Journal articles: 'Iran – History – Chronology'

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Sattarnejad, Saeid, Samad Parvin, and Maryam Mastalizadeh. "Stylistic Study of Gowijeh Qaleh’s Rock-Cut Tomb from Maragheh." Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art 7, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35218/armca.2020.1.06.

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Rock architecture has a long history in Iran and all over the world, and many climatic, defensive, cultural factors have led to the emergence of architectural examples of this type. The chronology and usage of these works have always been discussed after the discovery of the rock works from Western Iran from the 19th century onwards. On the one hand, it can be said that the creators of these works have left a rather vague footprint of their time, making difficult the possibility of offering accurate and precise chronology and explaining usage for researchers and interested readers. On the other hand, due to the lack of knowledge and awareness of the beliefs of ancient people, some scholars have been mistaken in explaining the use and even the chronology of these works and sometimes, they presented different uses and chronologies for these works. Accordingly, such a mistake was made by a number of researchers in the city of Maragheh while explaining the use of Gowijeh Qaleh’s rock tomb by the use of water storage. For this purpose, this article examined Gowijeh Qaleh’s rock-cut tomb from an analytical perspective. Therefore, this work can be more confidently considered as a part of the first millennium BC, and it is referred to the culture of Urartu.

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CROSSLEY, PAMELA KYLE, and GENE R. GARTHWAITE. "Post-Mongol States and Early Modern Chronology in Iran and China." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26, no. 1-2 (January 2016): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186315000802.

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AbstractIn the aftermath of the Mongol occupations of the largest and most populous societies of Eurasia, greater visibility of popular religion, more widespread vernacular language use, rising literacy, and fundamental shifts in the structure of rulership and the relationship of state and society could all be observed. Many historians have related these changes to a broader chronology of early modernity. This has been problematic in the case of Iran, whose eighteenth-century passage has not been adequately explored in recent scholarship. Our comparative review of ‘post-Mongol’ Iran and China suggests that this period marks as meaningful a break between a schematic medieval and schematic early modern history in Iran as it does in China. Here, we first consider both societies in the post-Mongol period as empires with secular rulerships and increasingly popular cultural trends, and look at the role of what Crossley has called “simultaneous rulership”—rulership in which the codes of legitimacy of civilisations recognised by the conquest authority are given distinct representation in the rulership — in marking the transition away from religious-endorsed rule to self-legitimating rule as a mark of comparative early modernity.

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HENRICKSON, R. C. "The Godin III Chronology for Central Western Iran 2600-1400 B.C." Iranica Antiqua 22 (January 1, 1987): 33–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.22.0.2014065.

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MIRGHADERI, Mohammad Amin, and Kamal Aldin NIKNAMI. "The Chronology of the Archaeological surface remains of Tepe Pa-Chogha, Central Zagros (Kermanshah, Iran)." Historia i Świat 11 (August 22, 2022): 81–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2022.11.05.

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The highland plains of western Iran have been investigated with varying intensity. The Sarfirouzabad plain, located in the south of Kermanshah province, although visited perfunctorily, has not previously been studied systematically, despite desirable ecological and environmental conditions. In 2009, a team from the University of Tehran conducted a systematic and intensive field survey in the region to identify archaeological settlements and to assess their location concerning ecological, environmental and cultural factors impacted the distribution of sites on the plain. The surveyed area was walked in transects at 20-metre intervals and resulted in the identification of 332 archaeological sites from different cultural periods, which added much to the limited knowledge about the history of this region. During this survey, Pa-Chogha as the biggest tell site in the area, was identified. Fifty-nine samples of pottery and five stone tools were collected from the surface of Pa-Chogha dated from Late Chalcolithic to Islamic periods. Unfortunately, due to the expansion of Pa-Chogha village, the site is in danger of being destroyed. Our aim to publish this article is to introduce the Pa-Chogha as an important site for the chronology of Central Zagros at first, and preventing the further destruction of this site at the second.

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NAZARI, Samer, and Marzieh SHA'RBAF. "Preliminary Report on the Cairn Tombs of Kuik & Qaleh Bahadori in the Zahāb Plain, Kermānshāh." Historia i Świat 5 (September 12, 2016): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2016.05.01.

