turkey began producing studies in numbers in the 1980s. The trickle of scholarship became a stream in the 1990s, developing greater theoretical complexity with the incorporation of gender as a category of analysis. The taking up of gender coincided with the cultural turn in historical studies, and gender history built on, or encompassed, women's history, as questions about whether “women” was a category at all were raised. The interest in gender was quickly followed by attention to sexuality, masculinity, and related topics.
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Khosravi, Jamal, Jalal Kalhori, and Loghman Hamehmorad. "The Presence of Israel in Iraqi Kurdistan and its Security Challenges for Iran’s National Security." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 7 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n7p169.
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<p>This study investigates Israeli presence in Iraqi Kurdistan and its challenges for the Iran’s national security. Although the informal presence of Israel in Iraqi Kurdistan dates back to the 1960s and 1970s, its presence has been more conspicuous, in the recent years, due to the changes in the international political equations, informal collapse and attenuation of social, geographical, and political Iraqi borders, the opportunities arising from 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the weakening of the central power in Iraq. This has exposed the security of the neighboring countries of Iraqi Kurdistan, especially Iran to unprecedented challenges. With this in mind, this paper is conducted to analyze these challenges using the library and archival research methods and following an analytical approach. Based on the findings, it can be said that the Israeli government, mostly driven by its political isolation amid the regional countries, has been trying to create security and political divergences, undermine the regional powers, and support the Iraqi Kurdish independence and secession of the country, which in turn could influence the Iranian Kurds who may be under the effect of federalism in the Iraqi Kurdistan, and enhance the ethnicity movements in Iran, which can also pose a potential security threat for Iran.</p>
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Skran, Claudena M. "The International Refugee Regime: The Historical and Contemporary Context of International Responses to Asylum Problems." Journal of Policy History 4, no. 1 (1992): 8–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006485.
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In the 1990s, an increasing number of refugees make their way to the countries of the West. While the annual number of asylum seekers to Western Europe and North America averaged about 20,000 in the mid- 1970s, by 1990 this figure had jumped to more than 500,000. Unlike previous migrants, many of these asylum seekers came from non-Western countries, including Iran, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Ghana. Their flight to the West was but a small part of a worldwide refugee problem that has grown larger since the 1980s, especially in the Third World. The vast majority of the 17.5 million people now considered to be refugees are located in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Despite the improved international climate created by the thaw of the Cold War, the current asylum crisis is likely to continue throughout the decade; the mass exodus of Kurds to Turkey and Iran in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf war is one reminder of this.
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Ahmadi, Shaherzad. "Smugglers, Migrants, and Refugees: The Iran–Iraq Border, 1925–1975." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 4 (2020): 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743820000380.
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AbstractDue to the illegal movement of goods and people, the Khuzistan-Basra frontier, like many other borderlands in the region, represented a liminal space for border dwellers and the Iranian state. Although scholars have written about the migration that was endemic to the early nation-building period, the consequences of this movement in the latter half of the 20th century require further exploration. Well into the 1970s, Iranian migrants and border dwellers complicated citizenship, evinced by the Pahlavi monarchy's failure or refusal to offer them their rights. The Iranian archives prove that, decades into the nation-building project, local dynamics continued to exert tremendous influence on Iranians and even superseded national policies.
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Kenevisi, Mohammad Sadegh, and Mohammad Saleh Sanatifar. "Comics Polysystem in Iran: A Case Study of the Persian Translations of Les Aventures de Tintin." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (2016): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9dk98.
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Despite the popularity of comics, the subject of their translation has remained notably underexplored. Comics swept into the market of Iran in the 1970s; however, they were a new and unfamiliar genre in the country. One of the earliest comic series to appear in Iran was Les Aventures de Tintin, translated by Khosro Sami’i and published by Universal Publications before the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979. Following the Revolution, Universal discontinued the series in Iran and other publishers briefly took it up; after a few years, publication of the books was discontinued. It was not until 2000 that the series was re-introduced by Tarikh-o Farhang and Andishe-ye No Publications. Moreover, as a result of the ubiquitous availability of comic books on the Internet, scanlations made by Tintinophiles have burgeoned recently. This study examines the translations into Persian of Les Aventures de Tintin from these three groups (the early editions of the 1970s and 1980s, the revived publications of 2000, and the Internet scanlations) and attempts to shed light on the position of comics in the translated polysystem of Iran. For this purpose, Even-Zohar’s Polysystem theory (“Polysystem Studies” 9-26) and Tamaki’s approach (119-146) are employed. The synthetic model of translation description proposed by Lambert and Van Gorp (42-53) is used to examine the translations in three layers: 1) preliminary data, 2) macro-level, and 3) micro-level. Onomatopoeic representations are analysed at the micro-level to investigate the extent to which their translations have broken target culture norms and conventions. The results of the study reveal a gap for comics, an empty niche to be filled, in the translated polysystem of Iran and, accordingly, a canonized position for this genre and its translations. This position, however, has migrated to a less central place in more recent translations.