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In the summer of 2015, a preliminary visit was carried out by the authors with the goal of identifying and documenting archaeological cemeteries as well as giv ing a relative chronology of them at two villages of Kuik and Qaleh Bahadori in the Zahāb Plain, located in Sarpol-e Zahāb County in Kermānshāh province of Iran. Numerous tombs were identified in four cemeteries. Mostly they were located in the hillside of mountains. The pile of stones on the ground can be an indicator to assess them. Structurally all tombs are the same. All around the tomb's wall was elevated with different size of stones in several rows; after putting the dead body, the tomb has been covered with three or four cap stones. Then the pile of stones was put on top of it. Nevertheless these cemeteries were been looted by smugglers, still some intact tombs can be seen among them. Unfortunately, no cultural materials were found in these areas except for few potsherds; so this caused some difficulties to date the tombs. The morphology of their structure and comparative study with peripheral regions suggest probable chronology of Iron Age III for the tombs. It is evident that certain results will be achieved on the basis of archaeological excavations.

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Абдолахи, С., С. Саттарнеджад, С. Парвин, and М. Самари. "DISCOVERING NEW ROCK ARTS AT MESHGIN SHAHR’S GHAFELEGHATAR, NORTHWEST OF IRAN." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.222-228.

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Исторический памятник Гафелегхатар открыт в 2018 г. во время археологических изысканий в провинции Ардабиль, расположенной на северо-западе Ирана. В общей сложности в указанном регионе зафиксировано 50 наскальных рисунков с изображением фигур козла, оленя и человека. Единичные и многофигурные изображения процарапаны или выбиты на блоках магнетита. На большинстве изученных камней изображены фигуры козла, сопоставимые с наскальными рисунками из Ирана и Азербайджана. Петроглифы отражают кочевой образ жизни охотников и собирателей, оставивших на камнях свои рисунки. Возраст этих изображений не установлен, поэтому для них не может быть пока предложена надежная датировка и четкая хронология. The historical site of the Ghafeleghatar was discovered in 2018 during archaeological survey in the Ardabil province in the northwest of Iran. Totally 50 images including goat, deer, and human figures have been identified and documented in this area. These motifs are represented individually and in compositions placed on black magnetite stones by scratching and striking technique. Most of the images show goat, which is comparable to many specimen from Iran and Azerbaijan. The images illustrate the nomadic and hunting-gathering nature of the designers of these works. The periods of formation of the images are unclear, so that no reliable dating and clear chronology can be suggested based on comparative studies.

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Pahlavan, Mehdi Dahmardeh, Setareh Ebrahimiabareghi, Mohammad Keikha, and Yasaman Nasiripour. "The Survey of Qaleh (Ghalee) Tepe in Sīstān: Chronology and Analysis of Findings." Altorientalische Forschungen 49, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2022-0003.

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Abstract The Sīstān Plain in south-eastern Iran with its suitable living conditions and fertility was an important contact zone and home of human societies in many periods of history. Despite numerous archaeological activities in this region, the chronology and the history of occupation are still ambiguous. Hence it is necessary to conduct more systematic studies on the pre-Islamic sites. The present project uses field and analytical research methods to gain new insights; data has been collected from both new fieldwork and the evaluation of documented sites. The new field work included some soundings dug for determining the extent of Bībī Dōst, and a survey in the southern part of the Bībī Dōst area, in Qaleh (Ghalee) Tepe. All the information and data related to Qaleh Tepe, including previous studies, geographical literature, and pottery references have been collected. The ceramic indicates that Qaleh Tepe was occupied during the Parthian and Sasanid periods and that, after a long hiatus, the southern part of this site was used as a cemetery in the later Islamic era.

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Zabolotnyi, Evgenii. "Simeon of Beth Arsham: Difficulties of Confessional Identification in the Christian Orient." ISTORIYA 13, no. 11 (121) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023159-3.

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Simeon of Beth Arsham, a priest and later bishop of the Church of the East, the main Christian community in Sasanian Iran, was one of the most prominent figures in the Syriac tradition. Simeon’s activity began at the turn of the 5th — 6th centuries, when this community was under the strong influence of the extreme dyophysite Christology of the Antiochene school, which prepared the East Syrian tradition for the subsequent reception of Nestorianism. Being a supporter of Christological views diametrically opposed to Antiochene theology, Simeon actively fought against the “Nestorianization” of his native tradition. On the basis of sources dedicated to the “Persian debater”, as well as Simeon’s own writings, the author clarifies the relative and absolute chronology of his life, the confessional status of Simeon’s doctrine within Nicene Christianity, and also considers his struggle with the “Nestorians” not as a set of disparate measures, but as a system of strategies aimed to narrow down the influence of extreme Antiochene theology in Iran.

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Basafa and Rezaei. "Relative Chronology of Prehistoric Potteries Collected from the Settlements of Kazeroun Plain, Southern Iran." Central Asiatic Journal 62, no. 2 (2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/centasiaj.62.2.0233.

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Dmitriev, Vladimir A. "The Arabian Campaigns of Ardashir Pabagan." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080015278-2.