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Bahgat, Gawdat. "Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of Saudi Arabia." Middle East Journal 60, no. 3 (2006): 421–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/60.3.11.
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Since the 1970s, the world's attention has focused on nuclear proliferation in Iran and Iraq. Very little attention has been given to nuclear proliferation in the third regional power in the Persian Gulf — Saudi Arabia. This article addresses the question of potential Saudi nuclear ambition. Most policymakers and analysts agree that Saudi Arabia does not possess nuclear weapons. Still, some argue that the Kingdom has both strategic incentives and financial resources to pursue a nuclear program. This article examines the security threats to Saudi Arabia from Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Yemen. It also analyzes the impact of domestic economic and political reform on Riyadh's security policy. The article argues that the US' strong commitments to defend Saudi Arabia against external threats have been crucial in reducing incentives to acquire nuclear weapons.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iran 1970s"
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Ziarati, Mohammad Nasser Arjomand. "Iran-U.S. military-security relations in the 1970s." Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330208.
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Kaffash, Mohammed Ashrafian. "The relationship between rural settlement pattern, water supply and land use in the Khorasan district of Iran between the mid 1960s and the mid 1970s." Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7079/.
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This thesis examines the relationship between settlement patterns, water supply and land use in the Khorasan Province of Iran. In particulars the work concentrates on the period between 1966 and 1976 as most of the original material has been derived from the censuses of those years and also from the associated village gazetteers. Considerable time has been expended translating the raw data into complex settlement maps and these form a key link throughout the text. The thesis begins by considering traditional settlement location theories and introduces some discussion as to their appropriateness far Iran. After some methodological considerations, the main body of the work begins in Chapter 3 with some discussion of the impact of physical factors on settlement location. This is followed by two key chapters which take the physical theme further with a detailed consideration of the relationship between settlement locations and the dynamics of water supply. Chapter 6 returns to the theme of settlement patterns with further consideration of spatial arrangement and settlement densities. The next three chapters examine the human aspects of settlement dynamics more fully with discussion of the impacts of land reform, agricultural land use and population trends respectively. The final chapter concludes the thesis and tries to reconsider the validity of some of the theoretical comments of Chapter 1.The general conclusion demonstrates that since the 1960s there has been a movement towards some degree of potential settlement order and a number of explanations for this are put forward.
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Shannon, Kelly J. "Veiled Intentions: Islam, Global Feminism, and U.S. Foreign Policy Since the Late 1970s." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/99441.
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History<br>Ph.D.<br>This dissertation explores the ways in which Americans constructed a public understanding about gender relations in Muslim countries from the Iranian Revolution through the post-9/11 period that cast Muslims as oppressors of women. It argues that such understandings significantly influenced U.S. foreign policy in recent decades. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the degree to which women had or lacked rights became one barometer by which Americans judged Muslim societies. Journalists, scholars, women's rights activists, novelists, filmmakers, politicians, and others in the U.S. contributed to public debates since 1979 that cast Muslims as particularly oppressive of women. The pervasiveness of such views and lobbying efforts by women's rights activists pushed policymakers to situate the attainment of rights for women within the constellation of legitimate areas of policy concern regarding the Muslim world. As a consequence, by the 1990s concern for Muslim women's rights sometimes drove U.S. policy, as when President Clinton chose not to recognize the Taliban regime in 1998; at other times, rhetoric about the oppression of Muslim women became a political tool which policymakers could use to provide legitimacy and moral force for their interventions in the Islamic world. This story is both national and transnational and involves both state and non-state actors.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Pieri, Caecilia. "La brique, la palme et le béton : stratégies de la modernité urbaine à Bagdad, 1921-1958." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0082.
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Entre l’imagerie orientaliste qui fait de Bagdad un mirage évanoui, celle des guerres qui tendrait à la transformer en repoussoir et, enfin, la politique de «communication » d'un régime qui a fonctionné trente ans comme un écran entre l'lrak et le reste du monde, peut-on avoir aujourd'hui avoir une vision claire de la ville moderne ? La thèse vise à identifier et interpréter les principales mutations du paysage architectural et urbain bagdadien entre 1921 - mandat britannique, création du royaume national d' lrak -et 1958 - Révolution, chute de la monarchie -, au regard d'un contexte national et international. L'organisation de l'espace urbain et la formation du bâti sont envisagées comme le paradigme d'une identité complexe, ainsi que l'expression des mécanismes de décision et enjeux à l'œuvre dans la mise en place d'une capitale moderne. Pour saisir cette évolution diachronique dans sa multiplicité, trois approches se croisent: analyse des modèles et des processus créatifs, hybridation et modernisation du bâti ; enquête sur la modernisation d' une société à travers l'interaction formes/modes d' habitat et formes/pratiques urbaines; enfin histoire politique, et modernisation de l'Etat sur fond de construction nationale, via celle d'une capitale emblématique<br>With the Orientalist imagery casting Baghdad a vanished mirage, that of wars tending to transform it into a foil, and finally the "advertising policy" of a regime which functioned for thirty years as a screen between Iraq and the rest of the world, how can a clear perception of the modem city of Baghdad be achieved now? The thesis aims at identifying and evaluating the main stages of transformation of Baghdad's urban and architectural landscape, between 1921 and 1958 within the national and the international context. The organisation of the urban space and the formation of the architectural corpus are envisioned as paradigms of a complex identity, as they embody the various mechanisms of decision at stake in the development of a modern capital city. In assessing this manifold diachronic evolution, three different approaches are intertwined: an enquiry on shaping patterns and processes, within the hybridisation embedded in the modernisation of buildings; an exploration of the modernisation of a society, through the interaction between housing forms/uses and urban forms/practices; finally a study of the historical and political context, and the modernisation of the State, by emphasizing the relationship between nation-building and the construction of an emblematic city
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Ganjaei, Sara. "Representations of Iran in British documentary, 1920s-2006." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/47573/.
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The research examines the representations of Iran in British documentaries made between 1920s and 2006. It aims to: a)investigate in British documentary the represented position of Iran in the world and in comparison to Britain, as well as how the positioning has evolved along historical change inside Iran, in the outside world, and in Iran’s relation with the outside world and Britain; b) reveal how, as mediated text, documentary film acts as part of the broader representational regimes in a social context in which these positionings are produced through contemporary social and political discourses. The research looks for the underpinnings of the documentary representations of Iran in the master-narrative of ‘Modernity’ and its relevant sub-narratives (industrialisation, modernisation, and democracy), as well as the narratives of Modernity’s Other (Orientalism and Islamicfundamentalism). It is shown that the films made about Iran before the Iranian revolution of 1979 are marked by the themes of industrialization and modernization with a focus on the activities of the British oil industry in Iran and/or the efforts of the Pahlavi dynasty to modernize Iran. After the 1979 revolution however, the focus of films shifts from Iran’s socio-economic issues to its political ones. Iran and its relations with the outside world are seen increasingly through the prism of the discourses of democracy and Islamic-fundamentalism in the films of this ear. British media coverage of Iran provides a case study opportunity to examine the evolution over a relatively long period of time of continuous and changing coverage of one country by another. Through studies such as this thesis, focusing on the use of film as a tool in international sociopolitical representation, the transition from 20th to 21st Century becomes in itself an era for critical interpretation across the social sciences. Through situating the interrelation between the media and international power struggles in a historical perspective, this kind of research can therefore be a valuable source in investigating the power-related functions of the media itself.
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Ladier-Fouladi, Marie. "Population, société et politique en Iran, de la monarchie à la République islamique." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0028.
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La sympathie initiale que la Révolution iranienne de 1979 sut gagner auprès de l'opinion publique internationale laissa très rapidement la place au trouble puis à la répulsion. Qualifiés d'"intégristes", les dirigeants du nouveau régime paraissaient nettement hostiles au processus de modernisation entamé depuis quelques années en Iran et capables d'y mettre fin par leur radicalité. Pour vérifier si, effectivement, la Révolution et la République islamique ont interrompu un processus de modernisation préexistant et quelle importance peut être donnée à la césure de 1979, nous avons choisi d'examiner l'évolution de la société et des comportements sociaux par une analyse des phénomènes démographiques et particulièrement de la fécondité. Le déclenchement de la transition de la fécondité et son accélération sous la République islamique sont l'illustration par excellence de la capacité d'une société à inventer sa modernité en dépit d'un contexte politique et juridique a priori défavorable. D'ailleurs, la rénovation de la sphère politique, directement liée à l'expérience révolutionnaire, s'inscrit dans la même logique que la transition de la fécondité : le changement de statut de la femme, l'évolution de la composition de la famille et de son comportement social ont des incidences directes et profondes dans les deux domaines. Par cette modernisation apparemment paradoxale sous la République islamique, la société iranienne confirme non seulement l'autonomie de s a dynamique par rapport à la sphère politique, mais révèle aussi qu'elle est capable de peser sur cette sphère, en imposant le rythme et la nature de son propre processus de modernisation.
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Mohammadi, Iran. "Le rôle de l'école dans la recomposition de l'identité des jeunes kurdes dans la République Islamique d'Iran." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0011.
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Deux facteurs caractérisent l'enjeu d'une identité kurde en Iran : l'idéologie étatique de la République Islamique ("religion politisée") et la condition de minorité. Dans le cas de l'adolescent kurde, l'école présente un acteur majeur. Fondé sur une enquête de terrain, trois aspects principaux de l'influence de l'institution scolaire sur l'identité du jeune sont dégagés :1° autonomisation du jeune en tant qu'individu vis-à-vis de sa famille et de la culture traditionnelle locale ;2° valorisation du rôle de la religion dans le vécu quotidien, d'où la place importante que tient une "identité religieuse" ;3° renforcement de la perception de la particularité minoritaire niée par l'Etat au profit d'un modèle de "monoculturalisme". C'est dans cette dernière dimension, qu'émerge le conflit entre Etat central et minorité ; le jeune kurde doit alors se positionner sur un axe qui lui laisse trois choix possibles : assimilation, biculturalisme ou affirmation de sa particularité ethnique<br>Identity-building among Iranian Kurds has to deal with two major contextual factors: the particular ideology put forward by the Islamic Republic and their status as a minority. Talking of teenagers, the institution School takes a crucial part. Basing on extensive field study, three aspects characterize the influence of school on adolescent Iranian Kurds' identity:1. Reinforce the adolescent's autonomy of his family and traditional local culture;2. Install religion as one important dimension of social existence, which explains the necessity of a religious identity;3. Reinforce also the perception of an independent minority character, despite the official mono-cultural model denying precisely ethnic particularity. It is this latter dimension that gives rise to the conflict between central government and minority. The young Kurd is required to make his choice, which may be one of the three: assimilation, co-existence of the two cultures or affirmation of his ethnic difference
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Rahnema, Roodposhti Hassan. "Les Relations entre la France et l'Iran de 1954 à 1970." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010520.