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The Sasanids were interested in Arabia from the very beginning of their reign in Iran, and it was already the founder of the new dynasty Ardashir I Pabagan who attempted to establish Persian military and political influence in the Arabian Peninsula. In this regard, the purpose of the article is a historical reconstruction of the events connected with the conquest of the eastern and southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula by Ardashir I. The main sources are the “Book of Long Narratives” by Dinawari, “The History of the Prophets and Kings” by Tabarī, the anonymous “Desire to Know the History of Persians and Arabs” and “The Dictionary of Countries” by Yakut. Additional but important information is contained in the inscription of the shahanshah Shapur I on the Ka’bah-i Zardusht, the Sabean inscription Sh 31, and the rock relief of the Shahanshah Warahran II. It is difficult to say anything definite about the chronology of the Arabian campaigns of Ardashir I, however, judging by the context in which these events are described in the relevant sources, they did not cover a very long period and presumably can be dated back to the first half of the reign of Ardashir Pabagan. At first glance, the campaigns of Ardashir I to Arabia were situational and tactical, and their main reason was the desire of the shahanshah to secure the southwestern regions of Iran from the invasions of the Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula. At the same time, a more thorough analysis of the sources and taking into account the events that occurred later, during the reign of Shapur II and Khosrow I, allow us to consider the Arabian campaigns of Ardashir Pabagan as the first stage of the long struggle of the Sasanids for hegemony over the entire eastern and southern part of the Arabian Peninsula from southern Iraq to Yemen inclusive.

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SARKHOSH, Ahmad, Samer NAZARI, and Marzieh SHA'RBAF. "Marēfī-yē sangnēgārēhayē noyāftē ba neghoshē heyvānī dar barēssīyē bāstānshēnākhtī-yē manteghē-ī-yē Fārs-ē Jonubī (Dashtē Bēyram) = [Introduction to Newly Discovered Petroglyphs with Animal Motifs During an Archaeological Survey in Southern Regions of Fars (the Beyram Plain)]." Historia i Świat 4 (September 16, 2015): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2015.04.01.

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The rock art has particular position in anthropological and archaeological studies. Analysis of these motifs plays a significant role in understanding culture, beliefs, social relations and other aspects of daily life. Creation of petroglyphs has a long history in Iran and are widespread in most parts of the country. The area of study in this essay is Beyram plain which is located in Larestan city in the southern part of Fars province. During archaeological systematic survey in this area, some petroglyphs with various animal motifs were detected and recorded, that can be considered as a part of art and memorials of residents in this settlements. The relative chronology of these motifs is based on analogy and comparative studies with obtained samples from adjacent areas. This research has been performed through both field study and library method. It used the descriptive-analytical methods in order to present, describe, design and compare the newly discovered petroglyphs at Beyram plain. In order to have a detailed analysis of the motifs, ethnographic studies and talking with shepherds and natives were done. And based on these studies, a possible function will be suggested for these kinds of motifs.

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LACOMBE, OLIVIER, NICOLAS BELLAHSEN, and FRÉDÉRIC MOUTHEREAU. "Fracture patterns in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt (Fars, Iran): constraints on early collisional tectonic history and role of basement faults." Geological Magazine 148, no. 5-6 (April 14, 2011): 940–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681100029x.

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AbstractPre-/early folding fracture patterns were recognized in several anticlines from three structural domains in the Simply Folded Belt of the Fars arc. These fracture sets were characterized in terms of opening mode and relative chronology and used to reconstruct the main compressional trends related to the early Zagros collisional history. The palaeostress reconstructions based on these fracture sets were further refined by combination with newly collected or already available fault-slip and calcite twin data. As an alternative to previous models of rigid block rotations or regional stress rotation, we propose that the complex pattern of pre-folding fractures and the contrasting palaeostress orientations through time in the different domains investigated are related to the presence of basement faults with N–S and WNW trends, above which basement and cover were variably coupled during stress build-up and early deformation of the Arabian margin. Beyond regional implications, this study draws attention to the need to carefully consider pre-existing fractures, possibly unrelated to folding, to build more realistic conceptual fold–fracture models.

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Navidgabalou, Ali, Reza Rezalou, Karim Hajizadeh, and Behrooz Afkhami. "Explanation and Chronology of Megalithic Tombs in North-Western Iran (Based on the Excavations of the Scythian Cemetery in Khorram Abad), Meshgin Shahr." Anastasis. Research in Medieval Culture and Art 8, no. 1 (May 29, 2021): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35218/armca.2021.1.07.

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MAGEE, Peter. "The Chronology and Environmental Background of Iron Age Settlement in Southeastern Iran and the Question of The Origin of the Qanat Irrigation System." Iranica Antiqua 40 (May 21, 2005): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.40.0.583210.