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Les relations entre la France et l'Iran de 1954 à 1979 se divisent en trois périodes 1954-1962; 1962-1972; 1972-1979. Dans la première période les relations reprennent très lentement mais régulièrement, limitées par la concurrence des autres puissances industrielles. Dans la seconde période on constate une nette progression l'évolution rapide du prix du pétrole propulse l'Iran sur la scène internationale: extension de la coopération franco-iranienne dans de nombreux domaines. En 1973 avec le quadruplement du prix du pétrole et les projets gigantesques du shah, les relations s'amplifient. Passee cette période, l’Iran s'essouffle financièrement et de nombreux contrats sont ajournes. Les échanges franco-iraniens allaient régresser brutalement par la suite sous la pression révolutionnaire.
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Kéy, Hormuz. "Avant et après la Révolution en Iran : un cinéma, deux stratégies." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010605.
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Apparu des 1900 en Iran, le cinéma y joua immédiatement un rôle primordial comme élément à part entière de la modernité du pays. Mais à partir de 1968, simultanément à l'apparition de cinéastes tels Massoud Kimiai ou Dariush Mehrjoui, ce rôle devint politique et peu à peu, le mot d'ordre de ce cinéma fut celui d'une lutte militante ordonnée autour de la personne du seul Kimiai. Apres la révolution et les profonds bouleversements qui en découlèrent, le cinéma iranien s'organise sur de nouvelles bases et, malgré la censure, maintient une vocation sociale assistant la société dans un processus d'autothérapie collective. Aussi, ses méthodes d'action sont dorénavant autres : passée la période des exactions révolutionnaires, les cinéastes misent sur l'approche poétique du réel, sans pour autant s'éloigner des préoccupations du peuple iranien. Abbas Kiarostami et Mohsen Makhmalbaf - accompagnés d'autres cinéastes de leurs temps - ont compris que pour se libérer, la société iranienne n'a nul besoin d'une autre révolution mais plutôt d'hommes et de femmes éclairés. La stratégie du cinéma post-révolutionnaire est donc de filmer à hauteur d'homme, d'aller à la rencontre de simples humains saisis à l'échelle la plus réduite sur la carte de cette société en ébullition : la maison, l'école, le quartier, le village<br>When the cinema first made its appearance in iran in 1900, it immediatly played a major role in the modernization of the country. However, as from 1968, with the arrival of film directors such as Massoud Kimiai or Dariush Mehrjoui, the vocation of the Iranian. Cinema became political and gradually its leitmotiv was that of a militant campaign revolving exclusively around kimiai. After the revolution and the profound disruption it provoked, the iranian cinema nevertheless strove to modify mentalities, despite the censure, by assisting society in a process of collective self therapy. Now that revolutionary exactions are over, methods have changed and film directors tend to focus on a poetic treatment of reality, centring nevertheless on the preoccupations of the iranian people. Abbas Kiarostami and Mohsen Makhmalbaf, along with their contemporaries, have understood that, in order to liberate itself, iranian society needs enlightened men and women and not another revolution. The strategy of the post-revolutionary iranian cinema is therefore to pursue a more humanistic approach and to film the ordinary people of this effervescent society in their everyday lives in their homes, schools, villages and general environment
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Chelly, Amélie-Myriam. "La sécularisation du chiisme et la République islamique d’Iran." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0003.
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La sécularisation est un processus aboutissant à un nouvel état de fait qui se caractérise grossièrement par une autonomisation de la sphère publique par rapport au religieux, et à un recul du religieux. Ainsi les sciences humaines occidentales définissent-elles le terme de sécularisation : un processus coextensif à la modernité occidentale et qui est l'expression d'un monde qui se désenchante. Cependant l'expérience théocratique iranienne initiée en 1979 force l'exigence d'une autre définition du terme de sécularisation, ou plutôt d'un élargissement de son acception permettant d'appréhender l'idée littérale d'application en ce bas monde de ce que la religion promet en un au-delà du monde. La sécularisation du chiisme dessine un détournement politique de la religion traditionnelle dans des cadres idéologiques globalisants. Elle immanentise les grandes notions coextensives à la tradition religieuse comme la figure du martyr ou l'idée d'umma, et systématise une confusion des sphères publique et privée, confusion propre aux idéologies socio-politiques modernes. Cette sécularisation littérale tissée par l'ambition théocratique fait désormais l'objet de remises en question aux fondements d'un effort nouveau et inédit : celui de la considération d'un autre type de sécularisation, celui qui vise à circonscrire un système distinguant sphère politique et sphère religieuse. L'élan séculariste post-khomeyniste entend redéfinir des cadres socio-politiques autour des concepts de droits, de dignité, de pluralisme et de société civile. Le détournement politique du chiisme traditionnel aura ainsi engendré le positionnement d'une nouvelle catégorie d'intellectuels concentrant sa réflexion autour de la place à accorder à l'islam, tant pour le salut du religieux, que pour celui du politique<br>Secularization is a process leading to a new state of facts, which is caracterized by an autonomization of the public sphere versus the religious one. This process also leads to a decline of religion. It is therefore the way Western social sciences define the concept of secularization: as a phenomenon, which is coextensive with Western modernity. Secularization, thus considered, is the full expression of disenchantment. However, the Iranian theocratic experiment initiated in 1979 makes the consideration of another definition of secularization necessary, or rather the extension of this concept: secularization can also be literally understood as a total application of otherworldliness into a secular and institutional sphere. This secularization of Shia Islam draws the outlines of a politicization of traditional religion into holistic ideological frameworks. This process is an "immanentization" of transcendent notions, such as the martyr figure or the notion of umma and creates confusion between the private and the public sphere, which is specific to modern socio-political ideologies. The secularization born out of theocratic ambition is now called into question in an unprecedented effort of reconsideration: henceforth, the failure of the theocratic model generates another type of secularization, which draws a distinction between the political and religious spheres. Post-khomeinist aspirations want to redefine some socio-political frameworks structured around the concepts of rights, dignity, pluralism and civil society. The experience of politicization of traditional Shia Islam is at the origins of a new blossoming of intellectuals, who articulate their approaches and commitments through the place to be given to Islam in the society, in order to save both religious and political spheres
Books on the topic "Iran 1970s"
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Hopkins, Philip O. American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9.
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Placke, James A. After the Gulf War: Iran and Iraq in the 1990s. Cambridge Energy Research Associates, 1990.
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Hospitals in Iran and India, 1500-1950s: [edited] by Fabrizio Speziale. Brill, 2012.
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Lolaki, Seyed Mohammad. Diverging Approaches of Political Islamic Thought in Iran since the 1960s. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0478-5.
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Arabskiĭ region: Problemy demokratii -- Irak, Sirii︠a︡, Egipet, 1960-1970-ye gody. Lusakan, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Iran 1970s"
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Hopkins, Philip O. "Christianity in Iran." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_2.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "A Brief History of Iran During the Modern Era." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_3.
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Ali, Luman. "Britain’s Relationship with Iran Before the 1970s." In British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978-1981. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94406-7_2.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "Introduction." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_1.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "American Missionaries in Iran During the Last Years of the Pahlavis." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_4.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "Evangelistic Activities of American Missionaries." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_5.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "Iranian Christian Thought and the Islamic Republic." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_6.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "Conclusion." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_7.
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Ali, Luman. "The British Mission in Iran in the 1970s." In British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978-1981. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94406-7_3.
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Valeri, Marc. "Iran-Oman Relations Since the 1970s: A Mutually Beneficial Modus Vivendi." In Security and Bilateral Issues between Iran and its Arab Neighbours. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43289-2_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Iran 1970s"
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Ķestere, Iveta, and Baiba Kaļķe. "Learning National Identity Outside the Nation-State: the Story Of Latvian Primers (Mid-1940s – Mid-1970s)." In 78th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2020.03.
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In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legislation and curricula, has been formed, our research focuses on the recent history of national identity formation in the absence of the nation-state “frame”, i.e. in Latvian diaspora on both sides of the Iron Curtain – in Western exile and in Soviet Latvia. The question of our study is: how was national identity represented and taught to next generations in the national community that had lost the protection of its state? As primers reveal a pattern of national identity practice, eight primers published in Western exile and six primers used in Soviet Latvian schools between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s were taken as research sources. In primers, national identity is represented through the following components: land and nation state iconography, traditions, common history, national language and literature. The past reverberating with cultural heritage became the cornerstone of learning national identity by the Latvian diaspora. The shared, idealised past contrasted the Soviet present and, thus, turned into an instrument of hidden resistance. The model of national identity presented moral codes too, and, teaching them, national communities did not only fulfill their supporting function, but also took on the functions of “normalization” and control. Furthermore, national identity united generations and people’s lives in the present, creating memory-based relationships and memory-based communities.
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Bonora, Nicola, and Andrew Ruggiero. "Assessment of Potential Damage to Ductile Cast Iron Cask as a Result of Exceptional Impact Loading." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1991.