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Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. "A Note on the Anatolian Connections of the Tôd Treasure." Anatolian Studies 45 (December 1995): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642923.

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Since the detailed study by Edith Porada of the cylinder seals and small objects from the celebrated treasure found in the temple of Mont at Tôd in Upper Egypt, questions concerning its origin and date still remain unanswered. Porada suggested that in addition to seals from Eastern Iran and possibly Afghanistan, a North Syrian origin for two of the cylinders seems a distinct possibility. Two other cylinder seals were carved in Mesopotamian style, one of them being datable to the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur. She also showed conclusively that there are no cylinders which can be dated later than 1800 B.C. (Middle Chronology) and that the latest cylinders belonged to the Isin-Larsa period. Her conclusions concerning the origin of the treasure and the importance of parallels for the amulets and other small objects with material from Mari and Ebla are entirely convincing. A recent study by Christine Lilyquist stresses the evidence for a date within the reign of Amenemhet II for the deposition of the treasure which was found in four metal boxes inscribed with the king's name. While in studies concerning the 153 silver vessels Cretan and Mycenaean prototypes have been cited, Anatolia has not received so much attention. Here it will be suggested that there is considerable recently published evidence from Anatolia and Syria which is relevant to the Tôd silver cups, and that a consideration of recently published textual material from Mari, Ebla, Rimah and Brak may also be useful.

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Babadjanova, Munzifakhon M. "HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENT OF SARAZM - MONUMENT OF UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 1 (2022): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2022-1-184-189.

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The article is devoted to one of the most ancient historical and archaeological monuments of Central Asia - the Sarazm settlement, which is located on the bank of the Zeravshan river in the Penjikent district of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan. The author reports that the Sarazm settlement was first discovered in 1976 by A.I. Isakov and since then it has been the subject to close interest of Tajik, Russian, French archaeologists. Within the course of their work, such important characteristics of Sarazm as the initial size of the settlement, its chronology, the evolution of the economy of the Sarazmians, and others were established. In particular, there are four periods in the Sarazmian history: 3500–3200 BC, 3200–2900 BC, 2900–2700 BC and 2700–2000 BC. The high days of the settlement came in the period of the Late Paleolithic and Early Bronze Age. The Sarazm population was engaged in agriculture and livestock breeding, the crafts of the Sarazmians were at a high level, as evidenced by the finding of well-preserved buildings (palatial , religious, residential), tools and jewelry. The author also emphasizes that the Sarazm settlement was one of the main metallurgical centers of the region, which used its own raw materials (due to the rich resource potential of the mountains in the upper reaches of the Zeravshan River) and had steady contacts with the ancient population of Iran, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, India and others. The uniqueness of the historical and archaeological site of Sarazm and its significance for world history and culture were confirmed in 2010, when Sarazm was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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Gadjiev, Murtazali S., Arsen L. Budaychiev, Abdula M. Abdulaev, and Askerkhan K. Abiev. "EXCAVATION OF DERBENT SETTLEMENT IN 2019." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch182519-542.

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The article is dedicated to the results of 2019 season excavations of Derbent settlement which existed before construction of the Derbent defensive complex at the end of 560-s. This settlement was gradually left after the construction of a new city given the new name Derbent (Darband). The cultural layers and the construction remains (rooms No. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) of the 5-th – 6-th centuries AD, the medieval Muslim burials (No. 31-37) which have been dug in the layer of the settlement were open in the southern sector of the excavation area XXV. The revealed complex of inhabited and economic constructions including 11 rooms is dated the 5th century AD on the basis of chronological indicators (bronze belt buckles, fibula) and other archeological finds (including, Sasanian pottery). Authors consider that this complex has stopped existence during the military-political events of the middle of the 5th century or of the beginning of the 6th century, namely in the period of an anti-Sasanian revolt of 450-451 or Iran-Savir war of 503-508 AD. The materials obtained during excavations shed new light on issues of historical topography and layout, stratigraphy and chronology, architecture and construction, economic activity, culture and life of the inhabitants of the Derbent settlement which is identified with the city-fortress of Chor/Chol known for ancient Armenian, Georgian, Syrian, Early Byzantine and Arab authors and which was the important administrative, military and religious center of East Caucasus. The received materials characterize culture.

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Teslenko, Irina. "Ceramics of the Middle East from the Excavation of the Eski-Kermen Site." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 6 (December 28, 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.6.5.

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Introduction. Three exemplars of Middle Eastern fritware of the 12th–13th centuries, which were first discovered on the territory of a Byzantine town on the Eski-Kermen plateau during the excavations in 2018 and 2019, are presented in the article. They belong to the three different decorative groups, which had not been found in the Crimea before and are rather rare in the archaeological sites of Eastern Europe in general. Methods. The methods of archaeology and art history are involved in the study. First of all these are a stratigraphic method for the chronology of the contexts and artifacts, as well as a comparative method to identify the origin of finds. Analysis. The vessels under study belong to different decorative and stylistic groups of oriental ceramics. The plate and one jug find parallels among the products of the Raqqa workshops from the first half to mid 12th century and late 12th to mid 13th century. Another jug most likely comes from Iran and can be dated to the 12th–13th centuries. Results. These kinds of vessels were not very common outside the region of their production. At least we have very little information about these facts now. So the finds from Eski-Kermen are important for expanding the area of distribution of these types of fritwares. In addition, their presence in a small provincial Byzantine town indicates the residence there in the 12th–13th centuries of the local elites, who could get and own such expensive and quite rare things.

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Nabavi, Negin. "Modern Iran since 1921: The Pahlavis and After, Ali M. Ansari, London: Longman (Pearson Education Series), 2003, ISBN 0 582 35685 7, xii + 272 pp., including 1 map, glossary, chronology of Modern Iran, guide to further research, bibliography and index." Iranian Studies 38, no. 1 (March 2005): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021086200019538.

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Boroujerdi, Mehrzad. "The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict, by Dilip Hiro. xxiv+323 pages, glossary, maps, illustrations, notes, chronology, documentary appendixes, selected bibliography, index. Routledge, New York1990. $49.95/$16.95. - Khomeini’s Forgotten Sons: The Story of Iran’s Boy Soldiers, by Ian Brown. viii + 190 pages, illustrations, index. Grey Seal, London. 1990 £12.95." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 26, no. 1 (July 1992): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400025232.

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Frunt, O. S. "ON THE HISTORY OF SCYTHIAN POLE-TOPS STUDY." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.04.16.

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Metal pole-tops of the 7th—4th centuries BC is one of the most wander materials associated with the tribes of the Eastern and Central Europe of the Scythian Age. However, opinions on their function are diverse. Now the pole-tops have a rather general name reflecting the purpose of these objects only approximately. Nevertheless, the study of these artifacts allow us to distinguish three periods: the first (1850—1940s), the second (1950—1980s) and the third (from the 1990s to the present). The first period (1950—1980s) begins with the excavations by I. E. Zabelin of steppe aristocratic barrows. In such barrows as Krasnokutsky, Slonovskaya Bliznitsa, Chertomlyk, a lot of Scythian pole-tops have been discovered. Thanks to localization of the finds in the burials I. E. Zabelin was able to suggest the function of these objects. He believed that the pole-tops could be the decoration of carts, nomadic tents on a chariot. The period is associated with the works of A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky, E. Minns, I. I. Tolstoy and N. P. Kondakov, J. Hampel, P. Reinicke, L. Marton et al. The result was summed up in the research of M. I. Rostovtsev. He supports the idea of a funerary vehicle and connects the origin of the finds with Hittite and Assyrian art, Transcaucasian tombs. In the second period (1950—1980s) there is a noticeable intensity of research on Scythian pole-tops, systematization of artifacts and the use of new approaches to the study. The typology proposed at this time is still used in research now. Almost all finds known at the end of the 70s were systematized in the paper by E. V. Perevodchikova. Different approaches were used in order to interpret the meaning of the pole-tops: as a part of the drawbar of a chariot (V. V. Shleev), shamanic musical instruments (K. Bakai), as the embodiment of the idea of a world tree which marks the ritual space (E. V. Perevodchikova, D. S. Raevsky). V. A. Ilyinskaya considered these artifacts to be multifunctional. The study of the chemical composition of the metal by T. B. Bartseva is important, since it demonstrates the existence of several production centers and sheds light on the origin of the finds. In the third period (from the 1990s to the present) the issue of the functional purpose and origin of the Scythian pole-tops was clarified. The scholars consider them the indicators, marking the arrival of Scythians in North Caucasus and North Pontic region (V. I. Klochko, V. Yu. Murzin, A. Yu. Alekseev, S. A. Skory, D. S. Grechko). T. V. Ryabkova connects the origin of the spherical pole-tops with the eastern territories considering these finds to be purely nomadic. N. L. Chlenova, M. M. Pogrebova, M. Castelluccia, R. Dan lead the line of origin of Scythian pole-tops from the rattles of Iran and Transcaucasia. The study of the technology of making bronze finds and their designs shows that they were cast on a lost wax model or in bivalve molds. In the interpretation of the function of Scythian pole-tops in the period of the 1990s—2010s the researchers depending on the context of discovery correlate these objects from burials with carts (Yu. V. Boltryk) or wooden poles that limited the ritual space for sacrifices (A. R. Kantorovich, V. R. Erlikh). H. Parzinger and S. Hasanov associate their use with shamanism. Thus, the history of the study of Scythian pole-tops made it possible to highlight topical issues. These are the origin and function, improvement of typology using new methods, clarification of chronology, correlation of the distribution of finds with key events in history in Eastern and Central Europe during the Scythian Age.