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Safety of shipping cask for nuclear spent fuel is always a reason of concern for the designers, regulators and public opinion. Even though safety requirements are already outstanding for this kind of structure, additional worries about its vulnerability have been expressed, especially after the terrorist attack of September 11th, 2001. During the 1970s and 1980s, U.S. National Regulatory Commission (NRC) evaluated the consequences of an hypothetical terrorist attacks and in 1984, came to the conclusion that the use of explosives would not result in a serous threat and, subsequently, proposed lessened security requirements for shipments. The recent public release of a footage of a 1998 test at the Army’s Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, showing an anti-tank missile breaching the cast iron wall of a CASTOR cask, re-opened the discussion about the effective safety and resistance of these container to exceptional impact events. In this paper the preliminary results of a research program in progress at the University of Cassino on ductile cast iron structural integrity and impact protection evaluation are presented. The exceptional impact event of an airplane crash onto a cask has been re-analyzed by means of an extensive numerical simulation using hydrocode and developing a specific damage modeling for failure in ductile cast iron.
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Yang, Jianfeng, and Paul O’Brien. "Evaluation of Fatigue Life of Pressurized Water Reactor Internals Considering Light-Water Reactor Coolant Environmental Effect for Aging Management Program." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31169.
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Most of the current operating nuclear power plants in the United States were designed using the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, for fatigue design curves. These design curves were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They were often referred to as “air curves” because they were based on tests conducted in laboratory air environments at ambient temperatures. In recent years, laboratory fatigue test data showed that the light-water reactor environment could have significant impact on the fatigue life of carbon and low-alloy steels, austenitic stainless steel, and nickel-chromium-iron (Ni-Cr-Fe) alloys. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Guide 1.207 provides a guideline for evaluating fatigue analyses incorporating the life reduction of metal components due to the effects of the light-water reactor environment for new reactors. It recommend following the method developed in NUREG/CR-6909 [3] when designing reactor coolant pressure boundary components. The industry has invested a lot of effort in developing methods and rules for applying environmental fatigue evaluations for ASME Class 1 components and piping. However, the industry experience in applying the environmental fatigue evaluation for reactor core support structures and internal structures has been very limited. During the recent aging management programs, reactor internal component environmental fatigue evaluations for several pressurized water reactors were evaluated. The analyses calculated the cumulative fatigue usage using the recorded plant-specific transient cycles and the projected cycles for 60 years of plant life. The study concludes that the actual fatigue usages of the components are substantially lower than the specified original design conditions. Even assuming the most severe light-water reactor coolant environmental effects, fatigue will not be a concern for 60 years of plant life. The experiences with environmental fatigue evaluation for reactor internals are still very limited. This study shall provide the industry with beneficial information to develop the approaches and rules addressing the environmental effect on the fatigue life of reactor internals.
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Nuss, Stephen, and Chris Garrett. "Problems beneath the Tracks: Condition Assessment of 1940s Vintage Cast Iron Water Mains underneath the Alaska Railroad." In Pipelines 2014. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413692.012.
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Munson, Douglas, Mahesh Pandey, Mikko Jyrkama, and Peter Angell. "Historical Rates of Soil Side Corrosion for Use in Fitness-for-Service Evaluations of Buried Metallic Pipe." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63923.
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Nuclear power plants and many other industries are required to periodically inspect their buried piping to determine its fitness-for-continued service (FFS). The FFS process requires that both the general corrosion rate and the rate of maximum penetration for localized corrosion (e.g., pitting) be estimated so that the remaining lifetime and/or time until the next inspection can be determined. Revision 1 to ASME Code Case N-806, “Evaluation of Metal Loss in Class 2 and 3 Metallic Piping Buried in a Back-Filled Trench” [1] provides 4 options for estimating the corrosion rates: a. Wall thickness measurements from the current examination and from one or more previous examinations of the same metal loss region. b. Repeat measurements at two or more times from another location that has a predicted metal loss rate greater than or equal to the rate of the metal loss region under evaluation. c. Repeat measurements using corrosion coupons, linear polarization probes, or electrical resistance probes d. Generic historical data Each of these methods has its uses and limitations, and it is generally preferable to consider results from 2 or more of the methods. This paper examines historical data gathered by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, renamed in 1988 as the National Institute of Standards & Technology - NIST) at ∼ 70 locations around the US in the 1930s – 1950s. Maximum penetration and weight loss (general corrosion) data from each site were placed in one of four soil texture groups for both carbon steel and cast iron. A regression analysis was performed to determine the median rates and 80% and 95% probabilistic values. It was found that results within each soil texture group were relatively similar and that the corrosion rates in the first 3 years after burial tended to be much higher than rates in years 5–18. The coefficients of determination were determined to quantify differences within each soil texture group. It is proposed that the steady state rates provided herein are an option to be used as the Historical Rates for FFS evaluations as described in [1].
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Dülger, Fikret, Salih Gencer, and Almıla Burgaç. "Intensity of Metal (Steel) Use Hypothesis: A Test for Turkish Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00992.