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Amirsoleimani, Soheila. "Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800, Guity Nashat and Lois Beck, eds., Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003, paper, ISBN 0-252-07121-2, 253 pp., chronology, index." Iranian Studies 37, no. 4 (December 2004): 729–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021086200018946.

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Tremayne, Soraya. "Culture and Customs of Iran, Elton L. Daniel and Ali Akbar Mahdi, Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 2006, ISBN 0–313–32053–5, xi plus 231 pp. 1 map, chronology, selected bibliography, glossary, index, photos, and illustrations." Iranian Studies 41, no. 2 (April 2008): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021086200020120.

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Rothman, Mitchell S. "The New Chronology of the Bronze Age Settlement of Tepe Hissar, Iran, by Ayşe Gürsan-Salzmann. University Museum Monographs 142. Philadelphia: Published for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology by the University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. xix + 408 pp., 238 figs., and maps. Hardback. $69.95." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 381 (May 2019): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/702968.

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Matin-Asgari, Afshin. "Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic, Wilfried Buchta, Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy and the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2000, ISBN 0–944029–39–6 (paper), xvi + 239 pp., including map, tables and charts, glossary, chronology of events, bibliography, and index, $19.95." Iranian Studies 35, no. 1-3 (2002): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021086200003777.

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Wheeler, Deborah L. "Iraq since the Gulf War: Prospects for Democracy, edited by Fran Hazelton. 260 pages, map, notes, chronology, index. London: Zed Books, 1994. $22.50 (Paper) ISBN 1-85649-232-X." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 30, no. 1 (July 1996): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400033575.

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Campochiaro, C., N. Farina, A. Tomelleri, G. De Luca, G. Cavalli, C. Lazzari, R. Ferrara, M. Garassino, V. Gregorc, and L. Dagna. "POS1341 TOCILIZUMAB FOR THE TREATMENT OF IMMUNE-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS TO IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS: A CASE SERIES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 953.1–953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1253.

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Background:Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are pharmacological agents effectively used in the treatment of several malignant tumors. The hyperactivation of the immune system induced by ICI may trigger an inflammatory involvement of healthy tissues, a phenomenon referred to as immune-related adverse event (irAE). No clinical trials are available to guide the management of irAEs. Observational data suggest tocilizumab might be effective in severe cases of irAEs, but data are scant. The possibility of continuing ICI treatment despite the development of irAE and the subsequent initiation of tocilizumab has never been evaluated.Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab, as monotherapy or alongside the continuation of ICI treatment, in the management of irAEs.Methods:We retrospectively identified patients who developed irAEs and were referred to our specialized Clinic between May 2018 and December 2020. Among these patients, we identified those who had been treated with tocilizumab and collected information about their oncologic history and outcome, ICI therapy and irAEs.Results:Thirty-nine patients were referred to our outpatient Clinic following the development of irAEs. Five of them were treated with tocilizumab. Disease and demographic features are reported in Table 1. At irAEs onset all patients were treated with glucocorticoids. A steroid-sparing agent was started to permit an adequate prednisone tapering without the irAE relapsing. Before tocilizumab start, two patients were treated with methotrexate monotherapy, one with anakinra monotherapy, and one with methotrexate and anakinra combination therapy. A significant therapeutic effect was confirmed in all patients and no significant adverse reactions were reported. ICI therapy was permanently discontinued in two patients. In the other three cases, cancer immunotherapy was safely continued alongside tocilizumab without further irAEs occurring. Only one patient experienced tumor progression two years after ICI suspension and subsequently died despite the improvement of his myocardial inflammatory involvement.Conclusion:In our cohort, tocilizumab proved to be an effective and safe therapy for the management of irAEs.Our case series also supports the possibility of maintaining ICI while introducing tocilizumab for irAE treatment. This combined approach might represent a suitable therapeutic option to guarantee a significant anti-inflammatory activity without losing the oncologic response.References:[1]Kostine M et al, Ann Rheum Dis, 2021;80:36-48.Table 1.Clinical characteristics of patients who developed irAEs secondary to ICI therapy and who received tocilizumab.Patient 1Patient 2Patient 3Patient 4Patient 5Age at irAE onset (years)6952725775SexMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemaleNeoplastic histologyNSCLCNSCLCNSCLCNSCLCPleural mesotheliomaICI treatmentNivolumabNivolumabPembrolizumabPembrolizumabPembrolizumabirAEMyocarditisArthritisCutaneous vasculitisArthritisArthritisLarge vessel vasculitis ICI discontinuation due to irAEYesNoNoNoYes PDN initial dose (mg daily)5037.5252537.5 DMARD therapy *T16: ANKT20: TCZT26: TCZ + MMFT5: MTXT6: MTX + ANKT11: MTX + TCZT3: MTXT11: MTX + TCZT4: MTXT6: MTX + TCZT3: TCZ irAE outcomeImprovementLow disease activityLow disease activityRemissionRemissionFollow-up length (months)Since oncologic diagnosisSince TCZ start50104725572255268Oncological outcomeProgressive disease and deathComplete responseStable diseaseStable diseaseComplete response* Treatment chronology is referred to as a T followed by the number of months since irAE onset.ANK, anakinra; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; irAE, immune-related adverse events; DMARD, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug; MTX, methotrexate; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PDN, prednisone; TCZ, tocilizumab.Disclosure of Interests:Corrado Campochiaro Speakers bureau: Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, GSK, SOBI, Nicola Farina: None declared, Alessandro Tomelleri: None declared, Giacomo De Luca Speakers bureau: SOBI, Novartis, Celgene, MSD, Pfizer, Giulio Cavalli Speakers bureau: SOBI, Chiara Lazzari: None declared, Roberto Ferrara: None declared, Marina Garassino: None declared, Vanesa Gregorc: None declared, Lorenzo Dagna Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celltrion, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SG, SOBI, Celgene Janssen, MSD, MP

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Antoon, Sinan. "Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, by Kanan Makiya. 323 pages, appendix, chronology, tables, footnotes, index. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. $17.95 (Paper) ISBN 0-520-21439-0." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 34, no. 1 (2000): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400042954.

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Naef, Silvia. "Exhibiting and Writing on Art from the Middle East — Some Recent European and North American Exhibitions and their Catalogues. 25 ans de créativité arabe, Paris/Cinisello Balsamo (Milan) : Institut du Monde Arabe/Silvana Editoriale, 2012, 215 pp. b/w and col. ill., $ 32.95 paper Isbn 9788836624317 Massimiliano Gioni, ed. Here and Elsewhere, New York : New Museum, 2014, 279 pp. b/w and col. ill., $ 55 paper Isbn 9780915557059 Unedited History, Séquences du moderne en Iran des années 1960 à nos jours, Paris : Paris-Musées, 2014, 199 pp., ill. € 39.90 paper Isbn 9782759602452 Fereshteh Daftari and Layla S. Diba, eds., Iran Modern, New York/New Haven and London : Asia Society Museum/Yale University Press, 2013, 256 p. ill., Cloth Isbn 9780300197365 Omar Kholeif, ed., Imperfect Chronology: Arab Art from the Modern to the Contemporary — Works from the Barjeel Art Foundation, London/Munich/New York: Whitechapel Gallery/Prestel Verlag, 2015, 272 p. ill., $ 65 cloth Isbn 9783791354859." RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne 42, no. 1 (2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040841ar.

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Simon, Rachel. "The Jews of Iraq: Three Thousand Years of History and Culture, by Nissim Rejwan. ix + 274 pages, maps, appendix, chronology, selected bibliography, index. Westview Press, Boulder 1985. $30.00. - The Lure of Zion: The Case of the Iraqi Jews, by Abbas ShibLak. 177 pages, appendices, bibliography, tables, index. Distributed in the U.S.A. by Humanities Books, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. Al Saqi Books, London 1986. $29.95/$9.95." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 22, no. 2 (December 1988): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400020563.

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Саттарнеджад, С., С. Пaрвин, and Э. Хендиани. "CHRONOLOGY OF THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF MARAGHEH CITY BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AND HISTORICAL WRITTEN SOURCES." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 260 (September 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.260.397-406.