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The quantity of steel consumed can be considered as an indicator of industrial development as nations move to higher stages of industrialization, since the steel consumption has been thought to be closely linked to the rate of economic growth, which influences the level of activity in steel intensive sectors (Huh, 2011). After the World War II, the worldwide metal consumption increased rapidly and, this led to a concern about the supply of metals and a fear of early depletion (Wårell, 2014). As part of a broader effort to develop simple but accurate techniques for forecasting the future demand for metals, the International Iron and Steel Institute (1972) and Malenbaum (1973) suggested the intensity of use hypothesis during the 1970s. This hypothesis maintains that the intensity of metal use is a function of economic development as measured by real GDP (Guzmán et al. 2005). Intensity of use curve rises, peaks, and then decline as per capita income increases. For this hypothesis the intensity of metal use depends on the economic development in a country and changes over the development stages of the economy. Therefore the relationship between intensity of metal use and economic development exhibits an inverted U-shaped pattern. The main purpose of this study is to test the intensity of (steel) use hypothesis for Turkey during the period 1955-2012 using the cointegration technique with structural break. Given the dataset and time series techniques used, results indicate that the steel consumption and real GDP have the long-run relationship.
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Kormann, Maximilian, and Reinhold Schaber. "An Intercooled Recuperative Aero Engine for Regional Jets." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26387.
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Flying requires a high power density in the propulsion system. Currently only turbofan engines can provide the required power at a low system mass. To counter a potential negative impact of aircraft emissions on global climate, the agreement Flightpath 50, created by European research establishments and industries, has set the target to reduce overall CO2 emissions from the year 2000 to 2050 by 75 %. In contrast, the air traffic volume has been growing constantly since the 1980s and will be growing further. Hence the fuel burn of aero engines has to be reduced to reach the Flightpath 50 target. High-end component technology has nearly exhausted full potential in the improvement of conventional turbofan engines. Further significant progress can only be achieved by new engine concepts. The geared turbofan has proven the feasibility of this approach. The introduction of a gear allows the IPC and LPT to run at more suitable speeds with the consequence of a lower stage count compared to conventional turbofans. According to Pratt&Whitney this will reduce the fuel burn by ”15–16% versus today’s best engines” [1]. As a next step towards Flightpath 50 MTU Aero Engines AG envisioned the Intercooled Recuperative Aero Engine (IRA) for long-haul application. This concept increases the thermodynamic efficiency of the core engine by utilizing two heat exchangers: an intercooler reduces the work which is necessary for the compression. A recuperator transfers heat of the exhaust gas to the compressed gas entering the burner. In long-haul aircraft the increased engine mass due to the heat exchangers has a lower influence on the fuel burn. To broaden the research, this paper investigates the application of the IRA for regional jets. An extensive predesign parameter study was performed to find the optimal IRA configuration for regional jets. Not only has fuel consumption been taken into consideration, additionally the influence of the increased weight of the IRA has been included. In optimum, the fuel burn on a regional mission according to this study could be reduced in the order of 1–2%. However, the overall pressure ratio is much lower compared to modern turbofan engines, which leads to relatively low NOx emissions. It allows the introduction of Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP) burner technology, promising an additional significant reduction in NOx emissions compared to modern turbofan engines. Compared to a longhaul application the heat exchangers are not a scaled version but the result of a cycle optimization considering the available space. The paper also gives an outlook for an innovative three dimensional heat exchanger. The novel heat exchanger arrangement promises a better integration into the annulus at turbine exit and less aerodynamical pressure losses due to 3D-effects.
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Ghazali, Nurul Aimi, Shigemi Naganawa, Yoshihiro Masuda, Wan Asma Ibrahim, and Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar. "Eco-Friendly Drilling Fluid Deflocculant for Drilling High Temperature Well: A Review." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78149.
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Conventional clay-based drilling fluids often experienced difficulties in controlling the rheological properties, gelation, and filtration due to flocculation of clay at the temperature higher than 121°C. Deflocculant or thinner, one of the drilling fluid additives, serves a significant role in preventing the association of clay particles particularly in high temperature environments such as high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) deep-water drilling. Lignosulfonate has been commonly used in the industry as deflocculant for clay-based drilling fluids since the late 1950s as a replacement for Quebracho tannin. Degradation at the elevated temperature limits the usage of anionic polymer and lignosulfonate. In improving the stability of deflocculant at high temperature, lignosulfonate is admixed or reacted with chromium and iron compound to obtain ferro-chrome lignosulfonate whose temperature limit is approximately 190°C. While recent ferro-chrome lignosulfonate contains less chrome than in the past, development of more environmentally friendly and higher thermally stable deflocculant is still needed. In HPHT environment which requires high-density drilling fluid, a higher thermally-stable deflocculant is also valuable for barite sagging that becomes problematic at a temperature higher than 200°C. Several findings in the past development of adhesives show that addition of tannin improves the thermal stability of lignosulfonate. Tannin is a polyphenolic compound that is natural, non-toxic and biodegradable and can be found in various part of a vascular plant other than Quebracho. Lignosulfonate, on the other hand, is a byproduct of the paper pulping process. Tannin and lignosulfonate are cross-linked to obtain tannin–lignosulfonate for use as a high-temperature drilling fluid deflocculant. Tannin and lignin are the most abundant compounds extracted from biomass. The wide availability of tannin and lignosulfonate is an advantage from a manufacturing cost viewpoint. In this paper, an overview of drilling fluids, classification of drilling fluid, high temperature reservoir environment, and mechanisms of dispersion and deflocculation are presented. Further discussion on the potential development of eco-friendly tannin–lignosulfonate based drilling fluid system for the high temperature well development also presented.