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Расположенный на северо-западе Ирана Мераге – один из самых значимых для исследования исламского периода в Иране городов. Он неоднократно упоминается в различных исторических источниках, чаще всего в качестве столицы Азербайджанского государства. Однако информация о его истории и происхождении очень ограничена из-за отсутствия археологических свидетельств. Лишь немногие историко-археологические исследования в целом касались состояния, формирования и последовательности его исторических периодов. В данной статье представлены результаты новых археологических раскопок и исследований, целью которых главным образом является попытка дать детальную хронологию заселения центральной части города на основе подробной стратиграфии культурных материалов разных исторических эпох и сопоставления их с историческими событиями. Результаты, полученные при археологических исследованиях исторического контекста города, свидетельствуют, что люди начали селиться в этой части города с самого начала возникновения ислама. Maragheh, located in the northwestern geographical area of Iran, is one of the important areas in the studies of Islamic period of Iran. The name of the city has been mentioned many times in various historical sources and is most often referred to as the seat of the Azerbaijani state. But information on its history and background is very limited, because it has been so far neglected from an archeological point of view. Only few historical and archeological studies have generally addressed the status of formation and sequence of its historical periods. This article presents the results of new archaeological excavations and study, the purpose of this research is mainly attempted to provide a detailed chronology of the status of residence and settlement in the central part of the city by presenting a detailed stratigraphy of cultural materials of different historical eras and adapting them to historical events. The results, obtained in archaeological studies of the historical context of the city, show that the settlement in this part of the city has been started without interruption since the beginning of Islam.

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Djamali, Morteza, Manuela Capano, Alireza Askari‐Chaverdi, Nicolas Faucherre, Frédéric Guibal, Alastair Northedge, Elnaz Rashidian, Thibaut Tuna, and Edouard Bard. "An absolute radiocarbon chronology for the World Heritage site of Sarvestan (SW Iran); a late Sasanian heritage in early Islamic era." Archaeometry, September 18, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12716.

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Saeidi Ghavi Andam, Sara, Morteza Djamali, Oliver Nelle, Abdolmajid Naderi Beni, Mohamad Haghighifard, Elodie Brisset, and Peter Poschlod. "Vegetation history of the Maharlou Lake basin (SW Iran) with special reference to the Achaemenid period (550–330 bc)." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, November 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-020-00810-1.

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AbstractThis study presents the results of a palynological investigation on a sediment core from the seasonal and saline Lake Maharlou in the Zagros Mountains in southwest Iran. We emphasised studying the role of man in modifying the vegetation of the area and the dominant agricultural practices during the Imperial Persia period (2,500–1,299 cal bp; 550 bc-ad 651), particularly the Achaemenid Empire (2,500–2,280 cal bp; 550–330 bc). Scattered pistachio-almond scrub combined with Quercus brantii was the main vegetation type of the basin during the period studied. The present study depicts a significant increase in agriculture, suggesting urban development during the Late Antiquity and early Islamic Iranian dynasties. The inferred chronology of arboricultural activities is compatible with historical evidence showing that Fars Province witnessed economic and agricultural flourishing during these periods. The presence of the ‘Persian gardens’ is supported by the co-increase of cypress tree pollen frequencies with pollen of other cultivated trees, especially Platanus; both trees were cultivated for their shade and symbolic values. This study also provides pollen evidence of Punica granatum during the Achaemenid period and Phoenix dactylifera cultivation during the early post-Sasanian era. The variations in indicator pollen ratios among Poaceae, Artemisia, and Amaranthaceae appear compatible with the palaeohydrology of the basin and show periods of aridity followed by higher moisture availability. We suggest that anthropogenic activities played the leading role in vegetation change in the Maharlou Lake basin enhanced by climatic changes during the last ~4,000 years.

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MARZOLPH, ULRICH, and MATHILDE RENAULD. "An Illustrated Shiʿi Pilgrimage Scroll in the Collections of the Royal Asiatic Society." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, March 23, 2021, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186321000031.

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Abstract The collections of the Royal Asiatic Society hold an illustrated pilgrimage scroll apparently dating from the first half of the nineteenth century. The scroll's hand painted images relate to the journey that a pious Shiʿi Muslim would have undertaken after the performance of the pilgrimage to Mecca. Its visual narrative continues, first to Medina and then to the Shiʿi sanctuaries in present-day Iraq, concluding in the Iranian city of Mashhad at the sanctuary of the eighth imam of the Twelver-Shiʿi creed, imam Riḍā (d. 818). The scroll was likely prepared in the early nineteenth century and acquired by the Royal Asiatic Society from its unknown previous owner sometime after 1857. In terms of chronology the pilgrimage scroll fits neatly into the period between the Niebuhr scroll, bought in Karbala in 1765, and a lithographed item most likely dating from the latter half of the nineteenth century, both of which depict a corresponding journey. The present essay's initial survey of the scroll's visual dimension, by Ulrich Marzolph, adds hitherto unknown details to the history of similar objects. The concluding report, by Mathilde Renauld, sheds light on the scroll's material condition and the difficulties encountered during the object's conservation and their solution.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iran – History – Chronology'

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