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Waghmode, Laxman Yadu, and Anil Dattatraya Sahasrabudhe. "An Application of a Generalized Life Cycle Cost Model to BOXN Wagons of Indian Railways." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24099.
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The objective of this paper is to apply a methodology developed for effective implementation of life cycle costing (LCC) in design and procurement of repairable products/systems to railway wagons. From its origin in defense equipment in US in 1960s, the application of life cycle cost concept has now been extended to other areas of private and public sectors too. This is because the customers are now considering not only the initial product costs but also the cost implications associated with the entire life span of a product. This emerging trend in global markets is gradually forcing the product manufacturers to estimate and optimize the product LCC with reference to performance, safety, reliability (R), and maintainability (M). The life cycle cost of a repairable system is closely coupled to its reliability and maintainability and therefore a careful consideration to the R & M parameters in the product design stage is quite essential from the LCC viewpoint. Taking into consideration these aspects a generalized modeling methodology has been proposed to estimate the life cycle cost of repairable products based on R & M principles. Life cycle costing in railway industry has traditionally been focused on the prediction of investment of railway vehicle. But, today’s mass transit market has rapidly been changed and the suppliers are now forced to treat the LCC of entire railway system. Indian railways are the principle mode of transport for raw materials for steel plants, finished steel from steel plants, coal, oil, iron, cement, petroleum products, fertilizers and food grains in India. To serve this purpose BOXN wagons are used by Indian railways. The BOXN wagons typically have a life span of 35 years and being a repairable system experience multiple failures over their life span. In this paper, a generalized model for LCC of repairable products has been proposed and is applied to BOXN wagon of Indian railways and the results obtained are presented. The methodology presented herein is expected to provide some useful guidelines to the railway industry to predict and analyze the life cycle cost of railway vehicles.
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Emond, David, and Jacques Reuchet. "The French Regulatory Experience and View on Nickel-Base Alloy PWSCC Prevention and Treatment." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2980.
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This paper presents the experience feedback and views of the French Regulatory Authority (ASN) and of the technical support institute (IRSN) on PWSCC prevention since the initiation in 1989 of the “Inconel Zones Review” requested by ASN to Electricite´ de France (EDF), the national operator of 58 PWRs plants. This proactive requirement, launched before the discovery, in September 1991, of the only CRDM nozzle leak in France, on Bugey unit 3, was then triggered by the recurrence of many alloy 600 rapid degradations and leaks, world wide, and also in France in the late 1980s, particularly on steam generator tubes and on some pressurizer penetrations. Thus, the ASN requested that EDF, perform a comprehensive (generic) proactive assessement on all the nickel-base alloy components and parts of the main primary circuits, which of course included vessel head penetrations and bottom mounted instrumentation penetrations (BMI), and some other zones. This proactive “review” did, a minima, include the following tasks and actions: • Update and complete, by an extensive R&D program, the understanding and characterization of the Ni base alloys prone to PWSCC, • Analyze the various materials, metallurgical features, mechanical stresses, and physicochemical conditions of the parts exposed to primary water, in order to predict the occurrence of PWSCC initiation and propagation, • Provide a prioritization of the zones to be inspected, • Implement by improved NDE techniques a practical inspection program on the 58 PWRs, Prepare and implement any needed mitigation actions as a result of the components conditions assessment. The present paper relates the main features of the French regulatory experience over more than 13 years and recalls the main principles of the assessment, which were applied by ASN. These principles, which are formalized in the current regulation rules revised in 1999, are briefly listed hereunder: • It is based on avoiding and preventing any leaking on the main primary circuit. • In service inspections (ISI), including volumetric and surface NDE, have been agreed upon between ASN and EDF for all vessel head penetrations, with a re-inspection schedule. • The preexisting regulatory hydraulic testing program was carefully implemented, which implied the removal of thermal insulation on the vessel heads. • A comprehensive R&D program had to be conducted by EDF, the main progress reports and presentations had to be regularly submitted to DGSNR and IRSN staff. • The assessment and the ranking of the sensitivity of the different nickel base alloy zones, derived from R&D and empirical models, would have to be confirmed by a comprehensive ISI program, including bottom head penetrations, steam generator partition plates, and more specific weld metal zones. • ASN reviewed the various mitigations and preventive measures proposed by EDF, either temporary, such as leak detection systems, anti-ejections devices, interim repairs, or long term commitment of the French operator to replace in due time the vessel heads comprising the most affected CRDM penetrations. This paper also presents the ASN’s follow up of the domestic and international feedback, such as the occurrence of PWSCC cracking (initiation and propagation) in the weld, whose occurrence is rather limited in France.